43:
20:
476:
298:
222:
354:
382:, they sent their Ottoman general Omar Wahbi Pasha (later known as "Ferîq Pasha" in the memory of the Yazidis) in 1890 or 1892 from Mosul to the Yazidis in Shaikhan and again gave the Yazidis an ultimatum to convert to Islam. When the Yazidis refused, the areas of Sinjar and Shaykhan were occupied and another massacre committed among the residents. The Ottoman rulers mobilized the
582:
who criticized the actions of the authorities. After the
Kurdish authorities kidnapped them, they gave them two options, either they would accept that they were Kurds or they would confess that they were "terrorists". In addition, the Kurdish officers asked which language they speak. When the Yazidis
441:
were oppressed and attacked by the
British army. The British Army attacked Yazidi villages between 1925 and 1935, killing over 100 Yazidis, including a Yazidi leader. According to Arbella Bet-Shlimon, in 1935 the Iraqi Army attacked eleven Yazidi villages, placed Sinjar under martial law, and then
365:
Many
Yazidis also defended themselves against the attacks. So did Ali Beg, the Yazidi leader in Sheikhan. The Yazidi leader Ali Beg mobilized his forces in order to oppose Muhammad Pasha, who mobilized the Kurdish tribes which lived in the surrounding mountains in order to launch an attack against
293:
In 1831, Muhammad Pasha massacred the people of the Kellek village. He then went northward and attacked the entire Yazidi-inhabited foothill country which was located east of Mosul. Some
Yazidis managed to take refuge in the neighboring forests and mountain fastnesses, and a few of them managed to
433:
during the
Armenian genocide and many Yazidis found refuge in Armenia as they fled from the Kurds and Turks, the Yazidis were discriminated against in Armenia. Yazidi children tended to hide their identities in schools so they would not be discriminated against. Furthermore, the term "Yezidi" is
636:
Remembering persecution is a central part of Yazidi identity. The
Yazidis speak of 74 genocides of them in their history and call these genocides "Farman". The number of 72 Farman can be derived from the oral traditions and folk songs of the Yazidis. The last Farman is number 74 and denotes the
2467:
In one incident, Kurdish intelligence officers arrested two Yazidi activists, Khalil Rashu Alias and Wageed Mendo Hamoo, in May 2007. The two told Human Rights Watch that
Kurdish authorities imprisoned the pair for almost six months and tortured them for resisting what they called the Kurdish
526:
militia, which left the
Yazidis defenseless. Among the reasons for the Peshmerga's retreat was the unwillingness of the Sunnis in the ranks to fight fellow Muslims in the defence of Yazidis. ISIL's persecution of the Yazidis gained international attention and led to another
442:
sentenced many Yazidi prisoners to death or to long sentences because they had resisted mandatory conscription; some of the prisoners were even paraded in front of a jeering crowd in Mosul that killed one of the captives.
612:
All of the massacres of the
Yazidis were committed by the Muslim side.During their history, the Yazidis have mostly been under the pressure of their Muslim neighbors, which led to violence and massacres at times.
2131:
2090:
1533:
Niniveh and Its
Remains: With an Account of a Visit to the Chaldaean Christians of Kurdistan, and the Yezidis, Or Devil-Worshippers : and an Enquiry Into the Manners and Arts of the Ancient Assyrians
1974:
301:
Many Yazidis from Sheikhan, who had fled from the Kurds but could not cross the Tigris river, gathered on the great mound of Kouyunjik, where they were persecuted and killed by Muhammad Pasha's men.
590:. In the Sheikhan area, which is considered a historic Yazidi stronghold, the Kurdish authorities have allegedly settled Sunni Kurds to strengthen their claim that it should be included within the
1724:
42:
2284:
320:
In 1832, Bedir Khan Beg and his troops committed a massacre against the Yazidis in Shekhan. His men almost killed the whole Yazidi population of Shekhan. Some Yazidis tried to escape to
398:. The central shrine of the Yazidis Lalish was converted into a Quran school. This condition lasted for twelve years until the Yazidis were able to recapture their main shrine Lalish.
713:
1883:
386:, later founded in 1891, to take action against the Yazidis. Many Yazidi villages were attacked by the Hamidiye cavalry and the residents were killed. The Yazidi villages of
2154:
2123:
19:
2100:
600:
According to Yazidi activists reports, since 2003 about 30 Yazidi women and girls were kidnapped and forcibly married with members of the Kurdish security force
1966:
375:
350:
region. His men also captured many Yazidis and forced them to convert to Islam. The inhabitants of seven Yazidi villages were all forced to convert to Islam.
146:
mountains. Due to their religion, Muslim Kurds persecuted and attacked the Yazidis with particular brutality. Sometimes, during these massacres, Muslim Kurds
1212:
317:
and gave them the ultimatum of converting to Islam or being killed. Most of them converted to Islam and those who refused to convert to Islam were killed.
