5285:
5306:
1689:
36:
4261:
1781:
128:
140:
1675:. Experiments have shown that three other vascular responses to immersion of the finger in cold water are possible: a continuous state of vasoconstriction; slow, steady, and continuous rewarming; and a proportional control form in which the blood vessel diameter remains constant after an initial phase of vasoconstriction. However, the vast majority of responses can be classified as the Hunting reaction.
515:. Elevated vascular resistance due to constricted blood vessels causes in increase in afterload, the amount of force against which the heart must contract. Vasodilation therefore decreases vascular resistance, which decreases afterload, elevating cardiac output and allowing perfusion of tissues. Blood pressure measures how much pressure blood exerts on blood vessel walls;
1476:(PSNS), impact blood vessels differently. Traditionally we understand that these two divisions work against each other, the SNS producing "fight or flight" and the PSNS producing "rest and digest", but in the case of vascular innervation this line becomes blurred ANS nerves do not directly innervate the vasculature via synapses with muscle cells; instead, they release
1608:
Also worthy of mention when discussing neural control of vasodilation is the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, or RAAS. The kidneys retain water by reabsorbing sodium ions, or eliminate water by eliminating sodium ions. Sympathetic nervous system activity, reduced blood volume or reduced arterial
2027:
as it exerts a greater blood pressure lowering effect when one is standing upright which may lead to feeling weak or fainting if the blood pressure has been lowered too far. Methyldopa's prominent side effects include drowsiness or sluggishness, dryness of the mouth, fever or anemia. Additionally to
554:) and the diameter of the blood vessel. The latter is the most important variable in determining resistance, with the vascular resistance changing by the fourth power of the radius. An increase in either of these physiological components (cardiac output or vascular resistance) causes a rise in MAP.
1480:
that reach target cells and effect smooth muscle contraction or relaxation. Physical characteristics of the SNS and PSNS cause the SNS to have a prolonged, systemic impact on blood vessels, while the PSNS causes short-lived, localized change. SNS stimulation causes a base level of vasoconstriction
1651:
occurs first to reduce heat loss, resulting in strong cooling of the fingers. Approximately five to ten minutes after the start of the cold exposure of the hand, the blood vessels in the finger tips will suddenly vasodilate. This is probably caused by a sudden decrease in the release of
1643:
Cold-induced vasodilation (CIVD) occurs after cold exposure, possibly to reduce the risk of injury. It can take place in several locations in the human body but is observed most often in the extremities. The fingers are especially common because they are exposed most often.
535:(MAP)is a weighted average of systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and is a better measurement of perfusion over the duration of the cardiac cycle. Vasodilation works to decrease vascular resistance and blood pressure through relaxation of smooth muscle cells in the
429:. Vasodilation allows the same volume of blood to move more slowly according to the flow rate equation Q = Av, where Q represents flow rate, A represents cross-sectional area, and v represents velocity. Immune effector cells can more easily attach to
1484:
Neurotransmitters can act by binding directly to smooth muscle cells or by binding to endothelial cells mediating the effects of the neurotransmitter. Below is a table summarizing major neurotransmitters involved in regulation of the vasculature.
718:
via exchangers and expulsion across the plasma membrane. There are three main intracellular stimuli that can result in the vasodilation of blood vessels. The specific mechanisms to accomplish these effects vary from vasodilator to vasodilator.
1481:
often referred to as basal neural tone, maintaining blood pressure. Often vasodilation is simply the result of insufficient neurotransmitter to maintain basal neural tone, without the presence of a compound directly causing vasodilation.
674:
the myosin light chain causing muscle relaxation. Smooth muscle cells can remain contracted without use of ATP due to action of the myosin-binding subunit of myosin light-chain phosphatase. Phosphorylation of this subunit by
4213:
417:. Anti-inflammatory cytokines that regulate inflammation and help prevent negative results such as septic shock are also produced by these immune cells. Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability also allow immune
178:
over the smooth muscle layers. Relaxation of the smooth muscle layer allows the blood vessel to dilate, as it is held in a semi-constricted state by sympathetic nervous system activity. Vasodilation is the opposite of
1547:
mAchRs- endothelial M3 AchR release NO, vasodlation smooth muscle M2 and M3 AchRs reduce release NO, vasoconstriction Note: Ach is quickly broken down, diffused, or undergoes reuptake, impacts are brief and localized
573:
animals when their ambient environment is hot; this process diverts the flow of heated blood to the skin of the animal, where heat can be more easily released to the environment. The opposite physiological process is
330:
Vasodilation plays a major role in immune system function. Wider blood vessels allow more blood containing immune cells and proteins to reach the infection site. Vasodilation occurs as part of the process of
5627:
491:
is necessary to understand the causes and impacts of vasodilation. Cardiac output is defined as the amount of blood pumped through the heart over 1 minute, in units of liters per minute, equal to
638:
and causes vasodilation and vasoconstriction. Contraction of smooth muscle cells causes vasoconstriction, and relaxation of smooth muscle causes vasodilation. Smooth muscle is innervated by the
2054:
Clonidine, guanabenz or guanfacine may give rise to severe dryness of the mouth, constipation or drowsiness. Abrupt cessation taking may raise blood pressure quickly to dangerously high levels.
686:
surrounding the blood vessels. This relaxation, in turn, relies on removing the stimulus for contraction, which depends on intracellular calcium ion concentrations and is tightly linked with
4108:
Fusi F, Manetti F, Durante M, Sgaragli G, Saponara S (January 2016). "The vasodilator papaverine stimulates L-type Ca(2+) current in rat tail artery myocytes via a PKA-dependent mechanism".
2582:
Sato A, Terata K, Miura H, Toyama K, Loberiza FR, Hatoum OA, et al. (April 2005). "Mechanism of vasodilation to adenosine in coronary arterioles from patients with heart disease".
298:. Vasodilation, both localized and systemic, also facilitates immune response. Localized tissues have multiple ways to increase blood flow, including releasing vasodilators, primarily
4205:
174:. Blood vessel walls are composed of endothelial tissue and a basal membrane lining the lumen of the vessel, concentric smooth muscle layers on top of endothelial tissue, and an
5343:
206:
of body tissues. Narrow vessels create more vascular resistance, while dilated vessels decrease vascular resistance. Vasodilation acts to increase cardiac output by decreasing
5620:
2083:
Hydralazine may cause headaches, swelling around the eyes, heart palpitations or aches and pains in the joints. In clinical setting, hydralazine is not usually used alone.
714:
out of the intracellular compartment both contribute to smooth muscle cell relaxation and therefore vasodilation. This is accomplished through reuptake of ions into the
310:
beds, provoking local vasodilation. Some physiologists have suggested that it is the lack of oxygen itself that causes capillary beds to vasodilate by the smooth muscle
3276:
Modin A, Björne H, Herulf M, Alving K, Weitzberg E, Lundberg JO (January 2001). "Nitrite-derived nitric oxide: a possible mediator of 'acidic-metabolic' vasodilation".
3722:
Figueroa A, Wong A, Jaime SJ, Gonzales JU (January 2017). "Influence of L-citrulline and watermelon supplementation on vascular function and exercise performance".
3233:
Kurihara K, Nakanishi N, Ueha T (November 2000). "Regulation of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase by cAMP-dependent protein kinase anchored on membrane via its anchoring protein".
5613:
1631:, either exogenous or endogenous, is another vasoconstrictor released by the adrenal glands in response to stress. It binds to α and β adrenergic receptors like
694:. Thus, vasodilation works mainly either by lowering intracellular calcium concentration or by dephosphorylation (really substitution of ATP for ADP) of myosin.
443:
is a severe allergic reaction characterized by elevated vascular permeability, systemic vasodilation, gastrointestinal dysfunction, and respiratory dysfunction.
5237:
4317:
3311:
Schindler C, Dobrev D, Grossmann M, Francke K, Pittrow D, Kirch W (January 2004). "Mechanisms of beta-adrenergic receptor-mediated venodilation in humans".
1835:
366:
to reach the site of infection or damage. Elevated vascular permeability can allow excess fluid to leave blood vessels and collect in tissues resulting in
6145:
5336:
1460:
As referenced in the explanation of smooth muscle physiology, smooth muscle within the tunica media is innervated by the autonomic nervous system. The
5819:
1699:
1664:
due to local cold. The CIVD increases blood flow and subsequently the temperature of the fingers. This can be painful and is sometimes known as the '
642:
and is non-striated (does not contain sarcomeres). Contraction is dependent on concentrations of Ca in the cytosol, either via Ca,Mg-ATPase from the
46:
4285:
282:
The primary function of vasodilation is to increase blood flow in the body to tissues that need it most. This is often in response to a localized
5294:
5329:
463:, and other compounds causing clinical manifestation of anaphylaxis- including systemic vasodilation causing dangerously low blood pressure.
558:
create the most vascular resistance of any blood vessel type, as they are very narrow and possess concentric layers of smooth muscle unlike
4307:
2194:
2918:
5088:
3959:"The Impact of Marijuana on the Cardiovascular System: A Review of the Most Common Cardiovascular Events Associated with Marijuana Use"
869:
5048:
6368:
6640:
370:; vasodilation prevents blood vessels from constricting to adapt to reduced volume in the vessels, causing low blood pressure and
6138:
17:
2065:
Directly relax the muscle in the walls of the blood vessels (especially the arterioles), allowing the vessel to dilate (widen).
2800:
1029:
5812:
5763:
5571:
4661:
3217:
3176:
2642:
4948:
4941:
1760:
107:
550:
Vascular resistance depends on several factors, including the length of the vessel, the viscosity of blood (determined by
1732:
1064:
79:
6737:
6131:
4691:
4554:
1853:
5748:
4315:
3835:"Pentaerythritol tetranitrate improves angiotensin II-induced vascular dysfunction via induction of heme oxygenase-1"
1671:
A new phase of vasoconstriction follows the vasodilation, after which the process repeats itself. This is called the
1118:
1072:
881:
751:
1739:
1718:
86:
65:
5805:
5780:
5588:
2625:
Guyton A, Hall J (2006). "Chapter 17: Local and
Humoral Control of Blood Flow by the Tissues". In Gruliow R (ed.).
1635:, causing vasodilation and vasoconstriction in different body parts to redistribute circulation to critical areas.
