316:, and taking aboard several Lixitae, set sail again. At the small island Kerne, another settlement is built. Around the lake Chretes and an unnamed river, there are savage men and large wild beasts respectively. After returning to Kerne, they sail further south down Africa, finding Ethiopians whose language even the Lixitae interpreters do not understand. Passing further, Hanno finds an "immense opening of the sea", from which fires may be sighted. At a bay called the "Horn of the West", they land on an island where humans live. The Carthaginians hurry away in fear and reach lands where there are many flames. A very tall mountain is there. Finally arriving at a bay, the "Horn of the South", there is an island with hostile, hirsute men named "Gorillas" (see
1869:
282:
1799:
2031:
394:
intent to found
Carthaginian (or in the older parlance 'Libyophoenician') towns. Other sources have questioned this high number of men, with some suggesting 5,000 to be a more "accurate" number. R.C.C. Law notes that "It is a measure of the obscurity of the problem that while some commentators have argued that Hanno reached the Gabon area, others have taken him no further than southern Morocco."
393:
A number of modern scholars have commented upon Hanno's voyage, stating that, in many cases, the analyses have been to refine information and interpretation of the original account. William Smith points out that the complement of personnel totalled 30,000 men, and that the core mission included the
624:
Hannon the Libyan set out from
Carthage with Libya on his left and sailed out beyond the Pillars of Heracles into the Outer Sea, continuing his voyage then in an easterly direction for a total of thirty-five days: but when he eventually turned south he met a number of crippling obstacles—lack of
312:." With 60 ships and 30,000 people, Hanno intends to found cities along the African coast. He first founds one city, then sails some distance and founds five others. Arriving at a river, the Carthaginians meet the Lixitae, a friendly nomadic tribe. They learn of the nearby
506:
describes an island populated with hairy and savage people. Attempts to capture the men failed. Three of the women were taken, but were so ferocious that they were killed, their skins brought home to
Carthage. The skins were kept in the Temple of Juno
193:
The name of Hanno was given to many
Carthaginians. Ancient texts which specifically mention Hanno the Navigator do not provide much in the way of positively identifying him; some authors referred to him as a king, while others referred to him with the
347:. The ending of the narrative is abrupt, and it would also have been logically impossible for the expedition to end as described. Therefore, he argues, the final two lines must have been inserted to compensate for an incomplete manuscript.
340:. Ultimately, the Carthaginians probably edited the real account to protect their trade: other countries would not be able to identify the places described, while Carthaginians could still boast about their accomplishments.
605:
Pliny may have recorded the time vaguely because he was ignorant of the actual date. His claim that Hanno completely circumnavigated Africa, reaching Arabia, is considered unrealistic by contemporary scholarship.
486:) and noting that no evidence of Mediterranean trade further south had yet been found. The author ends by suggesting archaeological investigations of the islands along the coast, such as
254:, has been lost. The Greek translation is abridged and 101 lines long. While it contains contradictions and obvious errors, it is probably derived from an original Carthaginian text. The
468:
ships might be able to achieve the return northward, but only with very great difficulties and a large crew. Mauny assumed that Hanno did not get farther than the mouth of the river
258:
has survived as "the nearest we have to a specimen of
Carthaginian 'literature' " and one of the few extant accounts of ancient exploration penned by the explorer himself.
706:"The voyages of Hanno and Himilco were undertaken ... and the general consensus sees in them two members of the Magonid family in the middle of the fifth century ..."
1450:
Law, R. C. C. (1978). "North Africa in the period of
Phoenician and Greek colonization, c. 800 to 325 BC". In Fage, John Donnelly; Oliver, Roland Anthony (eds.).
343:
Oikonomides theorizes that the hypothetical Punic manuscript that was translated into Greek was incomplete itself: it left out the later parts of the original
405:, estimates for the voyage's distance range from under 700 miles (1,100 km) to at least 3,000 miles (4,800 km). Some agree he could have reached
1493:
Mauny, Raymond (1955). "La navigation sur les côtes du sahara pendant l'antiquité" [The
Navigation on the Coasts of the Sahara during Antiquity].