2456:
1940:
528:
313:
and killed many of them. In another attempt he and his troops occupied over 300 Yazidi villages. The emir kidnapped over 10,000 Yazidis and sent them to
1412:
578:, the Kurdish authorities have used heavy-handed tactics against the Yazidis and was accused of kidnapping and beating two Yazidi men belonging to the
555:
2306:
Tagay, Sefik; Ayhan, Dogan; Catani, Claudia; Schnyder, Ulrich; Teufel, Martin (2017). "The 2014 Yazidi genocide and its effect on Yazidi diaspora".
1900:"Investigating Sexual and Gender-Based Violence as a Weapon of War and a Tool of Genocide against Indigenous Yazidi Women and Girls by ISIS in Iraq"
2041:"Mortality and kidnapping estimates for the Yazidi population in the area of Mount Sinjar, Iraq, in August 2014: A retrospective household survey"
1990:"Mortality and kidnapping estimates for the Yazidi population in the area of Mount Sinjar, Iraq, in August 2014: A retrospective household survey"
2280:
1304:
2374:
1674:
1323:
679:
2229:
1876:"Alternative report on Armenia's implementation of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination"
2780:
1382:
813:
1809:
2770:
979:
1875:
579:
1779:
2624:
2597:
1762:
1511:
1481:
1343:
1139:
1022:
954:
858:
774:
2760:
511:
119:
2510:
1627:
1548:
286:, shortly before his arrival. According to many historical reports, the Bedir Khan massacres can today be classified as a
2203:
2176:
1610:
357:
In the picture in the middle you can see Ali Beg II. (the grandson of the Yazidi leader Ali Beg and the grandfather of
2520:
2264:
2213:
2186:
1860:
1819:
1789:
1702:
1637:
1585:
1558:
1288:
1265:
Massacres at the hands of the Ottoman Turks and Kurdish princes almost wiped out the Yazidis during the 19th century.
1258:
1222:
1195:
1166:
1046:
827:
707:
514:, and thousands of Yazidi men were killed. Five thousand Yazidi civilians were killed during what has been called a "
2424:
1173:
Throughout history, there was no shortage of attempts by Kurdish Muslims to violently convert the Yazidis to Islam.
1156:
465:
2775:
2755:
2562:
1278:
911:
848:
2349:
1811:
Ethno-territorial conflict and coexistence in the caucasus, Central Asia and Fereydan: academisch proefschrift
343:. Afterwards, Muhammad Pasha and his troops attacked the Yazidis who lived in Sinjar and killed many of them.
2614:
2587:
2095:
127:
2765:
1575:
536:
1012:
620:
have given the persecution of Yazidis a religious character and they have also legalized it. Also Kurdish
374:
After the Ottomans had given the Yazidis a certain legal status in 1849 through repeated interventions by
339:
region were again attacked by Muhammad Pasha and his soldiers. The perpetrators killed 500 Yazidis in the
2485:"Anfragebeantwortung zum Irak: Lage der JesidInnen, insbesondere in der Provinz Ninawa [a-10353]"
2457:"On Vulnerable Ground | Violence against Minority Communities in Nineveh Province's Disputed Territories"
532:
484:
479:
Yazidi commemoration of the genocide on August 3, 2014 in the Kurdish city of Diyarbakır in Turkey (2015)
451:
394:
were also raided and many Yazidi temples were destroyed. The Yazidi Mir Ali Beg was captured and held in
143:
123:
150:. Almost the whole Yazidi population were nearly wiped out by massacres carried out by Muslim Kurds and
2375:"Hundreds of Yazidis Displaced Amid Turkey's Incursion in Northeast Syria | Voice of America - English"
1577:
Der kurdische Fürst MĪR MUHAMMAD AL-RAWĀNDIZĪ genannt MĪR-Ī KŌRA: Ein Beitrag zur kurdischen Geschichte
1037:
Evliya Çelebi, The Intimate Life of an Ottoman Statesman: Melek Ahmed Pasha (1588–1662), Translated by
601:
595:
461:
267:
234:
1920:
1852:
1229:
The Yazidis were nearly wiped out in massacres which were committed against them by Turks and Kurds.
2589:
Yeziden in Deutschland: Eine Religionsgemeinschaft zwischen Tradition, Integration und Assimilation
171:
98:. Yazidis have been persecuted by the surrounding Muslims since the medieval ages, most notably by
2785:
1904:
1445:
819:
691:
540:
469:
366:
the Yazidis. Ali Beg's troops were outnumbered and he was captured and killed by Muhammad Pasha.
