4987:, Alkerwi A, Al-Raddadi R, Amare AT, Amberbir A, Amegah AK, Amini E, Amrock SM, Anjana RM, Ärnlöv J, Asayesh H, Banerjee A, Barac A, Baye E, Bennett DA, Beyene AS, Biadgilign S, Biryukov S, Bjertness E, Boneya DJ, Campos-Nonato I, Carrero JJ, Cecilio P, Cercy K, Ciobanu LG, Cornaby L, Damtew SA, Dandona L, Dandona R, Dharmaratne SD, Duncan BB, Eshrati B, Esteghamati A, Feigin VL, Fernandes JC, Fürst T, Gebrehiwot TT, Gold A, Gona PN, Goto A, Habtewold TD, Hadush KT, Hafezi-Nejad N, Hay SI, Horino M, Islami F, Kamal R, Kasaeian A, Katikireddi SV, Kengne AP, Kesavachandran CN, Khader YS, Khang YH, Khubchandani J, Kim D, Kim YJ, Kinfu Y, Kosen S, Ku T, Defo BK, Kumar GA, Larson HJ, Leinsalu M, Liang X, Lim SS, Liu P, Lopez AD, Lozano R, Majeed A, Malekzadeh R, Malta DC, Mazidi M, McAlinden C, McGarvey ST, Mengistu DT, Mensah GA, Mensink GB, Mezgebe HB, Mirrakhimov EM, Mueller UO, Noubiap JJ, Obermeyer CM, Ogbo FA, Owolabi MO, Patton GC, Pourmalek F, Qorbani M, Rafay A, Rai RK, Ranabhat CL, Reinig N, Safiri S, Salomon JA, Sanabria JR, Santos IS, Sartorius B, Sawhney M, Schmidhuber J, Schutte AE, Schmidt MI, Sepanlou SG, Shamsizadeh M, Sheikhbahaei S, Shin MJ, Shiri R, Shiue I, Roba HS, Silva DA, Silverberg JI, Singh JA, Stranges S, Swaminathan S, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Tadese F, Tedla BA, Tegegne BS, Terkawi AS, Thakur JS, Tonelli M, Topor-Madry R, Tyrovolas S, Ukwaja KN, Uthman OA, Vaezghasemi M, Vasankari T, Vlassov VV, Vollset SE, Weiderpass E, Werdecker A, Wesana J, Westerman R, Yano Y, Yonemoto N, Yonga G, Zaidi Z, Zenebe ZM, Zipkin B, Murray CJ (July 2017).
2272:
simplicity in the outlines of the object measured. Measurements of national income are subject to this type of illusion and resulting abuse, especially since they deal with matters that are the center of conflict of opposing social groups where the effectiveness of an argument is often contingent upon oversimplification. All these qualifications upon estimates of national income as an index of productivity are just as important when income measurements are interpreted from the point of view of economic welfare. But in the latter case additional difficulties will be suggested to anyone who wants to penetrate below the surface of total figures and market values. Economic welfare cannot be adequately measured unless the personal distribution of income is known. And no income measurement undertakes to estimate the reverse side of income, that is, the intensity and unpleasantness of effort going into the earning of income. The welfare of a nation can, therefore, scarcely be inferred from a measurement of national income as defined above.
2118:
1990:
1901:
2418:
1869:
38:
2167:. For instance, although computers today are less expensive and more powerful than computers from the past, GDP treats them as the same products by only accounting for their monetary value. The introduction of new products is also difficult to measure accurately and is not reflected in GDP although it may increase the standard of living. For example, even the richest person in 1900 could not purchase standard products, such as antibiotics and cell phones, that an average consumer can buy today, since such modern conveniences did not exist then.
2321:
where GDP growth is strong yet political liberties are heavily restricted. GDP does not account for the distribution of income among the residents of a country, because GDP is merely an aggregate measure. An economy may be highly developed or growing rapidly, but also contain a wide gap between the rich and the poor in a society. These inequalities often occur on the lines of race, ethnicity, gender, religion, or other minority status within countries. This can lead to misleading characterizations of economic well-being if the
1066:
1469:
7488:
2190:
up with quantitative measures for such constructs as happiness, quality of life, and well-being. From the perspective of environmental, social and governance (ESG) measures, GDP per capita trends can be influenced by factors such as gender parity and elements of regulatory quality. In an example of a developing country with a mixed economy from 2008 to 2021, elements such as the per capita gross domestic product and the unemployment rate have a significant effect on the number of MSMEs in the
Philippines.
70:
1164:
2812:. The study took the annual growth in the brightness of lights at night, as measured by satellites, and compared it to officially reported economic growth. Authoritarian states had consistently higher reported growth in GDP than their growth in night lights would suggest. An effect that also cannot be explained by different economic structures, sector composition or other factors. Incorrect growth statistics can also falsify indicators such as GDP or GDP per capita.
1780:
2204:
897:
7476:
885:
4708:
1554:', as opposed to investment. This avoids double-counting: if one buys shares in a company, and the company uses the money received to buy plant, equipment, etc., the amount will be counted toward GDP when the company spends the money on those things; to also count it when one gives it to the company would be to count two times an amount that only corresponds to one group of products. Buying
1691:
countries. In practice, however, foreign ownership makes GDP and GNI non-identical. Production within a country's borders, but by an enterprise owned by somebody outside the country, counts as part of its GDP but not its GNI; on the other hand, production by an enterprise located outside the country, but owned by one of its citizens, counts as part of its GNI but not its GDP.
2351:
Canada (using conservative estimates) to high of nearly 70% in the United
Kingdom (using more liberal estimates). For the United States, the value was estimated to be between about 20% on the low end to nearly 50% on the high end, depending on the methodology being used. Because many public policies are shaped by GDP calculations and by the related field of
3442:.Simon Kuznets, 1934. "National Income, 1929–1932". 73rd U.S. Congress, 2d session, Senate document no. 124, page 5-7 Simon Kuznets, 1934. "National Income, 1929–1932". 73rd U.S. Congress, 2d session, Senate document no. 124, page 5-7 Simon Kuznets, 1934. "National Income, 1929–1932". 73rd U.S. Congress, 2d session, Senate document no. 124, page 5-7.
2506:, strip mining, overfishing and so on". The number of trees that are net lost annually is estimated to be approximately 10 billion. The global average annual deforested land in the 2015–2020 demi-decade was 10 million hectares and the average annual net forest area loss in the 2000–2010 decade 4.7 million hectares, according to the
3668:, page 5; retrieved November 2009. Another term, "business current transfer payments", may be added. Also, the document indicates that the capital consumption adjustment (CCAdj) and the inventory valuation adjustment (IVA) are applied to the proprietor's income and corporate profits terms; and CCAdj is applied to rental income.
2655:(ISEW) by taking into account other factors such as consumption of nonrenewable resources and degradation of the environment. ISEW is roughly defined as: personal consumption + public non-defensive expenditures − private defensive expenditures + capital formation + services from domestic labour − costs of
2350:
for goods and services that would otherwise be purchased with money. Even under conservative estimates, the value of unpaid labor in
Australia has been calculated to be over 50% of the country's GDP. A later study analyzed this value in other countries, with results ranging from a low of about 15% in
1248:
If GDP is calculated this way it is sometimes called gross domestic income (GDI), or GDP (I). GDI should provide the same amount as the expenditure method described later. By definition, GDI is equal to GDP. In practice, however, measurement errors will make the two figures slightly off when reported
1413:
is called total factor income; it is the income of all of the factors of production in society. It measures the value of GDP at factor (basic) prices. The difference between basic prices and final prices (those used in the expenditure calculation) is the total taxes and subsidies that the government
2366:
Government in 2013, pointing out that GDP "focuses on flows, not stocks. As a result, an economy can run down its assets yet, at the same time, record high levels of GDP growth, until a point is reached where the depleted assets act as a check on future growth". They then went on to say that "it is
2271:
The valuable capacity of the human mind to simplify a complex situation in a compact characterization becomes dangerous when not controlled in terms of definitely stated criteria. With quantitative measurements especially, the definiteness of the result suggests, often misleadingly, a precision and
2189:
It can be argued that GDP per capita as an indicator of standard of living is correlated with these factors, capturing them indirectly. As a result, GDP per capita as a standard of living is a continued usage because most people have a fairly accurate idea of what it is and know it is tough to come
1718:
Another example that amplifies the difference between GDP and GNI is the comparison of developed and developing country indicators. The GDP of Japan for 2020 is 5,040,107.75 USD (in a million). Predictably, as a developed country, Japan has a higher GNI (by 182,779.46, in millions of USD), which is
1698:
is the value of output produced by
American-owned firms, regardless of where the firms are located. Similarly, if a country becomes increasingly in debt, and spends large amounts of income servicing this debt this will be reflected in a decreased GNI but not a decreased GDP. Similarly, if a country
1546:, the purchase of software, or the purchase of machinery and equipment for a factory. Spending by households (not the government) on new houses is also included in investment. In contrast to its colloquial meaning, "investment" in GDP does not mean purchases related to financial investments. Buying
1459:
Market goods that are produced are purchased by someone. In the case where a good is produced and unsold, the standard accounting convention is that the producer has bought the good from themselves. Therefore, measuring the total expenditure used to buy things is a way of measuring production. This
2330:
rises). GDP per capita measures (like aggregate GDP measures) do not account for income distribution (and tend to overstate the average income per capita). For example, South Africa during apartheid ranked high in terms of GDP per capita, but the benefits of this immense wealth and income were not
2320:
have pointed out that an increase in GDP or in GDP growth does not necessarily lead to a higher standard of living, particularly in areas such as healthcare and education. Another important area that does not necessarily improve along with GDP is political liberty, which is most notable in China,
2128:
The major advantage of GDP per capita as an indicator of the standard of living is that it is measured frequently, widely, and consistently. It is measured frequently in that most countries provide information on GDP every quarter, allowing trends to be seen quickly. It is measured widely in that
1690:
GDP is a product produced within a country's borders; GNI is product produced by enterprises owned by a country's citizens. The two would be the same if all of the productive enterprises in a country were owned by its own citizens and those citizens did not own productive enterprises in any other
1236:
The value of output of all sectors is then added to get the gross value of output at factor cost. Subtracting each sector's intermediate consumption from gross output value gives the GVA (=GDP) at factor cost. Adding indirect tax minus subsidies to GVA (GDP) at factor cost gives the "GVA (GDP) at
1123:
definition above). The switch from GNP to GDP in the United States occurred in 1991. The role that measurements of GDP played in World War II was crucial to the subsequent political acceptance of GDP values as indicators of national development and progress. A crucial role was played here by the
2538:
highlighted that GDP "and other metrics that reflect and perpetuate them" may not be useful for facilitating the production of products and provision of services that are useful – or comparatively more useful – to society, and instead may "actually encourage, rather than discourage, destructive
1799:
The raw GDP figure as given by the equations above is called the nominal, historical, or current GDP. When one compares GDP figures from one year to another, it is desirable to compensate for changes in the value of money—for the effects of inflation or deflation. To make it more meaningful for
1175:
The most direct of the three is the production approach, which sums up the outputs of every class of enterprise to arrive at the total. The expenditure approach works on the principle that all of the products must be bought by somebody, therefore the value of the total product must be equal to
1148:
creation is more complex. These activities are increasingly important in developed economies, and the international conventions governing their estimation and their inclusion or exclusion in GDP regularly change in an attempt to keep up with industrial advances. In the words of one academic
1171:
GDP can be determined in three ways, all of which should, theoretically, give the same result. They are the production (or output or value added) approach, the income approach, and the speculated expenditure approach. It is representative of the total output and income within an economy.