1568:
endothelium- possible role as mediator of hyperpolarization of smooth muscle cells co-released with norepinephrine
283:
3363:"Physiology: hemodynamics, endothelial function, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, sympathetic nervous system"
679:
prevents it from binding to and dephosphorylating the myosin light-chain, allowing the cell to remain contracted.
4844:
4300:
2146:
1973:
1114:
1068:
2125:, and where maintaining a lower blood pressure reduces the patient's risk of developing other cardiac problems.
1473:
787:
764:
699:
667:
433:
expressed on endothelial cells when blood is flowing slowly, enabling these cells to exit the blood vessel via
335:, which is caused by several factors including presence of a pathogen, injury to tissues or blood vessels, and
245:
needs of a particular tissue, as during strenuous exercise), or it may be systemic (seen throughout the entire
4276:
1746:
93:
6281:
1024:
270:
sense blood pressure and allow adaptation via the mechanisms of vasoconstriction or vasodilation to maintain
6658:
6413:
6391:
5414:
5377:
4543:
4325:
1995:
855:
2098:
is present. Noted adverse effects comprise fluid retention (marked weight gain) and excessive hair growth.
6653:
6398:
5154:
2130:
1728:
1182:
877:
736:
75:
5605:
6479:
4804:
4293:
2827:"Mechanisms Governing Anaphylaxis: Inflammatory Cells, Mediators, Endothelial Gap Junctions and Beyond"
2020:
2003:
1823:
1657:
1469:
1252:
937:
747:
460:
6683:
6630:
6506:
6486:
6450:
6373:
6333:
6154:
1707:
1386:
1057:
962:
896:
651:
54:
6501:
6491:
6381:
5713:
2118:
2045:
1983:
1461:
1207:
816:
639:
603:
524:
504:
264:
4145:"Aging women and their endothelium: probing the relative role of estrogen on vasodilator function"
3636:
Fuchs FD (May 2005). "Vascular effects of alcoholic beverages: is it only alcohol that matters?".
2976:"Mechanisms and modifiers of reflex induced cutaneous vasodilation and vasoconstriction in humans"
6688:
6620:
6565:
6466:
6386:
6270:
6248:
5768:
5737:
5576:
4859:
4537:
4388:
2035:
1703:
1661:
740:
516:
426:
318:
in capillary beds. These approaches to the mechanism of vasodilation have not been found to be
50:
6266:
2145:, work to increase blood flow in the penis through vasodilation. They may also be used to treat
543:
and smaller arterioles. When vasodilation causes systolic blood pressure to fall below 90 mmHg,
6625:
6615:
6529:
6275:
6233:
6228:
5389:
5321:
4896:
4651:
2634:
2158:
1863:
1554:
1375:
1345:
1313:
1129:
1102:
1095:
715:
643:
532:
315:
202:. Vascular resistance is the amount of force circulating blood must overcome in order to allow
2190:
6474:
6003:
4581:
4517:
4362:
2914:
2126:
1351:
1160:
1135:
1088:
975:
351:
2626:
1468:
or spinal cord; it contains both sensor and motor nerves. The two divisions of the ANS, the
6223:
6206:
5673:
5662:
5383:
4656:
4636:
4505:
2663:
Vincent JL, De Backer D (October 2013). Finfer SR, Vincent JL (eds.). "Circulatory shock".
2122:
1911:
1878:
1867:
1178:
508:
246:
6123:
1753:
100:
8:
6570:
6408:
6403:
6238:
6211:
6031:
5993:
5965:
5265:
5001:
4787:
4566:
4393:
3502:
Guieu R, Deharo JC, Maille B, Crotti L, Torresani E, Brignole M, et al. (May 2020).
2024:
1969:
These drugs can keep vessels staying opened or help vessels refrain from being narrowed.
1795:
1464:(ANS) controls essential involuntary body functions and originates as nerves leaving the
1400:
1220:
1108:
484:
398:
359:
195:
4266:
2733:
2706:
646:
or voltage-gated calcium channels from the extracellular matrix. Calcium ions bind with
314:
of the vessels in the region. This latter hypothesis is posited due to the presence of
6678:
6543:
6296:
5841:
5299:
5164:
5023:
4477:
4169:
4144:
4085:
4060:
4036:
4009:
3985:
3958:
3942:
3917:
3859:
3850:
3834:
3833:
Schuhmacher S, Wenzel P, Schulz E, Oelze M, Mang C, Kamuf J, et al. (April 2010).
3747:
3699:
3672:
3649:
3613:
3588:
3530:
3503:
3479:
3454:
3435:
3387:
3362:
3336:
3258:
3206:
3143:
3049:
3024:
3000:
2975:
2853:
2826:
2607:
2518:
2493:
2458:
2441:
2354:
2327:
2168:
1946:
1357:
1336:
1287:
1276:
1240:
663:
448:
390:
319:
303:
252:
1714:
61:
6314:
6286:
5960:
5305:
5260:
5043:
5033:
4936:
4766:
4722:
4706:
4510:
4500:
4443:
4433:
4174:
4125:
4090:
4076:
4041:
3990:
3891:
3864:
3808:
3774:
3739:
3704:
3653:
3618:
3562:
3535:
3484:
3427:
3392:
3328:
3293:
3289:
3250:
3246:
3213:
3172:
3135:
3100:
3054:
3005:
2949:
2885:
2858:
2782:
2738:
2680:
2638:
2627:
2599:
2564:
2523:
2463:
2386:
2359:
2294:
2264:
2040:
1042:
950:
695:
671:
583:
544:
311:
3439:
3340:
3147:
3040:
2991:
2825:
Nguyen SM, Rupprecht CP, Haque A, Pattanaik D, Yusin J, Krishnaswamy G (July 2021).
6663:
6258:
5890:
5653:
5640:
5394:
5369:
5270:
5093:
5018:
5006:
4931:
4797:
4676:
4465:
4164:
4156:
4117:
4080:
4072:
4031:
4021:
3980:
3970:
3937:
3929:
3854:
3846:
3751:
3731:
3694:
3684:
3645:
3608:
3600:
3525:
3515:
3474:
3466:
3419:
3382:
3374:
3320:
3285:
3262:
3242:
3127:
3092:
3044:
3036:
2995:
2987:
2848:
2838:
2772:
2728:
2718:
2672:
2591:
2554:
2513:
2505:
2453:
2349:
2339:
2256:
1813:
1804:
1672:
1653:
1648:
1477:
1413:
1405:
1368:
1188:
1149:
1050:
1035:
1009:
994:
958:
943:
889:
798:
791:
774:
575:
464:
397:
are a few examples of some inflammatory cytokines produced by immune cells such as
382:
260:
222:
180:
4737:
4235:
4143:
Somani YB, Pawelczyk JA, De Souza MJ, Kris-Etherton PM, Proctor DN (August 2019).
666:, allowing muscle contraction causing vasoconstriction. Vasodilation is caused by
6513:
6243:
5903:
5419:
5356:
5310:
5255:
5124:
5119:
4958:
4891:
4886:
4772:
4718:
4559:
4450:
4403:
3735:
2777:
2760:
2611:
2114:
1922:
1445:
1199:
1156:
687:
422:
238:
5797:
5360:
4160:
2595:
1541:
muscanaric Ach receptors (mAchRs) - on both endothelial and smooth muscle cells
6673:
6598:
6590:
6184:
6171:
5998:
5774:
5582:
5289:
5189:
5184:
5038:
5028:
4978:
4963:
4953:
4854:
4849:
4839:
4777:
4749:
4701:
4696:
4428:
4383:
4379:
3883:
3800:
3766:
3604:
3554:
3378:
3324:
2941:
2877:
2378:
2286:
2095:
1978:
1931:
1883:
1632:
1574:
1507:
1327:
1264:
812:
655:
615:
611:
488:
480:
394:
336:
234:
214:
199:
4121:
4010:"The relevance of theobromine for the beneficial effects of cocoa consumption"
3933:
3470:
3423:
2509:
1832:(alcohol) causes immediate vasodilation followed by increase in blood pressure
259:
that cause vasodilation are termed vasodilators. Many of these substances are
6731:
6291:
6201:
6194:
6179:
6077:
5869:
5688:
5221:
5194:
5053:
4871:
4782:
4762:
4758:
4621:
4549:
4438:
4353:
4026:
3131:
3096:
2559:
2542:
2260:
1857:
1809:
1618:
1530:
750:
of the cell affects the level of intracellular calcium through modulation of
683:
635:
607:
496:
471:, also binds to receptors on mast cells and basophils causing degranulation.
452:
444:
418:
187:
159:
3715:
1613:, which converts facilitates formation of angiotensin II from its substrate
6705:
6695:
6557:
6548:
6345:
6319:
6047:
5988:
5885:
5832:
5703:
5644:
5517:
5462:
5179:
5098:
4834:
4792:
4626:
4616:
4532:
4178:
4129:
4094:
4045:
3994:
3895:
3868:
3812:
3778:
3743:
3708:
3657:
3622:
3566:
3539:
3488:
3431:
3396:
3332:
3297:
3254:
3139:
3104:
3058:
3009:
2953:
2889:
2862:
2786:
2742:
2684:
2633:(Book) (11th ed.). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Elsevier Inc. pp.
