113:
tenses and specifically refers to completed events with present consequences; its meaning is thus similar to that of the
English construction, "have/has (done something)". The Latin perfect tense is contrasted only with the imperfect tense (used for past incomplete actions or states) and is thus used
256:
If perfect is viewed as an aspect, then the verb forms traditionally called just "perfect" (as in Greek or – in appropriate contexts – in Latin) in fact combine the perfect aspect with present tense (the event occurred prior to the time of speech). The pluperfect and future perfect forms combine
1647:
The perfect, the progressive, and the perfect progressive are three of the aspect-like forms used in
English. The perfective, imperfective, completive, inceptive, punctual, iterative, and habitual are sometimes considered aspects in English as well.
504:. Thus if a sentence such as "I have put the book on the table" implies that it is still on the table, so a discontinuous past sentence "I put the book on the table" in these languages would imply that the book is no longer on the table.
901:
with the preterite to express a present perfect sense, although this has largely fallen out of use in the modern languages, being replaced with periphrastic formations using the verbs "to be" or "to have" with a past participle.
60:
form that indicates that an action or circumstance occurred earlier than the time under consideration, often focusing attention on the resulting state rather than on the occurrence itself. An example of a perfect construction is
630:
The basic (present) perfect form, with the auxiliary in the present tense, may specifically carry the meaning of perfect aspect, as in
English; however in some languages it is used more generally as a past tense (or
65:
Although this gives information about a prior action (the speaker's making of the dinner), the focus is likely to be on the present consequences of that action (the fact that the dinner is now ready). The word
923:
aspect (a current state of being). The name was assigned based on similarity to the Greek or Latin perfect tense, before the stative nature of the form was fully recognized. For details of its formation, see
1157:, the auxiliary of the progressive aspect), which in turn is followed by the present participle of the main verb. As before, the perfect auxiliary can appear in various tenses, moods and non-finite forms:
604:. It is consequently used mostly with verbs that denote a change in the state or location of the subject, and in some languages the participle inflects to agree with the gender and number of the subject.
1234:), or implied by the context (for example, in the narration of a sequence of events). The present perfect, on the other hand, is used when the assumed time frame lasts up until the present moment:
944:. In Greek, however, it took on a true "perfect" meaning, indicating an action with a permanent result. The effect of the action is seen in the resulting state; this state may belong to either the
231:, which encodes the present relevance or anticipation of a future event. While the perfect is a relatively uniform category cross-linguistically, its relation to the experiential and
1441:
257:
perfect aspect with past and future tense respectively. This analysis is reflected more explicitly in the terminology commonly used in modern
English grammars, which refer to
191:), which refers to the viewing of an action as a single (but not necessarily prior) event. To avoid confusion with the perfective, the perfect is occasionally called the
476:(referring to an event which the speaker has heard about but not personally witnessed). This is common in languages such as Turkish, Persian, Georgian, and Bulgarian:
1249:
Perfect progressive forms are used mainly to refer to an action continuing up to (or nearly up to) the time of reference, again with emphasis on its consequences (
952:. The meaning is therefore similar to the English present perfect, although usage of the Greek perfect is rather narrower than in English. Greek also has a
439:'(An hour ago) I was walking in the forest. Suddenly I stepped on a snake. It bit me in the leg.' (lit. 'I have stepped on a snake ... it has bitten me').