2709:
published a proposal to overcome the limitation of GDP economics to expand the focus to well-being economics with a well-being framework consisting of health, environment, work, physical safety, economic safety, and political freedom. This has been adopted in a number of countries as a
1854:, which measures inflation or deflation in the price of household consumer goods, the GDP deflator measures changes in the prices of all domestically produced goods and services in an economy including investment goods and government services, as well as household consumption goods.
1811:. Suppose also that inflation had halved the value of its currency over that period. To meaningfully compare its GDP in 2000 to its GDP in 1990, we could multiply the GDP in 2000 by one-half, to make it relative to 1990 as a base year. The result would be that the GDP in 2000 equals
2751:
which reports a national measure of subjective well-being, derived from a single survey question on satisfaction with life. GDP explains some of the cross-national variation in life satisfaction, but more of it is explained by other, social variables (See 2013 World
Happiness
1176:
people's total expenditures in buying things. The income approach works on the principle that the incomes of the productive factors ("producers", colloquially) must be equal to the value of their product, and determines GDP by finding the sum of all producers' incomes.
1699:
sells off its resources to entities outside their country this will also be reflected over time in decreased GNI, but not decreased GDP. This would make the use of GDP more attractive for politicians in countries with increasing national debt and decreasing assets.
1663:
According to the U.S. Bureau of
Economic Analysis, which is responsible for calculating the national accounts in the United States, "In general, the source data for the expenditures components are considered more reliable than those for the income components ."
2153:– GDP omits economies where no money comes into play at all, resulting in inaccurate or abnormally low GDP figures. For example, in countries with major business transactions occurring informally, portions of local economy are not easily registered.
3936:
3597:
2588:
that can substitute for marketed equivalents, and it clearly has great economic value despite a price of zero", which constitutes a common criticism "of the reliance on GDP as the measure of economic success" especially after the emergence of the
2670:
framework and Index to complement GDP economics with additional seven dimensions, including environment, education, and government, work, social and health (mental and physical) indicators. The proposal was inspired by the King of Bhutan's
1566:, a transfer of claims on future production, not directly an expenditure on products; buying an existing building will involve a positive investment by the buyer and a negative investment by the seller, netting to zero overall investment.
1224:
For measuring the output of domestic product, economic activities (i.e. industries) are classified into various sectors. After classifying economic activities, the output of each sector is calculated by any of the following two methods:
6557:
1651:
and services; expenditures on intermediate goods and services do not count. (Intermediate goods and services are those used by businesses to produce other goods and services within the accounting year.) So for example if a
1139:
The history of the concept of GDP should be distinguished from the history of changes in many ways of estimating it. The value added by firms is relatively easy to calculate from their accounts, but the value added by the
2371:
rate. Broader measures of wellbeing and wealth are needed for this and there is a danger that short-term decisions based solely on what is currently measured by national accounts may prove to be costly in the long-term".
2267:, the economist who developed the first comprehensive set of measures of national income, stated in his second report to the U.S. Congress in 1937, in a section titled "Uses and Abuses of National Income Measurements":
2762:
In 2019, Erik
Brynjolfsson and Avinash Collis argued that GDP does not reflect the growing value of many digital goods because they have zero price. Along with several coauthors, they proposed an alternative approach,
2129:
some measure of GDP is available for almost every country in the world, allowing inter-country comparisons. It is measured consistently in that the technical definition of GDP is relatively consistent among countries.
1879:
Real GDP can be used to calculate the GDP growth rate, which indicates how much a country's production has increased (or decreased, if the growth rate is negative) compared to the previous year, typically expressed as
2725:, whose contributors to happiness include physical, mental, and spiritual health; time balance; social and community vitality; cultural vitality; education; living standards; good governance; and ecological vitality.
2629:, which focuses on the functional capabilities enjoyed by people within a country, rather than the aggregate wealth held within a country. These capabilities consist of the functions that a person is able to achieve.
2325:
is heavily skewed toward the high end, as the poorer residents will not directly benefit from the overall level of wealth and income generated in their country (their purchasing power can decline, even as the mean
2567:
in order to mitigate real-world impacts of climate change. Some have pointed out that GDP did not adapt to sociotechnical changes to give a more accurate picture of the modern economy and does not encapsulate the
4805:
1723:
is the opposite, with GDP being lower than GNI by 196.12 USD (in million). This demonstrates that countries receive investments and foreign aid from abroad. The Total income divided by the population is the
1005:
between nations, while nominal GDP is more useful comparing national economies on the international market. Total GDP can also be broken down into the contribution of each industry or sector of the economy.
5132:
3933:
3605:
3383:
1149:
economist, "The actual number for GDP is, therefore, the product of a vast patchwork of statistics and a complicated set of processes carried out on the raw data to fit them to the conceptual framework."
7455:
2280:
Distinctions must be kept in mind between quantity and quality of growth, between costs and returns, and between the short and long run. Goals for more growth should specify more growth of what and for
1660:, assembles the car and sells it, only the final car sold is counted towards the GDP. Meanwhile, if a person buys replacement auto parts to install them on their car, those are counted towards the GDP.
5704:
1765:
SNA2008 provides a set of rules and procedures for the measurement of national accounts. The standards are designed to be flexible, to allow for differences in local statistical needs and conditions.
7460:
3772:
To convert GDP into GNI, it is necessary to add the income received by resident units from abroad and deduct the income created by production in the country but transferred to units residing abroad.
6942:
2702:
1252:
This method measures GDP by adding incomes that firms pay households for factors of production they hire – wages for labour, interest for capital, rent for land and profits for entrepreneurship.
966:
or countries. GDP is often used to measure the economic health of a country or region. Definitions of GDP are maintained by several national and international economic organizations, such as the
6207:
4538:
4345:
3354:
2781:
in 2020. It measures the contribution of ecosystems to the economy, including by regulating climate. It spread widely across the country. The first province to issue local rules about GEP was
4362:
4228:
6552:
2640:(HDI). The HDI is a composite index of life expectancy at birth, adult literacy rate and standard of living measured as a logarithmic function of GDP, adjusted to purchasing power parity.
4446:
5972:
in collating all the available, credible data estimating GDP for countries around the world. This includes data for some countries for over 2,000 years and for all countries since 1950.
1119:(GNP) was the preferred estimate, which differed from GDP in that it measured production by a country's citizens at home and abroad rather than its "resident institutional units" (see
4741:
2141:– Economic growth may entail an increase in negative externalities that are not directly measured in GDP. Increased industrial output might grow GDP, but any pollution is not counted.
5539:
6628:
2808:
statistics in the majority of countries. According to the study, this mainly applied to countries that were governed semi-authoritarian/authoritarian or did not have a functioning
6849:
6527:
6517:
6151:
2869:
4023:
7424:
7386:
6939:
6367:
5447:
6474:
6397:
3130:
5794:
2290:
Ever since the development of GDP, multiple observers have pointed out limitations of using GDP as the overarching measure of economic and social progress. For example, many
7118:
6677:
6542:
6387:
6255:
6200:
2861:
2774:
At the beginning of the 21st century the World
Economic Forum published a series of analyses and propositions to create economic measurement tools more effective than GDP.
3885:
3867:
3849:
3831:
2355:, public policy might differ if unpaid work were included in total GDP. Some economists have advocated for changes in the way public policies are formed and implemented.
6672:
6362:
4083:
1456:
The third way to estimate GDP is to calculate the sum of the final uses of goods and services (all uses except intermediate consumption) measured in purchasers' prices.
1610:
represents gross exports. GDP captures the amount a country produces, including goods and services produced for other nations' consumption, therefore exports are added.
7158:
6891:
6581:
6464:
6352:
5843:, "Measuring What Matters: Obsession with one financial figure, GDP, has worsened people's health, happiness and the environment, and economists want to replace it",
5344:
7374:
7004:
6623:
5425:
4797:
2147:– GDP excludes activities that are not provided through the market, such as household production, bartering of goods and services, and volunteer or unpaid services.
