80:
689:(TAC), prompted university officials to open an inquiry into possible academic misconduct related to false statements and failure to disclose potential conflicts of interest. The investigation was dropped in 2010, with university officials finding "insufficient evidence...to support a recommendation for disciplinary action." The investigation did not evaluate the merits of the research but found that publishing the article was protected by the principle of academic freedom.
516:...although the Berkeley virologist raises provocative questions, few researchers find his basic contention that HIV is not the cause of AIDS persuasive. Mainstream AIDS researchers argue that Duesberg's arguments are constructed by a selective reading of the scientific literature, dismissing evidence that contradicts his theses, requiring impossibly definitive proof, and dismissing outright studies marked by inconsequential weaknesses.
299:, which embraced AIDS denialism. Duesberg served on an advisory panel to Mbeki convened in 2000. The Mbeki administration's failure to provide antiretroviral drugs in a timely manner, due in part to the influence of AIDS denialism, is thought to be responsible for hundreds of thousands of preventable AIDS deaths and HIV infections in South Africa. Duesberg disputed these findings in an article in the journal
530:, while others are cited as "equally, if not more, concerned about the treatment Duesberg has received at the hands of the establishment", rather than support of his specific claim that HIV does not cause AIDS. Duesberg has been described as "the individual who has done the most damage" regarding denialism, due to the apparent scientific legitimacy his scientific credentials give to his statements.
27:
493:
alone in protesting that this is merely a recipe for suppressing challenges to received wisdom. So it can be. But Nature will not so use it. Instead, what
Duesberg continues to say about the causation of AIDS will be reported in the general interest. When he offers a text for publication that can be authenticated, it will if possible be published.
317:. The incident prompted several complaints to Duesberg's institution, the University of California, Berkeley, which began a misconduct investigation of Duesberg in 2009. The investigation was dropped in 2010, with university officials finding "insufficient evidence ... to support a recommendation for disciplinary action."
492:
forfeited the right to expect answers by his rhetorical technique. Questions left unanswered for more than about ten minutes he takes as further proof that HIV is not the cause of AIDS. Evidence that contradicts his alternative drug hypothesis is on the other hand brushed aside...Duesberg will not be
659:
The reviewers claimed that
Duesberg and his co-authors cherry-picked data, cited favorable results while ignoring unfavorable results, and quoted statements out of context. The article was not revised in response to these criticisms. Moreover, the reviewers claim that Duesberg, though he included in
667:
In the article, Duesberg questioned research reporting that drug policies implemented by the South
African government on the advice of Duesberg, Rasnick and others had led to excess AIDS deaths. Observing that the overall population of South Africa has increased, Duesberg claimed that HIV must be a
561:...being a dissenter from orthodoxy is not difficult; the hard part is actually having a better theory. Publishing dissenting theories is important when they are backed by plausible evidence, but this does not mean giving critics 'equal time' to dissent from every finding by a mainstream scientist.
594:
The views of the denialists on the panel, aired during the AIDS conference, received renewed attention. Mbeki later suffered substantial political fallout for his support for AIDS denialism and for opposing the treatment of pregnant HIV-positive South
African women with antiretroviral medication.
416:(HPV) vaccination, as Duesberg has challenged the causal relation between past HPV infection and the eventual development of cervical cancer. Although Duesberg generally favors vaccination, he vehemently opposed the rollout of the HPV vaccine stating it was all risk and no benefit.
681:
reviewers, Elsevier stated that the article was flawed and of potential danger to global public health. Elsevier permanently withdrew the
Duesberg article and another AIDS denialist publication and asked that the editor of the journal implement a conventional peer review process.
471:, tainted drinking water, and various infections that he presumes are common to AIDS patients in Africa. Duesberg also argues that retroviruses like HIV must be harmless to survive, and that the normal mode of retroviral propagation is mother-to-child transmission by infection
395:, reported a mathematical correlation between chromosome number and the genetic instability of cancer cells, which they dubbed "the ploidy factor," confirming earlier research by other groups that demonstrated an association between degree of aneuploidy and metastasis.