141:, while the form traditionally called the pluperfect ("I had done") is called the past perfect. (There are also additional forms such as future perfect,
1701:
137:
may be analyzed as an aspect that is independent of tense – the form that is traditionally just called the perfect ("I have done") is then called the
101:-verb form. Modern analyses view the perfect constructions of these languages as combining elements of grammatical tense (such as time reference) and
881:) have a somewhat different type of perfect construction, where a word meaning "after" is used together with a verbal noun. This is described under
1651:
1406:
1379:
219:. In the perfect aspect, the event being referred to is viewed as already completed at the time of reference. It should not be confused with the
1793:
276:
However, not all uses of "perfect" verb forms necessarily express this "perfect aspect" – sometimes they are simply used as expressions of
249:
combines the meanings expressed by the two aspects – viewing my working as an ongoing process, but one which is now completed (or, as in
862:("to be") was used as an auxiliary verb in a similar sense to modern French and Italian, this use disappeared by the 18th century. See
607:
Languages that use these constructions can generally inflect the auxiliary to produce different verb forms for the perfect aspect: the
1565:
500:
In some languages a type of tense has been noted with exactly the opposite implication to a perfect. This type of tense is known as
998:
the PIE aorist merged with the perfect. Consequently, the Latin perfect tense serves both as a true perfect (meaning, for example,
565:. This came to be reanalyzed, with the object becoming the object of the main verb, and the participle becoming a dependent of the
238:
The perfect is not necessarily incompatible with other grammatical aspects. In
English, for example, it can be combined with the
1315:. (These verb forms might not be considered to be truly in the perfect aspect.) For more information on such constructions, see
780:(compound past) and is the usual past tense for completed events, corresponding to both the English present perfect and to the
834:
is used. The present perfect is often used also for completed events where
English would use the simple past. For details see
1193:. Perfect passive forms can be constructed by replacing the participle of the main verb with the corresponding participle of
1209:. Perfect progressive passives, as in the last example, therefore involve two consecutive participles of the auxiliary verb
979:
227:, and does not imply prior occurrence or present relevance as the perfect aspect does. The perfect also contrasts with the
1216:
The implications of the present perfect (that something occurred prior to the present moment) are similar to those of the
512:
A number of modern
European languages exhibit a parallel type of perfect (or perfect-like) construction, formed with an
1847:
1138:
1786:
1661:
1416:
1389:
1220:. The simple past is generally used when the occurrence has a specific past time frame – either explicitly stated (
1687:
374:(stating that a given situation has been going on continuously during a period leading up to the present time):
354:(stating that a given situation has occurred at least once in a period of time leading up to the present time):
161:
38:
1246:(the time of building is not important; the focus is on the result, the present existence of the tree-house).
1698:
1459:"The English Resultative Perfect and Its Relationship to the Experiential Perfect and the Simple Past Tense"
1056:(infinitive, participle or gerund), thus giving rise to a number of constructions which combine the perfect
1967:
1779:
916:
692:(perfect), and for most verbs is the usual past tense for colloquial speech and dialects. For details, see
1242:(it is still the morning). It is often used to draw attention to the consequences rather than the action:
1345:
1169:
243:
1017:
Latin also has pluperfect and future perfect forms. For details of how all of these forms are made, see
416:'he is standing' (lit. 'he has stood up'). This can be considered to be the same as resultative perfect.
1323:
940:
perfect developed from the PIE perfect (stative) form; in both cases the stem is typically formed by
925:
1676:
1179:
550:
1513:
Lindstedt, Jouko "The perfect – aspectual, temporal and evidential". In Dahl, Östen (ed.) (2000).
638:
The use of auxiliaries and meaning of the constructions in various languages are described below.
1728:
Jeanette S. DeCarrico (December 1986). "Tense, Aspect, and Time in the
English Modality System".
1548:
Sezer, Engin "Finite
Inflection in Turkish", p. 17. In Taylan, Eser Erguvanlı (ed.) (2002),
1340:
98:
1284:
964:
742:
and with a certain number of intransitive verbs. The past participle is inflected to agree in
303:(referring to a state in the present which is the result or endpoint of an event in the past):
284:. This applies to some uses of the Latin perfect, and also (for example) to the modern German
1190:
394:(stating that a present situation holds as a result of something that has happened recently):
242:(continuous) aspect, wherein an event is viewed as temporary and ongoing. A form such as the
436:
Yo estaba andando en el bosque. De pronto he pisado una culebra. Me ha mordido en la pierna.
771:
593:
762:
is used, but then only when the object precedes the verb (which is normally the case with
8:
1866:
1852:
1842:
1716:
1316:
1308:
1280:
1142:
1118:
1102:
1034:
975:
577:. A vestige of the original interpretation is preserved in some languages in the form of
270:
142:
90:
1939:
1802:
1745:
1609:
1057:
983:
787:
747:
743:
697:
620:
501:
239:
228:
216:
102:
1616:. page 413, paragraph 1852.b: stage of action: completed action with permanent result.