5124:
3375:
6874:
5392:"Gross National Happiness (GNH) – A New Socioeconomic Development Policy Framework – A Policy White Paper – The American Pursuit of Unhappiness – Med Jones, IIM"
4198:
4983:
Afshin A, Forouzanfar MH, Reitsma MB, Sur P, Estep K, Lee A, Marczak L, Mokdad AH, Moradi-Lakeh M, Naghavi M, Salama JS, Vos T, Abate KH, Abbafati C, Ahmed MB,
3760:
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6945:
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1800:
year-to-year comparisons, it may be multiplied by the ratio between the value of money in the year the GDP was measured and the value of money in a base year.
1751:
5687:
7245:
6507:
6146:
5162:
2865:
1709:
switched from using GNP to using GDP as its primary measure of production. The relationship between United States GDP and GNP is shown in table 1.7.5 of the
5482:
3096:
6817:
5101:
4630:
2954:
5508:
6469:
6120:
5905:
6073:
Clifford Cobb, Ted
Halstead and Jonathan Rowe. "If the GDP is up, why is America down?" The Atlantic Monthly, vol. 276, no. 4, October 1995, pages 59–78
5193:
3722:
1542:
includes, for instance, business investment in equipment, but does not include exchanges of existing assets. Examples include the construction of a new
1155:
officially adopted GDP in 1993 as its indicator of economic performance. Previously, China had relied on a
Marxist-inspired national accounting system.
7265:
7170:
7113:
6802:
6782:
6667:
6591:
6439:
6245:
6212:
1738:
5926:
3510:
6382:
6195:
5314:
4894:
4530:
4334:
2857:
1774:
4774:
4370:
2449:– in terms of e.g. resource-intensive consumption – being responsible for most negative environmental impacts and central to a transition to safer,
2312:
Although a high or rising level of GDP is often associated with increased economic and social progress, the opposite sometimes occurs. For example,
1683:(GNI). The difference is that GDP defines its scope according to location, while GNI defines its scope according to ownership. In a global context,
7336:
7302:
6444:
1837:
over that period, not 200 percent, as it might appear from the raw GDP data. The GDP adjusted for changes in money value in this way is called the
1762:. The publication is normally referred to as SNA2008 to distinguish it from the previous edition published in 1993 (SNA93) or 1968 (called SNA68)
1293:
Total income can be subdivided according to various schemes, leading to various formulae for GDP measured by the income approach. A common one is:
6569:
4220:
3471:
7153:
6576:
6459:
6265:
2879:
1889:
4442:
4305:
4141:
2764:
6723:
6689:
6586:
6407:
3969:
3282:
5224:
3438:
Congress commissioned Kuznets to create a system that would measure the nation's productivity in order to better understand how to tackle the
7429:
7195:
7125:
6997:
6879:
6869:
6377:
6298:
6270:
6141:
4569:
2836:
2101:
1993:
1791:
organizations normally do not have access to the information required (especially information on expenditure and production by governments).
1017:. It is often considered to be the world's most powerful statistical indicator of national development and progress. However, critics of the
4733:
4600:
1536:, nondurable goods, and services. Examples include food, rent, jewelry, gasoline, and medical expenses, but not the purchase of new housing.
7369:
7364:
6933:
6188:
5529:
4512:
3414:
5255:
3902:
2732:
was published by the OECD. The dimensions of the index included health, economic, workplace, income, jobs, housing, civic engagement, and
2666:, an American Economist, at the International Institute of Management, introduced the first secular Gross National Happiness Index a.k.a.
7434:
6217:
6158:
6111:
5961:
2852:
927:
859:
4275:
4054:
4019:
3804:
2520:
where a large share of annual net tropical forest loss occurred and is associated with sizable portions of this economic activity domain
7238:
7215:
7210:
6564:
6412:
6337:
6313:
6308:
5788:
3251:
2949:
2914:
2718:
1702:
Gross national income (GNI) equals GDP plus income receipts from the rest of the world minus income payments to the rest of the world.
1373:(COE) measures the total remuneration to employees for work done. It includes wages and salaries, as well as employer contributions to
4961:
2686:
that identified five actions to improve indicators of progress in ways that make them more responsive to the concerns of its citizens.
7205:
7165:
6812:
6792:
6711:
6424:
6293:
6227:
6178:
5454:
4176:
3194:
3060:
2875:
2846:
2106:
1904:
1885:
1872:
998:
5853:
4835:
3118:
6990:
6750:
6260:
6250:
2507:
2430:
5762:
6645:
6235:
5661:
3160:
3021:
2755:
In 2019, Serge Pierre Besanger published a "GDP 3.0" proposal which combines an expanded GNI formula which he calls GNIX, with a
1719:
indicative that the production level in the country is higher than that of national production. On the other hand, the case with
1529:
3220:
7341:
6928:
6901:
6839:
6332:
3883:
3865:
3847:
3829:
3613:
2904:
2555:, director of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, noted that "it's difficult to see if the current G.D.P.-based
6532:
4443:"Incorporating Estimates of Household Production of Non-Market Services into International Comparisons of Material Well-Being"
4075:
7444:
7290:
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5817:
5399:
5375:
4426:
4401:
4259:
3998:
3754:
3540:
3504:
3340:
3313:
2652:
5336:
1667:
Encyclopedia Britannica records an alternate way of measuring exports minus imports: notating it as the single variable NX.
6730:
6613:
6598:
1711:
5421:
4715:
3660:
6844:
6718:
6699:
6684:
3681:
3631:
1014:
3932:
Some of the complications involved in comparing national accounts from different years are explained in this World Bank
2429:
Instances of GDP measures have been considered numbers that are artificial constructs. In 2020 scientists, as part of a
7108:
6913:
6757:
6547:
6502:
6240:
6133:
3787:
2832:
2722:
986:
5915:
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4190:
2298:. Furthermore, the GDP does not consider human health nor the educational aspect of a population. American politician
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7233:
6777:
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5956:
4531:"Satellite data strongly suggests that China, Russia and other authoritarian countries are fudging their GDP reports"
3744:
3446:
2944:
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6023:
2132:
GDP does not include several factors that influence the standard of living. In particular, it fails to account for:
7255:
7250:
6923:
6807:
6797:
6735:
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5801:), 2000. Retrieved November 2009. In depth explanations of how GDP and other national account items are determined.
2534:
only lead to modest long-term increases in GDP per capita. After developing an abstract metric similar to GDP, the
2519:
1414:
has levied or paid on that production. So adding taxes less subsidies on production and imports converts GDP(I) at
5154:
7513:
7260:
7032:
6854:
6740:
6635:
6104:
5982:
5478:
3084:
2929:
2332:
2213:
1184:
Also known as the Value Added Approach, it calculates how much value is contributed at each stage of production.
920:
5955:, 1790–present, maintained by Samuel H. Williamson and Lawrence H. Officer, both professors of economics at the
5093:
4622:
1584:, purchases of weapons for the military and any investment expenditure by a government. It does not include any
1245:
The second way of estimating GDP is to use "the sum of primary incomes distributed by resident producer units".
7148:
7047:
6965:
6957:
6829:
6787:
6767:
6706:
6618:
6522:
6431:
6419:
6168:
5504:
2969:
2842:
2535:
1397:(GMI) is the same measure as GOS, but for unincorporated businesses. This often includes most small businesses.
17:
6824:
2117:
7295:
6918:
6834:
6745:
5185:
4106:"Women driving Philippine entrepreneurship: Social and governance issues as mediated by economic development"
3710:
2778:
1286:
1215:
Value of output = value of the total sales of goods and services plus the value of changes in the inventory.
1050:
258:
2789:
region. For example, the GEP of Chengtian Radon Spring Nature Reserve has been calculated as USD 43 million.
520:
7351:
7042:
6859:
6650:
6640:
6608:
6084:
3494:
2800:
2740:
2560:
2548:
2375:
It has been suggested that countries that have authoritarian governments, such as the People's Republic of
6034:
5278:
4858:
6013:
4765:
3958:
3156:
3126:
2457:
2308:"does not allow for the health of our children, the quality of their education or the joy of their play."
1838:
1743:
1528:
is normally the largest GDP component in the economy, consisting of private expenditures in the economy (
1125:
971:
869:
89:
79:
1834:
1232:
By collecting data on gross sales and inventories from the records of companies and adding them together
7523:
6908:
6896:
6097:
6038:
5448:"Harvard Kennedy School Report to U.S. Congressman 21st Century GDP: National Indicators for a New Era"
2543:
of the Earth Institute elucidated that while GDP does not distinguish between different activities (or
2540:
2417:
1989:
913:
863:
393:
383:
5899:
3688:, commentary to the first table, " Transactions Table for an Economy". (Page retrieved November 2009.)
2294:
argue that GDP is a poor measure of social progress because it does not take into account harm to the
1218:
The sum of the gross value added in the various economic activities is known as "GDP at factor cost".
7037:
4313:
4133:
2827:
2822:
2667:
2656:
2601:
after connection to China's expressway system. GDP may not be a tool capable of recognizing how much
2386:
2359:
2182:
1038:
1010:
273:
6512:
5562:
3463:
3274:
1616:
represents gross imports. Imports are subtracted since imported goods will be included in the terms
7321:
6884:
5594:
Brynjolfsson, Erik; Collis, Avinash; Diewert, W. Erwin; Eggers, Felix; Fox, Kevin J. (March 2019),
5216:
2959:
2672:
2594:
2491:
2422:
1900:
1881:
1282:
Taxes on production and imports minus subsidies are added to get from factor cost to market prices.