2603:
2527:
2467:
2390:
2363:
2298:
2268:
2110:
1927:
1164:
1143:
982:
804:
780:
711:
631:
587:
570:
536:
371:
332:
267:
213:
By expanding available area for blood to circulate, vasodilation decreases
155:
4061:"Minoxidil: an underused vasodilator for resistant or severe hypertension"
2723:
2676:
2568:
1609:
pressure trigger β-adrenergic receptors in select kidney cells to release
6710:
6700:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6329:
6026:
5970:
5849:
5828:
5698:
5693:
5682:
5635:
5542:
5507:
5467:
5446:
5427:
5404:
5399:
5352:
5063:
4973:
4713:
4666:
4611:
4494:
4460:
3689:
3673:"The Effects of L-Arginine in Hypertensive Patients: A Literature Review"
3589:"Atrial natriuretic peptide in cardiovascular biology and disease (NPPA)"
2843:
2163:
2069:
1917:
1628:
1622:
1614:
1524:α2- inhibit cAMP, release NO, vasodilation β1, β2- possible vasodilation
1449:
1429:
1290:
1229:
1017:
1002:
987:
931:
917:
913:
707:
658:
the myosin light-chain. Phosphorylated light-chain myosin interacts with
619:
468:
440:
344:
271:
2113:, wherein the patient has an abnormally high blood pressure, as well as
6648:
6433:
6323:
6306:
6189:
6102:
6097:
6082:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
5932:
5895:
5880:
5557:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5502:
5497:
5477:
5409:
5241:
5212:
5170:
5139:
5134:
5073:
5068:
5058:
4996:
4982:
4922:
4877:
4825:
4745:
4741:
4682:
4642:
4597:
4593:
4483:
4419:
4369:
4334:
4330:
3975:
3520:
2138:
2134:
2010:
1942:
1901:
1889:
1847:
1841:
1817:
1717:
if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
1435:
1215:
1195:
1046:
954:
923:
823:
770:
703:
676:
647:
591:
551:
500:
492:
434:
414:
363:
355:
242:
191:
175:
64:
if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
4007:
6580:
6351:
6218:
6107:
6087:
6052:
5937:
5927:
5917:
5912:
5854:
5727:
5722:
5547:
5512:
5492:
5472:
5437:
5149:
5129:
5103:
5078:
5013:
4991:
4819:
4732:
4606:
3410:
Daanen HA (June 2003). "Finger cold-induced vasodilation: a review".
3118:
Webb RC (December 2003). "Smooth muscle contraction and relaxation".
3083:
Webb RC (December 2003). "Smooth muscle contraction and relaxation".
2494:"Inflammatory cytokines in vascular dysfunction and vascular disease"
2446:
International
Journal of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Pharmacology
2142:
2074:
1937:
1895:
1800:
1665:
1465:
1360:
1339:
1317:
1083:
970:
827:
757:
599:
595:
579:
563:
555:
512:
456:
410:
307:
299:
295:
226:
218:
207:
203:
171:
4142:
1566:
smooth muscle- increase calcium ion concentration, vasoconstriction
350:
Inflammation causes not only vasodilation but also causes increased
6608:
6339:
6092:
6021:
5922:
5859:
5552:
5487:
5250:
5114:
5110:
5083:
4522:
4455:
4374:
2344:
1951:
1173:
540:
528:
451:
C3a and C5a, bind to receptors on mast cells and basophils causing
430:
378:
2543:"Role of nitric oxide in adenosine-induced vasodilation in humans"
2442:"The crosstalk between autonomic nervous system and blood vessels"
1602:
vasodilation, role in vascular dysfunction if levels are abnormal
777:, which results in increasing calcium removal from the cytoplasm.
286:
but can occur when the tissue in question is not receiving enough
6603:
6112:
5482:
5226:
5144:
4809:
4576:
4398:
4348:
1829:
1421:
1323:
520:
343:
or distributive shock. Vasodilation is also a major component of
287:
230:
5351:
4149:
American
Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology
2584:
American
Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology
6443:
6438:
5980:
5955:
4908:
4571:
3504:"Adenosine and the Cardiovascular System: The Good and the Bad"
3310:
2967:
1886:: these agents indirectly increase the effects of nitric oxide
1382:
1203:
691:
634:
of the walls of arteries, arterioles, and veins is composed of
559:
406:
402:
340:
167:
139:
3452:
1791:
Other suggested vasodilators or vasodilating factors include:
822:
Compounds that mediate the above mechanisms may be grouped as
6575:
6162:
6013:
5208:
4918:
4413:
2824:
2247:
Thomas GD (March 2011). "Neural control of the circulation".
1610:
1586:
causes vasoconstriction when co-released with norepinephrine
903:
659:
386:
367:
291:
3918:"Effect of phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors on blood pressure"
3832:
2185:
2183:
1563:
purinergic receptors on smooth muscle and endothelial cells
237:). In addition, the response may be localized to a specific
6153:
4912:
3670:
3453:
Hahad O, Kröller-Schön S, Daiber A, Münzel T (April 2019).
1872:
1591:
256:
163:
4107:
3025:"Local thermal control of the human cutaneous circulation"
162:
cells within the vessel walls, in particular in the large
4008:
Martínez-Pinilla E, Oñatibia-Astibia A, Franco R (2015).
3721:
3671:
Abukhodair AW, Abukhudair W, Alqarni MS (December 2021).
2707:"Mast Cells and Basophils in IgE-Independent Anaphylaxis"
2180:
1914:(THC), the principal psychoactive constituent of cannabis
1522:α1- increase concentration calcium ions, vasoconstricton
3915:
3798:
3724:
Current
Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care
1989:
1518:α1- smooth muscle α2- endothelial β1, β2- smooth muscle
3730:(1). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 92–98.
3501:
3275:
1279:
377:
In the case of inflammation, vasodilation is caused by
3916:
Shawish MI, Ben-Eltriki M, Wright JM (December 2019).
3764:
3169:
Medical
Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch
2129:
may be a physiological response to vasodilators. Some
4318:
4200:
4198:
4196:
4194:
4192:
4190:
4188:
3232:
2581:
3203:
1668:' which can be painful enough to bring on vomiting.
1545:
nAchRs- modulate cytokines, counteract inflammation
569:
Vasodilation occurs in superficial blood vessels of
1850:(causes increased levels of L-arginine in the body)
1455:
773:stimulation results in elevated levels of cAMP and
578:. These processes are naturally modulated by local
210:, −one of the four determinants of cardiac output.
143:
Normal blood vessel (left) vs. vasodilation (right)
4185:
3205:
2908:
2906:
2754:
2752:
2284:
2109:Vasodilators are used to treat conditions such as
5827:
6729:
3765:Kim KH, Kerndt CC, Adnan G, Schaller DJ (2024).
3035:(4). American Physiological Society: 1229–1238.
2986:(4). American Physiological Society: 1221–1228.
2662:
2060:
4242:. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists
3890:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
3807:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
3773:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
3561:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
3367:Journal of the American Society of Hypertension
3235:American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology
2948:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
2903:
2884:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
2749:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2385:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
2293:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
1803:- adenosine agonist, used primarily as an anti-
3552:
3204:Flower R, Rang HP, Dale MM, Ritter JS (2007).
3022:
2801:"What is volume flow rate? (article) | Fluids"
2758:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2540:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2028:these, male patients may experience impotence.
1713:Please review the contents of the section and
690:of the light chain of the contractile protein
60:Please review the contents of the article and
6139:
5813:
5621:
5337:
4301:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3350:
2491:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2376:
2280:
2278:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2212:
519:measures pressure while the heart contracts (
4316:Major chemical drug groups – based upon the
3881:
3403:
3304:
3226:
3111:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3016:
2939:
2651:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2370:
1994:Drugs that appear to work by activating the
1964:
965:→ ↓MLCK activity → dephosphorylation of MLC
682:Vasodilation is the result of relaxation in
339:. In severe cases, inflammation can lead to
3199:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3165:Unless else specified in box, then ref is:
2973:
2875:
2831:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
2761:"Leukocyte migration into inflamed tissues"
2711:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
2691:
2575:
2474:
2312:
2104:
1060:→ ↓MLCK activity → dephosphorylation of MLC
899:→ ↓MLCK activity → dephosphorylation of MLC
625:
425:to the infection site via a process called
221:(due to local processes in the surrounding
183:, which is the narrowing of blood vessels.
6146:
6132:
5820:
5806:
5628:
5614:
5344:
5330:
4308:
4294:
3586:
3347:
2942:"Physiology, Systemic Vascular Resistance"
2624:
2534:
2275:
2209:
4168:
4084:
4035:
4025:
3984:
3974:
3956:
3941:
3858:
3698:
3688:
3612:
3529:
3519:
3478:
3386:
3065:
3048:
2999:
2912:
2852:
2842:
2776:
2732:
2722:
2558:
2517:
2457:
2404:
2353:
2343:
1930:(which is found in chocolate, especially
1444:The vasodilating action of activation of
4236:"Guanfacine Monograph for Professionals"
4228:
3799:Balasubramanian S, Chowdhury YS (2024).
3186:
3161:
3159:
3157:
2492:Sprague AH, Khalil RA (September 2009).
2439:
527:reflects pressure between contractions (
138:
6155:Physiology of the cardiovascular system
3922:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3587:Song W, Wang H, Wu Q (September 2015).
3023:Johnson JM, Kellogg DL (October 2010).
2325:
263:released by perivascular nerves of the
14:
6730:
5295:Pharmacological classification systems
4662:Selective estrogen receptor modulators
3412:European Journal of Applied Physiology
3409:
3313:Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
2759:Nourshargh S, Alon R (November 2014).
2704:
2285:Tucker WD, Arora Y, Mahajan K (2024).
2246:
1647:When the fingers are exposed to cold,
1599:CGRP1, CGRP2 receptors in endothelium
1448:(such as by adrenaline) appears to be
6127:
5801:
5609:
5325:
4942:Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
4289:
4206:"Types of Blood Pressure Medications"
3635:
3455:"The Cardiovascular Effects of Noise"
3360:
3166:
3154:
2921:from the original on 16 December 2008
1990:Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor agonists
1945:an alkaloid found in the opium poppy
4058:
3212:. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.
3117:
3082:
2878:"Physiology, Mean Arterial Pressure"
1682:
1516:adrenergic receptors α1, α2, β1, β2
29:
4555:Angiotensin II receptor antagonists
4216:from the original on 8 January 2019
2665:The New England Journal of Medicine
2197:from the original on 5 January 2012
2094:severe high blood pressure or when
1378:consumption → ↓ ATP (intracellular)
24:
3851:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.149542
3650:10.1161/01.HYP.0000164627.01274.ec
3459:Deutsches Ärzteblatt International
3269:
2915:"Therapeutic Uses of Vasodilators"
2193:. MedicineNet.com. 27 April 2011.
1920:, the principal alkaloid found in
752:voltage-sensitive calcium channels
455:. Granules in these cells contain
421:to leave blood vessels and follow
194:is increased due to a decrease in
25:
6749:
2541:Costa F, Biaggioni I (May 1998).