605:
Two independent studies have concluded that the public health policies of Thabo Mbeki's government, shaped in part by
Duesberg's writings and advice, were responsible for over 330,000 excess AIDS deaths and many preventable infections, including those of infants.
291:
asserted that they were unpersuasive and based on selective reading of the literature, and that although
Duesberg had a right to a dissenting opinion, his failure to fairly review evidence that HIV causes AIDS meant that his opinion lacked credibility.
440:, a politically conservative book publisher based in Washington, D.C., and in numerous journal articles and letters to the editor, Duesberg asserts that HIV is harmless and that recreational and pharmaceutical drug use, especially of
660:
the article that neither he nor his co-authors had financial conflicts of interest, " a serious breach of professional ethics" by failing to state a possible conflict of interest: That co-author
Rasnick previously worked for
1665:
Wahlström B, Branehög I, Stierner U, Sunzel H, Holmberg E (April 1992). "Association of ploidy and cell proliferation, Dukes' classification, and histopathological differentiation in adenocarcinomas of colon and rectum".
668:
harmless "passenger virus" that has not caused deaths in South Africa or elsewhere. Duesberg stated that HIV does not replicate in the body and that antiviral drugs, which he calls "inevitably toxic," do not inhibit HIV.
511:
article, science writer Jon Cohen interviewed both HIV researchers and AIDS denialists (including
Duesberg himself) and examined the AIDS literature in addition to review articles written by Duesberg. The article stated:
398:
Although unwilling to concur with
Duesberg in throwing out a role for cancer genes, many researchers do support exploration of alternative hypotheses. Research and debate on this subject is ongoing. In 2007,
1850:
478:
Since Duesberg published his first paper on the subject in 1987, scientists have examined and criticized the accuracy of his hypotheses on AIDS causation. Duesberg entered a long dispute with
456:. This correlation hypothesis has been disproven by evidence showing that only HIV infection, not homosexuality or recreational/pharmaceutical drug use, predicts who will develop AIDS.
444:(AZT, a drug used in the treatment of AIDS) are the causes of AIDS outside Africa (the so-called Duesberg hypothesis). He considers AIDS diseases as markers for drug use, e.g., use of
2626:
488:, demanding the right to rebut articles that HIV caused AIDS. For several years Maddox consented to this demand but ultimately refused to continue to publish Duesberg's criticisms:
623:...history will judge Duesberg as either "a nut who is just a tease to the scientific community" or an "enabler to mass murder" for the deaths of many AIDS patients in Africa.
463:
is misdiagnosed and the epidemic a "myth", claiming incorrectly that the diagnostic criteria for AIDS are different in Africa than elsewhere., and that the breakdown of the
226:
of birds had extra genetic material compared with non-cancer-causing viruses, hypothesizing that this material contributed to cancer. At the age of 36, Duesberg was awarded
1940:
Des Jarlais D, Friedman S, Marmor M, Mildvan D, Yancovitz S, Sotheran J, Wenston J, Beatrice S (1993). "CD4 lymphocytopenia among injecting drug users in New York City".
2384:
2350:
Duesberg, PH; Nicholson, JM; Rasnick, D; Fiala, C; Bauer, HH (July 2009). "WITHDRAWN: HIV-AIDS hypothesis out of touch with South African AIDS - A new perspective".
1514:
1858:
2236:
357:
In the 1970s, Duesberg won international acclaim for his groundbreaking work on cancer. Duesberg's early work on cancer included being the first to identify the
1317:
Duesberg PH, Nicholson JM, Rasnick D, Fiala C, Bauer HH (July 2009). "WITHDRAWN: HIV-AIDS hypothesis out of touch with South African AIDS – A new perspective".
2077:
Duesberg P, Koehnlein C, Rasnick D (2003). "The chemical bases of the various AIDS epidemics: recreational drugs, anti-viral chemotherapy and malnutrition".
880:
389:
Duesberg rejects the importance of mutations, oncogenes, and anti-oncogenes entirely. Duesberg along with other researchers, in a 1998 paper published in
2616:
602:
was drafted and signed by over 5,000 scientists and physicians, describing the evidence that HIV causes AIDS as "clear-cut, exhaustive and unambiguous".