1189:
The perfect aspect (or perfect progressive) can also be combined with marking for the
1909:
1820:
1657:
1561:
1412:
1385:
1137:
The perfect can also be combined with another aspect that is marked in
English – the
1045:
1018:
945:
886:
601:
574:
220:
94:
20:
919:(PIE), the verb form that has traditionally been called "perfect" in fact signified
235:
aspects is complex – the latter two are not simply restricted cases of the perfect.
1918:
1862:
1737:
1579:
The Evolution of Grammar: Tense, Aspect, and Modality in the Languages of the World
1322:
For more details on the usage of the various perfect constructions in English, see
1049:
949:
874:
870:
850:("have") as the auxiliary with all verbs. The "present perfect" form is called the
841:
795:
763:
558:
1771:
1526:
Lindstedt, Jouko, "The perfect – aspectual, temporal and evidential", p. 376.
967:, which was used simply to report past events (for example in narrative), and the
453:(a statement that something must have happened because of the evidence available):
1913:
1893:
1705:
1072:
1053:
878:
835:
767:
707:
665:
616:
517:
258:
154:
138:
130:
27:
157:
of the main verb, is paralleled in a number of other modern European languages.
1806:
1092:
963:
Other verb forms used in Ancient Greek to refer to past circumstances were the
957:
739:
612:
513:
266:
146:
123:
1961:
1888:
1870:
1030:
995:
941:
937:
894:
882:
863:
1835:
1335:
1082:
1075:, generally denoting something that took place prior to the present moment)
723:
693:
262:
466:'The thief evidently got in through this window' (literally, 'has got in')
1766:
1597:
Memorias del Vi Foro de Estudios en Lenguas Internacional 2010 (Fel 2010)
1593:"Auxiliares "ser" y "haber" en los tiempos compuestos delespañol antiguo"
1217:
1105:, something conceived as taking place in hypothetical past circumstances)
781:
717:
597:
588:-perfect developed similarly, from a construction where the verb meaning
232:
145:, and so on.) The formation of the perfect in English, using forms of an
86:
1458:
1145:(or perfect continuous) constructions, the perfect auxiliary (a form of
1749:
1041:
953:
608:
578:
277:
180:
119:
75:
611:
or past perfect is produced with the auxiliary in the past tense, the
1857:
1830:
1011:
1003:
968:
632:
581:
on the participle to agree with the gender and number of the object.
554:
296:
In English, several uses of the perfect aspect have been recognized:
281:
115:
110:
1741:
1592:
253:, restricting attention to the completed portion of that process).
920:
615:
with the auxiliary in the future tense, and so on. These include
686:
itself. The German "present perfect" construction is called the
573:
The construction could then be generalized to be used also with
114:
to mean both "have/has done something" and "did something" (the
1825:
974:
For details of the formation and use of the Greek perfect, see
337:(completed past situations, but with relevance to the present):
122:, denoting an event prior to a past time of reference, and the
106:
897:. Middle Cornish and Middle Breton used a perfective particle
774:). The construction with "present perfect" form is called the
545:-perfect developed from a construction where the verb meaning
1476:
Aspect: An introduction to verbal aspect and related problems
411:
402:
856:
and is used similarly to the English present perfect. While
980:
Ancient Greek grammar § Dependence of moods and tenses
889:. By analogy with this construction, sentences of the form
810:("be") as auxiliaries, distributed in much the same way as
381:"The meaning of the Perfect has been debated for 200 years"
310:"I have lost my pen-knife" (message: I still don't have it)
57:
1625:
Smyth. p. 434, par. 1945.a: effects of a completed action.
1590:
1095:, something to take place prior to a moment in the future)
1085:, something that took place prior to a moment in the past)
1568:
Sprachtypol. Univ. Forsch. (STUF), Berlin 59, 4, 317–349.
1478:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University, pp. 52ff
982:). For the (compound) perfect found in modern Greek, see
828:
is used, and with a preceding pronoun direct object when
129:
In the grammar of some modern languages, particularly of
387:
In other languages other uses of the perfect are found:
822:
in French. The participle agrees with the subject when
1517:. Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin and New York, p. 267.
1319:(particularly the sections on the individual modals).