1539:nicotonic Ach receptors (nAchRs)
158:. It results from relaxation of
5304:
5284:
5283:
4259:
4077:10.1111/j.1524-6175.2004.03585.x
4065:Journal of Clinical Hypertension
3290:10.1046/j.1365-201X.2001.00771.x
3247:10.1152/ajpcell.2000.279.5.c1516
3120:Advances in Physiology Education
3085:Advances in Physiology Education
2249:Advances in Physiology Education
2090:direct vasodilator used only in
2002:in the brain thereby decreasing
1974:Angiotensin II receptor blockers
1779:
1687:
1678:
1456:Autonomic nervous system control
1159:activity → ↑intracellular Ca → ↑
864:(↑ = increases. ↓ = decreases)
325:
126:
34:
5842:Phenylethanolamine derivatives
4692:Hypothalamic–pituitary hormones
4136:
4101:
4052:
4001:
3950:
3909:
3875:
3826:
3792:
3758:
3664:
3629:
3580:
3546:
3495:
3446:
3041:10.1152/japplphysiol.00407.2010
2992:10.1152/japplphysiol.00298.2010
2933:
2869:
2818:
2793:
2618:
2147:pulmonary arterial hypertension
1638:
1583:receptors on endothelial cells
1496:Sympathetic or Parasympathetic
819:can also have similar results.
3553:Nachawati D, Patel JB (2024).
3278:Acta Physiologica Scandinavica
3208:Rang & Dale's pharmacology
2974:Charkoudian N (October 2010).
2913:Klablunde RE (29 April 2008).
2629:Textbook of Medical Physiology
2328:"Understanding cardiac output"
1715:add the appropriate references
1474:parasympathetic nervous system
961:activity → phosphorylation of
700:myosin light-chain phosphatase
668:myosin-light-chain phosphatase
62:add the appropriate references
13:
1:
6282:Aortic valve area calculation
6041:Other peripheral vasodilators
4444:Thrombolytics / fibrinolytics
3957:Latif Z, Garg N (June 2020).
3029:Journal of Applied Physiology
2980:Journal of Applied Physiology
2326:Vincent JL (22 August 2008).
2174:
2061:Blood vessel muscle relaxants
2023:, Alpha-methyldopa may cause
1210:activity → ↓intracellular Ca
1071:→ hyperpolarization → close
838:
511:, and inversely related with
5415:Pentaerythritol tetranitrate
5155:Wakefulness-promoting agents
3963:Journal of Clinical Medicine
3882:Holme MR, Sharman T (2024).
3736:10.1097/mco.0000000000000340
3508:Journal of Clinical Medicine
2940:Trammel JE, Sapra A (2024).
2778:10.1016/j.immuni.2014.10.008
2377:Ramanlal R, Gupta V (2024).
2191:"Definition of Vasodilation"
2131:phosphodiesterase inhibitors
1959:
1873:pentaerythritol tetranitrate
1660:to the muscular coat of the
1625:, a potent vasoconstrictor.
1117:→ hyperpolarization → close
856:vascular smooth muscle cells
499:. It is directly related to
474:
7:
6399:Effective refractory period
6278:) / End-diastolic dimension
4161:10.1152/ajpheart.00430.2018
2596:10.1152/ajpheart.00575.2004
2152:
1700:reliable medical references
1499:Target Cells and Receptors
277:
47:reliable medical references
10:
6754:
4805:Intravenous immunoglobulin
3605:10.1016/j.gene.2015.06.029
3379:10.1016/j.jash.2014.05.014
3325:10.1016/j.clpt.2003.09.009
2876:DeMers D, Wachs D (2024).
2379:"Physiology, Vasodilation"
2021:American Heart Association
2004:sympathetic nervous system
1826:(ANP) - a weak vasodilator
1824:atrial natriuretic peptide
1794:absence of high levels of
1617:. Angiotensin II triggers
1470:sympathetic nervous system
1253:platelet-activating factor
858:if not otherwise specified
748:resting membrane potential
467:, an antibody produced by
461:platelet-activating factor
6738:Cardiovascular physiology
6684:Tubuloglomerular feedback
6639:
6631:Critical closing pressure
6589:
6556:
6542:
6522:
6459:
6451:Hexaxial reference system
6374:Cardiac electrophysiology
6361:
6305:
6257:
6170:
6161:
6040:
6012:
5979:
5948:
5868:
5840:
5758:
5736:
5714:Potassium channel openers
5712:
5672:
5652:
5566:
5455:
5436:
5368:
5279:
5235:
5207:
5163:
4972:
4907:
4870:
4818:
4731:
4675:
4635:
4592:
4476:
4412:
4324:
4122:10.1016/j.vph.2015.11.041
4014:Frontiers in Pharmacology
3934:10.1002/14651858.CD013507
3471:10.3238/arztebl.2019.0245
3424:10.1007/s00421-003-0818-2
2510:10.1016/j.bcp.2009.04.029
1965:Direct vasodilation drugs
1706:or relies too heavily on
1662:arteriovenous anastomoses
1387:oxidative phosphorylation
1274:
941:
876:
851:(↑ = opens. ↓ = closes)
833:
817:potassium channel openers
702:and induction of calcium
652:myosin light-chain kinase
479:A basic understanding of
53:or relies too heavily on
27:Widening of blood vessels
6659:Renin–angiotensin system
5738:Calcium channel blockers
5656:(arterioles and venules)
4860:Topoisomerase inhibitors
4544:renin–angiotensin system
4538:Calcium channel blockers
4027:10.3389/fphar.2015.00030
3132:10.1152/advan.00025.2003
3097:10.1152/advan.00025.2003
2705:Pałgan K (August 2023).
2560:10.1161/01.HYP.31.5.1061
2498:Biochemical Pharmacology
2287:"Anatomy, Blood Vessels"
2261:10.1152/advan.00114.2010
2119:congestive heart failure
2105:Therapeutic applications
2046:guanfacine hydrochloride
1984:Calcium channel blockers
1462:autonomic nervous system
1243:(as nicotinic acid only)
754:in the plasma membrane.
640:autonomic nervous system
626:Smooth muscle physiology
610:, both of which secrete
604:autonomic nervous system
525:diastolic blood pressure
505:myocardial contractility
265:autonomic nervous system
6689:Cerebral autoregulation
6654:Kinin–kallikrein system
6621:Jugular venous pressure
6271:End-diastolic dimension
6249:Pressure volume diagram
5829:Peripheral vasodilators
2440:Sheng Y, Zhu L (2018).
2036:clonidine hydrochloride
1389:→ ↓ ATP (intracellular)
1115:ATP-sensitive K channel
1069:voltage-gated Kchannels
938:β-2 adrenergic receptor
797:Through stimulation of
741:Calcium channel blocker
517:systolic blood pressure
427:leukocyte extravasation
316:precapillary sphincters
18:Peripheral vasodilators
6626:Portal venous pressure
6616:Mean arterial pressure
6530:Ventricular remodeling
6276:End-systolic dimension
6234:Cardiac function curve
5949:Niacin and derivatives
5390:Isosorbide mononitrate
4652:Hormonal contraception
4582:Bile acid sequestrants
4363:Proton-pump inhibitors
4326:gastrointestinal tract
3884:"Sodium Nitroprusside"
3361:Navar LG (July 2014).
2159:Arteriolar vasodilator
1864:isosorbide mononitrate
1555:Adenosine triphosphate
1502:Impact on Vasculature
716:sarcoplasmic reticulum
644:sarcoplasmic reticulum
533:Mean arterial pressure
217:. The response may be
144:
6267:Fractional shortening
6004:Etofylline nicotinate
5674:Hydrazinophthalazines
4110:Vascular Pharmacology
3171:. Elsevier/Saunders.
2724:10.3390/ijms241612802
2677:10.1056/NEJMra1208943
1513:sympathetic (mostly)
1428:various receptors on
1167:→ (see nitric oxide)
976:histamine H2 receptor
352:vascular permeability
154:, is the widening of
142:
6207:End-diastolic volume
5384:Isosorbide dinitrate
5261:Radiopharmaceuticals
5049:Antiparkinson agents
4059:Sica DA (May 2004).
3690:10.7759/cureus.20485
2844:10.3390/ijms22157785
2123:erectile dysfunction
1912:tetrahydrocannabinol
1879:sodium nitroprusside
1868:isosorbide dinitrate
1401:natriuretic peptides
1121:→ ↓intracellular Ca
884:→ ↓intracellular Ca
662:filaments forming a
399:natural killer cells
306:, which diffuses to
247:systemic circulation
6571:Vascular resistance
6409:Electrocardiography
6404:Pacemaker potential
6334:Conduction velocity
6239:Venous return curve
6212:End-systolic volume
6032:Dihydroergocristine
5994:Xantinol nicotinate
5966:Inositol nicotinate
5044:Antimigraine agents
5034:Antidementia agents
4937:Anti-inflammatories
4627:Medicated dressings
4567:Antihyperlipidemics
4394:Diabetes medication
4212:. 31 October 2017.
2025:Orthostatic syncope
1856:(commonly known as
1854:glyceryl trinitrate
1796:environmental noise
1489:
1221:bradykinin receptor
1109:adenosine receptors
1075:→ ↓intracellular Ca
1056:phosphorylation of
906:→ ↓intracellular Ca
895:phosphorylation of
485:vascular resistance
449:complement proteins
360:complement proteins
196:vascular resistance
186:When blood vessels
6679:Myogenic mechanism
6297:Left atrial volume
6229:Frank–Starling law
5981:Purine derivatives
5785:Never to phase III
5593:Never to phase III
4897:Immunosuppressants
4767:Antimycobacterials
4723:Antithyroid agents
4707:Mineralocorticoids
4511:Cardiac stimulants
4501:Cardiac glycosides
4493:cardiac therapy /
4389:Anti-obesity drugs
3976:10.3390/jcm9061925
3521:10.3390/jcm9051366
3241:(5): C1516–C1527.
2917:. CVPharmacology.
2590:(4): H1633–H1640.