1199:
1112:
951:
842:
580:
535:
388:
157:
101:
4561:
1229:
By multiplying the output of each sector by their respective market price and adding them together
595:
7359:
5965:
4592:
4505:
4171:
3718:
3190:
3092:
3055:
2974:
2899:
2786:
2637:
2480:
2453:
conditions. They summarised evidence, presented solution approaches and stated that far-reaching
2412:
1317:
1042:
545:
353:
343:
303:
293:
200:
123:
3406:
2580:
explained that GDP excludes much unpaid work, writing that "many people contribute free digital
2526:
adults was approximately 600 million (12%) in 2015. In 2013 scientists reported that large
6451:
5247:
3906:
2934:
2748:
2729:
2598:
2461:
2217:
1676:
1116:
1102:
1046:
1021:
often argue that GDP measures were never intended to measure progress, and leave out key other
715:
560:
298:
238:
195:
142:
4651:
3808:
2613:
In response to these and other limitations of using GDP, alternative approaches have emerged.
7419:
7401:
7186:
6285:
5996:
4283:
4046:
2989:
2909:
2894:
2581:
2544:
2454:
2346:, argue that this value should be included in measuring GDP, as household labor is largely a
1787:
Within each country GDP is normally measured by a national government statistical agency, as
1680:
1593:
1221:
GDP at factor cost plus indirect taxes less subsidies on products = "GDP at producer price".
849:
530:
505:
490:
348:
288:
268:
263:
4764:
4164:
1868:
1202:, i.e., the cost of material, supplies and services used to produce final goods or services.
7326:
6008:
5947:
4929:
4917:
4870:
4669:
4165:
3247:
2939:
2919:
2809:
1851:
1030:
600:
422:
373:
338:
278:
243:
147:
137:
84:
31:
6072:
5910:
4827:
3182:
3050:
2228:
8:
7391:
7381:
5944:
Historicalstatistics.org: Links to historical statistics on GDP for countries and regions
5862:
5845:
4483:
4467:
2626:
2322:
2177:
2173:– GDP is a measurement of economic historic activity and is not necessarily a projection.
2163:– by not fully adjusting for quality improvements and new products, GDP understates true
1844:
The factor used to convert GDP from current to constant values in this way is called the
1684:
1573:
1384:
1026:
826:
635:
457:
398:
323:
313:
283:
210:
118:
4933:
4874:
4673:
2514:, higher GDP-growth can be associated with more deforestation. In 2019 "agriculture and
1195:
Estimate the gross value of domestic output out of the many various economic activities;
1072:
495:
7027:
6982:
5840:
5754:
5726:
5306:
5070:
5037:
5013:
4988:
4953:
4692:
4657:
4487:
2698:
2597:. A 2020 study found that "poor regions' GDP grows faster by attracting more polluting
2547:), "all consumption behaviors are not created equal and do not have the same impact on
2368:
2154:
1547:
1332:
1002:
982:
854:
810:
615:
452:
447:
427:
378:
318:
308:
253:
248:
220:
215:
185:
53:
6061:
4882:
3152:
3010:
2552:
2224:
7313:
7057:
7022:
6089:
5813:
5758:
5746:
5696:
5570:
5534:
5371:
5310:
5298:
5075:
5057:
5018:
4957:
4945:
4886:
4697:
4653:
4422:
4397:
4255:
3994:
3750:
3625:"Measuring the Economy: A Primer on GDP and the National Income and Product Accounts"
3579:
3536:
3500:
3346:
3336:
3309:
2733:
2711:
2569:
2511:
2472:
2400:
2352:
2299:
1725:
1629:
1209:
1018:
745:
720:
630:
510:
467:
403:
368:
358:
190:
152:
108:
37:
5894:
4491:
3617:
3224:
670:
7480:
7396:
6970:
6044:
5861:. United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis. Archived from
5738:
5609:
5601:
5290:
5065:
5049:
5008:
5000:
4937:
4878:
4687:
4677:
4479:
3624:
3569:
3439:
2979:
2291:
2181:– GDP does not account for variances in incomes of various demographic groups. See
1653:
1585:
1255:
The US "National Income and Product Accounts" divide incomes into five categories:
1145:
1091:
1087:
1065:
795:
740:
725:
710:
695:
625:
605:
585:
540:
413:
363:
333:
328:
5391:
5294:
3574:
3558:"How GDP spread to China: the experimental diffusion of macroeconomic measurement"
3557:
2387:
Research and development about the relation between GDP and use of GDP and reality
1268:
Income earned by sole proprietors and from the Housing subsector (net of expenses)
1115:
in 1944, GDP became the main tool for measuring a country's economy. At that time
675:
7282:
6048:
5878:
In-depth explanations of how GDP and other national account items are determined.
5798:
5614:
4719:
3940:
3889:
3871:
3853:
3835:
3791:
3685:
3450:
2805:
2706:
2690:
2622:
2602:
2590:
2572:
of new activities such as delivering price-free information and entertainment on
2564:
2487:
2476:
2468:
2396:
2392:
2347:
2343:
2164:
1863:
1589:
1581:
1468:
1374:
1205:
Deduct intermediate consumption from gross value to obtain the gross value added.
1191:(Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) definition given above.
1105:
report, where he warned against its use as a measure of welfare (see below under
889:
800:
765:
730:
665:
590:
575:
462:
437:
432:
408:
180:
175:
7487:
6062:"Growth, Accumulation, Crisis: With New Macroeconomic Data for Sweden 1800–2000"
3649:
7411:
5969:
5920:
4712:
4682:
2679:
2556:
2483:
2450:
2446:
2363:
2327:
1788:
1755:
1747:
1555:
1129:
990:
820:
805:
770:
755:
735:
705:
525:
442:
132:
128:
5855:
Concepts and Methods of the United States National Income and Product Accounts
3698:
Concepts and Methods of the United States National Income and Product Accounts
3678:
555:
7507:
5938:
5835:
The Little Big Number: How GDP Came to Rule the World and What to Do About It
5750:
5700:
5574:
5302:
5061:
4890:
4105:
3583:
3350:
2964:
2744:
2633:
2503:
2404:
2264:
2137:
1706:
1695:
1559:
1141:
1098:
1079:
1069:
785:
775:
750:
690:
685:
680:
660:
650:
620:
610:
515:
418:
5597:
GDP-B: Accounting for the Value of New and Free Goods in the Digital Economy
4941:
3784:
2313:
1596:. Analyses outside the US will often treat government investment as part of
1383:(GOS) is the surplus due to owners of incorporated businesses. Often called
69:
7492:
7080:
7070:
6052:
5634:
5079:
5022:
4984:
4949:
4701:
4221:"How the GDP Measures Everything 'Except That Which Makes Life Worthwhile'"
4191:"What Are the Advantages & Disadvantages of the GDP in Macroeconomics?"
2984:
2644:
2573:
2515:
2438:
1846:
1533:
1532:). These personal expenditures fall under one of the following categories:
1388:
1163:
1034:
955:
901:
815:
760:
655:
645:
640:
565:
113:
5004:
4591:
Wiedmann, Thomas; Steinberger, Julia K.; Lenzen, Manfred (June 24, 2020).
3443:
3330:
2331:
shared equally among its citizens. An inequality which the United Nations
7200:
7075:
7065:
6303:
6027:
5805:
5688:"A study of lights at night suggests dictators lie about economic growth"
5125:"Climate Change And Gross Domestic Product – Need For A Drastic Overhaul"
4989:"Health Effects of Overweight and Obesity in 195 Countries over 25 Years"
3986:
2924:
2756:
2703:
Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress
2694:
2648:
2618:
2577:
2527:
2339:
2317:
1415:
1133:
1022:
790:
780:
570:
205:
4711:
Text and image were copied from this source, which is available under a
4623:"Overconsumption and growth economy key drivers of environmental crises"
4122:
Simon Kuznets. "How To Judge Quality". The New Republic, 20 October 1962
3652:
A guide to the National Income and Product Accounts of the United States
2157:
may be more prominent than the use of money, even extending to services.
1779:
1275:
These five income components sum to net domestic income at factor cost.
5952:
5943:
5530:"Death by GDP – how the climate crisis is driven by a growth yardstick"
5368:
An Introduction to the Human Development and Capability : Approach
4396:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
3017:
2785:, and a year later it has already decided the fate of a project in the
2494:(NEF) stated that "GDP includes activities that are detrimental to our
1759:
1657:
1648:
1577:
1083:
1054:
978:
959:
700:
500:
42:
4916:
Arruda, Daniel; Candido, Hugo G.; Fonseca, Rúbia (27 September 2019).
1736:
The international standard for measuring GDP is contained in the book
1289:) is added to get from net domestic product to gross domestic product.
5595:
4798:"Tree planting 'has mind-blowing potential' to tackle climate crisis"
4734:"Why GDP is no longer the most effective measure of economic success"
3332:
Doughnut economics: seven ways to think like a 21st-century economist
2663:
2465:
2442:
2434:
2295:
994:
550:
481:
61:
6078:
5742:
5605:
5053:
3679:"Gross Domestic Product from the Transactions Table for an Economy"
3677:
Thayer Watkins, San José State University Department of Economics,
2782:
2408:
2092:. This measures the average production of a person in the country.
1833:
We would see that the country's GDP had realistically increased 50
45:
map of world economies by the size of GDP (nominal) in U.S. dollars
2185:
for discussion of a variety of inequality-based economic measures.
2125:
GDP per capita is often used as an indicator of living standards.
977:
The ratio of GDP to the total population of the region is the GDP
962:
and services produced and rendered in a specific time period by a
4766:"Earth has 3 trillion trees but they're falling at alarming rate"
2523:
2499:
2495:
1720:
1049:, as better approaches to measuring the effect of the economy on
963:
7475:
5727:"How Much Should We Trust the Dictator's GDP Growth Estimates?"
5593:
2531:
2380:
1551:
1543:
884:
3614:"User's guide: Background information on GDP and GDP deflator"
2636:, a Pakistani economist at the United Nations, introduced the
5662:"Zhejiang counts 'gross ecosystem product' of nature reserve"
4707:
2376:
1212:= gross value of output – value of intermediate consumption.
