400:
are necessary for the successful quantization of gravity. Bergmann and his students were the primary contributors to the literature of general relativity until the mid-1950s. Twenty years later, there were more than a dozen general relativity research centers and now it is in the mainstream of current physics research.
399:
by
Bergmann's program contained the key ideas of nonperturbative canonical general relativity. For the rest of his career, he oriented his research on those concepts. He was concerned with the interpretation of general covariance and initiated the search for observables whose commutation relations
549:
for "pioneering investigations in general relativity, including gravitational radiation, black holes, spacetime singularities, and symmetries in
Einstein’s equations, and for leadership and inspiration to generations of researchers in general relativity". He learned that he had won the prize only
337:
Bergmann's association with
Einstein began without his knowledge in 1933 when his mother made a letter correspondence to Einstein, who was then in Belgium hiding from the Nazis. Bergmann contacted Einstein again in 1935 and arrived in the United States in 1936. He worked with Einstein, as his
1083:
395:. At Syracuse, Bergmann established one of the first research centers devoted to studying the general theory of relativity to reconcile it with quantum theory. A
1073:
1098:
759:
1103:
420:
titled "Is the
Universe a Vacuum Fluctuation?”, Tryon mentions how he learned from Bergmann how our universe could have started with
970:
923:
829:
784:
1053:
592:
1058:
358:
1088:
1024:
891:
681:
1078:
433:
20:
854:
Salisbury, Don C. (February 2, 2012). "Peter
Bergmann and the Invention of Constrained Hamiltonian Dynamics".
813:
339:
326:
172:
101:
403:
Apart from this research, he also promoted the discussion on the concept of temperature in relativistic
1093:
763:
377:
228:
436:
is negative and they cancel each other out and so our universe than could begin with zero energy.
855:
710:
158:
546:
425:
346:
295:
629:
396:
404:
131:
1068:
1063:
871:
722:
645:
542:
421:
263:
154:
136:
8:
521:
444:
440:
365:
354:
168:
27:
875:
726:
649:
1016:
897:
861:
738:
625:
597:
493:
479:
471:
392:
311:
267:
82:
1010:
1020:
901:
887:
742:
525:
350:
994:
989:
879:
730:
653:
567:
416:
353:(1941-1944). From 1944-1947, he was engaged in war research on underwater sound at
287:
195:
883:
706:
455:
411:
391:
In 1947, no physics department in the United States had a center for research in
385:
307:
259:
252:
236:
210:
478:, with a foreword by Einstein. The second edition of this book was published by
451:
966:
588:
381:
373:
232:
224:
368:
from 1947 to 1982, where he was an advisor for 32 doctoral students including
1047:
507:
369:
315:
220:
200:
809:
459:
734:
529:
322:
283:
624:
497:
429:
26:
For the pseudonym of a man who took his own life in
Ireland in 2009, see
866:
511:
303:
105:
711:"Peter Gabriel Bergmann — outstanding scientist and good friend"
658:
633:
255:
518:
Albert
Einstein: His Influence on Physics, Philosophy and Politics
78:
60:
325:; his sister Clara stayed behind and ultimately was murdered at
291:
279:
179:
56:
945:
294:. His father would later be a professor of chemistry at the
439:
After he retired from
Syracuse, he was given Desk space at
266:
encompassing all physical interactions. He also introduced
830:"Memorial symposium celebrates longtime physics professor"
785:"Memorial symposium celebrates longtime physics professor"
345:
After the assistantship at
Princeton, Bergmann taught at
1084:
Jewish emigrants from Nazi
Germany to the United States
321:
Bergmann's family scattered all over the world during
310:. Bergmann obtained his PhD at the age of 21 from the
924:"Why Isn't Edward P. Tryon A World-famous Physicist?"
823:
821:
470:In 1942, Bergmann published the first textbook on
818:
443:where he worked with his close friend, physicist
298:. He began college in 1931, at the age of 16, at
1045:
701:
699:
541:Bergmann was posthumously awarded the inaugural
857:Einstein and the Changing Worldviews of Physics
620:
618:
616:
1074:Institute for Advanced Study visiting scholars
251:(24 March 1915 – 19 October 2002) was a
696:
675:
673:
671:
669:
593:"Peter G. Bergmann, 87; Worked With Einstein"
185:The Harmonic Oscillator in a Spherical Space
613:
754:
752:
273:
965:
682:"Desperately Seeking Einstein's Assistant"
666:
583:
581:
296:Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research
19:For similarly-named people or places, see
993:
865:
853:
705:
657:
1099:Fellows of the American Physical Society
1012:Introduction to the theory of relativity
1008:
973:Introduction to the theory of relativity
749:
568:"Peter Bergmann received Einstein Medal"
476:Introduction to the Theory of Relativity
921:
679:
587:
578:
1046:
827:
16:German-American physicist (1915–2002)
359:Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
828:Byrnes, Edward (October 16, 2003).