1675:"Die Eziden und das Ezidentum – Geschichte und Gegenwart einer vom Untergang bedrohten Religion"
1250:
880:
491:, led to the expulsion, flight and effective exile of the Yazidis from their ancestral lands in
503:
226:
163:
2254:
1531:
1471:
1305:"Die Religionsgemeinschaft der Yezidi: Weh dem, der nicht ans Höllenfeuer glaubt - Qantara.de"
218:
and burnt down the temple. The Yazidis later rebuilt their temple and the tomb of Sheikh Adi.
2709:
2668:
2536:
Documentation, Austrian Centre for Country of Origin & Asylum Research and (2012-06-27).
1752:
1692:
1501:
1335:
1187:
Non-State Violent Actors and Social Movement Organizations: Influence, Adaptation, and Change
1185:
1129:
928:
754:
699:
31:
1364:
875:
332:
of the Tigris river by Bedir Khan Beg's men. Yazidi women and children were also kidnapped.
233:
is named after the Yazidi leader Ali Beg who was killed there in 1832 by the Kurdish prince
2483:
Documentation, Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and (2017-10-02).
1390:
833:
559:
515:
147:
2399:
8:
1921:"Military State: Iraq Faces an Ongoing Crisis of Sovereignty 90 Years After Independence"
1899:
1446:"Appendix A: A visit to the Yezidis in 1843 by Ilya Berezin, in The Anthropology of Iraq"
586:
There have also been some demographic changes in Yazidi-majority areas after the fall of
379:
2230:"Freeing Yazidi Women: Combating a 21st Century Slavery Revival Project | Wilson Center"
2729:
2696:
2461:
2331:
2067:
2040:
2016:
1989:
1243:
1102:
1067:
575:
411:
383:
79:
2640:
2319:
1131:
Trauma and the Rehabilitation of Trafficked Women: The Experiences of Yazidi Survivors
2733:
2700:
2688:
2620:
2593:
2516:
2432:
2323:
2260:
2209:
2182:
2072:
2021:
1815:
1785:
1758:
1698:
1633:
1606:
1581:
1554:
1507:
1477:
1420:
1339:
1284:
1254:
1218:
1191:
1162:
1135:
1107:
1089:
1042:
1018:
987:
960:
950:
907:
854:
823:
780:
770:
703:
407:
328:
river. Those who could not swim were killed. About 12,000 Yazidis were killed on the
47:
2335:
346:
In 1844, Bedir Khan Beg and his men committed a massacre against the Yazidis in the
203:
2721:
2680:
2315:
2062:
2052:
2011:
2001:
1331:
1097:
1079:
762:
695:
591:
551:
544:
430:
329:
305:
In 1832, Muhammad Pasha and his troops committed a massacre against the Yazidis in
247:
167:
51:
946:
932:
418:, as many as 300,000 Yazidis were killed with the Armenians, while others fled to
2148:
2057:
2034:
2006:
746:
742:
625:
488:
230:
115:
35:
2537:
2484:
1158:
Population policy in Turkey: family planning and migration between 1960 and 1992
456:
In the 21st century, Yazidis faced targeted violence from insurgents during the
262:
In the year 1832, about 70,000 Yazidis were killed by the Sunni Kurdish princes
16:
Overview of hostility, discrimination, and persecution against the Yazidi people
2538:"Anfragebeantwortung zum Irak: Lage der Jesiden in Mosul; IFA [a-8101]"
1038:
587:
496:
475:
438:
263:
183:
151:
103:
1084:
2749:
2692:
2436:
1925:
1424:
1093:
991:
964:
809:
784:
651:
419:
297:
55:
2205:
The Last Girl: My Story of Captivity, and My Fight Against the Islamic State
2178:
The Great Betrayal: How America Abandoned the Kurds and Lost the Middle East
1836:
1654:
1068:"Individual, collective, and transgenerational traumatization in the Yazidi"
324:. When they attempted to escape towards Sinjar, many of them drowned in the
2400:"Yezidis in Iraq and Syria Fear Fresh Persecution After Turkey's Offensive"
2327:
2091:"Islamic State persecution of Yazidi minority amounts to genocide, UN says"
2076:
2025:
1111:
415:
358:
271:
270:. During his research trips in 1843, the Russian traveller and orientalist
206:
theologian, ‘Izz al-Dīn al Hulwānī, with the military support of the Sunni
139:
99:
766:
594:. In modern times, Kurdistan Region is accused of taking over traditional
2710:"The 72nd Firman of the Yezidis: A "Hidden Genocide" during World War I?"
2563:"Yazidi survivors of ISIS rape told children unwelcome | Stephen Quillen"
1838:
Enquête sur les Yezidis de Syrie et du Djebel Sindjār [microform]
1656:
Enquête sur les Yezidis de Syrie et du Djebel Sindjār [microform]
929:"Chapter 2: Kurdish society, ethnicity, nationalism and refugee problems"
646:
500:
2725:
2684:
426:
1967:"Turkish Airstrike in Iraqi Territory Kills a Kurdish Militant Leader"
554:
have fled from the Afrin region to the relative safety of the secular
472:(YBŞ) was set up to defend Yazidis in the aftermath of these attacks.