2169:Vasodilatory shock
1947:papaver somniferum
1926:, specifically in
1844:(a key amino acid)
1658:sympathetic nerves
1488:
391:interleukin 1 beta
320:mutually exclusive
304:interstitial fluid
241:(depending on the
145:
6725:
6724:
6721:
6720:
6538:
6537:
6378:Action potential
6369:Conduction system
6315:Cardiac pacemaker
6287:Ejection fraction
6121:
6120:
5961:Nicotinyl alcohol
5795:
5794:
5641:antihypertensives
5636:Nonsympatholytic
5603:
5602:
5370:Nitrovasodilators
5319:
5318:
5222:Ophthalmologicals
4932:Anabolic steroids
4835:Anticancer agents
4798:Ectoparasiticides
4518:Antihypertensives
4466:Antifibrinolytics
3219:978-0-443-06911-6
3178:978-1-4160-2328-9
3167:Boron WF (2005).
2671:(18): 1726–1734.
2644:978-0-7216-0240-0
2041:guanabenz acetate
1788:
1787:
1764:
1654:neurotransmitters
1606:
1605:
1493:Neurotransmitter
1478:neurotransmitters
1442:
1441:
1350:↑(extracellular)
1344:↑(extracellular)
1202:→ ↓intracellular
878:hyperpolarization
810:
809:
737:Hyperpolarization
696:Dephosphorylation
584:endothelial cells
545:circulatory shock
302:, into the local
261:neurotransmitters
135:
134:
111:
16:(Redirected from
6745:
6664:Vasoconstrictors
6641:Regulation of BP
6554:
6553:
6487:pulmonary artery
6460:Chamber pressure
6168:
6167:
6148:
6141:
6134:
6125:
6124:
5891:Phenoxybenzamine
5822:
5815:
5808:
5799:
5798:
5654:Nitrovasodilator
5630:
5623:
5616:
5607:
5606:
5395:Itramin tosilate
5357:cardiac diseases
5346:
5339:
5332:
5323:
5322:
5308:
5287:
5286:
5271:Senotherapeutics
5125:Neuroprotectives
5120:Mood stabilizers
5019:Anti-ADHD agents
4959:Muscle relaxants
4892:Immunostimulants
4887:Immunomodulators
4719:Thyroid hormones
4657:Fertility agents
4560:Renin inhibitors
4451:Antihemorrhagics
4418:forming organs (
4404:Dietary minerals
4310:
4303:
4296:
4287:
4286:
4263:
4262:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4247:
4232:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4202:
4183:
4182:
4172:
4155:(2): H395–H404.
4140:
4134:
4133:
4105:
4099:
4098:
4088:
4056:
4050:
4049:
4039:
4029:
4005:
3999:
3998:
3988:
3978:
3954:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3913:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3879:
3873:
3872:
3862:
3830:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3796:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3762:
3756:
3755:
3719:
3713:
3712:
3702:
3692:
3668:
3662:
3661:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3616:
3584:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3555:"Alpha-Blockers"
3550:
3544:
3543:
3533:
3523:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3482:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3390:
3358:
3345:
3344:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3211:
3201:
3184:
3182:
3163:
3152:
3151:
3126:(1–4): 201–206.
3115:
3109:
3108:
3091:(1–4): 201–206.
3080:
3063:
3062:
3052:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3003:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2910:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2856:
2846:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2780:
2756:
2747:
2746:
2736:
2726:
2702:
2689:
2688:
2660:
2649:
2648:
2632:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2562:
2553:(5): 1061–1064.
2538:
2532:
2531:
2521:
2489:
2472:
2471:
2461:
2437:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2357:
2347:
2323:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2282:
2273:
2272:
2244:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2187:
1814:vasoconstricting
1783:
1782:
1774:
1771:
1765:
1763:
1722:
1691:
1690:
1683:
1673:Hunting reaction
1649:vasoconstriction
1536:parasympathetic
1490:
1487:
1446:beta-2 receptors
1369:vasoconstrictors
1198:→ activation of
1134:(extracellular)
1128:(extracellular)
1082:(extracellular)
859:
843:
842:
799:protein kinase G
792:Nitrovasodilator
775:protein kinase A
722:
721:
672:dephosphorylates
622:, respectively.
576:vasoconstriction
465:Immunoglobulin E
423:chemoattractants
383:Interferon gamma
337:immune complexes
198:and increase in
181:vasoconstriction
150:, also known as
130:
129:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
38:
37:
30:
21:
6753:
6752:
6748:
6747:
6746:
6744:
6743:
6742:
6728:
6727:
6726:
6717:
6635:
6585:
6547:
6544:Vascular system
6534:
6518:
6455:
6357:
6342:(Contractility)
6301:
6253:
6244:Wiggers diagram
6157:
6152:
6122:
6117:
6036:
6014:Ergot alkaloids
6008:
5975:
5944:
5907:
5864:
5836:
5826:
5796:
5791:
5790:
5775:Clinical trials
5754:
5732:
5708:
5668:
5648:
5634:
5604:
5599:
5598:
5583:Clinical trials
5562:
5451:
5432:
5420:Propatylnitrate
5364:
5350:
5320:
5315:
5311:Medicine portal
5275:
5231:
5203:
5198:
5190:Cough medicines
5185:Bronchodilators
5166:
5159:
5039:Antidepressants
5029:Anticonvulsants
4977:
4968:
4964:Bisphosphonates
4954:Corticosteroids
4916:
4903:
4875:
4866:
4850:Spindle poisons
4840:Antimetabolites
4823:
4814:
4736:
4727:
4702:Glucocorticoids
4697:Corticosteroids
4678:
4671:
4638:
4631:
4588:
4506:Antiarrhythmics
4479:
4472:
4429:Antithrombotics
4417:
4408:
4384:Antipropulsives
4380:Antidiarrhoeals
4357:
4328:
4320:
4314:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4264:
4260:
4255:
4245:
4243:
4234:
4233:
4229:
4219:
4217:
4204:
4203:
4186:
4141:
4137:
4106:
4102:
4057:
4053:
4006:
4002:
3955:
3951:
3914:
3910:
3900:
3898:
3880:
3876:
3831:
3827:
3817:
3815:
3797:
3793:
3783:
3781:
3767:"Nitroglycerin"
3763:
3759:
3720:
3716:
3669:
3665:
3634:
3630:
3585:
3581:
3571:
3569:
3551:
3547:
3500:
3496:
3465:(14): 245–250.
3451:
3447:
3408:
3404:
3359:
3348:
3309:
3305:
3274:
3270:
3231:
3227:
3220:
3202:
3187:
3179:
3164:
3155:
3116:
3112:
3081:
3066:
3021:
3017:
2972:
2968:
2958:
2956:
2938:
2934:
2924:
2922:
2911:
2904:
2894:
2892:
2874:
2870:
2823:
2819:
2809:
2807:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2757:
2750:
2703:
2692:
2661:
2652:
2645:
2623:
2619:
2580:
2576:
2539:
2535:
2490:
2475:
2438:
2405:
2395:
2393:
2375:
2371:
2324:
2313:
2303:
2301:
2283:
2276:
2245:
2210:
2200:
2198:
2189:
2188:
2181:
2177:
2155:
2107:
2086:Minoxidil is a
2063:
1999:
1992:
1967:
1962:
1923:Theobroma cacao
1884:PDE5 inhibitors
1784:
1780:
1775:
1769:
1766:
1723:
1712:
1708:primary sources
1692:
1688:
1681:
1641:
1458:
1417:
1414:prostaglandin E
1409:
1406:prostaglandin I
1331:
1316:consumption → ↑
1309:↑vasodilators:
1268:
1208:Na/Ca exchanger
1192:
1153:
1106:
1099:
1092:
1039:
1013:
1010:prostaglandin E
998:
995:prostaglandin D
947:
863:
853:
852:
850:
841:
836:
813:PDE5 inhibitors
746:Changes in the
688:phosphorylation
628:
539:layer of large
477:
447:, specifically
328:
284:need for oxygen
280:
255:substances and
131:
127:
122:
116:
113:
70:
59:
55:primary sources
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6751:
6741:
6740:
6723:
6722:
6719:
6718:
6716:
6715:
6714:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6693:
6692:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6674:Autoregulation
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6645:
6643:
6637:
6636:
6634:
6633:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6612:
6611:
6606:
6599:Pulse pressure
6595:
6593:
6591:Blood pressure
6587:
6586:
6584:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6562:
6560:
6551:
6540:
6539:
6536:
6535:
6533:
6532:
6526:
6524:
6520:
6519:
6517:
6516:
6511:
6510:
6509:
6504:
6496:
6495:
6494:
6484:
6483:
6482:
6477:
6469:
6467:Central venous
6463:
6461:
6457:
6456:
6454:
6453:
6448:
6447:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6395:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6376:
6371:
6365:
6363:
6359:
6358:
6356:
6355:
6349:
6348:(Excitability)
6343:
6337:
6327:
6317:
6311:
6309:
6303:
6302:
6300:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6273:
6263:
6261:
6255:
6254:
6252:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6215:
6214:
6209:
6199:
6198:
6197:
6192:
6185:Cardiac output
6182:
6176:
6174:
6172:Cardiac output
6165:
6159:
6158:
6151:
6150:
6143:
6136:
6128:
6119:
6118:
6116:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6044:
6042:
6038:
6037:
6035:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6018:
6016:
6010:
6009:
6007:
6006:
6001:
5999:Pentoxifylline
5996:
5991:
5985:
5983:
5977:
5976:
5974:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5952:
5950:
5946:
5945:
5943:
5942:
5941:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5905:
5900:
5899:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5877:Non-selective
5874:
5872:
5870:Alpha blockers
5866:
5865:
5863:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5846:
5844:
5838:
5837:
5825:
5824:
5817:
5810:
5802:
5793:
5792:
5789:
5788:
5787:
5786:
5783:
5772:
5766:
5760:
5759:
5756:
5755:
5753:
5752:
5743:
5741:
5734:
5733:
5731:
5730:
5725:
5719:
5717:
5710:
5709:
5707:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5679:
5677:
5670:
5669:
5667:
5666:
5659:
5657:
5650:
5649:
5633:
5632:
5625:
5618:
5610:
5601:
5600:
5597:
5596:
5595:
5594:
5591:
5580:
5574:
5568:
5567:
5564:
5563:
5561:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5459:
5457:
5453:
5452:
5450:
5449:
5443:
5441:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5430:
5425:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5381:
5374:
5372:
5366:
5365:
5349:
5348:
5341:
5334:
5326:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5313:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5280:
5277:
5276:
5274:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5256:Contrast media
5253:
5247:
5245:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5229:
5224:
5218:
5216:
5209:sensory organs
5205:
5204:
5202:
5201:
5196:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5176:
5174:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5108:
5107:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5054:Antipsychotics
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5024:Antiaddictives
5021:
5016:
5011:
5010:
5009:
5004:
4994:
4988:
4986:
4979:nervous system
4970:
4969:
4967:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4949:Antirheumatics
4946:
4945:
4944:
4934:
4928:
4926:
4905:
4904:
4902:
4901:
4900:
4899:
4894:
4883:
4881:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4864:
4863:
4862:
4857:
4855:Antineoplastic
4852:
4847:
4842:
4831:
4829:
4816:
4815:
4813:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4801:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4788:Antiprotozoals
4783:Antiparasitics
4780:
4775:
4770:
4763:Antibacterials
4759:Antimicrobials
4755:
4753:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4725:
4716:
4711:
4710:
4709:
4704:
4694:
4688:
4686:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4648:
4646:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4629:
4624:
4622:Antipsoriatics
4619:
4614:
4609:
4603:
4601:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4586:
4585:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4564:
4563:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4550:ACE inhibitors
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4514:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4489:
4487:
4478:cardiovascular
4474:
4473:
4471:
4470:
4469:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4448:
4447:
4446:
4441:
4439:Anticoagulants
4436:
4425:
4423:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4366:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4351:
4340:
4338:
4322:
4321:
4313:
4312:
4305:
4298:
4290:
4265:
4258:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4253:
4227:
4184:
4135:
4100:
4071:(5): 283–287.