526:
The article also stated that Duesberg and the AIDS denialist movement have garnered support from some prominent scientists, including Nobel Prize winner
2042:
675:, about unsupported assertions and incorrect statements by Duesberg. After an internal review and with a unanimous recommendation of rejection by five
541:
highlights Duesberg's opposition to the HIV/AIDS connection as an example in which scientific findings are disputed on irrational grounds, relying on
579:
In 2000, Duesberg was the most prominent AIDS denialist to sit on a 44-member Presidential Advisory Panel on HIV and AIDS convened by then-president
405:
published an article by Duesberg on his aneuploidy cancer theory. In an editorial explaining their decision to publish this article, the editors of
1590:
391:
2207:
2174:
1099:
1456:
545:, appeal to fairness and the right to a dissenting opinion rather than on evidence. Goertzel stated that Duesberg, along with many other
2621:
2253:
320:
In 2021, Peter Duesberg had a stroke that left him with severe aphasia affecting speech, reading and writing, according to his partner.
591:
and to convey the impression that Mbeki's doubts about HIV/AIDS science were valid and actively discussed in the scientific community.
231:
44:
2462:
2287:
255:
entitled "Retroviruses as Carcinogens and Pathogens: Expectations and Reality". In this and subsequent writings, Duesberg proposed
876:
615:
addresses Duesberg's role in anti-HIV drug-preventable deaths in South Africa. Jeanne Lenzer interviews prominent HIV/AIDS expert
409:
stated: "Thus, as wrong as Duesberg surely is about HIV, there is at least a chance that he is significantly right about cancer."
571:
Duesberg's advocacy of AIDS denialism has, by all accounts, effectively made him a pariah to the worldwide scientific community.
1482:
815:
36:
2533:
1352:
2143:
922:
2381:
1400:
1376:
656:, and a peer reviewer had warned that the authors could face scientific misconduct charges if the paper were published.
793:
333:
310:
196:
172:
Fraktionierungen von Proteinen – besonders Enzymen – mit Ionenaustauschern und Molekularsieben <vom Typ Sephadex>
158:
685:
Letters of complaint to the University of California, Berkeley, including one from Nathan Geffen of the South African
553:
of a "courageous independent scientist resisting orthodoxy", invoking the name of persecuted physicist and astronomer
2512:
2451:
2425:
767:
914:
507:
in 1994, which presented the results of a 3-month scientific investigation into some of Duesberg's claims. In the
275:
is that HIV infection causes AIDS; Duesberg's HIV/AIDS claims have been addressed and rejected as erroneous by the
1873:
2631:
595:
Mbeki partly attenuated his ties with denialists in 2002, asking them to stop associating their names with his.
503:
A number of scientific criticisms of Duesberg's hypothesis were summarized in a review article in the journal
2606:
941:
Schechter M, Craib K, Gelmon K, Montaner J, Le T, O'Shaughnessy M (1993). "HIV-1 and the aetiology of AIDS".
584:
235:
2049:
295:
Duesberg's views are cited as major influences on South African HIV/AIDS policy under the administration of
2596:
1546:
2636:
341:
118:
79:
1587:
374:, a chicken virus believed to trigger tumor growth. Duesberg disputes the importance of oncogenes and
2020:
686:
251:
2215:
2184:
2091:
2601:
2498:
2411:
707:"Differences between the ribonucleic acids of transforming and nontransforming avian tumor viruses"
432:
249:
by his scientific colleagues, Duesberg began to gain public notoriety with a March 1987 article in
1138:
1424:
785:
383:
2611:
2086:
1357:
763:
2263:
1969:"Recreational drug use and T lymphocyte subpopulations in HIV-uninfected and HIV-infected men"
1883:
199:. He is known for his early research into the genetic aspects of cancer. He is a proponent of
1487:
908:
453:
238:
in 1986, and from 1986 to 1987 was a Fogarty scholar-in-residence at the NIH laboratories in
2284:
1565:
Cartwright, Jon (May 4, 2010). "AIDS contrarian ignored warnings of scientific misconduct".