1407:
386:
had been a vital foundation of the
Carthaginian empire from the fifth century BC, and may have been the original motivation for the exploration of
1849:
775:
464:, might navigate south, but the winds and currents throughout the year would complicate or prevent the return trip from Senegal to Morocco.
1183:
293:
are unchanged from the translation. It reflects the views of the translator and may ignore more widely accepted theories among scholars.
460:; ancient geographers were aware of the archipelago, as well, though nothing further south. Ships with square sails, without a stern
581:
While the power of
Carthage was at its height, Hanno published an account of a voyage which he made from Gades to the extremity of
261:
In the fifth century, the text was translated into Greek. Over the centuries, the translation was copied several times by Greek and
223:
The consensus of scholarship places Hanno as living sometime in the 5th century BC, identifying him as a member of the aristocratic
320:). Three of them are killed, their skins brought home to Carthage. Having run out of provisions, they do not sail further. The
375:. He then continued at least some distance further south along the continent's Atlantic coast, allegedly encountering various
1701:
1676:
1624:
1603:
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1463:
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The text does not record any word about an actual interaction between the
Carthaginians and the unnamed people on the island.
1804:
1156:
433:'s 890-metre (2,920 ft) Mount Kakoulima. Warmington prefers Mount Kakoulima, considering Mount Cameroon too "distant".
2096:
1842:
1408:"Humanists and Travellers, Gorgons and Gorillas: Hanno the Navigator's 'Periplus' and Early Modern Geography (1530–1630)"
850:
336:
based on the reported sailing distances and directions have failed. To make the text more accurate, scholars have tried
1203:. International Astronomical Union, United States Geological Survey, and National Aeronautics and Space Administration
1814:
1725:. Translated by Godley, Alfred Denis. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press – via Perseus Digital Library.
703:"Modern scholars are agreed that it is to be placed in the fifth century BC, but a more precise dating is difficult."
17:
1990:
1930:
1736:. Translated by Bostock, John; Riley, Henry Thomas. London: Taylor and Francis – via Perseus Digital Library.
2086:
2071:
376:
220:, a term which may be interpreted as "king", but was commonly used for other high-level Carthaginian officials.
1835:
332:
Both ancient and modern authors have criticized the work. Most attempts to locate the places described in the
2091:
2061:
1995:
1731:
1720:
1688:
1527:
2081:
2000:
250:
circumnavigation), remains extant in Greek-language manuscripts. The original version, written in the
1980:
478:
177:. According to some modern analyses, his expedition could have potentially reached as far south as
1975:
1818:
783:
596:
520:
181:; still, according to other sources, he could not have sailed much further than coastal southern
1474:
933:
2066:
1965:
681:
In the 16th century, the voyage of Hanno saw increased scholarly interest from Europeans in an
545:
491:
228:
31:
1696:. Translated by Oikonomides, Al. N. (2nd ed.). Chicago: Ares Publishers. pp. 24–29.
1858:
1438:
652:
616:
135:
1288:
Beyond the Pillars of Heracles: The Classical World Seen through the Eyes of its Discoverers
1247:
1945:
409:. However, Harden mentions disagreement as to the farthest limit of Hanno's explorations:
206:
8:
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1940:
1883:
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569:
368:
305:
1381:
1955:
1908:
1878:
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445:
387:
1771:
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1707:
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1620:
1599:
1546:
1536:
1459:
1452:
1434:
1392:
1365:
1337:
1293:
1286:
1272:
1251:
364:
337:
526:
Hanno's interpreters of an African tribe (Lixites or Nasamonians) called the people
2041:
1502:
1422:
1325:
1243:
682:
146:
1426:
1196:
1970:
1950:
1903:
1614:
1580:
1559:
1515:
1442:
1359:
1329:
632:
565:
516:
456:. Carthage, reportedly, knew of and conducted some trade with the peoples of the
1347:
1306:
1238:
Baurian, Claude (2015). "Punic". In Selden, Daniel L.; Vasunia, Phiroze (eds.).