1117:(present perfect subjunctive, a rarely used form; see
520:
of the main verb. The auxiliary may be a verb meaning
489:'They say I was/am ill' (literally, 'I have been ill')
344:"It has rained" (implication: the streets are wet now)
1727:
1717:
Conditional Verb Forms. Guide to Grammar and Writing.
680:("be") with some intransitives, including the copula
1653:
Describing morphosyntax: a guide for field linguists
1381:
Describing morphosyntax: a guide for field linguists
1014:, which denotes uncompleted past actions or states.
732:("have") as the auxiliary with most verbs, but uses
623:. (More possible forms and examples are given under
126:, for an event prior to a future time of reference.
1801:
1566:"Towards a typology of discontinuous past marking."
1197:followed by the past participle of the main verb:
658:) is archaic. For more details see the section on
1307:), it forms a contrary-to-fact past conditional (
1044:of the main verb. The auxiliary is inflected for
538:, "I (have) arrived", literally "I am arrived").
105:. The Greek perfect tense is contrasted with the
1959:
1656:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 238–241.
1408:A Dictionary of Grammatical Terms in Linguistics
507:
16:Verb form focusing on the result of a past event
674:("have") as the auxiliary with most verbs, and
1950:Lexical aspects. Grammatical aspects unmarked.
1677:Present Perfect. Guide to Grammar and Writing.
1577:Joan Bybee, Revere Perkins, William Pagliuca,
1442:"The Ambiguity of the English Present Perfect"
1787:
1313:she would/could have done it if she had tried
857:
851:
845:
829:
823:
805:
799:
701:
484:
461:
434:
269:(as well as some other constructions such as
1264:). They may express interrupted activities (
817:
811:
785:
775:
757:
751:
733:
727:
687:
681:
675:
669:
533:
223:, which marks a situation as a single event
70:in this sense means "completed" (from Latin
1638:, University of Oklahoma Press, 1988, p. 8.
1515:Tense and Aspect in the Languages of Europe
1384:. Cambridge University Press. p. 240.
711:
463:Tjuven har kommit in genom det här fönstret
1794:
1780:
1283:with various meanings, chiefly to express
905:
407:'he is tired' (lit. 'he has become tired')
320:(past situations continuing into present):
700:have similar constructions, such as the
1670:
1213:; these constructions are rarely used.
756:is used, and with a direct object when
364:"I have seen that film three times now"
1960:
1649:
1502:Swahili Grammar (Including Intonation)
1371:
910:
1775:
1721:
1404:
1377:
1149:) is followed by the past participle
893:(meaning "I have eaten") are used in
495:
179:. It should not be confused with the
1581:, University of Chicago Press, 1994.
1238:(in my lifetime; I am still alive);
650:with some intransitive verbs (as in
1591:MarĂa Elena Sánchez Arroba (2010).
1564:& Johan van der Auwera (2006).
1425:
1368:, Blackwell Publ., 1985, chapter 5.
1270:a novel when she came to talk to me
1033:perfect is made with a form of the
13:
1240:You have done no work this morning
160:The perfect can be denoted by the
118:use). Other related forms are the
14:
1979:
1760:
1279:in most cases) can be used after
1006:, merely reporting a past event (
553:, and the past participle was an
251:I have been working for two hours
1275:The perfect infinitive (without
931:
1710:
1692:
1688:Past Perfect Progressive Tense.
1681:
1641:
1628:
1619:
1603:
1584:
1571:
1555:
1542:
1529:
1520:
1507:
1405:Trask, Robert Lawrence (1993).
596:and the participle expressed a
206:
74:, which is the perfect passive
26:For the Euclidean lattice, see
1494:
1481:
1468:
1451:
1434:
1398:
1358:
1133:(perfect gerund or participle)
1060:with other verbal properties:
960:, although their use is rare.
1:
1650:Thomas, Payne Edward (1997).
1504:. Longmans Green, p. 37.
1465:, Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 323–351
1378:Payne, Thomas Edward (1997).
1351:
1262:for ten hours/since 7 o'clock
646:as the auxiliary; the use of
508:Construction with auxiliaries
1614:A Greek grammar for colleges
1552:, John Benjamins, Amsterdam.