2591:
2560:
1788:
1745:
1702:
1619:
1176:
1114:
993:
718:
276:
272:
264:
843:
8:
2474:
2211:
820:
611:
425:
401:
256:
2564:
2016:
1792:
1749:
1706:
1623:
1180:
1118:
997:
722:
48:
2332:
2112:
1993:
1968:
1254:
1202:
1068:
1043:
1017:
966:
638:
599:
460:
437:
371:
301:
239:
1800:
1757:
1714:
741:
706:
2508:
2489:
2447:
2421:
2393:
2363:
2336:
2324:
2104:
1998:
1984:
1949:
1922:
1804:
1761:
1718:
1675:
1647:
1642:
1607:
1492:
1330:
1246:
1194:
1130:
1073:
1009:
958:
954:
918:
855:
789:
746:
534:
313:
Duesberg's article over accuracy and ethics concerns as well as its rejection during
286:
260:
192:
1258:
1206:
970:
2568:
2355:
2316:
2240:, "Mbeki fails to break the silence," by Charles E. Clifton, September/October 2000
2096:
1988:
1980:
1912:
1823:
1796:
1753:
1710:
1637:
1627:
1608:"Genetic instability of cancer cells is proportional to their degree of aneuploidy"
1570:
1434:
1429:
1322:
1290:
1236:
1184:
1122:
1063:
1055:
1001:
950:
736:
726:
484:
280:
2151:
1021:
2388:
2291:
2258:
2116:
1896:
1594:
1241:
1224:
554:
268:
223:
2444:
Oncogenes, Aneuploidy, and AIDS: A Scientific Life & Times of Peter Duesberg
1917:
1900:
2359:
1901:"CD4+ counts in seronegative homosexual men. The Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study"
1326:
904:
200:
133:
2585:
2179:
1632:
661:
633:
464:
449:
412:
A consequence of Duesberg's aneuploidy theory of cancer is his opposition to
332:, raised as a Catholic in Germany. He moved to the US in 1964 to work at the
219:
1126:
648:
HIV-AIDS hypothesis out of touch with South African AIDS – A new perspective
583:
of South Africa. The panel was scheduled to meet concurrently with the 2000
230:
at the University of California, Berkeley, and at 49, he was elected to the
2367:
2328:
2108:
2002:
1808:
1765:
1722:
1381:
1334:
1295:
1278:
1250:
1077:
731:
538:
468:
329:
1953:
1926:
1679:
1651:
1574:
1438:
1198:
1134:
1059:
1013:
962:
859:
750:
171:
1279:"AIDS and the Scientific Governance of Medicine in Post-Apartheid Africa"
1225:"Estimating the Lost Benefits of Antiretroviral Drug Use in South Africa"
643:
580:
527:
479:
467:
in African AIDS patients can be explained exclusively by factors such as
413:
314:
296:
1457:"Berkeley Drops Probe of Duesberg After Finding 'Insufficient Evidence'"
2100:
1966:
1515:"Les secrets de " La mafia médicale " : Dénialisme (Radio-Canada)"
677:
441:
379:
375:
362:
246:
598:
In response to the inclusion of AIDS denialists on Mbeki's panel, the
106:
2573:
2548:
2320:
1824:"Can Anti-Viral Vaccines Prevent and Cure Cervical and Oral Cancers?"
1189:
1164:
1005:
844:"Retroviruses as carcinogens and pathogens: expectations and reality"
616:
546:
337:
215:
1551:
1223:
Chigwedere P, Seage GR, Gruskin S, Lee TH, Essex M (October 2008).
910:
Denying AIDS: Conspiracy Theories, Pseudoscience, and Human Tragedy
542:
452:) among some homosexuals, asserting a correlation between AIDS and
358:
306:
128:
664:, a vitamin entrepreneur who sold vitamin pills as AIDS remedies.
2504:
2417:
2147:
782:
Denying to the Grave: Why We Ignore the Science that Will Save Us
445:
1939:
1664:
588:
472:
367:
227:
165:
1483:"Professor Did Not Violate Campus Policy, Investigation Finds"
214:
Duesberg received acclaim early in his career for research on
2493:
systematically examines and discredits Duesberg's assertions.
2349:
1606:
Duesberg P, Rausch C, Rasnick D, Hehlmann R (November 1998).
