221:
249:
290:
140:
427:. This type of extract is rich in condensed tannins of natural high molecular weight (phlobaphenes), which are not easily soluble. Its use is therefore limited to small additions during sole leather tannage carried out in hot liquors (temperature above 35 °C) to improve the yield and the water-proofness of the leather. The cold soluble extracts are obtained by subjecting the ordinary extract to a
28:
370:, and unstable factor for orange1 (Ufo1) modifies P1-wr expression to confer pigmentation in kernel pericarp, as well as vegetative tissues, which normally do not accumulate significant amounts of phlobaphene pigments. The maize P gene encodes a Myb homolog that recognizes the sequence CCT/AACC, in sharp contrast with the C/TAACGG bound by vertebrate Myb proteins.
431:
which transforms the phlobaphenes into completely soluble tannins. The cold soluble quebracho extracts are the most universally known and used types. The main properties of these extracts are: a very rapid penetration, a high tannin content and a relatively low percentage of non-tannins. The rather
1199:
Boddu, Jayanand; Jiang, Cizhong; Sangar, Vineet; Olson, Terry; Peterson, Thomas; Chopra, Surinder (2006). "Comparative
Structural and Functional Characterization of Sorghum and Maize Duplications Containing Orthologous Myb Transcription Regulators of 3-Deoxyflavonoid Biosynthesis".
1243:
Dihydroquercetin dimers by oxidative coupling reactions. Gonzalez-Laredo, Ruben F., Malan, Johannes C.S., Chen, Jie, Todd, Jim, Karchesy, Joseph J. 2nd
International Electronic Conference on Synthetic Organic Chemistry (ECSOC-2), September 1–30,
993:
Braess, CH; Cocciolone, SM; Bushman, S; Sangar, V; McMullen, MD; Peterson, T (1976). "Is Igls worth a journey? Report on the 19th
International Congress on General Medicine of the SIMG in Igls/Innsbruck, September 22–27, 1975".
1117:
Grotewold, Erich; Drummond, Bruce J.; Bowen, Ben; Peterson, Thomas (1994). "The myb-homologous P gene controls phlobaphene pigmentation in maize floral organs by directly activating a flavonoid biosynthetic gene subset".
1161:
Boddu, Jayanand; Svabek, Catherine; Ibraheem, Farag; Jones, A. Daniel; Chopra, Surinder (2005). "Characterization of a deletion allele of a sorghum Myb gene yellow seed1 showing loss of 3-deoxyflavonoids".
38:(or phlobaphens, CAS No.:71663-19-9) are reddish, alcohol-soluble and water-insoluble phenolic substances. They can be extracted from plants, or be the result from treatment of tannin extracts with
362:. The p1 gene encodes an Myb-homologous transcriptional activator of genes required for biosynthesis of red phlobaphene pigments, while the P1-wr allele specifies colorless kernel
631:
1179:
1097:
1088:
Lee E.A; Harper V (2002). "Suppressor of
Pericarp Pigmentation 1 (SPP1), a novel gene involved in phlobaphene accumulation in maize (Zea mays L.) pericarps".
120:. They have not been found in flowers, unless the brown and black pigments in the involucrum of certain compositae are found to be of the phlobaphene type.
1021:
Structural And
Transcriptional Analysis Of The Complex P1-wr Cluster In Maize. Wolfgang Goettel, Joachim Messing. Plant & Animal Genomes XVI Conference
660:
1041:"Functional Conservation of Plant Secondary Metabolic Enzymes Revealed by Complementation of Arabidopsis Flavonoid Mutants with Maize Genes"
765:
Stansbury, Mack F.; Field, Elsie T.; Guthrie, John D. (1950). "The tannin and related pigments in the red skins (Testa) of peanut kernels".
671:
373:
In the sorghum, the corresponding yellow seed 1 gene (y1) also encodes a R2R3 type of Myb domain protein that regulates the expression of
1365:
1273:
Sealy-Fisher, V. J.; Pizzi, A. (1992). "Increased pine tannins extraction and wood adhesives development by phlobaphenes minimization".