4051:
4000:
3949:
3908:
3874:
3845:(4): 897–904.
3825:
3791:
3757:
3714:
3683:(12): e20485.
3663:
3644:(5): 851–852.
3628:
3579:
3545:
3494:
3445:
3418:(5): 411–426.
3402:
3346:
3303:
3268:
3225:
3218:
3185:
3177:
3153:
3110:
3064:
3015:
2966:
2932:
2902:
2868:
2817:
2792:
2771:(5): 694–707.
2748:
2690:
2650:
2643:
2617:
2574:
2533:
2473:
2403:
2369:
2345:10.1186/cc6975
2311:
2274:
2208:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2154:
2151:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2096:kidney failure
2084:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2014:
2013:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1979:ACE inhibitors
1976:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1940:
1935:
1932:dark chocolate
1915:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1881:
1876:
1870:
1861:
1851:
1845:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1810:alpha blockers
1807:
1798:
1786:
1785:
1778:
1776:
1729:"Vasodilation"
1695:
1693:
1686:
1680:
1677:
1640:
1637:
1633:norepinephrine
1619:adrenal glands
1604:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:Neuropeptide Y
1571:
1570:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1551:
1550:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1527:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1511:
1508:norepinephrine
1504:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1472:(SNS) and the
1457:
1454:
1452:-independent.
1440:
1439:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1379:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1333:
1329:
1320:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1284:
1283:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1190:
1186:
1176:
1169:
1168:
1151:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1132:
1123:
1122:
1111:
1104:
1097:
1090:
1086:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1061:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1005:
1000:
996:
991:
990:
985:
979:
978:
973:
967:
966:
945:
940:
935:
928:
927:
920:
910:
909:
908:
907:
900:
886:
885:
875:
872:
866:
865:
860:
847:
846:Vasodilators
840:
837:
835:
832:
808:
807:
802:
795:
784:
783:
778:
768:
761:
760:
755:
744:
733:
732:
729:
726:
656:phosphorylates
627:
624:
616:norepinephrine
612:catecholamines
608:adrenal glands
602:), and by the
596:potassium ions
495:multiplied by
489:blood pressure
481:cardiac output
476:
473:
445:Anaphylatoxins
419:effector cells
395:interleukin 12
327:
324:
279:
276:
235:nervous system
215:blood pressure
200:cardiac output
170:, and smaller
152:vasorelaxation
133:
132:
125:
123:
76:"Vasodilation"
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6750:
6739:
6736:
6735:
6733:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6698:
6697:
6694:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6676:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6646:
6644:
6642:
6638:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6601:
6600:
6597:
6596:
6594:
6592:
6588:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6563:
6561:
6559:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6545:
6541:
6531:
6528:
6527:
6525:
6521:
6515:
6512:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6499:
6497:
6493:
6490:
6489:
6488:
6485:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6472:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6464:
6462:
6458:
6452:
6449:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6411:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6379:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6366:
6364:
6360:
6353:
6350:
6347:
6344:
6341:
6338:
6335:
6331:
6328:
6325:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6312:
6310:
6308:
6304:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6292:Cardiac index
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6268:
6265:
6264:
6262:
6260:
6256:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6204:
6203:
6202:Stroke volume
6200:
6196:
6195:Stroke volume
6193:
6191:
6188:
6187:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6180:Cardiac cycle
6178:
6177:
6175:
6173:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6160:
6156:
6149:
6144:
6142:
6137:
6135:
6130:
6129:
6126:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6078:Naftidrofuryl
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6045:
6043:
6039:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6019:
6017:
6015:
6011:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5986:
5984:
5982:
5978:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5953:
5951:
5947:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5910:
5909:
5901:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5878:
5876:
5875:
5873:
5871:
5867:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5847:
5845:
5843:
5839:
5834:
5830:
5823:
5818:
5816:
5811:
5809:
5804:
5803:
5800:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5761:
5757:
5751:
5750:
5745:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5735:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5711:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5689:Dihydralazine
5687:
5684:
5681:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5671:
5664:
5663:Nitroprusside
5661:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5651:
5646:
5642:
5639:
5631:
5626:
5624:
5619:
5617:
5612:
5611:
5608:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5569:
5565:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5460:
5458:
5454:
5448:
5445:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5435:
5429:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5385:
5382:
5379:
5378:Nitroglycerin
5376:
5375:
5373:
5371:
5367:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5347:
5342:
5340:
5335:
5333:
5328:
5327:
5324:
5312:
5307:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5282:
5281:
5278:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5239:
5234:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5200:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5180:Decongestants
5178:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5168:
5162:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5112:
5109:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5099:Dissociatives
5097:
5095:
5092:
5091:
5090:
5089:Hallucinogens
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4999:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4980:
4975:
4971:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4920:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4873:
4869:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4821:
4817:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4793:Anthelmintics
4791:
4789:
4786:
4785:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4734:
4730:
4724:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4699:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4680:
4674:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4640:
4637:genitourinary
4634:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4617:Antipruritics
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4568:
4565:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4546:
4545:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4533:Beta blockers
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4497:
4496:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4481:
4475:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4449:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4434:Antiplatelets
4432:
4431:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4415:
4411:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4332:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4311:
4306:
4304:
4299:
4297:
4292:
4291:
4288:
4280:
4279:
4278:
4272:
4268:
4241:
4237:
4231:
4215:
4211:
4210:www.heart.org
4207:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4180:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4139:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4104:
4096:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4055:
4047:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4004:
3996:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3953:
3944:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3912:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3878:
3870:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3829:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3795:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3761:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3718:
3710:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3667:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3632:
3624:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3583:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3549:
3541:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3498:
3490:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3449:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3406:
3398:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3373:(7): 519–24.
3372:
3368:
3364:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3307:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3272:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3229:
3221:
3215:
3210:
3209:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3180:
3174:
3170:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3114:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3060:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3019:
3011:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2970:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2936:
2920:
2916:
2909:
2907:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2872:
2864:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2821:
2806:
2802:
2796:
2788:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2755:
2753:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2717:(16): 12802.
2716:
2712:
2708:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2646:
2640:
2636:
2631:
2630:
2621:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2578:
2570:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2537:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2504:(6): 539–52.
2503:
2499:
2495:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2469:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2373:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2332:Critical Care
2329:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2281:
2279:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2184:
2179:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2026:
2022:
2019:According to
2018:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1858:nitroglycerin
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1777:
1773:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1731: –
1730:
1726:
1725:Find sources:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1696:This section
1694:
1685:
1684:
1679:Miscellaneous
1676:
1674:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1531:Acetylcholine
1529:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1437:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1412:
1410:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1332:
1325:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1271:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1100:
1093:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1001:
999:
993:
992:
989:
986:
984:
981:
980:
977:
974:
972:
969:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
939:
936:
933:
930:
929:
925:
921:
919:
915:
912:
911:
905:
901:
898:
894:
893:
891:
888:
887:
883:
879:
873:
871:
868:
867:
862:Transduction
861:
857:
848:
845:
844:
831:
829:
825:
820:
818:
814:
806:
803:
800:
796:
793:
789:
786:
785:
782:
779:
776:
772:
769:
766:
763:
762:
759:
756:
753:
749:
745:
742:
738:
735:
734:
730:
727:
724:
723:
720:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
684:smooth muscle
680:
678:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
650:, activating
649:
645:
641:
637:
636:smooth muscle
633:
623:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
572:
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
548:
547:is observed.
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
497:stroke volume
494:
490:
486:
482:
472:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
453:degranulation
450:
446:
442:
438:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
375:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
326:Immune system
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
275:
273:
269:
268:Baroreceptors
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
211:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
192:flow of blood
189:
184:
182:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
160:smooth muscle
157:
156:blood vessels
153:
149:
141:
137:
124:
120:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
67:
63:
57:
56:
52:
48:
43:This article
41:
32:
31:
19:
6706:Carotid body
6669:Vasodilators
6668:
6549:hemodynamics
6354:(Relaxation)
6346:Bathmotropic
6320:Chronotropic
6048:Cyclandelate
5989:Pentifylline
5886:Phentolamine
5746:
5740:(arterioles)
5716:(arterioles)
5704:Pildralazine
5676:(arterioles)
5638:vasodilatory
5637:
5518:Levosimendan
5463:Benziodarone
5440:vasodilators
5353:Vasodilators
5094:Psychedelics
5064:Aphrodisiacs
4738:infestations
4714:Sex hormones
4667:Sex hormones
4612:Cicatrizants
4542:
4528:Vasodilators
4527:
4495:antianginals
4492:
4344:stomach acid
4343:
4277:Vasodilation
4275:
4274:
4273:profile for
4270:
4244:. Retrieved
4239:
4230:
4218:. Retrieved
4209:
4152:
4148:
4138:
4113:
4109:
4103:
4068:
4064:
4054:
4017:
4013:
4003:
3966:
3962:
3952:
3925:
3921:
3911:
3899:. Retrieved
3887:
3877:
3842:
3839:Hypertension
3838:
3828:
3816:. Retrieved
3804:
3801:"Isosorbide"
3794:
3782:. Retrieved
3770:
3760:
3727:
3723:
3717:
3680:
3676:
3666:
3641:
3638:Hypertension
3637:
3631:
3596:
3592:
3582:
3570:. Retrieved
3558:
3548:
3511:
3507:
3497:
3462:
3458:
3448:
3415:
3411:
3405:
3370:
3366:
3319:(1): 49–59.
