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materials and in material applications (e.g. plastic reinforcement and construction materials). Humins can also be subjected to thermal treatments in order to form interesting solid materials, such as lightweight and porous humin foams. Overall, humins appear to improve the final properties of the
77:
Both the structure of humins and the mechanism by which they are synthesized is at present not well defined as the formation and chemical properties of humins will change depending on the process conditions used. Generally, humins have a polymeric furanic-type structure, with
98:) or concentration, reaction time, temperature, catalysts and many other parameters involved in the process. These parameters also influence the mechanism of formation which is still a matter of debate. Different pathways have been considered, including ring-opening
134:
In the past, humins from biomass sources have been mostly considered as combustible materials to supply heat for biorefinery processes. However, high value applications have started to receive more attention, notably the use of humins in the preparation of
52:
Due to their very complex molecular structure, humic substances, including humin, do not correspond to pure substances but consist of a mixture of many compounds that remain very difficult to characterize even using modern analytical techniques.
106:, or via the formation of an aromatic intermediate. While there is no clear evidence to substantiate or exclude the mechanisms, general consensus is on a series of condensation reactions that reduce the efficiency of
495:
Mija, A., van der Waal, J.C., Pin, J-M., Guigo, N., de Jong, E., "Humins as promising material for producing sustainable carbohydrate-derived building materials", Construction and
Building Materials, 2017, 139, 594
258:
Reaction
Pathways and Mechanisms in Thermocatalytic Biomass Conversion II: Homogeneously Catalyzed Transformations, Acrylics from Biomass, Theoretical Aspects, Lignin Valorization and Pyrolysis Pathways
512:
Sangregorio, A., Guigo, N., van der Waal, J.C., Sbirrazzuoli, N., "All 'green' composites comprising flax fibres and humins' resins", Composites
Science and Technology, 2019, 171, 70.
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classification systems based on physical-chemical properties such as flammability, explosiveness, susceptibility to oxidation, corrosiveness or eco-toxicity. Heating of humins forms a
366:
Luijkx, Gerard C. A.; van
Rantwijk, Fred; van Bekkum, Herman (1993-04-07). "Hydrothermal formation of 1,2,4-benzenetriol from 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde and d-fructose".
403:
Muralidhara, A., Tosi, P., Mija, A., Sbirrazzuoli, N., Len, C., Engelen, V., de Jong, E., Marlair, G., ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2018, 6, 16692-16701
323:
Sumerskii, I. V.; Krutov, S. M.; Zarubin, M. Ya. (2010-02-01). "Humin-like substances formed under the conditions of industrial hydrolysis of wood".
45:
Soil consists of both mineral (inorganic) and organic components. The organic components can be subdivided into fractions that are soluble, largely
528:
Pin, J.M., Guigo, N., Mija, A., Vincent, L., Sbirrazzuoli, N., van der Waal, J.C., de Jong, E., ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 2014, 2, 2182-2190
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material known as humins foams and also these materials did not present critical fire behaviour despite their highly porous structure.
486:
Filiciotto, L., Balu, A.M., Romero, A.A, Rodriguez-Castellon, E., van der Waal, J.C., Luque, R., Green
Chemistry, 2017, 19, 4423-4434
256:
Heltzel, Jacob; Patil, Sushil K. R.; Lund, Carl R. F. (2016), Schlaf, Marcel; Zhang, Z. Conrad (eds.), "Humin
Formation Pathways",
412:
Muralidhara, A., Bado-Nilles, A., Marlair, G., Engelen, V., Len, C., Pandard, P., Biofuels, Bioproducts and
Biorefining, 2018, 1-7
562:
288:
Horvat, Jaroslav; Klaić, Branimir; Metelko, Biserka; Šunjić, Vitomir (1985-01-01). "Mechanism of levulinic acid formation".
422:
Tosi, Pierluigi; van Klink, Gerard P. M.; Celzard, Alain; Fierro, Vanessa; Vincent, Luc; de Jong, Ed; Mija, Alice (2018).
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Singer, Michael J., and Donald N. Munns (2005). Soils: An
Introduction (6th Edition). Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.
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of sugars, as occurs during the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to smaller, higher value organic compounds such as
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van
Zandvoort, I., "Towards the Valorisation of Humin By-products: Characterisation, Solubilisation and Catalysis", 2015
546:
Tosi, P., van Klink, G.P., Celzard, A., Fierro V., Vincent, L., de Jong, E., Mija, A., ChemSusChem, 2018, 11, 2797-2809
69:(HMF). These humins can be in the form of either viscous liquids or solids depending on the process conditions used.
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Mija, A., van der Waal, J.C., van Klink, G., de Jong, E., Humins-containing foam, 2016, WO2017074183A8
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Humins are not considered to be a dangerous substance according to officially recognized
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Lehmann, J.; Kleber, M. (2015-12-03), "The contentious nature of soil organic matter",
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functionalities. However, the structure is dependent on feedstock type (e.g.
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of HMF (believed to be the key intermediate for the formation of humins),
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Rice, James A. "Humin" Soil
Science 2001, vol. 166(11), pp. 848-857.
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424:"Auto-Crosslinked Rigid Foams Derived from Biorefinery Byproducts"
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are carbon-based macromolecular substances, that can be found in
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Class of soil organic compounds insoluble in water at high pH
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73:Humin structure and mechanism of formation
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325:Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry
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518:10.1016/j.compscitech.2018.12.008
502:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.11.019
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192:10.1097/00010694-200111000-00002
130:Potential applications of humins
61:Humins also produced during the
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37:-based biorefinery processes.
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302:10.1016/S0040-4039(00)94793-2
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266:10.1007/978-981-287-769-7_5
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57:Humins from biomass sources
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337:10.1134/S1070427210020266
41:Humins in soil chemistry
33:or as a by-product from
110:conversion strategies.
67:5-hydroxymethylfurfural
448:10.1002/cssc.201800778
104:nucleophilic additions
21:Humin (disambiguation)
368:Carbohydrate Research
19:For other uses, see
440:2018ChSCh..11.2797T
290:Tetrahedron Letters
226:10.1038/nature16069
217:2015Natur.528...60L
159:Soil organic matter
142:proof-of-principle
120:hazardous material
563:978-0-13-119019-1
434:(16): 2797–2809.
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428:ChemSusChem
374:: 131–139.
124:macroporous
63:dehydration
47:humic acids
572:Categories
175:References
100:hydrolysis
35:saccharide
456:1864-564X
388:0008-6215
345:1608-3296
310:0040-4039
137:catalytic
474:29956889
353:84984623
235:26595271
148:See also
84:aldehyde
80:hydroxyl
465:6392144
436:Bibcode
213:Bibcode
108:biomass
96:glucose
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205:Nature
92:xylose
88:ketone
27:Humins
349:S2CID
164:Humus
559:ISBN
470:PMID
452:ISSN
384:ISSN
341:ISSN
306:ISSN
270:ISBN
231:PMID
86:and
514:doi
498:doi
460:PMC
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