1023:
884:
311:, of which it contains 70 to 80 per cent. It also contains kino red, a phlobaphene produced from kinotannic acid by oxidation.
799:
1319:
641:
517:
491:
591:
1185:
1103:
193:, is an unstable substance, having a tendency to give off water to form anhydrides (phlobaphenes), one of which is called
720:
Hager's
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, List, P.H. and Horhammer, L., Vols. 2–6, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1969–1979
423:
Ordinary or warm soluble quebracho (also known as insoluble quebracho) is the natural extract obtained directly from the
857:
435:
Phlobaphenes formation (tannins condensation and precipitation) can be minimized in using strong nucleophiles, such as
220:
47:
1358:
1309:
902:"Effect of grain colour gene (R) on grain dormancy and sensitivity of the embryo to abscisic acid (ABA) in wheat"
17:
507:
248:
822:
Himi, Eiko; Noda, Kazuhiko (2005). "Red grain colour gene (R) of wheat is a Myb-type transcription factor".
694:
Buchanan, M. A.; Lewis, H. F.; Kurth, E. F. (1944). "Chemical Nature of
Redwood Tannin and Phlobaphene".
351:
1351:
359:
943:"Flavonoid Biosynthesis. A Colorful Model for Genetics, Biochemistry, Cell Biology, and Biotechnology"
592:
A Manual of pharmacology and its applications to therapeutics and toxicology by Torald
Sollmann, M. D.
382:
347:
810:
318:
but can be studied as the pigment responsible for the red color in some monocot cereals, including
751:
338:
In maize, phlobaphenes are synthesized in the flavonoids synthetic pathway from polymerisation of
358:
into flavan-4-ols) while another gene (Suppressor of
Pericarp Pigmentation 1 or SPP1) acts as a
272:) or in the red skins or testa of the peanut. They are also reported in the fruits of the genus
580:
432:
low acid and medium salt content characterise them as mild tanning extracts (low astringency).
397:
It is a dark-colored resin-like substance made of water-insoluble, alcohol-soluble polymers.
730:
1020:
181:
144:
78:
69:
No biological activities have currently been reported for phlobaphenes. Phlobaphenes from
8:
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Phlobaphene is the red pigment present in the pericarp of certain maize varieties
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1213:
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Foo, L. Yeap; Karchesy, Joseph J. (1989), "Chemical Nature of
Phlobaphenes",
117:
94:
55:
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by the expression of maize pericarp color1 (p1) gene which encodes an R2R3
289:
139:
39:
1338:
1139:
1007:
109:
1388:
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918:
901:
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L., the European dodder, is reported to contain 30,000 ppm in the root.
1056:
707:
1286:
778:
559:
343:
304:
190:
160:, which by oxidation rapidly yields a dark-coloured phlobaphene called
1450:
274:
70:
1343:
581:
Phlobaphene on Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases
543:
363:
257:
153:
98:
506:
Richard W. Hemingway; Peter Edward Laks; Susan J. Branham (1992).
293:
Copious flow of kino from a wound near the base of the trunk of a
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409:
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102:
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Phlobaphens can be formed under action of acids or heating of
992:
323:
319:
105:
82:
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27:
408:. Water containing soda can be used for the conversion of
63:
1160:
744:
Blyth, Alexander Wynter; Wynter Blyth, Meredith (1903).
457:
D can help solubilize phlobaphene in tanning solutions.
899:
509:
Plant polyphenols: synthesis, properties, significance
1198:
764:
900:Himi, E; Mares, DJ; Yanagisawa, A; Noda, K (2002).
233:Phlobaphenes can be extracted from the root of the
1254:Dingler's Polytech. Journ., C. Etti, 1878, p. 354.
1038:
693:
603:Paech, K (1955). "Colour Development in Flowers".