3316:
3312:
3306:
3281:
3277:
3271:
3238:
3234:
3228:
3207:
3168:
3123:
3119:
3113:
3088:
3084:
3032:
3028:
3018:
2983:
2979:
2969:
2957:. Retrieved
2945:
2935:
2923:. Retrieved
2893:. Retrieved
2881:
2871:
2837:(15): 7785.
2834:
2830:
2820:
2808:. Retrieved
2805:Khan Academy
2804:
2795:
2768:
2764:
2714:
2710:
2668:
2664:
2628:
2620:
2587:
2583:
2577:
2550:
2547:Hypertension
2546:
2536:
2501:
2497:
2452:(1): 17–28.
2449:
2445:
2394:. Retrieved
2382:
2372:
2335:
2331:
2302:. Retrieved
2290:
2255:(1): 28–32.
2252:
2248:
2199:. Retrieved
2111:hypertension
2108:
2091:
2087:
2064:
1993:
1968:
1928:cocoa solids
1921:
1836:nitric oxide
1767:
1757:
1750:
1743:
1736:
1724:
1704:verification
1697:
1670:
1646:
1642:
1639:Cold-induced
1627:
1607:
1580:sympathetic
1567:
1560:sympathetic
1546:
1540:
1523:
1517:
1483:
1459:
1443:
1358:interstitial
1337:interstitial
1288:interstitial
1277:interstitial
1183:α-2 receptor
1163:activity → ↑
1144:P2Y receptor
1065:Ca-activated
1045:activity → ↑
1041:activity → ↑
1030:VIP receptor
983:prostacyclin
953:activity → ↑
949:activity → ↑
934:(adrenaline)
821:
811:
805:nitric oxide
781:prostacyclin
728:Description
712:calcium ions
681:
664:cross-bridge
632:tunica media
629:
588:nitric oxide
582:agents from
571:warm-blooded
568:
549:
537:tunica media
478:
469:plasma cells
439:
376:
372:septic shock
349:
333:inflammation
329:
281:
251:
212:
185:
151:
148:Vasodilation
147:
146:
136:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
51:verification
44:
6711:Glomus cell
6701:Aortic body
6696:Paraganglia
6507:ventricular
6480:ventricular
6429:QT interval
6424:QRS complex
6419:PR interval
6392:ventricular
6330:Dromotropic
6027:Nicergoline
5971:Ciclonicate
5850:Isoxsuprine
5771:from market
5699:Cadralazine
5694:Endralazine
5683:Hydralazine
5579:from market
5543:Prenylamine
5508:Hexobendine
5468:Carbocromen
5447:Flosequinan
5428:Trolnitrate
5424:Tenitramine
5405:Molsidomine
5400:Linsidomine
5227:Otologicals
5199:antagonists
5165:respiratory
5140:Orexigenics
5135:Neurotoxins
5084:Euphoriants
5074:Entactogens
5069:Depressants
5059:Anxiolytics
4997:Anesthetics
4773:Antifungals
4370:Antiemetics
4358:antagonists
3969:(6): 1925.
3514:(5): 1366.
3284:(1): 9–16.
2164:Nitrophorin
2070:hydralazine
1918:theobromine
1812:(block the
1698:needs more
1629:Epinephrine
1623:aldosterone
1621:to secrete
1615:angiotensin
1450:endothelium
1438:synthesis
1430:endothelium
1301:muscle work
1291:lactic acid
1230:substance P
1200:Na/K-ATPase
1179:imidazoline
1053:activity →
1018:EP receptor
1003:DP receptor
988:IP receptor
932:epinephrine
926:synthesis
918:endothelium
914:NO receptor
892:activity →
790:-mediated (
739:-mediated (
708:antiporters
620:epinephrine
564:capillaries
441:Anaphylaxis
415:macrophages
356:neutrophils
354:, allowing
345:anaphylaxis
294:, or other
272:homeostasis
45:needs more
6649:Baroreflex
6566:Compliance
6558:Blood flow
6434:ST segment
6362:Conduction
6352:Lusitropic
6324:Heart rate
6307:Heart rate
6259:Ultrasound
6190:Heart rate
6103:Ifenprodil
6098:Cinepazide
6083:Butalamine
6073:Sulcotidil
6068:Vinburnine
6063:Bencyclane
6058:Moxisylyte
5933:Tamsulosin
5902:Selective
5896:Tolazoline
5881:Buflomedil
5558:Vericiguat
5538:Pimobendan
5533:Oxyfedrine
5528:Nicorandil
5523:Nesiritide
5503:Heptaminol
5498:Gapicomine
5478:Cloridarol
5410:Nicorandil
5150:Stimulants
5130:Nootropics
5104:Deliriants
5079:Entheogens
5014:Anorectics
4992:Analgesics
4845:Alkylating
4778:Antivirals
4733:infections
4607:Emollients
4461:Coagulants
4331:metabolism
3888:StatPearls
3805:StatPearls
3771:StatPearls
3599:(1): 1–6.
3559:StatPearls
2946:StatPearls
2925:3 December
2882:StatPearls
2383:StatPearls
2338:(4): 174.
2291:StatPearls
2201:13 January
2175:References
2139:vardenafil
2135:sildenafil
2011:methyldopa
2006:activity.
1943:papaverine
1902:vardenafil
1890:sildenafil
1848:citrulline
1842:l-arginine
1818:adrenaline
1816:effect of
1805:arrhythmic
1770:March 2022
1740:newspapers
1466:brain stem
1436:endothelin
1293:(probably)
1216:bradykinin
924:endothelin
839:Endogenous
824:endogenous
771:Adrenergic
767:-mediated
710:that pump
704:symporters
677:Rho-kinase
648:calmodulin
614:, such as
592:bradykinin
556:Arterioles
552:hematocrit
501:heart rate
493:heart rate
435:diapedesis
411:mast cells
364:antibodies
253:Endogenous
176:adventitia
172:arterioles
117:March 2021
87:newspapers
6609:Diastolic
6581:Perfusion
6340:Inotropic
6219:Afterload
6108:Azapetine
6088:Visnadine
6053:Vincamine
5938:Terazosin
5928:Silodosin
5918:Doxazosin
5913:Alfuzosin
5908:-blockers
5855:Buphenine
5781:Phase III
5769:Withdrawn
5728:Diazoxide
5723:Minoxidil
5589:Phase III
5577:Withdrawn
5548:Serelaxin
5513:Imolamine
5493:Etafenone
5473:Cinepazet
5438:Quinolone
5300:ATC codes
5266:Dressings
5251:Antidotes
5115:Sedatives
5111:Hypnotics
4820:malignant
4677:endocrine
4523:Diuretics
4456:Platelets
4416:and blood
4375:Laxatives
4240:Drugs.com
4116:: 53–61.
2143:tadalafil
2092:resistant
2075:minoxidil
2000:receptors
1960:Treatment
1938:minoxidil
1904:(Levitra)
1896:tadalafil
1838:inducers
1801:adenosine
1666:hot aches
1656:from the
1318:adenosine
1282:→ ?
1148:activate
1084:adenosine
971:histamine
849:Receptor
828:exogenous
758:adenosine
600:adenosine
580:paracrine
513:afterload
475:Mechanism
457:histamine
431:selectins
379:cytokines
308:capillary
300:adenosine
296:nutrients
243:metabolic
227:extrinsic
219:intrinsic
208:afterload
204:perfusion
6732:Category
6604:Systolic
6382:cardiac
6093:Cetiedil
6022:Ergoloid
5923:Prazosin
5860:Bamethan
5553:Trapidil
5488:Efloxate
5355:used in
5145:Serenics
4810:Vaccines
4577:Fibrates
4399:Vitamins
4349:Antacids
4246:18 March
4214:Archived
4179:31173499
4130:26586313
4095:15133413
4046:25750625
3995:32575540
3901:24 March
3896:32491419
3869:20157049
3818:24 March
3813:32491771
3784:24 March
3779:29494004
3744:27749691
3709:35070535
3658:15837832
3623:26074089
3572:24 March
3567:32310526
3540:32384746
3489:31092312
3440:22077172
3432:12712346
3397:25064774
3341:97773072
3333:14749691
3298:11350258
3255:11029299
3183:Page 479
3148:14267377
3140:14627618
3105:14627618
3059:20522732
3010:20448028
2959:23 March
2954:32310535
2919:Archived
2895:23 March
2890:30855814
2863:34360549
2810:23 March
2787:25517612
2765:Immunity
2743:37628983
2734:10454702
2685:24171518
2604:15772334
2528:19413999
2468:29593847
2396:22 March
2391:32491494
2364:18771592
2304:22 March
2299:29262226
2269:21385998
2195:Archived
2153:See also
2133:such as
2127:Flushing
1952:estrogen
1898:(Cialis)
1892:(Viagra)
1326:usage →
1174:arginine
731:Example
670:, which
606:and the
541:arteries
529:diastole
278:Function
231:hormones
229:(due to
168:arteries
166:, large
6224:Preload
6113:Fasudil
5483:Dilazep
5002:General
4909:muscles
4878:L03–L04
4874:disease
4826:L01–L02
4822:disease
4572:Statins
4267:Scholia
4170:6732482
4086:8109604
4037:4335269
3986:7355963
3943:6914385
3860:3080599
3752:3493542
3700:8761475
3614:4496260
3531:7290927
3480:6541745
3388:4115246
3263:8699034
3050:2963328
3001:2963327
2854:8346007
2569:9576114
2519:2730638
2459:5871626
2355:2575587
2149:(PAH).