1152:
948:
6041:: Summary of Data and Methodology, Redefining Progress C1995
5939:
Bureau of Economic Analysis: Official United States GDP data
3895:
1387:, although only a subset of total costs are subtracted from
27:
Market value of goods and services produced within a country
7225:
5790:
Australian National Accounts: Concepts, Sources and Methods
5036:
Ashraf, Quamrul H.; Lester, Ashley; Weil, David N. (2009).
4982:
4394:
Creating capabilities : the human development approach
2585:
2121:
Gross domestic product per capita and level of urbanization
1563:
1188:
1158:
1120:
967:
7342:
Patents, trademarks, and industrial design filing activity
5279:"Expressways, GDP, and the environment: The case of China"
3805:"U.S. Department of Commerce. Bureau of Economic Analysis"
2759:
and a set of environmental metrics based on the Daly Rule.
2367:
apparent that the recorded GDP growth rate overstates the
2112:
6085:
GDP and GNI in OECD Observer No246-247, Dec 2004-Jan 2005
5906:
Australian Bureau of Statistics Manual on GDP measurement
5254:. Vol. 54, no. 1. International Monetary Fund.
4590:
2362:
highlighted the shortcomings of GDP in its advice to the
1167:
An infographic explaining how GDP is calculated in the UK
7012:
5828:
The Power of a Single Number: A Political History of GDP
5479:"GDP and beyond: Measuring progress in a changing world"
4470:(2004). "National Income Accounting and Public Policy".
4076:"How Real GDP per Capita Affects the Standard of Living"
3496:
The Power of a Single Number: A Political History of GDP
2608:
7100:
4306:"Inequality hurts economic growth, finds OECD research"
2771:
of goods and services, rather than their price or cost.
2084:
GDP can be adjusted for population growth, also called
1460:
is known as the expenditure method of calculating GDP.
6119:
5964:
of the Groningen Growth and Development Centre at the
5946:, maintained by the Department of Economic History at
4713:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
3783:
United States, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Glossary,
3556:
Heijster, Joan van; DeRock, Daniel (29 October 2020).
2684:
GDP and beyond: Measuring progress in a changing world
1752:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
5337:"GDP is destroying the planet. Here's an alternative"
5186:"Trump and the Teenager: A Climate Showdown at Davos"
3742:
1794:
1742:(2008), which was prepared by representatives of the
7137:
4915:
3993:(2nd, revised ed.). Andover: Cengage Learning.
2955:
List of economic reports by U.S. government agencies
2510:. According to one study, depending on the level of
2464:
and that existing societies, economies and cultures
2433:-associated series, warned that worldwide growth in
2304:"everything except that which makes life worthwhile"
1421:
Total factor income is also sometimes expressed as:
6021:
5184:Landler, Mark; Sengupta, Somini (21 January 2020).
4652:Thomas Wiedmann; Manfred Lenzen; Lorenz T. Keyßer;
1463:
5686:
5561:Brynjolfsson, Erik; Collis, Avinash (2019-11-01).
5560:
5277:He, Guojun; Xie, Yang; Zhang, Bing (1 June 2020).
5155:"Economic growth and environmental sustainability"
4593:"Affluence is killing the planet, warn scientists"
2815:
2605:agents of the economy are building or protecting.
2593:. Similarly GDP does not value or distinguish for
2563:", which nations have agreed to attempt under the
2559:of economic growth can go hand-in-hand with rapid
2335:amongst other global initiatives aims to address.
2161:Quality improvements and inclusion of new products
2858:List of countries by past and projected GDP (PPP)
1803:For example, suppose a country's GDP in 1990 was
1775:National agencies responsible for GDP measurement
1628:, and must be deducted to avoid counting foreign
1271:Net income from transfer payments from businesses
1097:The modern concept of GDP was first developed by
1086:, and argue landlords were unfairly taxed during
7505:
6045:Whether output and CPI inflation are mismeasured
6024:"Mismeasuring our Lives: Why GDP Doesn't Add Up"
5849:, vol. 323, no. 2 (August 2020), pp. 24–31.
5035:
4629:. University of New South Wales. June 19, 2020.
4276:"China Country Report Freedom in the World 2012"
4252:An Uncertain Glory: India and its Contradictions
1082:came up with a concept of GDP, to calculate the
5365:
5183:
4416:
2804:in October 2022 found signs of manipulation of
2421:Eco-economic decoupling between GDP growth and
1259:Wages, salaries, and supplementary labor income
1107:
999:GDP per capita at purchasing power parity (PPP)
5215:Kapoor, Amit; Debroy, Bibek (4 October 2019).
4584:
4421:(Reprint ed.). Paris: OECD. p. 112.
4014:
4012:
4010:
3929:Background information on GDP and GDP deflator
3905:. Central Bureau of Statistics. Archived from
3555:
2338:GDP excludes the value of household and other
2259:
1347:taxes less subsidies on production and imports
997:of the countries; therefore, using a basis of
6998:
6105:
5812:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
4918:"Amazon fires threaten Brazil's agribusiness"
4859:"Deforestation, distribution and development"
4645:
4506:"National Accounts: A Practical Introduction"
4131:
2193:
2102:List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita
1521:Here is a description of each GDP component:
921:
6022:Stiglitz, JE; Sen, A; Fitoussi, J-P (2010).
5563:"How Should We Measure the Digital Economy?"
5214:
4104:Tan, Jackson; Arceo, Virginia (2024-08-24).
3985:
1265:Interest and miscellaneous investment income
1132:where ideas from Kuznets were embedded into
1075:Quarterly gross domestic product growth rate
6943:*Top country subdivisions by GDP per capita
4417:Blades, François; Lequiller, Derek (2006).
4110:Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research
4007:
3647:United States Bureau of Economic Analysis,
2853:List of countries by GDP sector composition
2723:Bhutan Gross National Happiness (GNH) Index
7425:Number of broadband Internet subscriptions
7005:
6991:
6112:
6098:
6009:"Gross Domestic Product: An Economy's All"
5366:Shahani, Lila; Deneulin, Severine (2009).
5276:
5217:"GDP Is Not a Measure of Human Well-Being"
4795:
3807:. Bea.gov. 21 October 2009. Archived from
3743:Lequiller, François; Derek Blades (2006).
3434:
3432:
3248:"Gross Domestic Product: An Economy's All"
3119:"Gross Domestic Product: An Economy's All"
2950:List of countries by GNI per capita growth
2915:Disposable household and per capita income
2518:" accounted for 24% of the GDP of Brazil,
2227:. Please do not remove this message until
2095:
1884:. The economic growth can be expressed as
1731:
1472:U.S. GDP computed on the expenditure basis
1037:. Alternative economic indicators such as
928:
914:
30:"GDP" redirects here. For other uses, see
6059:
5613:
5069:
5012:
4857:Koop, Gary; Tole, Lise (1 October 2001).
4691:
4681:
4254:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
3953:
3951:
3949:
3573:
3562:Review of International Political Economy
3535:. Princeton University Press. p. 6.
3183:"Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Definition"
3085:"gross domestic product (GDP) – Students"
2876:List of countries by real GDP growth rate
2793:
2247:Learn how and when to remove this message
2107:List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita
1783:U.S 2015 GDP computed on the income basis
1278:Two adjustments must be made to get GDP:
1088:warfare between the Dutch and the English
6958:Lists of countries by financial rankings
5724:
4976:
4856:
4828:"Global Forest Resource Assessment 2020"
4528:
4466:
4391:
4249:
4103:
3492:
3275:"What Is Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)?"
2490:. Sarah Arnold, Senior Economist at the
2416:
2223:Relevant discussion may be found on the
2116:
1988:
1899:
1867:
1778:
1467:
1162:
1159:Determining gross domestic product (GDP)
1064:
36:
5659:
5600:(Working Paper), Working Paper Series,
5370:(1st ed.). London: Earthscan Ltd.
5038:"When Does Improving Health Raise GDP?"
4559:
4162:
4132:van den Bergh, Jeroen (13 April 2010).
3959:"How Do We Measure Standard of Living?"
3444:https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/971
3429:
3328:
3048:
2798:A peer-reviewed study published in the
2508:Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020
2113:Standard of living: income distribution
1768:
1530:household final consumption expenditure
1451:
1094:developed the method further in 1695.
14:
7506:
6256:Latin American and Caribbean countries
5347:from the original on 18 September 2020
5227:from the original on 28 September 2020
5135:from the original on 20 September 2020
5104:from the original on 16 September 2020
4762:
4744:from the original on 18 September 2020
4218:
3946:
3303:
2905:Composite Index of National Capability
2705:(CMEPSP), formed by French President,
2437:in terms of GDP-metrics has increased
1580:and services. It includes salaries of
1179:
6986:
6093:
5810:GDP: A Brief but Affectionate History
5804:
5542:from the original on 22 December 2019
5428:from the original on 16 February 2017
5258:from the original on 2 September 2020
5245:
5196:from the original on 7 September 2020
4964:from the original on 11 November 2022
4777:from the original on 11 November 2020
4731:
4572:from the original on 8 September 2020
4529:Ingraham, Christopher (15 May 2018).
4144:from the original on 24 February 2013
4026:from the original on 21 February 2015
3533:GDP: A Brief but Affectionate History
3530:
3461:
3404:
3254:from the original on 11 December 2021
3163:from the original on 13 December 2021
2653:Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare
2609:Proposals to overcome GDP limitations
2462:complement technological advancements
2431:World Scientists' Warning to Humanity
2285:
1994:Countries by GDP (nominal) per capita
7013:Economic classification of countries
5471:
5402:from the original on 2 February 2017
5317:from the original on 30 October 2020
5165:from the original on 3 November 2020
5122:
3285:from the original on 5 November 2016
3215:
3213:
3211:
3133:from the original on 30 October 2022
3079:
3077:
3044:
3042:
2197:
1712:National Income and Product Accounts
989:does not reflect differences in the
5968:. This project extends the work of
5485:from the original on 4 January 2012
4993:The New England Journal of Medicine
4219:Suzuki, Dabid (February 28, 2014).