142:
in the 10th century, they joined in the persecution of Yazidis in the
126:, Yazidis still face discrimination from the Iraqi government and the
2281:"ISIS Terror: One Yazidi's Battle to Chronicle the Death of a People"
942:
805:
758:
751:
The Religion of the Peacock Angel: The Yezidis and Their Spirit World
523:
395:
347:
340:
310:
211:
175:
83:
2155:"Isil's Yazidi 'mass conversion' video fails to hide brutal duress"
2124:"Isil's Yazidi 'mass conversion' video fails to hide brutal duress"
1473:
Kurdistan on the Global Stage: Kinship, Land, and Community in Iraq
519:
457:
314:
306:
287:
275:
95:
87:
75:
71:
1841:(in French). Internet Archive. Beyrouth : . pp. 127–128.
1603:
Narratives of the History of the Ottoman-Kurdish Bedirhani Family
391:
387:
279:
91:
67:
2641:"Iraq Yazidis: The 'forgotten' people of an unforgettable story"
1214:
Genocide in the Middle East: The Ottoman Empire, Iraq, and Sudan
221:
1884:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
938:
687:
621:
492:
325:
321:
251:
215:
191:
124:
ethnic, cultural, and religious genocide of the Yazidis in Iraq
27:
23:
353:
1754:
The Yezidis: The History of a Community, Culture and Religion
1659:(in French). Internet Archive. Beyrouth : . p. 125.
1629:
The Yezidis: The History of a Community, Culture and Religion
1280:
The Yezidis: The History of a Community, Culture and Religion
920:
850:
The Yezidis: The History of a Community, Culture and Religion
617:
563:
507:
336:
283:
207:
187:
179:
111:
107:
747:"Part I: The One God - Malak-Tāwūs: The Leader of the Triad"
531:, which started with United States airstrikes against ISIL.
2669:"Editors' Introduction: Palimpsestic Genocide in Kurdistan"
2667:
von Joeden-Forgey, Elisa; McGee, Thomas (1 November 2019).
518:
campaign" being carried out by ISIL in Northern Iraq. The
1550:
The Kurdish National Movement: Its Origins and Development
1503:
The Kurdish National Movement: Its Origins and Development
1694:
Ottoman-Iranian Borderlands: Making a Boundary, 1843-1914
737:
735:
733:
731:
2512:
Education and Ethno-Politics: Defending Identity in Iraq
2305:
1781:
The Kurds: An Encyclopedia of Life, Culture, and Society
558:, because of fears of persecution by the Turkish-backed
1525:
1523:
495:. Thousands of Yazidi women and girls were forced into
2666:
728:
1853:"Armenia 2019 International Religious Freedom Report"
274:
mentioned that 7,000 Yazidis were killed by Kurds of
170:
together with 200 of his supporters were executed by
2425:"Opinion | Trump's Syria Exit Puts Yazidis in Peril"
1520:
1190:. Emerald Group Publishing. 2017-04-26. p. 75.
1154:
1065:
543:
fighters then opened a humanitarian corridor to the
1066:Kizilhan, Jan Ilhan; Noll-Hussong, Michael (2017).
980:"Who are the Yazidis and why is Isis hunting them?"
931:. In Kreyenbroek, Philip G.; Sperl, Stefan (eds.).
2616:Deutsche Yeziden: Geschichte, Gegenwart, Prognosen
1242:
1241:Ghareeb, Edmund A.; Dougherty, Beth (2004-03-18).
1155:Orient-Institut, Deutsches; Franz, Erhard (1994).
906:. London & New York: I. B. Tauris. p. 9.
631:
66:has been ongoing since at least the 12th century.
741:
556:Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria
2747:
2256:The Kurdish Spring: A New Map of the Middle East
1495:
1493:
1240:
2707:
1600:
1123:
1121:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
926:
901:
673:
671:
669:
667:
637:genocide of the Yazidis by the IS terrorists.
583:replied "Yazidi", they were further tortured.
148:tried to force the Yazidis to convert to Islam
2535:
2502:
2482:
1490:
425:Despite the fact that the Yazidis hid 20,000
309:. Subsequently, they attacked the Yazidis in
1309:Qantara.de - Dialog mit der islamischen Welt
1118:
1052:
815:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World
1918:
1814:. Amsterdam University Press. p. 145.
1668:
1666:
1605:. University of Bamberg Press. p. 99.
664:
2708:Six-Hohenbalken, Maria (1 November 2019).
2468:colonization of their territory in Sinjar.
1964:
1750:
1625:
1410:
1276:
1161:. Deutsches Orient-Institut. p. 332.
846:
114:tribes and principalities. After the 2014
2619:(in German). Tectum Wissenschaftsverlag.