173:
have attempted to identify specific locations along Hanno's route, based on the
1935:
1893:
1636:
670:
483:
473:
457:
453:
448:, etc.) could not have sailed south along the Atlantic coast much farther than
422:
266:
251:
150:
126:
112:
200:
2055:
1775:
1758:
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656:
4.196), though it is doubtful whether he was aware of Hanno's voyage itself.
650:, writing around 430 BC, described Carthaginian trade on the Moroccan coast (
531:
390:. The purpose of Hanno's voyage was to secure the gold route to West Africa.
371:
and founding or repopulating seven colonies along the coast of (what is now)
301:
1353:. Ancient Peoples and Places (2nd ed.). New York: Frederick A. Praeger.
1391:]. Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft (in German). Munich: C. H. Beck.
718:
449:
410:
290:
1506:
1297:
589:
was also sent, about the same time, to explore the remote parts of Europe.
397:
Harden reports a consensus that the expedition reached at least as far as
363:
the northwestern coast of Africa. He sailed west from Carthage toward the
356:
158:
30:
This article is about the fifth-century BC explorer. For other uses, see
1827:
265:
clerks. Two copies remain extant, dating to the 9th and 14th centuries.
2020:
1913:
487:
469:
441:
647:
313:
262:
170:
1585:. Vol. 2. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company. pp. 346–347.
2010:
2005:
1920:
1898:
1793:
1789:
414:
216:
163:
88:
52:
289:
This summary is based on a translation by Al. N. Oikonomides. The
2015:
1985:
1888:
722:
586:
541:
512:
426:
398:
372:
224:
182:
100:
721:(the first founded), Karikon Teichos, Gytte, Akra, Melitta, and
494:) where ancient adventurers may have been stranded and settled.
281:
2030:
582:
461:
430:
406:
360:
309:
149:
explorer (sometimes identified as a king) who lived during the
379:
along his way, whom met the fleet with a range of "welcomes".
1590:
Soren, David; ben Khader, Aicha ben Abed; Slim, Hedi (1991).
683:
age when European exploration and navigation were flourishing
535:
508:
418:
270:
195:
178:
1579:
Schmitz, Leonhard (1867). "Hanno". In Smith, William (ed.).
1520:(2nd ed.). London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans.
1458:. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. pp. 87–147.
1925:
1558:
Savage, Thomas Staughton; Wyman, Jeffries (December 1847).
383:
154:
1671:. Translated by Hammond, Martin. Oxford World's Classics.
1268:
A History of Ancient Geography Among the Greeks and Romans
1240:
The Oxford Handbook of the Literatures of the Roman Empire
685:. Already then, the extent of Hanno's voyage was debated.
625:
water, burning heat, streams of lava gushing into the sea.
324:
abruptly ends here without discussing the return journey.
1535:(2nd ed.). Chicago: Ares Publishers. pp. 9–21.
734:
Hippopotami and crocodiles are the two animals mentioned.
465:
438:
La navigation sur les côtes du Sahara pendant l'antiquité
717:
The six cities are named, in the order of the original,
210:(commander, emperor). The Greek translation of Hanno's
1284:
Carpenter, Rhys (1966). Nef, Evelyn Stefansson (ed.).
1582:
Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology
1345:
Harden, Donald Benjamin (1963) . Daniel, Glyn (ed.).
970:
552:. The authors did not affirmatively identify Hanno's
523:
in 146 BC, some 350 years after Hanno's expedition.
436:
French historian Raymond Mauny, in his 1955 article
1589:
1271:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). London: John Murray.
140:
1687:
1657:
1635:
1591:
1526:
1451:
1380:
1346:
1292:. The Great Explorers. New York: Delacorte Press.