13:
947:The Erdős Project - Peter Bergmann
634:"Obituary: Peter Gabriel Bergmann"
14:
1115:
414:came out in 1973 with a paper in
268:primary and secondary constraints
1104:Albert Einstein Medal recipients
1009:Bergmann, Peter Gabriel (1976).
922:Reynosa, Peter (16 March 2016).
860:. Birkhäuser. pp. 247–257.
680:Halpern, Paul (21 August 2016).
342:from October 1936 to June 1941.
286:, a biochemistry professor, and
1002:
995:10.1090/s0002-9904-1943-07939-6
959:
938:
915:
847:
760:"2003 Einstein Prize Recipient"
465:
314:in 1936 under the direction of
803:
777:
560:
21:Peter Bergman (disambiguation)
1:
1054:American relativity theorists
814:Mathematics Genealogy Project
553:
258:best known for his work with
975:. By Peter Gabriel Bergmann"
884:10.1007/978-0-8176-4940-1_11
364:Bergmann was a professor at
340:Institute for Advanced Study
207:Other academic advisors
173:Institute for Advanced Study
7:
1059:Syracuse University faculty
338:research assistant, at the
312:German University in Prague
102:German University of Prague
10:
1120:
1089:Jewish American scientists
550:shortly before his death.
485:His other textbooks were:
397:1949 Physical Review paper
306:) under the mentorship of
25:
18:
764:American Physical Society
536:
504:Basic Theories of Physics
490:The Riddle of Gravitation
332:
278:Bergmann was born into a
242:
216:
206:
194:
178:
164:
150:
143:
127:
119:
111:
97:
89:
67:
42:
35:
274:Early life and education
1079:Mathematical physicists
630:Schucking, Engelbert L.
424:and not contradict the
810:Peter Gabriel Bergmann
735:10.1002/andp.200310018
426:conservation of energy
347:Black Mountain College
249:Peter Gabriel Bergmann
982:Bull. Amer. Math. Soc
405:statistical mechanics
300:Technische Hochschule
132:Albert Einstein Medal
709:(October 17, 2003).
572:www.einstein-bern.ch
434:gravitational energy
290:, a pediatrician in
264:unified field theory
155:Unified field theory
876:2006physics...8067S
727:2003AnP...515..411S
650:2003PhT....56h..64G
626:Goldberg, Joshua N.
591:(23 October 2002).
522:Peter C. Aichelburg
445:Engelbert Schucking
441:New York University
366:Syracuse University
355:Columbia University
169:Syracuse University
159:Kaluza–Klein theory
28:Peter Bergmann case
1017:Dover Publications
791:. October 16, 2003
598:The New York Times
494:Dover Publications
480:Dover Publications
472:general relativity
393:general relativity
1094:Jewish physicists
926:. Huffington Post
715:Annals of Physics
659:10.1063/1.1611361
526:Roman Ulrich Sexl
351:Lehigh University
246:
245:
217:Doctoral students
145:Scientific career
1111:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1006:
1000:
999:
997:
979:
963:
957:
956:
955:
954:
942:
936:
935:
933:
931:
919:
913:
912:
910:
908:
869:
851:
845:
844:
842:
840:
825:
816:
807:
801:
800:
798:
796:
781:
775:
774:
772:
770:
756:
747:
746:
721:(7–8): 411–414.
707:Schmutzer, Ernst
703:
694:
693:
691:
689:
677:
664:
663:
661:
622:
611:
610:
608:
606:
585:
576:
575:
564:
450:Bergmann had an
432:is positive and
270:into mechanics.
196:Doctoral advisor
190:
74:
71:October 19, 2002
52:
50:
33:
32:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1007:
1003:
977:
964:
960:
952:
950:
944:
943:
939:
929:
927:
920:
916:
906:
904:
894:
867:physics/0608067
852:
848:
838:
836:
826:
819:
808:
804:
794:
792:
783:
782:
778:
768:
766:
758:
757:
750:
704:
697:
687:
685:
678:
667:
632:(August 2003).
623:
614:
604:
602:
589:Overbye, Dennis
586:
579:
566:
565:
561:
556:
547:John A. Wheeler
539:
468:
456:Ernst G. Straus
412:Edward P. Tryon
386:Rainer K. Sachs
335:
276:
260:Albert Einstein
253:German-American
237:Rainer K. Sachs
235:
231:
227:
223:
211:Albert Einstein
188:
171:
157:
135:
115:Margot Bergmann
104:
98:Alma mater
85:
76:
72:
63:
54:
48:
46:
38:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1117:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1040:
1039:
1025:
1001:
988:(7): 527–529.