2592:(in German). Tectum Wissenschaftsverlag.
2066:
2056:
2038:
2015:
2005:
1987:
1476:. Rutgers University Press. p. 187.
1383:"Yazīdīs - Oxford Islamic Studies Online"
1101:
1083:
904:The Other Kurds: Yazidis in Colonial Iraq
2252:
2174:
1663:
1328:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion
1127:
800:
798:
796:
794:
684:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion
522:began after the withdrawal of the KRG's
474:
434:often used by non-Yazidis as an insult.
352:
296:
220:
41:
18:
2478:
2476:
2350:"Assyrians in Kurdistan arm themselves"
1807:
1546:
1499:
1321:
874:Allison, Christine (20 February 2004).
873:
677:
580:Yazidi Movement for Reform and Progress
2748:
2612:
2585:
2508:
1965:Callimachi, Rukmini (16 August 2018).
1834:
1777:
1672:
1652:
1529:
1336:10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.254
1210:
977:
895:
867:
700:10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.254
678:Allison, Christine (25 January 2017).
335:In 1833, the Yazidis who lived in the
250:were attacked by the Sunni Kurds from
2201:
2152:
2121:
2088:
1977:from the original on 21 October 2018.
1919:Bet-Shlimon, Arbella (October 2022).
1803:
1801:
1746:
1744:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1573:
1443:
1010:
791:
246:In the year 1585, the Yazidis in the
2473:
1897:
1690:
1469:
804:
607:
369:
133:
2422:
2134:from the original on 23 August 2014
2082:
1757:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 56.
1722:
628:viewed the Yazidis as unbelievers.
569:
210:of the Sindi tribe and the lord of
13:
2287:from the original on 16 March 2016
1958:
1798:
1741:
1711:
934:The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview
716:from the original on 11 March 2019
439:Kingdom of Iraq under British rule
90:is regarded as "devil-worship" by
14:
2797:
2781:Persecution of Yazidis by Muslims
2613:Kartal, Celalettin (2016-06-22).
2253:Phillips, David L. (2017-07-05).
2175:Phillips, David L. (2018-11-29).
2039:Cetorelli, Valeria (9 May 2017).
1988:Cetorelli, Valeria (9 May 2017).
1861:United States Department of State
1751:Acikyildiz, Birgul (2014-08-20).
1626:Acikyildiz, Birgul (2014-08-20).
1411:Steinvorth, Daniel (2016-12-22).
1365:"Explainer: Who are the Yazidis?"
1322:Allison, Christine (2017-01-25),
1277:Acikyildiz, Birgul (2014-08-20).
847:Acikyildiz, Birgul (2014-08-20).
529:American-led intervention in Iraq
138:After some Kurdish tribes became
1778:Maisel, Sebastian (2018-06-30).
466:2007 Yazidi communities bombings
2771:Massacres in the Ottoman Empire
2658:
2633:
2606:
2579:
2555:
2529:
2449:
2416:
2392:
2367:
2342:
2299:
2273:
2246:
2222:
2195:
2168:
2115:
1981:
1933:
1912:
1891:
1868:
1845:
1828:
1771:
1684:
1646:
1619:
1594:
1567:
1540:
1463:
1437:
1413:"Jagd auf den Engel Pfau | NZZ"
1404:
1375:
1357:
1315:
1297:
1270:
1234:
1204:
1178:
1148:
1031:
927:van Bruinessen, Martin (1992).
632:Yazidi view of the persecutions
445:
401:
257:
241:
197:
157:
2714:Genocide Studies International
2673:Genocide Studies International
1697:. Cambridge University Press.
1004:
971:
840:
745:; Arakelova, Victoria (2014).
410:, many Yazidis were killed by
1:
2509:Shanks, Kelsey (2015-11-19).
2320:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32701-0
2096:The Christian Science Monitor
2089:Arraf, Jane (7 August 2014).
1808:Rezvani, Babak (2014-03-15).
1673:Tagay, Sefik; Ortac, Serhat.
1553:. Syracuse University Press.
1530:Layard, Austen Henry (1849).
1506:. Syracuse University Press.
1500:Jwaideh, Wadie (2006-06-19).
1470:King, Diane E. (2013-12-31).
1245:Historical Dictionary of Iraq
1041:, 304 pp., SUNY Press, 1991;
657:
128:Kurdistan Regional Government
54:after its destruction by the
2586:Savucu, Halil (2016-10-10).
2153:Blair, David (6 June 2015).
2122:Blair, David (6 June 2015).
2058:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002297
2007:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002297
1898:Suha, Hazeem Hassen (2016).
1680:(in German). pp. 49–50.
1387:www.oxfordislamicstudies.com
1311:(in German). 30 August 2007.
1128:Hosseini, S. Behnaz (2020).