1285:
227:family. R.C.C. Law identifies Hanno as the son of
1560:"Notice of the External Characters and Habits of
1197:"Planetary Names: Crater, craters: Hanno on Moon"
614:Arrian mentions Hanno's voyage at the end of his
2053:
1574:(4). Boston Society of Natural History: 417–442.
1112:
1110:
908:
906:
904:
902:
429:, more closely matches Hanno's description than
285:The "Mount Cameroon" interpretation of the route
78:Naval exploration of the western coast of Africa
1729:
1564:, a New Species of Orang from the Gaboon River"
1152:
296:As the work begins, "this is the report of the
161:. However, the only source of said voyage is a
1304:
964:
300:of Hanno, king of the Carthaginians, into the
1843:
1316:Dugan, Holly (2020). "Renaissance Gorillas".
1107:
982:
925:
923:
921:
899:
490:, or the île de Herné ('Dragon Island', near
1501:(1). Bordeaux Montaigne University: 92–101.
1324:(3). Wayne State University Press: 387–410.
1305:Cary, Max; Warmington, Eric Herbert (1929).
842:
840:
559:
355:Carthage dispatched Hanno, at the head of a
1557:
1524:
1140:
912:
1850:
1836:
1633:
1598:. Touchstone Books. Simon & Schuster.
1089:
1041:
1024:
952:
918:
881:
1857:
1718:
1694:Periplus, or Circumnavigation (of Africa)
1619:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1533:Periplus, or Circumnavigation (of Africa)
1472:
1283:
1179:
1037:
1035:
1033:
948:
946:
944:
942:
929:
846:
837:
813:
440:, argued that ancient navigators (Hanno,
1770:. New York: Melbourne University Press.
1071:
1018:
877:
875:
873:
871:
803:
801:
280:
273:translation, printed at Zurich in 1559.
1765:
1612:
1578:
1264:
1237:
1053:
958:
819:
782:. University of Chicago. Archived from
308:which he dedicated in the sanctuary of
14:
2054:
1811:—a 2003 directory of links about Hanno
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1344:
1221:
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1030:
1006:
994:
976:
939:
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515:) on Hanno's return and, according to
1831:
1753:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1685:
1492:
1357:
1315:
1248:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199699445.013.26
1128:
1116:
1101:
1012:
1000:
988:
868:
856:
831:
825:
798:
1768:Off the Beaten Track in the Classics
1748:
1378:
1260:– via Oxford Handbooks Online.
762:
327:
116:
27:5th-century BC Carthaginian explorer
1449:
1201:Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature
893:
862:
807:
476:to the expedition described in the
234:
24:
1742:
1634:Warmington, Brian Herbert (1960).
575:
25:
2108:
1817:—an article by classical scholar
1783:
1642:. New York: Frederick A. Praeger.
1568:Boston Journal of Natural History
1265:Bunbury, Edward Herbert (1883) .
676:
472:, attributing artifacts found on
425:, a 4,040-metre (13,250 ft)
247:
2029:
1991:Himilco (commander of Lilybaeum)
1867:
1797:
1692:. In Oikonomides, Al. N. (ed.).
1531:. In Oikonomides, Al. N. (ed.).
564:The text was known to the Roman
1821:that analyzes parts of Hanno's
1613:Thomson, James Oliver (2013) .
1454:The Cambridge History of Africa
1230:
1189:
1173:
1161:
1146:
1134:
1122:
1095:
1083:
1059:
1047:
737:
728:
711:
1749:Hyde, Walter Woodburn (1947).
768:
756:
695:
421:. He notes the description of
401:. Due to the vagueness of the
304:areas of the earth beyond the
157:expedition along the coast of
117:𐤇𐤍𐤀
13:
1:
1525:Oikonomides, Al. N. (1977) .