3979:
3711:"gross domestic product – Scholars"
3474:from the original on 28 August 2014
3417:from the original on 1 October 2015
3308:. FT / Prentice Hall. p. 205.
3123:Finance & Development | F&D
2302:criticized the GDP as a measure of
981:and can approximate a concept of a
24:
6006:
5921:World Development Indicators (WDI)
5787:Australian Bureau for Statistics,
5780:
5098:The Center for Partnership Studies
4897:from the original on 16 April 2021
4796:Carrington, Damian (4 July 2019).
4658:"Scientists' warning on affluence"
4537:. San Francisco. Washington Post.
4484:10.1023/B:RAEC.0000044638.48465.df
4250:Drèze, Jean; Sen, Amartya (2013).
4020:"Macroeconomics – GDP and Welfare"
3966:The Federal Reserve Bank of Boston
3407:"Warfare and the Invention of GDP"
3245:
3116:
3003:
2833:List of countries by GDP (nominal)
2767:, which is based on measuring the
1795:Nominal GDP and adjustments to GDP
1687:are, therefore, equivalent terms.
1249:by national statistical agencies.
1240:
1144:, by financial industries, and by
1015:broad measure of economic progress
1009:GDP is often used as a metric for
1001:may be more useful when comparing
25:
7535:
7332:Research and development spending
5957:University of Illinois at Chicago
5953:Historical U.S. GDP (yearly data)
5883:
5641:from the original on 13 July 2022
4832:Food and Agriculture Organization
4763:Dunham, Will (2 September 2015).
4633:from the original on 23 June 2020
4051:Introduction to the World Economy
3208:
3074:
3039:
2945:List of countries by average wage
2659:− depreciation of natural capital
1905:Countries by GDP (PPP) per capita
1895:
7486:
7474:
7375:planetary pressures–adjusted HDI
7251:List of countries by median wage
7246:Employee compensation (per hour)
6946:*Top country metropolitan by GDP
6940:*Top country subdivisions by GDP
5725:Martínez, Luis R. (2022-10-01).
5283:Journal of Development Economics
4838:from the original on 20 May 2020
4808:from the original on 5 July 2019
4706:
4603:from the original on 5 July 2020
4541:from the original on 15 May 2018
4518:from the original on 2005-12-27.
4351:from the original on 2021-06-13.
4231:from the original on May 7, 2021
4179:from the original on 2022-01-02.
4044:
3975:from the original on 2013-03-31.
3666:from the original on 2007-06-04.
3637:from the original on 2008-09-16.
3493:Lepenies, Philipp (April 2016).
3272:
2682:released a communication titled
2202:
1464:Components of GDP by expenditure
1041:use other measures, such as the
895:
883:
68:
7033:Heavily indebted poor countries
6055:, in Lectures in Macroeconomics
5765:from the original on 2022-12-06
5718:
5707:from the original on 2022-10-24
5679:
5660:Mengnan, Jiang (4 April 2024).
5653:
5627:
5587:
5554:
5522:
5511:from the original on 2015-02-12
5497:
5440:
5414:
5384:
5359:
5329:
5270:
5239:
5208:
5177:
5147:
5116:
5086:
5029:
4909:
4850:
4820:
4789:
4756:
4725:
4615:
4553:
4522:
4498:
4460:
4449:from the original on 2017-10-20
4435:
4419:Understanding national accounts
4410:
4385:
4355:
4327:
4298:
4282:. 19 March 2012. Archived from
4268:
4243:
4212:
4201:from the original on 2021-05-07
4183:
4156:
4125:
4116:
4097:
4086:from the original on 2015-05-20
4068:
4057:from the original on 2020-09-24
4038:
3921:
3877:
3859:
3841:
3823:
3797:
3777:
3763:from the original on 2023-03-12
3746:Understanding National Accounts
3736:
3725:from the original on 2023-02-23
3703:
3691:
3671:
3641:
3630:. Bureau of Economic Analysis.
3590:
3549:
3524:
3513:from the original on 2017-10-20
3486:
3455:
3398:
3386:from the original on 9 May 2018
3368:
3357:from the original on 2021-04-29
3322:
3297:
3197:from the original on 2023-02-23
3099:from the original on 2023-02-23
3063:from the original on 2023-02-25
3027:from the original on 2013-06-12
2930:Gross regional domestic product
2816:Lists of countries by their GDP
2333:Sustainable Development Goal 10
1890:real GDP per capita growth rate
170:Concepts, theory and techniques
7048:World Bank high-income economy
6966:List of international rankings
6359:Latin America & Caribbean
6208:Private consumption per capita
6077:Jerorn C.J.M. van den Bergh, "
4560:Pilling, David (4 July 2014).
4335:"South Africa Economic Update"
3892:, GDP (current US$ ) – Armenia
3874:, GNI (current US$ ) – Armenia
3266:
3239:
3175:
3145:
3110:
3011:"GDP (Official Exchange Rate)"
2970:Modified gross national income
2843:List of countries by GDP (PPP)
2536:Center for Partnership Studies
1908:
1679:(GNP) or, as it is now known,
1670:
13:
1:
5422:"Happiness Ministry in Dubai"
5295:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2020.102485
4883:10.1016/S0959-3780(00)00057-1
4166:"The Rise and Fall of G.D.P."
4134:"The Virtues of Ignoring GDP"
3616:. HM Treasury. Archived from
3575:10.1080/09692290.2020.1835690
3499:. Columbia University Press.
3405:Coyle, Diane (6 April 2014).
3306:Economics and Economic Change
3049:Duigpan, Brian (2017-02-28).
2996:
2779:Gross Ecosystem Product (GEP)
2383:, inflate their GDP figures.
1997:
1857:
1287:capital consumption allowance
7387:Percentage living in poverty
7043:Newly industrialized country
6246:European Union member states
6035:"What's wrong with the GDP?"
5927:World GDP Chart (since 1960)
5731:Journal of Political Economy
4472:Review of Austrian Economics
4392:Nussbaum, Martha C. (2013).
4163:Gertner, Jon (13 May 2010).
3856:, GNI (current US$ ) – Japan
3838:, GDP (current US$ ) – Japan
3604:. World Bank. Archived from
2801:Journal of Political Economy
2739:Since 2012, John Helliwell,
2549:environmental sustainability
1694:For example, the GNI of the
7:
7337:Stock market capitalization
7303:Financial assets per capita
6286:Gross national income (GNI)
6026:. New Press. Archived from
6014:International Monetary Fund
5246:Coyle, Diane (March 2017).
4863:Global Environmental Change
4562:"Has GDP outgrown its use?"
3157:Bureau of Economic Analysis
3127:International Monetary Fund
2887:
2260:Limitations at introduction
2229:conditions to do so are met
1744:International Monetary Fund
1739:System of National Accounts
1675:GDP can be contrasted with
1489:government Expenditures (G)
1418:to GDP(I) at final prices.
1126:U.S. Department of Commerce
972:International Monetary Fund
10:
7540:
6060:Edvinsson, Rodney (2005).
6039:Genuine progress indicator
5042:NBER Macroeconomics Annual
4683:10.1038/s41467-020-16941-y
3794:. Retrieved November 2009.
2880:real GDP per capita growth
2502:in the long term, such as
2390:
2194:Limitations and criticisms
2052:
2026:
2000:
1963:
1937:
1911:
1861:
1772:
1187:This approach mirrors the
1108:limitations and criticisms
1060:
29:
7469:
7443:
7410:
7350:
7311:
7281:
7224:
7185:
7136:
7099:
7089:
7056:
7038:Least developed countries
7018:
6953:
6495:
6322:
6284:
6226:
6167:
6132:
5997:Resources in your library
5252:Finance & Development
2828:Lists of countries by GDP
2823:List of continents by GDP
2719:Centre for Bhutan Studies
2668:Gross National Well-being
2657:environmental degradation
2360:Natural Capital Committee
2183:income inequality metrics
1371:Compensation of employees
1304:Compensation of employees
1011:international comparisons
7519:Macroeconomic indicators
7430:Number of Internet users
7322:Gross National Happiness
6344:Commonwealth of Nations
6218:Ten largest historically
5916:UN Statistical Databases
5637:. World Economic Forum.
5481:. European Union. 2009.
4047:"Gross Domestic Product"
3989:; Taylor, M. P. (2011).
3153:"Gross Domestic Product"
3051:"gross domestic product"
2960:Misery index (economics)
2595:environmental protection
2492:New Economics Foundation
2423:greenhouse gas emissions
2276:In 1962, Kuznets stated:
2171:Sustainability of growth
2005: > $ 60,000
1916: > $ 60,000
1807:and its GDP in 2000 was
1377:and other such programs.
1200:intermediate consumption
1113:Bretton Woods Conference
158:JEL classification codes
7360:Human Development Index
6452:Former Soviet Republics
6169:Purchasing power parity
5966:University of Groningen
5900:Encyclopædia Britannica
5567:Harvard Business Review
5221:Harvard Business Review
4942:10.1126/science.aaz2198
4172:New York Times Magazine
3790:29 January 2018 at the
3719:Encyclopedia Britannica
3610:retrieved October 2009.
3304:Dawson, Graham (2006).
3191:Encyclopedia Britannica
3093:Encyclopedia Britannica
3056:Encyclopedia Britannica
2975:National average salary
2900:Circular flow of income
2638:Human Development Index
2413:Eco-economic decoupling
2145:Non-market transactions
2096:Lists of GDP per capita
2037: $ 10,000–$ 20,000
2031: $ 20,000–$ 30,000
2023: $ 30,000–$ 40,000
2017: $ 40,000–$ 50,000
2011: $ 50,000–$ 60,000
1974: < $ 1,000
1948: $ 10,000–$ 20,000
1942: $ 20,000–$ 30,000
1934: $ 30,000–$ 40,000
1928: $ 40,000–$ 50,000
1922: $ 50,000–$ 60,000
1831:in 1990 monetary terms.