487:, which began with the 2014
7:
2761:Forced religious conversion
2283:. MSNBC. 23 November 2015.
2202:Murad, Nadia (2017-11-07).
1574:NEBEZ, Jemal (2017-08-14).
1330:, Oxford University Press,
1249:. Scarecrow Press. p.
1217:. Carolina Academic Press.
978:Jalabi, Raya (2014-08-11).
640:
485:genocide of Yazidis by ISIL
452:Genocide of Yazidis by ISIL
118:of thousands of Yazidis by
10:
2802:
1691:Ateş, Sabri (2013-10-21).
1632:. I.B.Tauris. p. 52.
1283:. I.B.Tauris. p. 45.
449:
294:escape to distant places.
268:Muhammad Pasha of Rawanduz
235:Muhammad Pasha of Rawanduz
2181:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
1784:. ABC-CLIO. p. 266.
1211:Travis, Hannibal (2010).
1085:10.1186/s12916-017-0965-7
574:According to a report by
537:People's Protection Units
429:from the Ottomans in the
34:, August 2014, after the
2423:Pir, Hadi (2019-10-17).
1601:Barbara Henning (2018).
1419:(in Swiss High German).
1014:Survival Among The Kurds
533:Kurdistan Workers' Party
468:, which killed 796. The
464:that killed 23, and the
437:In 1921, Yazidis in the
2157:. London: The Telegraph
1905:Oregon State University
1547:Jwaideh, Wadie (2006).
902:Nelida Fuccaro (1999).
853:. Bloomsbury Academic.
820:Oxford University Press
692:Oxford University Press
541:Syriac Military Council
470:Sinjar Resistance Units
380:Sir Austen Henry Layard
190:, Sheikh Adi's tomb at
2776:Persecution of Yazidis
1941:"On Vulnerable Ground"
1835:Lescot, Roger (1938).
1653:Lescot, Roger (1938).
808:(2009). "Yazīdīs". In
480:
362:
302:
238:
227:Geli Ali Beg Waterfall
194:was then desecrated.
154:in the 19th century.
106:, neighbouring Muslim
64:persecution of Yazidis
59:
39:
26:refugee children from
2756:Cultural assimilation
1580:(in German). epubli.
1444:Field, Henry (1951).
767:10.4324/9781315728896
755:Abingdon, Oxfordshire
478:
356:
300:
224:
45:
32:Al-Malikiyah District
22:
2234:www.wilsoncenter.org
1723:Allison, Christine.
1450:iiif.lib.harvard.edu
1417:Neue Zürcher Zeitung
1011:Guest (2012-11-12).
881:Encyclopædia Iranica
876:"Yazidis i: General"
836:on October 23, 2020.
562:, an overwhelmingly
560:Syrian National Army
122:, which started the
78:-speaking minority,
48:shrine of Mam Rashan
46:Ruins of the Yazidi
2766:Kurdish nationalism
2726:10.3138/gsi.13.1.04
2685:10.3138/gsi.13.1.01
2429:Wall Street Journal
2208:. Crown/Archetype.
1393:on October 23, 2020
743:Asatrian, Garnik S.
596:Yazidi settlements.
462:April 2007 massacre
2462:Human Rights Watch
1945:Human Rights Watch
576:Human Rights Watch
481:
363:
303:
239:
60:
40:
2626:978-3-8288-6488-7
2599:978-3-8288-6547-1
2381:. 16 October 2019
1764:978-1-78453-216-1
1513:978-0-8156-3093-7
1483:978-0-8135-6354-1
1345:978-0-19-934037-8
1141:978-1-000-07869-5
1024:978-1-136-15736-3
956:978-0-415-07265-6
860:978-1-78453-216-1
776:978-1-84465-761-2
761:. pp. 1–28.
608:Ideological basis
550:Since 2016, many
516:forced conversion
408:Armenian genocide
376:Stratford Canning
370:Late 19th century
172:Badr al-Din Lu'Lu
134:Early persecution
2793:
2740:
2737:
2704:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2480:
2471:
2470:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2172:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2103:on 8 August 2014
2099:. Archived from
2086:
2080:
2070:
2060:
2030:
2029:
2019:
2009:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1880:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1857:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1805:
1796:
1795:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1748:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1729:
1720:
1709:
1708:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1670:
1661:
1660:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1527:
1518:
1517:
1497:
1488:
1487:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1389:. Archived from
1379:
1373:
1372:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1248:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1125:
1116:
1115:
1105:
1087:
1063:
1050:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1008:
1002:
1001:
999:
998:
975:
969:
968:
924:
918:
917:
899:
893:
892:
890:
888:
871:
865:
864:
844:
838:
837:
832:. Archived from
802:
789:
788:
739:
726:
725:
723:
721:
675:
592:Kurdistan Region
570:Kurdistan Region
552:Yazidis in Syria
545:Sinjar Mountains
510:terrorist group
431:Sinjar Mountains
412:Hamidiye cavalry
384:Hamidiye cavalry
278:on the hills of
168:al-Ḥasan b. ‘Adī
52:Sinjar mountains
30:in Newroz Camp,
2801:
2800:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2663:
2659:
2650:
2648:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2627:
2611:
2607:
2600:
2584:
2580:
2571:
2569:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2547:
2545:
2534:
2530:
2523:
2507:
2503:
2494:
2492:
2481:
2474:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2441:
2439:
2421:
2417:
2408:
2406:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2384:
2382:
2379:www.voanews.com
2373:
2372:
2368:
2359:
2357:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2314:(10106): 1946.