1830:ethanol
1754:scholar
1719:removed
1422:heparin
1324:glucose
586:(e.g.,
560:venules
523:), and
521:systole
509:preload
407:T cells
403:B cells
393:, and
312:hypoxia
288:glucose
233:or the
101:scholar
66:removed
6514:Aortic
6502:atrial
6475:atrial
6471:Right
6444:U wave
6439:T wave
6414:P wave
6387:atrial
5956:Niacin
5904:α
5764:WHO-EM
5572:WHO-EM
5456:Others
5309:
5288:
5236:other
5167:system
4919:joints
4872:immune
4679:system
4639:system
4480:system
4269:has a
4177:
4167:
4128:
4093:
4083:
4044:
4034:
4020:: 30.
3993:
3983:
3940:
3894:
3867:
3857:
3811:
3777:
3750:
3742:
3707:
3697:
3677:Cureus
3656:
3621:
3611:
3565:
3538:
3528:
3487:
3477:
3438:
3430:
3395:
3385:
3339:
3331:
3296:
3261:
3253:
3216:
3175:
3146:
3138:
3103:
3057:
3047:
3008:
2998:
2952:
2888:
2861:
2851:
2785:
2741:
2731:
2683:
2641:
2637:–197.
2610:
2602:
2567:
2526:
2516:
2466:
2456:
2389:
2362:
2352:
2297:
2267:
2121:, and
2115:angina
2088:potent
1875:(PETN)
1756:
1749:
1742:
1735:
1727:
1577:(NPY)
1557:(ATP)
1533:(Ach)
1383:oxygen
1241:niacin
834:Causes
725:Class
692:myosin
654:which
598:, and
507:, and
487:, and
362:, and
341:sepsis
292:lipids
223:tissue
190:, the
188:dilate
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
6576:Pulse
6523:Other
6498:Left
6492:wedge
6163:Heart
5290:Drugs
5007:Local
4974:brain
4913:bones
4414:blood
4271:topic
4220:2 May
3748:S2CID
3436:S2CID
3337:S2CID
3259:S2CID
3144:S2CID
2612:71178
2608:S2CID
1761:JSTOR
1747:books
1611:renin
1510:(NE)
1255:(PAF)
1063:open
904:SERCA
660:actin
387:TNF-a
368:edema
257:drugs
239:organ
225:) or
164:veins
108:JSTOR
94:books
5749:list
5747:see
5361:C01D
4917:and
4594:skin
4248:2019
4222:2019
4175:PMID
4126:PMID
4091:PMID
4042:PMID
3991:PMID
3903:2024
3892:PMID
3865:PMID
3820:2024
3809:PMID
3786:2024
3775:PMID
3740:PMID
3705:PMID
3654:PMID
3619:PMID
3593:Gene
3574:2024
3563:PMID
3536:PMID
3485:PMID
3428:PMID
3393:PMID
3329:PMID
3294:PMID
3251:PMID
3214:ISBN
3173:ISBN
3136:PMID
3101:PMID
3055:PMID
3006:PMID
2961:2024
2950:PMID
2927:2013
2897:2024
2886:PMID
2859:PMID
2812:2024
2783:PMID
2739:PMID
2681:PMID
2639:ISBN
2600:PMID
2565:PMID
2524:PMID
2464:PMID
2398:2024
2387:PMID
2360:PMID
2306:2024
2295:PMID
2265:PMID
2203:2012
2141:and
1866:and
1733:news
1702:for
1592:CGRP
1196:cAMP
1181:and
1119:VDCC
1101:and
1073:VDCC
1067:and
1058:MLCK
1047:cAMP
963:MLCK
955:cAMP
897:MLCK
882:VDCC
870:EDHF
826:and
815:and
788:cGMP
765:cAMP
706:and
630:The
618:and
562:and
413:and
80:news
49:for
6269:= (
5833:C04
5645:C02
5238:ATC
4976:and
4735:and
4165:PMC
4157:doi
4153:317
4118:doi
4081:PMC
4073:doi
4032:PMC
4022:doi
3981:PMC
3971:doi
3938:PMC
3930:doi
3855:PMC
3847:doi
3732:doi
3695:PMC
3685:doi
3646:doi
3609:PMC
3601:doi
3597:569
3526:PMC
3516:doi
3475:PMC
3467:doi
3463:116
3420:doi
3383:PMC
3375:doi
3321:doi
3286:doi
3282:171
3243:doi
3239:279
3128:doi
3093:doi
3045:PMC
3037:doi
3033:109
2996:PMC
2988:doi
2984:109
2849:PMC
2839:doi
2773:doi
2729:PMC
2719:doi
2673:doi
2669:369
2635:196
2592:doi
2588:288
2555:doi
2514:PMC
2506:doi
2454:PMC
2350:PMC
2340:doi
2257:doi
1385:→ ↓
1376:ATP
1352:ADP
1346:ATP
1314:ATP
1206:→ ↑
1194:→ ↓
1161:NOS
1157:PLC
1155:→ ↑
1136:ADP
1130:ATP
1051:PKA
1049:→ ↑
1025:VIP
959:PKA
957:→ ↑
916:on
890:PKG
880:→ ↓
854:On
698:by
531:).
249:).
6734::
5777::
5585::
5113:/
4911:,
4761::
4750:QI
4748:,
4744:,
4721:/
4382:/
4329:/
4238:.
4208:.
4187:^
4173:.
4163:.
4151:.
4147:.
4124:.
4114:76
4112:.
4089:.
4079:.
4067:.
4063:.
4040:.
4030:.
4016:.
4012:.
3989:.
3979:.
3965:.
3961:.
3936:.
3928:.
3926:12
3924:.
3920:.
3886:.
3863:.
3853:.
3843:55
3841:.
3837:.
3803:.
3769:.
3746:.
3738:.
3728:20
3726:.
3703:.
3693:.
3681:13
3679:.
3675:.
3652:.
3642:45
3640:.
3617:.
3607:.
3595:.
3591:.
3557:.
3534:.
3524:.
3510:.
3506:.
3483:.
3473:.
3461:.
3457:.
3434:.
3426:.
3416:89
3414:.
3391:.
3381:.
3369:.
3365:.
3349:^
3335:.
3327:.
3317:75
3315:.
3292:.
3280:.
3257:.
3249:.
3237:.
3188:^
3156:^
3142:.
3134:.
3124:27
3122:.
3099:.
3089:27
3087:.
3067:^
3053:.
3043:.
3031:.
3027:.
3004:.
2994:.
2982:.
2978:.
2944:.
2905:^
2880:.
2857:.
2847:.
2835:22
2833:.
2829:.
2803:.
2781:.
2769:41
2767:.
2763:.
2751:^
2737:.
2727:.
2715:24
2713:.
2709:.
2693:^
2679:.
2667:.
2653:^
2606:.
2598:.
2586:.
2563:.
2551:31
2549:.
2545:.
2522:.
2512:.
2502:78
2500:.
2496:.
2476:^
2462:.
2450:10
2448:.
2444:.
2406:^
2381:.
2358:.
2348:.
2336:12
2334:.
2330:.
2314:^
2289:.
2277:^
2263:.
2253:35
2251:.
2211:^
2182:^
2137:,
2117:,
1998:2A
1721:.
1596:?
1371::
1328:CO
1296:-
1280:pH
1272:-
1265:CO
1204:Na
1172:L-
1165:NO
1105:2b
1098:2a
1094:,
1043:AC
951:AC
874:?
830:.
801:.
794:)
743:)
594:,
590:,
566:.
503:,
483:,
459:,
437:.
409:,
405:,
401:,
389:,
385:,
381:.
374:.
358:,
347:.
322:.
290:,
274:.
68:.
6546:/
6336:)
6332:(
6326:)
6322:(
6147:e
6140:t
6133:v
5906:1
5835:)
5831:(
5821:e
5814:t
5807:v
5685:#
5665:#
5647:)
5643:(
5629:e
5622:t
5615:v
5386:#
5380:#
5363:)
5359:(
5345:e
5338:t
5331:v
5244:)
5242:V
5240:(
5215:)
5213:S
5211:(
5197:1
5195:H
5173:)
5171:R
5169:(
4985:)
4983:N
4981:(
4925:)
4923:M
4921:(
4915:,
4880:)
4876:(
4828:)
4824:(
4769:)
4765:(
4752:)
4746:P
4742:J
4740:(
4685:)
4683:H
4681:(
4645:)
4643:G
4641:(
4600:)
4598:D
4596:(
4486:)
4484:C
4482:(
4422:)
4420:B
4356:2
4354:H
4337:)
4335:A
4333:(
4309:e
4302:t
4295:v
4281:.
4250:.
4224:.
4181:.
4159::
4132:.
4120::
4097:.
4075::
4069:6
4048:.
4024::
4018:6
3997:.
3973::
3967:9
3946:.
3932::
3905:.
3871:.
3849::
3822:.
3788:.
3754:.
3734::
3711:.
3687::
3660:.
3648::
3625:.
3603::
3576:.
3542:.
3518::
3512:9
3491:.
3469::
3442:.
3422::
3399:.
3377::
3371:8
3343:.
3323::
3300:.
3288::
3265:.
3245::
3222:.
3181:.
3150:.
3130::
3107:.
3095::
3061:.
3039::
3012:.
2990::
2963:.
2929:.
2899:.
2865:.
2841::
2814:.
2789:.
2775::
2745:.
2721::
2687:.
2675::
2647:.
2614:.
2594::
2571:.
2557::
2530:.
2508::
2470:.
2400:.
2366:.
2342::
2308:.
2271:.
2259::
2205:.
1996:α
1934:)
1860:)
1820:)
1772:)
1768:(
1758:·
1751:·
1744:·
1737:·
1711:.
1434:↓
1416:2
1408:2
1381:↓
1374:↑
1367:↓
1361:K
1356:↑
1340:K
1335:↑
1330:2
1322:↑
1312:↑
1304:-
1275:↓
1267:2
1191:i
1189:G
1185:?
1152:q
1150:G
1142:↑
1113:↑
1103:A
1096:A
1091:1
1089:A
1038:s
1036:G
1034:↑
1012:2
997:2
946:s
944:G
942:↑
922:↓
902:↑
119:)
115:(
105:·
98:·
91:·
84:·
58:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