1427:10.1080/07075332.2018.1464044
521:Roman destruction of Carthage
367:, passing through the modern
350:
317:
1996:Himilco (fl. 3rd century BC)
1790:Works by Hanno the Navigator
1616:History of Ancient Geography
1517:An Encyclopædia of Geography
1415:International History Review
1389:History of the Carthaginians
1330:10.13110/criticism.62.3.0387
750:
641:
359:of 60 ships, to explore and
188:
7:
2097:5th-century BC Punic people
1796:(public domain audiobooks)
1311:. London: Methuen & Co.
1242:. Oxford University Press.
497:
141:
10:
2113:
2001:Mago (agricultural writer)
1648:
1495:Revue des Études Anciennes
1406:Kroupa, Sebestian (2019).
965:Cary & Warmington 1929
536:
276:
29:
2038:
2027:
1981:Hasdrubal (quartermaster)
1874:
1865:
1660:Alexander the Great: The
1473:Lendering, Jona (2020) .
1421:(4). Routledge: 793–820.
664:
659:
609:
568:(c. 23–79) and the Greek
560:Ancient authors' accounts
479:Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax
130:
96:
82:
74:
66:
58:
48:
41:
1730:Pliny the Elder (1855).
1383:Geschichte der Karthager
688:
546:scientifically described
167:translated into Greek.
1976:Hasdrubal the Boetharch
1819:Livio Catullo Stecchini
1141:Savage & Wyman 1847
62:Explorer, possibly king
2087:Punic-language writers
2072:5th-century BC writers
1966:Hanno, son of Bomilcar
1766:Kaeppel, Carl (1936).
1751:Ancient Greek Mariners
1358:Hoyos, Dexter (2010).
991:, pp. 25, 27, 29.
639:
603:
544:, an ape species, was
492:Dakhla, Western Sahara
452:, in the territory of
286:
32:Hanno (disambiguation)
1859:Notable Carthaginians
1815:"The Voyage of Hanno"
1514:Murray, Hugh (1844).
1507:10.3406/rea.1955.3523
1475:"Hanno the Navigator"
1445:– via ProQuest.
1379:Huss, Werner (1985).
1308:The Ancient Explorers
622:
617:Anabasis of Alexander
579:
519:, survived until the
284:
242:Hanno's account, the
204:(leader, general) or
111:(sometimes "Hannon";
1946:Hannibal the Rhodian
1153:Pliny the Elder 1855
673:is named after him.
548:and named after the
263:Greek-speaking Roman
214:account names him a
2092:Peripluses in Greek
2062:Explorers of Africa
1961:Hanno the Navigator
1941:Hannibal Monomachus
1931:Hamilcar (Drepanum)
1884:Adherbal (governor)
1733:The Natural History
1562:Troglodytes gorilla
1143:, pp. 419–420.
597:The Natural History
570:Arrian of Nicomedia
369:Strait of Gibraltar
306:Pillars of Hercules
269:produced the first
109:Hanno the Navigator
43:Hanno the Navigator
1909:Hasdrubal the Fair
1879:Adherbal (admiral)
1719:Herodotus (1920).
786:on 2 November 2020
388:sub-Saharan Africa
377:indigenous peoples
287:
2082:Ancient explorers
2049:
2048:
1703:978-0-89005-217-4
1678:978-0-19-958724-7
1626:978-1-107-68992-3
1605:978-0-671-73289-9
1542:978-0-89005-217-4
1465:978-0-521-21592-3
1398:978-3-406-30654-9
1371:978-0-415-43645-8
1361:The Carthaginians
1257:978-0-19-969944-5
1027:, pp. 74–76.
669:The lunar crater
594:Pliny the Elder,
365:Iberian Peninsula
338:textual criticism
328:Textual criticism
139:
106:
105:
92:about his journey
67:Years active
18:Periplus of Hanno
16:(Redirected from
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2042:Ancient Carthage
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913:Oikonomides 1977
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741:
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709:
699:
646:Greek historian
637:
601:
556:as the gorilla.