1287:with regard to past events:
917:Proto-Indo-European language
659:
635:), as in French and German.
624:
215:is identified as one of the
7:
1500:Ashton, E. O. (1947).
1346:Relative and absolute tense
1329:
1170:present perfect progressive
1141:(or continuous) aspect. In
424:Perfect of very recent past
244:present perfect progressive
10:
1984:
1848:Continuous and progressive
1463:Linguistics and Philosophy
1411:. Routledge. p. 204.
1324:Uses of English verb forms
1024:
915:In reconstructions of the
361:"Bill has been to America"
327:"I have always guided him"
225:without internal structure
25:
18:
1948:
1927:
1902:
1881:
1813:
1289:you should have done that
1251:we were tired because we
1236:I have written two novels
1052:, and can also appear in
1010:). It contrasts with the
926:Proto-Indo-European verbs
1366:Tense and Aspect Systems
1180:past perfect progressive
1115:...that he have eaten...
989:
516:in combination with the
392:Perfect of present state
291:
19:Not to be confused with
1935:Perfect (Retrospective)
1814:Complete vs. incomplete
1474:Comrie, Bernard (1976)
1440:Michaelis, Laura (1994)
1341:Prophetic perfect tense
1244:I've built a tree-house
1207:it has been being eaten
1203:it will have been eaten
1040:together with the past
906:In particular languages
784:. For more details see
1699:Conditional Sentences.
1457:Mittwoch, Anna (2008)
1446:Journal of Linguistics
1293:she might have seen it
858:
852:
846:
830:
824:
818:
812:
806:
800:
786:
776:
758:
752:
750:with the subject when
734:
728:
712:
702:
688:
682:
676:
670:
534:
485:
462:
435:
412:
403:
211:In some analyses, the
1562:Plungian, Vladimir A.
772:interrogative clauses
571:I have done the work.
162:glossing abbreviation
93:grammar, the perfect
1903:Beginning vs. ending
1882:Generic vs. episodic
1256:), or its duration (
1127:(perfect infinitive)
1111:(perfect imperative)
563:I have the work done
528:) or a verb meaning
352:Experiential perfect
318:Continuative perfect
153:) together with the
1968:Grammatical aspects
1550:The Verb in Turkish
1431:Dahl, 1985, p. 190.
1317:English modal verbs
1309:conditional perfect
1143:perfect progressive
1119:English subjunctive
1103:conditional perfect
1002:), and as a simple
976:Ancient Greek verbs
911:Proto-Indo-European
716:(compound past) of
621:perfect infinitives
524:(as in the English
474:Reportative perfect
451:inferential perfect
433:(Alicante Spanish)
301:Resultative perfect
271:conditional perfect
247:I have been working
217:grammatical aspects
143:conditional perfect
63:I have made dinner.
1704:2011-07-19 at the
1636:The Latin Language
1610:Herbert Weir Smyth
1166:he has been eating
1162:I have been eating
1099:I would have eaten
984:Modern Greek verbs
853:pretérito perfecto
698:Germanic languages
575:intransitive verbs
532:(as in the French
502:discontinuous past
496:Discontinuous past
229:prospective aspect
103:grammatical aspect
1955:
1954:
1910:Inchoative aspect
1260:have been working
1229:the water boiled
1199:it has been eaten
1176:I had been eating
1089:I will have eaten
1019:Latin conjugation
956:and a (compound)
887:Irish conjugation
764:personal pronouns
535:je suis arrivé(e)
372:Universal perfect
221:perfective aspect
97:is a particular,
37:tense or aspect (
21:Perfective aspect
1975:
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1268:had been writing
1253:had been running
1054:non-finite forms
891:I'm after eating
871:Celtic languages
861:
855:
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833:
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691:
685:
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673:
592:was an ordinary
537:
488:
465:
438:
415:
406:
335:Anterior perfect
202:
201:
190:
189:
178:
177:
170:
169:
82:"to complete").