1605:
1316:
652:
1401:"AIDS Scientist Investigated for Misconduct After Complaint"
940:
816:"AIDS "Dissident" Seeks Redemption... and a Cure for Cancer"
671:
Scientists expressed concerns to Elsevier, the publisher of
1830:
1425:"AIDS contrarian ignored warnings of scientific misconduct"
550:
208:
2529:
2382:
Elsevier to Editor: Change Controversial Journal or Resign
2254:"Why South Africa Questions the Link Between HIV and AIDS"
984:
Weiss RA, Jaffe HW (June 1990). "Duesberg, HIV and AIDS".
2627:
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
2295:
Mbeki Distances Himself from AIDS Dissidents (April 2002)
1222:
234:. He received an Outstanding Investigator Grant from the
204:
2076:
1693:
Gibbs WW (July 2003). "Untangling the roots of cancer".
382:
hypothesis of cancer that was first proposed in 1914 by
2123:
1736:
Duesberg P (May 2007). "Chromosomal chaos and cancer".
267:, and that the retrovirus known as 'HIV' is a harmless
1450:
1448:
195:
and a professor of molecular and cell biology at the
1967:
Chao C, Jacobson LP, Tashkin D, et al. (2008).
881:
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease
627:
1445:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
2072:
2070:
903:
1895:
1588:Biozentrum Universitaet Wuerzburg: Theodor Boveri
574:
2583:
2540:
1481:Bidwell, Allie; Cook, Caroline (June 22, 2010).
1411:
1394:
1392:
1303:
259:that AIDS is caused by long-term consumption of
2067:
1454:
1353:"Editor digs in over Medical Hypotheses reform"
1229:Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes
392:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
16:German-American molecular biologist (born 1936)
1377:"Peer review is flawed but the best we've got"
1146:See also the full set of articles by Cohen in
977:
650:, had been rejected previously by the journal
557:. Regarding this comparison, Goertzel stated:
1851:"What if HPV does NOT cause cervical cancer?"
1389:
1370:
1368:
1346:
1344:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1218:
1216:
1158:
1156:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
191:(born December 2, 1936) is a German-American
809:
807:
805:
704:
222:, he reported in 1970 that a cancer-causing
2144:"S.Africa AIDS panel to validate HIV tests"
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1480:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
899:
897:
632:In 2009, Duesberg and co-authors including
2617:University of California, Berkeley faculty
2460:
2040:
1735:
1564:
1422:
1365:
1341:
1276:
1265:
1213:
1153:
1084:
983:
841:
78:
2572:
2090:
1992:
1916:
1641:
1631:
1294:
1240:
1188:
1067:
802:
740:
730:
2409:
2374:
2129:
2043:"AIDS: Scientific or Viral Catastrophe?"
1879:
1848:
1836:
1821:
1692:
1533:
1374:
1041:
1028:
936:
934:
894:
482:, then-editor of the scientific journal
2205:
2172:
2141:
871:
869:
2584:
1398:
1350:
1162:
813:
779:
757:
2546:
2441:
2251:
1097:
931:
336:, following completion of a Ph.D. in
1849:Duesberg, Peter (January 21, 2015).
1375:Goldacre, Ben (September 11, 2009).
1147:
866:
609:A 2008 feature story on Duesberg in
49:move details into the article's body
20:
2463:"The Controversy over HIV and AIDS"
877:"The Evidence That HIV Causes AIDS"
13:
2622:Goethe University Frankfurt alumni
2446:. Berkeley: North Atlantic Books.
2435:
334:University of California, Berkeley
197:University of California, Berkeley
159:University of California, Berkeley
14:
2648:
2522:
1801:10.1038/scientificamerican0507-10
1758:10.1038/scientificamerican0507-52
1715:10.1038/scientificamerican0703-56
1547:"The World’s Most Reviled Genius"
1455:Martin Enserink (June 21, 2010).
768:U.S. National Academy of Sciences
628:Academic misconduct investigation
2142:Sithole, Emelia (July 4, 2000).
1985:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.11.010
1779:"When pariahs have good ideas".
1165:"Has Duesberg a right of reply?"