2304:
2300:
2290:
2288:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2267:
2251:
2247:
2238:
2236:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2200:
2196:
2189:
2173:
2169:
2160:
2158:
2149:Sinjar massacre
2137:
2135:
2120:
2116:
2106:
2104:
2087:
2083:
2051:(5): e1002297.
2035:Sinjar massacre
2000:(5): e1002297.
1986:
1982:
1963:
1959:
1950:
1948:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1917:
1913:
1896:
1892:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1855:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1833:
1829:
1822:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1749:
1742:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1721:
1712:
1705:
1689:
1685:
1677:
1671:
1664:
1651:
1647:
1640:
1624:
1620:
1613:
1599:
1595:
1588:
1572:
1568:
1561:
1545:
1541:
1528:
1521:
1514:
1498:
1491:
1484:
1468:
1464:
1455:
1453:
1442:
1438:
1429:
1427:
1409:
1405:
1396:
1394:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1320:
1316:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1291:
1275:
1271:
1261:
1239:
1235:
1225:
1209:
1205:
1198:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1169:
1153:
1149:
1142:
1126:
1119:
1064:
1053:
1036:
1032:
1025:
1009:
1005:
996:
994:
976:
972:
957:
925:
921:
914:
900:
896:
886:
884:
872:
868:
861:
845:
841:
830:
803:
792:
777:
740:
729:
719:
717:
710:
676:
665:
660:
643:
634:
626:Mahmud Bayazidi
610:
572:
489:Sinjar massacre
460:, including an
454:
448:
414:. According to
404:
372:
260:
248:Sinjar mountain
244:
231:Iraqi Kurdistan
200:
160:
136:
116:Sinjar massacre
88:Yazidi religion
36:Sinjar massacre
17:
12:
11:
5:
2799:
2789:
2788:
2786:Yazidi history
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2705:
2657:
2632:
2625:
2605:
2598:
2578:
2554:
2528:
2521:
2501:
2472:
2465:. 2009-11-10.
2448:
2415:
2391:
2366:
2341:
2298:
2272:
2265:
2245:
2221:
2214:
2194:
2187:
2167:
2145:
2114:
2081:
2031:
1980:
1971:New York Times
1957:
1932:
1911:
1890:
1867:
1844:
1827:
1820:
1797:
1790:
1770:
1763:
1740:
1710:
1703:
1683:
1662:
1645:
1638:
1618:
1612:978-3863095512
1611:
1593:
1586:
1566:
1559:
1539:
1519:
1512:
1489:
1482:
1462:
1436:
1403:
1374:
1356:
1344:
1314:
1296:
1289:
1269:
1259:
1233:
1223:
1203:
1196:
1177:
1167:
1147:
1140:
1117:
1051:
1039:Robert Dankoff
1030:
1023:
1003:
970:
955:
919:
912:
894:
866:
859:
839:
828:
810:Esposito, John
790:
775:
727:
708:
662:
661:
659:
656:
655:
654:
649:
647:Yazidi history
642:
639:
633:
630:
609:
606:
571:
568:
504:fundamentalist
497:sexual slavery
450:Main article:
447:
444:
403:
400:
371:
368:
264:Bedir Khan Beg
259:
256:
243:
240:
199:
196:
159:
156:
135:
132:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2798:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2665:
2664:
2661:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2628:
2622:
2618:
2617:
2609:
2601:
2595:
2591:
2590:
2582:
2568:
2564:
2558:
2543:
2539:
2532:
2524:
2522:9781317520429
2518:
2515:. Routledge.
2514:
2513:
2505:
2490:
2486:
2479:
2477:
2469:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2452:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2419:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2380:
2376:
2370:
2355:
2351:
2345:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2302:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2268:
2266:9781351480369
2262:
2259:. Routledge.
2258:
2257:
2249:
2235:
2231:
2225:
2217:
2215:9781524760458
2211:
2207:
2206:
2198:
2190:
2188:9781786735768
2184:
2180:
2179:
2171:
2156:
2150:
2146:
2133:
2129:
2128:The Telegraph
2125:
2118:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2085:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2045:PLOS Medicine
2042:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1994:PLOS Medicine
1991:
1984:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1928:
1927:
1926:History Today
1922:
1915:
1908:. p. 17.