1732:International standards
1685:world GDP and world GNI
1574:government expenditures
1570:G (government spending)
1381:Gross operating surplus
1318:gross operating surplus
1043:Human Development Index
344:Industrial organization
201:Computational economics
7514:Gross domestic product
7456:Per capita (creditors)
7435:Smartphone penetration
7091:Gross domestic product
7058:Three/Four-World Model
6408:nominal and per capita
5988:Gross domestic product
5895:Gross domestic product
4312:. 2014. Archived from
3464:"GDP: a brief history"
3462:Dickinson, Elizabeth.
3329:Raworth, Kate (2017).
2935:Gross regional product
2794:Problems with GDP data
2749:World Happiness Report
2747:have edited an annual
2730:OECD Better Life Index
2426:
2283:
2274:
2122:
2081:
2043: $ 5,000–$ 10,000
1986:
1954: $ 5,000–$ 10,000
1876:
1784:
1677:gross national product
1473:
1168:
1117:gross national product
1076:
941:Gross domestic product
196:Experimental economics
46:
7420:ICT Development Index
7402:Social Progress Index
7187:Gross national income
6496:Subnational divisions
5615:1959.4/unsworks_59015
5123:Gansbeke, Frank Van.
5094:"Social Wealth Index"
5005:10.1056/NEJMoa1614362
4732:Goldsmith, Courtney.
4662:Nature Communications
3531:Coyle, Diane (2014).
3470:. ForeignPolicy.com.
2990:Social Progress Index
2910:Cost-of-living crisis
2895:Chained volume series
2721:began publishing the
2473:structural imperative
2469:consumption expansion
2447:citizens of the world
2420:
2278:
2269:
2120:
2069: < $ 500
2057: $ 1,000–$ 2,500
2049: $ 2,500–$ 5,000
1992:
1968: $ 1,000–$ 2,500
1960: $ 2,500–$ 5,000
1903:
1871:
1862:Further information:
1782:
1681:gross national income
1594:unemployment benefits
1471:
1430:employee compensation
1166:
1068:
40:
7481:Economics portal
7461:Per capita (debtors)
7327:Net material product
5962:The Maddison Project
5948:Stockholm University
5538:. 21 December 2019.
5505:""Bhutan GNH Index""
5424:. 11 February 2016.
5341:World Economic Forum
4599:. The Conversation.
4468:Holcombe, Randall G.
3939:16 June 2010 at the
3749:. OECD. p. 18.
3598:"GDP – Final Output"
3382:. 21 December 2013.
2940:Inventory investment
2920:Economy monetization
2810:separation of powers
2586:open-source software
2561:cutting of emissions
2151:Non-monetary economy
1886:real GDP growth rate
1873:Real GDP Growth Rate
1852:consumer price index
1769:National measurement
1647:are expenditures on
1452:Expenditure approach
1035:unpaid domestic work
1031:environmental impact
423:Social choice theory
32:GDP (disambiguation)
7447:investment position
7392:Human Capital Index
7382:Human Poverty Index
7370:inequality-adjusted
7171:per person employed
6436:Asia & Pacific
6323:Countries by region
6213:Per person employed
5846:Scientific American
5826:Lepenies, Philipp.
5398:. 10 January 2005.
4934:2019Sci...365.1387A
4875:2001GEC....11..193K
4674:2020NatCo..11.3107W
4373:on 27 November 2020
3903:"National Accounts"
2777:China launched the
2689:In 2009 Professors
2627:capability approach
2443:pollutant emissions
2323:income distribution
2216:of this article is
2178:Income distribution
2063: $ 500–$ 1,000
1602:government spending
1493:net exports (X − M)
1438:proprietor's income
1426:Total factor income
1180:Production approach
1027:resource extraction
890:Business portal
211:Operations research
191:National accounting
7445:Net international
7196:Nominal per capita
7114:past and projected
7028:Developing country
6712:nominal per capita
6475:nominal per capita
6413:PPP and per capita
6388:nominal per capita
6299:Nominal per capita
6261:Oceanian countries
6251:European countries
6196:Past and projected
6159:Sector composition
6147:Past and projected
6121:Lists of countries
6058:Rodney Edvinsson,
5977:Articles and books
5868:on 8 November 2017
5841:Joseph E. Stiglitz
5797:2008-08-17 at the
5190:The New York Times
4718:2017-10-16 at the
3888:2022-12-07 at the
3870:2022-12-07 at the
3852:2022-12-07 at the
3834:2022-12-07 at the
3684:2012-08-25 at the
3602:Statistical Manual
3449:2018-09-14 at the
3376:"Petty impressive"
2870:nominal per capita
2699:Jean-Paul Fitoussi
2427:
2369:sustainable growth
2342:. Some, including
2306:. He said that it
2286:Further criticisms
2123:
2082:
1987:
1877:
1827:$ 150 million
1813:$ 300 million
1809:$ 300 million
1805:$ 100 million
1785:
1548:financial products
1474:
1395:Gross mixed income
1333:gross mixed income
1237:producer prices".
1169:
1077:
1039:doughnut economics
983:standard of living
221:Industrial complex
216:Middle income trap
47:
7524:National accounts
7501:
7500:
7352:Human development
7314:national accounts
7216:Disposable income
7211:Per capita growth
7181:
7180:
7023:Developed country
6980:
6979:
6314:Disposable income
6309:Per capita growth
6276:Industrial growth
6236:African countries
5983:Library resources
5833:Philipsen, Dirk.
5819:978-0-691-15679-8
5737:(10): 2731–2769.
5535:The Straits Times
5377:978-1-84407-806-6
4654:Julia Steinberger
4428:978-92-64-02566-0
4403:978-0-674-07235-0
4363:"Goal 10 targets"
4261:978-1-4008-4877-5
4000:978-1-84480-870-0
3756:978-92-64-02566-0
3608:on 16 April 2010,
3542:978-0-691-15679-8
3506:978-0-231-54143-5
3342:978-1-84794-138-1
3315:978-0-273-69351-2
2734:life satisfaction
2712:wellbeing economy
2512:wealth inequality
2401:Impact evaluation
2353:national accounts
2300:Robert F. Kennedy
2292:environmentalists
2257:
2256:
2249:
2080:
2079:
1985:
1984:
1882:percentage change
1726:Per capita income
1586:transfer payments
1562:is a swapping of
1434:corporate profits
1391:to calculate GOS.
1285:Depreciation (or
1262:Corporate profits
1210:Gross value added
1090:between 1652-74.
1051:human development
1047:Better Life Index
1019:growth imperative
938:
937:
16:(Redirected from
7531:
7493:World portal
7491:
7490:
7479:
7478:
7397:Household income
7291:Wealth per adult
7154:future estimates
7097:
7096:
7007:
7000:
6993:
6984:
6983:
6971:Lists by country
6271:1980–2010 growth
6114:
6107:
6100:
6091:
6090:
6069:
6031:
6030:on May 15, 2013.
6018:
5877:
5875:
5873:
5867:
5860:
5823:
5774:
5773:
5771:
5770:
5722:
5716:
5715:
5713:
5712:
5695:. Sep 29, 2022.
5690:
5683:
5677:
5676:
5674:
5672:
5657:
5651:
5650:
5648:
5646:
5631:
5625:
5624:
5623:
5622:
5617:
5591:
5585:
5584:
5582:
5581:
5558:
5552:
5551:
5549:
5547:
5526:
5520:
5519:
5517:
5516:
5501:
5495:
5494:
5492:
5490:
5475:
5469:
5468:
5466:
5465:
5459:
5453:. Archived from
5452:
5444:
5438:
5437:
5435:
5433:
5418:
5412:
5411:
5409:
5407:
5388:
5382:
5381:
5363:
5357:
5356:
5354:
5352:
5333:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5322:
5274:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5263:
5248:"Rethinking GDP"
5243:
5237:
5236:
5234:
5232:
5212:
5206:
5205:
5203:
5201:
5181:
5175:
5174:
5172:
5170:
5151:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5140:
5120:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5109:
5090:
5084:
5083:
5073:
5033:
5027:
5026:
5016:
4980:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4969:
4913:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4902:
4854:
4848:
4847:
4845:
4843:
4824:
4818:
4817:
4815:
4813:
4793:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4782:
4768:
4760:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4749:
4729:
4723:
4710:
4705:
4695:
4685:
4656:(19 June 2020).
4649:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4638:
4619:
4613:
4612:
4610:
4608:
4588:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4577:
4557:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4546:
4526:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4510:
4502:
4496:
4495:
4464:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4439:
4433:
4432:
4414:
4408:
4407:
4389:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4369:. Archived from
4359:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4339:
4331:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4321:
4302:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4291:
4272:
4266:
4265:
4247:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4216:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4187:
4181:
4180:
4168:
4160:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4129:
4123:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4101:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4091:
4072:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4062:
4042:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4016:
4005:
4004:
3983:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3963:
3955:
3944:
3925:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3909:on 16 April 2011
3899:
3893:
3881:
3875:
3863:
3857:
3845:
3839:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3801:
3795:
3781:
3775:
3774:
3769:
3768:
3740:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3707:
3701:
3695:
3689:
3675:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3658:
3645:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3629:
3621:
3620:on 2 March 2009.