1044:"Conspiracy theories in science"
814:Lenzer, Jeanne (June 15, 2008).
25:
2461:Cohen, Jon (December 9, 1994).
2343:
2300:
2278:
2245:
2230:
2199:
2166:
2135:
2034:
2009:
1960:
1933:
1889:
1842:
1815:
1772:
1729:
1686:
1674:(4): 237–42, discussion 242–3.
1658:
1599:
1581:
1558:
1507:
1474:
1423:Cartwright, Jon (May 4, 2010).
1399:Miller, Greg (April 16, 2010).
305:, but the journal's publisher,
2403:
2252:Karon, Tony (April 21, 2000).
2173:Schoofs, Mark (July 4, 2000).
835:
773:
698:
575:Consequences of AIDS denialism
1:
2541:Mainstream scientific opinion
2206:McGreal, Chris (March 2002).
1351:Corbyn, Zoë (April 7, 2010).
692:
585:International AIDS Conference
323:
279:. Reviews of his opinions in
236:National Institutes of Health
84:Berkeley cancer meeting, 2017
2017:"AIDS diagnosis information"
1612:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
1277:Nattrass N (February 2008).
1242:10.1097/QAI.0b013e31818a6cd5
955:10.1016/0140-6736(93)90421-C
842:Duesberg P (March 1, 1987).
232:National Academy of Sciences
189:Peter Heinz Hermann Duesberg
7:
2242:, accessed January 6, 2007,
2208:"Thabo Mbeki's catastrophe"
1942:J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr
1918:10.1056/NEJM199302113280615
1899:, Hoover D, Chen K (1993).
764:Biography of Peter Duesberg
705:Duesberg P, Vogt P (1970).
378:in cancer. He supports the
10:
2653:
2360:10.1016/j.mehy.2009.06.024
2307:"The Durban Declaration".
1593:February 24, 2012, at the
1327:10.1016/j.mehy.2009.06.024
423:
2487:- a five-part article in
2021:World Health Organization
1521:(in French). January 2024
1100:"The Duesberg phenomenon"
687:Treatment Action Campaign
352:
182:
164:
154:
146:
139:
124:
114:
89:
77:
70:
2500:Inventing the AIDS Virus
2413:Inventing the AIDS Virus
2297:. Accessed May 14, 2008.
1822:Duesberg, Peter (2019).
1633:10.1073/pnas.95.23.13692
780:Gorman, Sara E. (2021).
636:published an article in
433:Inventing the AIDS Virus
328:Duesberg grew up during
2387:March 12, 2010, at the
1127:10.1126/science.7992043
786:Oxford University Press
419:
384:Theodor Heinrich Boveri
347:
342:University of Frankfurt
119:University of Frankfurt
2442:Bialy, Harvey (2004).
2175:"Debating the Obvious"
2041:Hodgkinson, N (2003).
1358:Times Higher Education
770:. Accessed 2010-06-11.
732:10.1073/pnas.67.4.1673
711:Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
646:journal. The article,
642:, an unconventionally
625:
569:
549:frequently invoke the
524:
501:
459:Duesberg asserts that
2497:Duesberg, PH (1996).
2410:Duesberg, PH (1996).
2290:July 2, 2007, at the
2055:on September 27, 2006
1575:10.1038/news.2010.210
1488:The Daily Californian
1439:10.1038/news.2010.210
1060:10.1038/embor.2010.84
1042:Goertzel, T. (2010).
621:
619:, who suggests that,
559:
533:In a 2010 article on
514:
490:
454:recreational drug use
414:Human Papilloma Virus
2607:American virologists
2549:"Ă€ Duesberg, Adieu!"
2547:Moore, John (1996).
2315:(6791): 15–6. 2000.
2285:Journ-AIDS:Factsheet
1296:10.1093/afraf/adm087
277:scientific community
273:scientific consensus
265:antiretroviral drugs
2632:People from MĂĽnster
2597:HIV/AIDS denialists
2565:1996Natur.380..293M
1973:Drug Alcohol Depend
1839:, pp. 110–111.
1793:2007SciAm.296e..10.
1787:(5): 10. May 2007.