1272:
743:
392:
1463:
314:Phlobaphenes are not present in the model plant
88:
1087:
476:Chemistry and Significance of Condensed Tannins
940:
1359:
1307:
988:
986:
767:Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society
185:or in oak barks where the chief constituent,
412:tannins into phlobaphens. When heated with
1263:Warden C. J. H., Pharm. Jour., , xviii. 985
473:
1366:
1352:
1039:Dong, X.; Braun, EL; Grotewold, E (2001).
983:
800:The Principles Of Hop-Analysis, Cech G. O.
633:Handbook of Nuts: Herbal Reference Library
544:"Zur Geschichte der Eichenrindegerbsäuren"
1064:
966:
917:
821:
661:Cinchona Bark (Cortex Cinchonae). Part 3
288:
247:
219:
138:
123:In bark, phlobaphenes accumulate in the
26:
532:Römpp CD 2006, Georg Thieme Verlag 2006
385:genes required for the biosynthesis of
14:
1464:
731:"Herbal Medicine Materia Medica: Kola"
696:Industrial & Engineering Chemistry
1373:
1347:
750:. C. Griffin & Co., Ltd. p.
747:Foods: Their composition and analysis
602:
404:or of the fraction of tannins called
1339:Phlobaphene on www.liberherbarum.com
629:
541:
93:Natural phlobaphenes are the common
77:) may have a specific action on the
858:"Phlobaphene biosynthesis in maize"
683:Quinine on www.1902encyclopedia.com
617:10.1146/annurev.pp.06.060155.001421
574:
420:yield a glucose and a phlobaphene.
156:barks contain a particular tannin,
127:layer of cork cambium, part of the
24:
450:, during pine tannins extraction.
25:
1488:
1332:
605:Annual Review of Plant Physiology
996:Zeitschrift für Allgemeinmedizin
811:Kino on www.henriettesherbal.com
672:Cinchonaceae on chestofbooks.com
350:of the A1 gene encoding for the
256:Phlobaphens can be found in the
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1176:10.1016/j.plantsci.2005.05.007
906:Journal of Experimental Botany
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535:
526:
499:
467:
393:Chemically formed phlobaphenes
134:
13:
1:
460:
189:, a molecule also present in
89:Naturally formed phlobaphenes
1308:Georg Grasser (March 2007).
1132:10.1016/0092-8674(94)90117-1
630:Duke, James A (2000-11-10).
453:The use of synthetic tannin
7:
1275:Holz Als Roh- und Werkstoff
941:Winkel-Shirley, B. (2001).
882:Phlobaphene on trophort.com
484:10.1007/978-1-4684-7511-1_6
352:dihydroflavonol 4-reductase
10:
1493:
282:)or can be extracted from
81:. They are converted into
1432:
1381:
1214:10.1007/s11103-005-3568-1
836:10.1007/s10681-005-7854-4
383:dihydroflavonol reductase
348:transcriptional activator
303:The chief constituent of
42:(tanner's red). The name
1202:Plant Molecular Biology
260:(where they are called
548:Monatshefte für Chemie
300:
253:
229:
224:The common tormentil (
149:
32:
292:
251:
223:
142:
30:
959:10.1104/pp.126.2.485
316:Arabidopsis thaliana
182:Sequoia sempervirens
166:cinchono-fulvic acid
145:Cinchona officinalis
79:coronary circulation
1057:10.1104/pp.127.1.46
708:10.1021/ie50418a008
296:Corymbia calophylla
175:They are common in
1404:Proguibourtinidins
1287:10.1007/BF02663290
1026:2012-02-18 at the
919:10.1093/jxb/erf005
912:(374): 1569–1574.
887:2012-03-01 at the
779:10.1007/BF02649320
560:10.1007/BF01517990
379:chalcone isomerase
301:
254:
230:
150:
33:
1459:
1458:
1424:Proteracacinidins
1409:Promelacacinidins
1375:Condensed tannins
1321:978-1-4067-7301-9
1311:Synthetic Tannins
643:978-0-8493-3637-9
542:Etti, C. (1883).