54:
53:
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1730:TESOL Quarterly
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1706:Wayback Machine
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1332:
1299:(and sometimes
1222:I wrote a book
1125:(to) have eaten
1073:present perfect
1027:
992:
934:
913:
908:
836:Italian grammar
740:reflexive verbs
518:past participle
510:
498:
294:
259:present perfect
209:
197:
196:
185:
184:
173:
172:
165:
164:
155:past participle
139:present perfect
85:In traditional
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50:
43:
42:
31:
28:Perfect lattice
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1981:
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1761:External links
1759:
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1736:(4): 665–682.
1720:
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1634:L. R. Palmer,
1627:
1618:
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1493:
1487:Comrie (1976)
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1187:
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1173:
1135:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1112:
1106:
1096:
1093:future perfect
1086:
1076:
1035:auxiliary verb
1026:
1023:
991:
988:
958:future perfect
933:
930:
912:
909:
907:
904:
868:
867:
839:
793:
721:
663:
660:§ English
625:§ English
619:forms such as
613:future perfect
557:modifying the
514:auxiliary verb
509:
506:
497:
494:
493:
492:
491:
490:
486:Hasta-y-mış-ım
478:
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322:
321:
314:
313:
312:
311:
305:
304:
293:
290:
280:, that is, as
267:future perfect
208:
205:
147:auxiliary verb
124:future perfect
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1980:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1947:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
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1928:Relative time
1926:
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1915:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
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1797:
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1765:
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1751:
1747:
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1739:
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1707:
1703:
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1503:
1497:
1491:, p. 57.
1490:
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1464:
1460:
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1443:
1437:
1428:
1420:
1418:9780415086288
1414:
1410:
1409:
1401:
1393:
1391:9780521588058
1387:
1383:
1382:
1374:
1367:
1364:Dahl, Osten,
1361:
1357:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
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1327:
1325:
1320:
1318:
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1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
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1261:
1255:
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1237:
1233:
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1226:
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1219:
1214:
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1208:
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1196:
1192:
1191:passive voice
1184:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1160:
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1123:
1120:
1116:
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1097:
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966:
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955:
951:
947:
943:
942:reduplication
939:
938:Ancient Greek
932:Ancient Greek
929:
927:
922:
918:
903:
900:
896:
895:Irish English
892:
888:
884:
883:Welsh grammar
880:
876:
872:
865:
864:Spanish verbs
860:
854:
848:
843:
840:
837:
832:
826:
820:
814:
808:
804:("have") and
802:
797:
794:
790:
789:
788:passé composé
783:
778:
777:passé composé
773:
769:
765:
760:
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749:
745:
741:
736:
730:
725:
722:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
695:
690:
684:
678:
672:
667:
664:
661:
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653:
649:
645:
642:English uses
641:
640:
639:
636:
634:
628:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
605:
603:
600:state of the
599:
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587:
582:
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556:
552:
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539:
536:
531:
527:
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487:
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481:
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475:
472:
471:
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448:
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431:
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388:
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309:
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287:
283:
279:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
254:
252:
248:
245:
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230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
204:
200:
194:
193:retrospective
188:
182:
176:
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158:
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152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
127:
125:
121:
117:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
91:Ancient Greek
88:
83:
81:
77:
73:
69:
64:
59:
55:
47:
40:
36:
29:
22:
1934:
1867:distributive
1853:Delimitative
1843:Imperfective
1836:Semelfactive
1767:Greek tenses
1733:
1729:
1723:
1712:
1694:
1683:
1672:
1652:
1643:
1635:
1630:
1621:
1613:
1605:
1596:
1586:
1578:
1573:
1557:
1549:
1544:
1536:
1531:
1522:
1514:
1509:
1501:
1496:
1488:
1483:
1475:
1470:
1462:
1453:
1445:
1436:
1427:
1407:
1400:
1380:
1373:
1365:
1360:
1336:Future tense
1321:
1312:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1276:
1274:
1267:
1265:
1259:
1257:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:a minute ago
1230:
1228:
1223:
1221:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1188:
1175:
1165:
1161:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1136:
1131:having eaten
1130:
1124:
1114:
1108:
1098:
1088:
1083:past perfect
1078:
1069:he has eaten
1068:
1065:I have eaten
1064:
1037:
1028:
1016:
1007:
999:
993:
973:
962:
935:
914:
898:
890:
869:
766:and in some
738:("be") with
694:German verbs
655:
651:
647:
643:
637:
629:
606:
589:
585:
583:
570:
569:verb, as in
566:
562:
546:
542:
540:
529:
525:
521:
511:
499:
473:
450:
446:
423:
391:
386:
371:
351:
334:
317:
300:
295:
285:
275:
263:past perfect
255:
250:
246:
237:
224:
212:
210:
207:As an aspect
198:
192:
186:
174:
166:
159:
150:
134:
128:
84:
79:
78:of the verb
71:
67:
62:
49:
41:
34:
32:
1940:Prospective
1803:Grammatical
1281:modal verbs
1218:simple past
1139:progressive
1109:Have eaten
1079:I had eaten
1000:I have done
782:simple past
598:resultative
413:A-me-simama
240:progressive
233:resultative
39:abbreviated
1821:Perfective
1352:References
1042:participle
978:(see also
954:pluperfect
656:he is gone
617:non-finite
609:pluperfect
579:inflection
551:possession
526:I have won
483:(Turkish)
460:(Swedish)
447:Evidential
410:(Swahili)
404:A-me-choka
401:(Swahili)
282:preterites
278:past tense
181:perfective
120:pluperfect
99:conjugated
76:participle
1919:Cessative
1863:Iterative
1858:Imperfect
1831:Momentane
1311:), as in
1012:imperfect
1004:preterite
969:imperfect
713:perfectum
652:I am come
633:preterite
555:adjective
116:preterite
111:imperfect
80:perficere
72:perfectum
1962:Category
1894:Habitual
1702:Archived
1535:Comrie,
1330:See also
1285:modality
873:(except
768:relative
710:and the
696:. Other
627:below.)
561:, as in
549:denoted
183:aspect (
109:and the
1750:3586517
1295:. With
1224:in 1995
1031:English
1025:English
948:or the
946:subject
921:stative
875:Cornish
842:Spanish
796:Italian
708:Swedish
703:perfekt
689:Perfekt
602:subject
286:Perfekt
213:perfect
135:perfect
131:English
68:perfect
56:) is a
35:perfect
1889:Gnomic
1826:Aorist
1748:
1660:
1537:Aspect
1489:Aspect
1415:
1388:
1301:should
1153:(from
1058:aspect
965:aorist
950:object
879:Breton
825:essere
807:essere
748:number
744:gender
724:French
666:German
662:below.
594:copula
559:object
133:, the
107:aorist
1746:JSTOR
1448:30: 1
1305:could
1297:would
1046:tense
1008:I did
996:Latin
990:Latin
847:haber
844:uses
831:avere
813:avoir
801:avere
798:uses
759:avoir
729:avoir
726:uses
718:Dutch
671:haben
668:uses
292:Types
95:tense
87:Latin
1914:verb
1805:and
1658:ISBN
1413:ISBN
1386:ISBN
1303:and
1185:etc.
1151:been
1147:have
1050:mood
1048:and
1038:have
1029:The
936:The
885:and
877:and
819:ĂŞtre
816:and
770:and
753:ĂŞtre
746:and
735:ĂŞtre
683:sein
677:sein
644:have
584:The
567:have
547:have
543:have
541:The
522:have
265:and
167:PERF
151:have
89:and
58:verb
44:PERF
33:The
1738:doi
1272:).
1258:we
994:In
859:ser
706:of
449:or
273:).
203:).
199:RET
187:PFV
175:PRF
171:or
52:PRF
48:or
1964::
1744:.
1734:20
1732:.
1612:.
1595:.
1461:.
1444:.
1326:.
1291:;
1277:to
1266:I
1227:;
1211:be
1205:;
1201:;
1195:be
1164:;
1155:be
1067:;
1021:.
986:.
971:.
928:.
899:re
654:;
648:be
590:be
586:be
530:be
288:.
261:,
1912:/
1869:/
1865:/
1795:e
1788:t
1781:v
1752:.
1740::
1666:.
1599:.
1421:.
1394:.
1182:)
1178:(
1172:)
1168:(
1121:)
1101:(
1091:(
1081:(
1071:(
866:.
838:.
792:.
720:.
426::
195:(
149:(
30:.
23:.
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