1750:2007SciAm.296e..52D
1707:2003SciAm.289a..56G
1624:1998PNAS...9513692D
1519:ici.radio-canada.ca
1181:1993Natur.363..109M
1163:Maddox, J. (1993).
1119:1994Sci...266.1642C
1113:(5191): 1642–1644.
998:1990Natur.345..659W
723:1970PNAS...67.1673D
535:conspiracy theories
426:Duesberg hypothesis
407:Scientific American
402:Scientific American
271:. In contrast, the
193:molecular biologist
2637:Cancer researchers
2154:on August 28, 2008
2101:10.1007/BF02705115
1098:Cohen, J. (1994).
917:. pp. 25–56.
905:Kalichman, Seth C.
673:Medical Hypotheses
639:Medical Hypotheses
600:Durban Declaration
438:Regnery Publishing
430:In his 1996 book,
372:Rous sarcoma virus
302:Medical Hypotheses
261:recreational drugs
245:Long considered a
240:Bethesda, Maryland
2559:(6572): 293–294.
2380:Martin Enserink,
2266:on March 19, 2005
2187:on April 15, 2015
1555:, October 9, 2009
1175:(6425): 109–199.
1144:on June 15, 2006.
924:978-0-387-79475-4
218:and cancer. With
203:, the claim that
186:
185:
141:Scientific career
66:
65:
45:length guidelines
2644:
2578:
2576:
2574:10.1038/380293a0
2518:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2477:on June 15, 2006
2473:. Archived from
2457:
2431:
2398:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2321:10.1038/35017662
2304:
2298:
2282:
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2275:
2273:
2271:
2262:. Archived from
2249:
2243:
2234:
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2227:
2225:
2223:
2218:on July 28, 2020
2214:. Archived from
2203:
2197:
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2194:
2192:
2183:. Archived from
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2164:
2163:
2161:
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2150:. Archived from
2139:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2094:
2074:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2054:
2048:. Archived from
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2038:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2013:
2007:
2006:
1996:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1920:
1893:
1887:
1877:
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1870:
1868:
1866:
1861:on June 25, 2023
1857:. Archived from
1855:Robet Scott Bell
1846:
1840:
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1828:
1827:
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1500:
1491:. Archived from
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1469:
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1244:
1220:
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1192:
1190:10.1038/363109a0
1160:
1151:
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1143:
1137:. Archived from
1104:
1095:
1082:
1081:
1071:
1039:
1026:
1025:
1006:10.1038/345659a0
992:(6277): 659–60.
981:
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892:
891:
889:
887:
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864:
863:
839:
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832:
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800:
799:
784:(2nd ed.).
777:
771:
766:, hosted by the
761:
755:
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734:
702:
567:
522:
499:
178:
103:
100:December 2, 1936
99:
97:
82:
68:
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61:
58:
52:
43:Please read the
29:
28:
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2602:Cell biologists
2582:
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2496:
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2478:
2454:
2438:
2436:Further reading
2428:
2406:
2401:
2397:, March 8, 2010
2389:Wayback Machine
2379:
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2352:Med. Hypotheses
2348:
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2292:Wayback Machine
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2092:10.1.1.610.3380
2075:
2068:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2045:
2039:
2035:
2025:
2023:
2015:
2014:
2010:
1979:(1–3): 165–71.
1965:
1961:
1938:
1934:
1894:
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1878:
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1847:
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1816:
1778:
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1618:(23): 13692–7.
1604:
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1595:Wayback Machine
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1495:on May 11, 2022
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1289:(427): 157–76.
1283:African Affairs
1275:
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1148:Further reading
1141:
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1096:
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978:
949:(8846): 658–9.
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840:
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803:
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762:
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703:
699:
695:
630:
577:
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555:Galileo Galilei
523:
520:
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497:
436:, published by
428:
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355:
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269:passenger virus
252:Cancer Research
207:does not cause
176:
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115:Alma mater
110:
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39:may be too long
34:This article's
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1461:Science - AAAS
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1319:Med Hypotheses
1302:
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1235:(4): 410–415.
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795:978-0197547458
794:
788:. p. 88.
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717:(4): 1673–80.