958:
937:
914:
892:
846:
817:
802:
776:
748:
695:
665:
612:
601:. pp. A21
577:
558:
557:
555:
552:
543:Einstein Prize
538:
535:
534:
533:
515:
501:
467:
464:
382:Ezra T. Newman
374:Pantur Silaban
334:
331:
275:
272:
244:
243:
240:
239:
233:Ezra T. Newman
225:Pantur Silaban
218:
214:
213:
208:
204:
203:
198:
192:
191:
182:
176:
175:
166:
162:
161:
152:
148:
147:
141:
140:
137:Einstein Prize
129:
125:
124:
121:
117:
116:
113:
109:
108:
99:
95:
94:
91:
87:
86:
77:
75:(aged 87)
69:
65:
64:
55:
53:March 24, 1915
44:
40:
39:
37:Peter Bergmann
36:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1116:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1028:
1026:9780486632827
1022:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1005:
996:
991:
987:
983:
976:
974:
968:
962:
949:
948:
941:
925:
918:
903:
899:
895:
893:9780817649401
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
868:
863:
859:
858:
850:
835:
831:
824:
822:
815:
811:
806:
790:
786:
780:
765:
761:
755:
753:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
702:
700:
683:
676:
674:
672:
670:
660:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
638:Physics Today
635:
631:
627:
621:
619:
617:
600:
599:
594:
590:
584:
582:
573:
569:
563:
559:
551:
548:
545:in 2003 with
544:
531:
527:
523:
519:
516:
513:
509:
508:Prentice Hall
505:
502:
499:
495:
491:
488:
487:
486:
483:
481:
477:
473:
463:
461:
457:
453:
448:
446:
442:
437:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
418:
413:
408:
406:
401:
398:
394:
389:
387:
383:
379:
378:John Boardman
375:
371:
370:Joel Lebowitz
367:
362:
360:
356:
352:
348:
343:
341:
330:
328:
324:
319:
317:
316:Philipp Frank
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
288:Emmy Bergmann
285:
281:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
254:
250:
241:
238:
234:
230:
229:John Boardman
226:
222:
221:Joel Lebowitz
219:
215:
212:
209:
205:
202:
201:Philipp Frank
199:
197:
193:
186:
183:
181:
177:
174:
170:
167:
163:
160:
156:
153:
149:
146:
142:
138:
133:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
107:
103:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
70:
66:
62:
58:
45:
41:
34:
29:
22:
1030:. Retrieved
1015:. New York:
1011:
1004:
985:
981:
972:
961:
951:, retrieved
946:
940:
928:. Retrieved
917:
905:. Retrieved
856:
849:
837:. Retrieved
833:
805:
793:. Retrieved
788:
779:
767:. Retrieved
718:
714:
686:. Retrieved
644:(8): 64–66.
641:
637:
603:. Retrieved
596:
571:
562:
540:
517:
503:
489:
484:
475:
469:
466:Publications
452:Erdős number
449:
447:until 1999.
438:
428:law because
415:
409:
402:
390:
363:
344:
336:
320:
308:Harry Dember
299:
284:Max Bergmann
277:
248:
247:
184:
165:Institutions
144:
73:(2002-10-19)
1069:2002 deaths
1064:1915 births
454:of 2 (via
430:mass-energy
422:zero energy
90:Citizenship
1048:Categories
967:Infeld, L.
953:2012-09-10
554:References
460:Paul Erdős
304:TU Dresden
282:family of
106:TU Dresden
83:Washington
49:1915-03-24
971:"Review:
930:March 22,
902:119063731
743:121178799
528:(Vieweg,
482:in 1976.
327:Auschwitz
323:Nazi rule
256:physicist
969:(1943).
795:30 April
684:. Medium
357:and the
120:Children
93:American
872:Bibcode
834:SU News
812:at the
789:SU News
723:Bibcode
646:Bibcode
514:, 1951)
500:, 1993)
79:Seattle
61:Germany
1023:
900:
890:
741:
537:Awards
532:1979).
417:Nature
384:, and
333:Career
292:Berlin
280:Jewish
189:(1936)
187:
180:Thesis
151:Fields
139:(2003)
134:(1992)
128:Awards
112:Spouse
57:Berlin
1032:1 May
978:(PDF)
907:1 May
898:S2CID
862:arXiv
839:1 May
769:1 May
739:S2CID
688:1 May
605:1 May
520:with
410:When
302:(now
262:on a
1034:2021
1021:ISBN
932:2016
909:2021
888:ISBN
841:2021
797:2021
771:2021
690:2021
607:2021
530:OCLC
524:and
512:OCLC
498:OCLC
349:and
68:Died
43:Born
990:doi
880:doi
731:doi
654:doi
462:).
458:to
1050::
1019:.
986:49
984:.
980:.
896:.
886:.
878:.
870:.
832:.
820:^
787:.
762:.
751:^
737:.
729:.
719:12
717:.
713:.
698:^
668:^
652:.
642:56
640:.
636:.
628:;
615:^
595:.
580:^
570:.
510:,
496:,
474:,
407:.
388:.
380:,
376:,
372:,
361:.
329:.
318:.
81:,
59:,
1036:.
998:.
992::
934:.
911:.
882::
874::
864::
843:.
799:.
773:.
745:.
733::
725::
692:.
662:.
656::
648::
609:.
574:.
506:(
492:(
123:2
51:)
47:(
30:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.