540:). In 1847, the
539:
538:
249:
153:, known for his
151:fifth century BC
144:
134:
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124:
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39:
38:
21:
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2101:
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2050:
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1971:Hasdrubal Gisco
1956:Hanno the Great
1951:Hanno the Elder
1904:Hasdrubal Barca
1872:
1861:
1856:
1798:
1786:
1745:
1743:Further reading
1740:
1704:
1686:Hanno (1977) .
1679:
1656:Arrian (2013).
1651:
1646:
1627:
1606:
1543:
1483:
1481:
1466:
1410:
1399:
1372:
1349:The Phoenicians
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1162:
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1127:
1123:
1115:
1108:
1100:
1096:
1090:Warmington 1960
1088:
1084:
1076:
1072:
1064:
1060:
1052:
1048:
1042:Warmington 1960
1040:
1031:
1025:Warmington 1960
1023:
1019:
1011:
1007:
999:
995:
987:
983:
975:
971:
963:
959:
953:Warmington 1960
951:
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928:
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900:
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882:Warmington 1960
880:
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1482:. Retrieved
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1231:Bibliography
1224:, p. 3.
1217:
1205:. Retrieved
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1809:on the Web"
1222:Kroupa 2019
1168:Arrian 2013
1078:Murray 1844
1066:Harden 1963
977:Kroupa 2019
482:(dated mid-
159:West Africa
49:Nationality
2077:Navigators
2056:Categories
2021:Sophonisba
1914:Mago Barca
1689:"Periplus"
1443:2248796890
1207:31 October
1129:Hoyos 2010
1117:Hanno 1977
1102:Mauny 1955
1013:Hanno 1977
1001:Hanno 1977
989:Hanno 1977
932:, p.
849:, p.
832:Hanno 1977
790:29 October
488:Cape Verde
442:Euthymenes
384:gold trade
351:Expedition
314:Ethiopians
229:Hamilcar I
171:Historians
1805:"Hanno's
1776:251153057
1759:729151140
1712:880515097
1551:880515097
1484:30 August
1435:213655423
1338:241956006
1318:Criticism
1277:819670798
763:Huss 1985
751:Citations
653:Histories
648:Herodotus
642:Herodotus
207:imperator
189:Biography
136:romanized
2011:Maharbal
2006:Magonids
1921:Carthalo
1823:periplus
1807:Periplus
1794:LibriVox
1664:and the
1662:Anabasis
1638:Carthage
1594:Carthage
1439:ProQuest
894:Law 1978
863:Law 1978
808:Law 1978
636:43.11–12
630:Arrian,
628:—
592:—
554:Gorillai
550:Gorillai
537:Γόριλλαι
528:Gorillai
504:periplus
498:Gorillai
415:Cameroon
403:Periplus
361:colonize
345:periplus
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217:basileus
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164:periplus
145:) was a
89:periplus
2016:Phameas
1986:Himilco
1889:Barcids
1649:Ancient
780:Logeion
776:"Ἄννων"
723:Arambys
587:Himilco
542:gorilla
513:Astarte
427:volcano
399:Senegal
373:Morocco
277:Summary
238:account
225:Magonid
183:Morocco
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583:Arabia
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431:Guinea
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310:Kronos
302:Libyan
198:words
97:Family
1431:S2CID
1411:(PDF)
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1334:S2CID
1184:4.196
689:Notes
671:Hanno
532:Greek
509:Tanit
466:Oared
419:Gabon
417:, or
357:fleet
271:Latin
196:Latin
179:Gabon
155:naval
142:Annōn
131:Ἄννων
127:Greek
113:Punic
83:Works
1926:Dido
1772:OCLC
1755:OCLC
1708:OCLC
1698:ISBN
1673:ISBN
1621:ISBN
1600:ISBN
1547:OCLC
1537:ISBN
1486:2021
1460:ISBN
1393:ISBN
1366:ISBN
1294:OCLC
1273:OCLC
1252:ISBN
1209:2020
792:2020
600:2.67
530:(in
470:Drâa
382:The
248:lit.
1792:at
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511:or
201:dux
122:ḤNʾ
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