696:
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566:Goertzel, 2010
563:
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461:AIDS in Africa
450:alkyl nitrites
424:Main article:
421:
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257:his hypothesis
201:AIDS denialism
184:
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125:Known for
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72:Peter Duesberg
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644:peer reviewed
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57:February 2024
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2481:February 17,
2479:. Retrieved
2475:the original
2470:
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2216:the original
2201:
2191:November 24,
2189:. Retrieved
2185:the original
2178:
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2158:November 24,
2156:. Retrieved
2152:the original
2137:
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2082:
2078:
2057:. Retrieved
2050:the original
2036:
2024:. Retrieved
2011:
1976:
1972:
1962:
1948:(7): 820–2.
1945:
1941:
1935:
1908:
1905:N Engl J Med
1904:
1891:
1875:
1863:. Retrieved
1859:the original
1854:
1844:
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1784:
1780:
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1731:
1701:(1): 56–65.
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1550:
1523:. Retrieved
1518:
1509:
1499:December 14,
1497:. Retrieved
1493:the original
1486:
1476:
1464:. Retrieved
1460:
1428:
1404:
1382:The Guardian
1380:
1356:
1318:
1286:
1282:
1232:
1228:
1172:
1168:
1139:the original
1110:
1106:
1051:
1048:EMBO Reports
1047:
989:
985:
979:
946:
942:
909:
884:. Retrieved
851:
847:
837:
825:. Retrieved
819:
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539:Ted Goertzel
537:in science,
532:
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515:
508:
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498:Maddox, 1993
491:
483:
477:
469:malnutrition
458:
431:
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376:retroviruses
361:
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330:World War II
327:
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188:
187:
170:
155:Institutions
140:
54:
37:lead section
35:
18:
2592:1936 births
2528:Duesberg's
2404:Works cited
2222:October 24,
2059:October 11,
1882:, pp.
1744:(5): 52–9.
1525:January 10,
581:Thabo Mbeki
528:Kary Mullis
480:John Maddox
315:peer review
297:Thabo Mbeki
2586:Categories
2270:January 6,
2026:October 1,
1911:(6): 442.
1668:Eur J Surg
913:. Berlin:
848:Cancer Res
753:. 4321342.
693:References
547:denialists
521:Jon Cohen.
442:zidovudine
380:aneuploidy
324:Early life
247:contrarian
96:1936-12-02
2337:205007392
2087:CiteSeerX
1897:Vermund S
886:April 29,
617:Max Essex
366:from the
338:chemistry
311:retracted
216:oncogenes
109:, Germany
47:and help
2536:webpages
2530:homepage
2385:Archived
2368:19619953
2329:10894520
2288:Archived
2238:tpan.com
2212:Prospect
2109:12799487
2079:J Biosci
2003:18180115
1865:June 25,
1809:17500402
1766:17500414
1723:12840947
1591:Archived
1552:Newsweek
1335:19619953
1259:11458278
1251:19186354
1207:12103876
1078:20539311
971:23141531
915:Springer
907:(2009).
821:Discover
612:Discover
564:—
543:rhetoric
519:—
496:—
473:in utero
359:oncogene
309:, later
307:Elsevier
131:research
129:Oncogene
2561:Bibcode
2534:faculty
2505:Regnery
2490:Science
2467:Science
2418:Regnery
2394:Science
2148:Reuters
1994:2691391
1954:8099613
1927:8093639
1789:Bibcode
1781:Sci. Am
1746:Bibcode
1738:Sci. Am
1703:Bibcode
1695:Sci. Am
1680:1352139
1652:9811862
1620:Bibcode
1466:May 24,
1405:Science
1199:8483492
1177:Bibcode
1135:7992043
1115:Bibcode
1107:Science
1069:2897118
1014:2163025
994:Bibcode
963:8095571
860:3028606
827:May 16,
751:4321342
719:Bibcode
509:Science
505:Science
446:poppers
340:at the
288:Science
107:MĂĽnster
2553:Nature
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1430:Nature
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969:
961:
943:Lancet
921:
858:
792:
749:
742:283411
739:
678:Lancet
589:Durban
485:Nature
368:genome
353:Cancer
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