1907:
1906:
1901:
1894:
1886:
1885:
1877:
1871:
1863:
1862:
1854:
1848:
1840:
1839:
1831:
1823:
1821:9789048519286
1817:
1813:
1812:
1804:
1802:
1793:
1791:9781440842573
1787:
1783:
1782:
1774:
1766:
1760:
1756:
1755:
1747:
1745:
1726:
1725:"The Yazidis"
1719:
1717:
1715:
1706:
1704:9781107033658
1700:
1696:
1695:
1687:
1676:
1669:
1667:
1658:
1657:
1649:
1641:
1639:9781784532161
1635:
1631:
1630:
1622:
1614:
1608:
1604:
1597:
1589:
1587:9783745011258
1583:
1579:
1578:
1570:
1562:
1560:9780815630937
1556:
1552:
1551:
1543:
1535:
1534:
1526:
1524:
1515:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1496:
1494:
1485:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1466:
1451:
1447:
1440:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1407:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1378:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1347:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1324:"The Yazidis"
1318:
1310:
1306:
1300:
1292:
1290:9781784532161
1286:
1282:
1281:
1273:
1266:
1262:
1260:9780810865686
1256:
1252:
1247:
1246:
1237:
1230:
1226:
1224:9781594604362
1220:
1216:
1215:
1207:
1199:
1197:9781787147287
1193:
1189:
1188:
1181:
1174:
1170:
1168:9783891730348
1164:
1160:
1159:
1151:
1143:
1137:
1134:. Routledge.
1133:
1132:
1124:
1122:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1049:, pp. 169–171
1048:
1047:0-7914-0640-7
1044:
1040:
1034:
1026:
1020:
1017:. Routledge.
1016:
1015:
1007:
993:
989:
985:
981:
974:
966:
962:
958:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
935:
930:
923:
915:
909:
905:
898:
883:
882:
877:
870:
862:
856:
852:
851:
843:
835:
831:
829:9780195305135
825:
821:
817:
816:
811:
807:
801:
799:
797:
795:
786:
782:
778:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
738:
736:
734:
732:
715:
711:
709:9780199340378
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
680:"The Yazidis"
674:
672:
670:
668:
663:
653:
652:Soran Emirate
650:
648:
645:
644:
638:
629:
627:
623:
619:
614:
605:
603:
598:
597:
593:
589:
584:
581:
577:
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
548:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
477:
473:
471:
467:
463:
459:
453:
443:
440:
435:
432:
428:
423:
421:
420:Transcaucasia
417:
413:
409:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
367:
360:
355:
351:
349:
344:
342:
338:
333:
331:
327:
323:
318:
316:
312:
308:
299:
295:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
255:
253:
249:
236:
232:
228:
223:
219:
217:
213:
209:
205:
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
174:, who was an
173:
169:
166:grand-nephew
165:
155:
153:
149:
145:
141:
131:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
57:
56:Islamic State
53:
49:
44:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
2720:(1): 52–76.
2717:
2713:
2676:
2672:
2660:
2649:. Retrieved
2647:. 2018-09-04
2644:
2635:
2615:
2608:
2588:
2581:
2570:. Retrieved
2566:
2557:
2546:. Retrieved
2542:www.ecoi.net
2541:
2531:
2511:
2504:
2493:. Retrieved
2489:www.ecoi.net
2488:
2466:
2460:
2451:
2440:. Retrieved
2428:
2418:
2407:. Retrieved
2403:
2394:
2383:. Retrieved
2378:
2369:
2358:. Retrieved
2356:(in Catalan)
2353:
2344:
2311:
2307:
2301:
2289:. Retrieved
2275:
2255:
2248:
2237:. Retrieved
2233:
2224:
2204:
2197:
2177:
2170:
2159:. Retrieved
2136:. Retrieved
2127:
2117:
2105:. Retrieved
2101:the original
2094:
2084:
2048:
2044:
1997:
1993:
1983:
1970:
1960:
1949:. Retrieved
1947:. 2009-11-10
1944:
1935:
1924:
1914:
1903:
1893:
1887:. p. 8.
1882:
1870:
1864:. p. 7.
1859:
1847:
1837:
1830:
1810:
1780:
1773:
1753:
1732:. Retrieved
1693:
1686:
1655:
1648:
1628:
1621:
1602:
1596:
1576:
1569:
1549:
1542:
1532:
1502:
1472:
1465:
1454:. Retrieved
1452:. p. 76
1449:
1439:
1428:. Retrieved
1416:
1406:
1395:. Retrieved
1391:the original
1386:
1377:
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2495:2019-06-19
2442:2020-12-01
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2360:2020-12-01
2354:Nationalia
2308:The Lancet
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