519:978-0-306-44252-0
493:978-1-4684-7513-5
444:-phenylenediamine
429:sulfiting process
414:hydrochloric acid
402:condensed tannins
387:3-deoxyflavonoids
375:chalcone synthase
239:Potentilla erecta
226:Potentilla erecta
187:quercitannic acid
158:cinchotannic acid
16:(Redirected from
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1414:Propelargonidins
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356:dihydroflavonols
280:Fructus Crataegi
266:chocolate liquor
235:common tormentil
214:Cuscuta europaea
75:Fructus Crataegi
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1442:(phlobatannins)
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1419:Prorobinetidins
1399:Profisetinidins
1394:Prodelphinidins
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702:(10): 907–910.
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866:. Retrieved
862:the original
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269:
261:
255:
242:
238:
231:
225:
212:
211:
194:
180:
174:
170:cinchona red
169:
165:
161:
151:
143:
122:
113:
92:
74:
68:
59:
51:
43:
36:Phlobaphenes
35:
34:
611:: 273–298.
554:: 512–530.
179:barks like
135:Occurrences
48:Greek roots
1477:Plant dyes
1466:Categories
1281:(5): 212.
1170:(3): 542.
868:2016-11-04
830:(3): 239.
773:(8): 317.
461:References
360:suppressor
354:(reducing
191:quercitron
85:in soils.
62:) meaning
58:and βαφή (
54:) meaning
44:phlobaphen
1451:Tannosome
1382:Oligomers
824:Euphytica
568:105109992
286:flowers.
275:Crataegus
270:cocoa red
131:mixture.
110:seed coat
1230:23841582
1222:16429259
1186:16983977
1148:42197232
1104:13772300
1075:11553733
1024:Archived
977:11402179
928:12096095
885:Archived
844:26883288
787:95107923
366:and red
364:pericarp
268:(called
262:kola red
258:kola nut
252:Kola nut
177:redwoods
154:cinchona
118:pigments
99:pericarp
73:fruits (
71:hawthorn
50:φλoιὀς (
1472:Tannins
1295:6585979
1140:8313474
1090:Maydica
1008:1266355
968:1540115
455:neradol
328:sorghum
299:(marri)
195:oak-red
129:suberin
125:phellem
52:phloios
1318:
1293:
1228:
1220:
1183:
1146:
1138:
1101:
1073:
1066:117961
1063:
1006:
975:
965:
926:
842:
785:
640:
566:
516:
490:
346:-like
83:humins
1433:Misc.
1291:S2CID
1226:S2CID
1180:INIST
1144:S2CID
1098:INIST
840:S2CID
783:S2CID
564:S2CID
324:maize
320:wheat
241:) as
152:Many
114:testa
106:glume
60:baphe
1316:ISBN
1244:1998
1218:PMID
1136:PMID
1120:Cell
1071:PMID
1004:PMID
973:PMID
924:PMID
648:Par
638:ISBN
514:ISBN
488:ISBN
448:urea
446:and
381:and
368:cobs
305:kino
148:bark
108:and
95:bark
56:bark
1283:doi
1210:doi
1172:doi
1168:169
1128:doi
1061:PMC
1053:doi
1049:127
963:PMC
955:doi
951:126
914:doi
832:doi
828:143
775:doi
752:236
704:doi
613:doi
556:doi
480:doi
410:hop
344:myb
326:or
307:is
284:hop
264:),
209:).
168:or
103:cob
64:dye
1468::
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1277:.
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1142:.
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1124:76
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910:53
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322:,
245:.
207:11
203:22
199:28
197:(C
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101:,
97:,
66:.
1367:e
1360:t
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1285::
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777::
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706::
646:.
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615::
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558::
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442:m
278:(
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205:O
201:H
112:(
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