3609:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3577:
3553:
3547:
3546:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3459:
3453:
3440:Great Depression
3436:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3223:. Archived from
3217:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3187:Britannica Money
3179:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3081:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3046:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3026:
3015:
3007:
2980:Potential output
2584:such as writing
2522:. The number of
2484:market economies
2252:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2232:
2206:
2205:
2198:
2074:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1979:
1973:
1967:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1933:
1927:
1921:
1915:
1909:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1654:car manufacturer
1365:
1364:
1363:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1146:intangible asset
1092:Charles Davenant
1003:living standards
930:
923:
916:
902:Money portal
900:
899:
898:
888:
887:
384:Natural resource
176:Economic systems
72:
49:
48:
21:
7539:
7538:
7534:
7533:
7532:
7530:
7529:
7528:
7504:
7503:
7502:
7497:
7485:
7473:
7465:
7446:
7439:
7406:
7346:
7307:
7277:
7220:
7177:
7139:
7132:
7085:
7052:
7014:
7011:
6981:
6976:
6975:
6949:
6491:
6318:
6280:
6222:
6170:
6163:
6128:
6118:
6049:Nouriel Roubini
6003:
6002:
6001:
5991:
5990:
5986:
5886:
5881:
5871:
5869:
5865:
5858:
5852:
5820:
5799:Wayback Machine
5783:
5781:Further reading
5778:
5777:
5768:
5766:
5723:
5719:
5710:
5708:
5685:
5684:
5680:
5670:
5668:
5658:
5654:
5644:
5642:
5633:
5632:
5628:
5620:
5618:
5592:
5588:
5579:
5577:
5559:
5555:
5545:
5543:
5528:
5527:
5523:
5514:
5512:
5503:
5502:
5498:
5488:
5486:
5477:
5476:
5472:
5463:
5461:
5457:
5450:
5446:
5445:
5441:
5431:
5429:
5420:
5419:
5415:
5405:
5403:
5390:
5389:
5385:
5378:
5364:
5360:
5350:
5348:
5335:
5334:
5330:
5320:
5318:
5275:
5271:
5261:
5259:
5244:
5240:
5230:
5228:
5213:
5209:
5199:
5197:
5182:
5178:
5168:
5166:
5153:
5152:
5148:
5138:
5136:
5121:
5117:
5107:
5105:
5092:
5091:
5087:
5034:
5030:
4981:
4977:
4967:
4965:
4914:
4910:
4900:
4898:
4855:
4851:
4841:
4839:
4826:
4825:
4821:
4811:
4809:
4794:
4790:
4780:
4778:
4761:
4757:
4747:
4745:
4730:
4726:
4720:Wayback Machine
4650:
4646:
4636:
4634:
4621:
4620:
4616:
4606:
4604:
4589:
4585:
4575:
4573:
4558:
4554:
4544:
4542:
4527:
4523:
4515:
4508:
4504:
4503:
4499:
4465:
4461:
4452:
4450:
4441:
4440:
4436:
4429:
4415:
4411:
4404:
4390:
4386:
4376:
4374:
4361:
4360:
4356:
4348:
4337:
4333:
4332:
4328:
4319:
4317:
4304:
4303:
4299:
4289:
4287:
4274:
4273:
4269:
4262:
4248:
4244:
4234:
4232:
4217:
4213:
4204:
4202:
4189:
4188:
4184:
4161:
4157:
4147:
4145:
4130:
4126:
4121:
4117:
4102:
4098:
4089:
4087:
4074:
4073:
4069:
4060:
4058:
4043:
4039:
4029:
4027:
4018:
4017:
4008:
4001:
3984:
3980:
3972:
3961:
3957:
3956:
3947:
3941:Wayback Machine
3931:
3926:
3922:
3912:
3910:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3890:Wayback Machine
3882:
3878:
3872:Wayback Machine
3864:
3860:
3854:Wayback Machine
3846:
3842:
3836:Wayback Machine
3828:
3824:
3814:
3812:
3811:on 21 July 2011
3803:
3802:
3798:
3792:Wayback Machine
3782:
3778:
3766:
3764:
3757:
3741:
3737:
3728:
3726:
3715:Britannica Kids
3709:
3708:
3704:
3696:
3692:
3686:Wayback Machine
3676:
3672:
3663:
3656:
3648:
3646:
3642:
3634:
3627:
3623:
3622:
3612:
3611:
3596:
3595:
3591:
3554:
3550:
3543:
3529:
3525:
3516:
3514:
3507:
3491:
3487:
3477:
3475:
3460:
3456:
3451:Wayback Machine
3437:
3430:
3420:
3418:
3403:
3399:
3389:
3387:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3360:
3358:
3343:
3327:
3323:
3316:
3302:
3298:
3288:
3286:
3271:
3267:
3257:
3255:
3244:
3240:
3230:
3228:
3227:on 27 June 2021
3219:
3218:
3209:
3200:
3198:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3166:
3164:
3151:
3150:
3146:
3136:
3134:
3115:
3111:
3102:
3100:
3089:Britannica Kids
3083:
3082:
3075:
3066:
3064:
3047:
3040:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3013:
3009:
3008:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2890:
2885:
2818:
2806:economic growth
2796:
2707:Nicolas Sarkozy
2691:Joseph Stiglitz
2623:Martha Nussbaum
2611:
2603:natural capital
2591:digital economy
2565:Paris Agreement
2553:Johan Rockström
2488:societal change
2415:
2397:Problem-solving
2393:Decision-making
2389:
2344:Martha Nussbaum
2288:
2262:
2253:
2242:
2236:
2233:
2222:
2207:
2203:
2196:
2165:economic growth
2115:
2098:
2076:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1981:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1898:
1866:
1864:Economic growth
1860:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1797:
1777:
1771:
1734:
1673:
1590:social security
1582:public servants
1550:is classed as '
1526:C (consumption)
1481:consumption (C)
1466:
1454:
1375:social security
1361:
1354:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1336:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1321:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1243:
1241:Income approach
1182:
1161:
1063:
995:inflation rates
934:
896:
894:
882:
875:
874:
845:
835:
834:
833:
832:
596:von Böhm-Bawerk
484:
473:
472:
234:
226:
225:
181:Economic growth
171:
163:
162:
104:
102:classifications
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7537:
7527:
7526:
7521:
7516:
7499:
7498:
7496:
7495:
7483:
7470:
7467:
7466:
7464:
7463:
7458:
7452:
7450:
7441:
7440:
7438:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7416:
7414:
7412:Digital divide
7408:
7407:
7405:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7389:
7384:
7379:
7378:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7356:
7354:
7348:
7347:
7345:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7318:
7316:
7309:
7308:
7306:
7305:
7300:
7299:
7298:
7287:
7285:
7279:
7278:
7276:
7275:
7274:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7242:
7241:
7230:
7228:
7222:
7221:
7219:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7206:PPP per capita
7203:
7198:
7192:
7190:
7183:
7182:
7179:
7178:
7176:
7175:
7174:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7162:
7161:
7145:
7143:
7134:
7133:
7131:
7130:
7129:
7128:
7123:
7122:
7121:
7105:
7103:
7094:
7087:
7086:
7084:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7062:
7060:
7054:
7053:
7051:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7025:
7019:
7016:
7015:
7010:
7009:
7002:
6995:
6987:
6978:
6977:
6974:
6973:
6968:
6962:
6961:
6960:
6954:
6951:
6950:
6937:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6905:
6904:
6899:
6889:
6888:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6870:United Kingdom
6867:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6821:
6820:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6754:
6753:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6727:
6726:
6716:
6715:
6714:
6704:
6703:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6682:
6681:
6680:
6675:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6654:
6653:
6648:
6638:
6633:
6632:
6631:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6609:Czech Republic
6606:
6601:
6596:
6595:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6574:
6573:
6572:
6562:
6561:
6560:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6499:
6497:
6493:
6492:
6490:
6489:
6488:
6487:
6479:
6478:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6465:PPP per capita
6462:
6454:
6449:
6448:
6447:
6442:
6434:
6429:
6428:
6427:
6417:
6416:
6415:
6410:
6402:
6401:
6400:
6394:South America
6392:
6391:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6374:North America
6372:
6371:
6370:
6365:
6357:
6356:
6355:
6350:
6342:
6341:
6340:
6335:
6326:
6324:
6320:
6319:
6317:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6294:PPP per capita
6290:
6288:
6282:
6281:
6279:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6232:
6230:
6224:
6223:
6221:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6204:
6203:
6193:
6192:
6191:
6181:
6175:
6173:
6165:
6164:
6162:
6161:
6156:
6155:
6154:
6144:
6138:
6136:
6130:
6129:
6117:
6116:
6109:
6102:
6094:
6088:
6087:
6082:
6079:Abolishing GDP
6075:
6070:
6056:
6042:
6032:
6019:
6000:
5999:
5993:
5992:
5981:
5980:
5974:
5973:
5970:Angus Maddison
5959:
5950:
5941:
5930:
5929:
5924:
5918:
5913:
5911:OECD GDP chart
5908:
5903:
5885:
5884:External links
5882:
5880:
5879:
5850:
5838:
5831:
5824:
5818:
5802:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5776:
5775:
5743:10.1086/720458
5717:
5678:
5666:China Dialogue
5652:
5626:
5606:10.3386/w25695
5586:
5553:
5521:
5496:
5470:
5439:
5413:
5383:
5376:
5358:
5328:
5269:
5238:
5207:
5176:
5146:
5115:
5085:
5054:10.1086/593084
5028:
4975:
4928:(6460): 1387.
4908:
4869:(3): 193–202.
4849:
4819:
4788:
4755:
4724:
4644:
4614:
4583:
4552:
4521:
4497:
4478:(4): 387–405.
4459:
4434:
4427:
4409:
4402:
4384:
4354:
4344:. April 2018.
4326:
4297:
4286:on 17 May 2016
4267:
4260:
4242:
4211:
4182:
4155:
4124:
4115:
4096:
4067:
4037:
4006:
3999:
3978:
3945:
3920:
3894:
3876:
3858:
3840:
3822:
3796:
3776:
3755:
3735:
3702:
3690:
3670:
3640:
3589:
3548:
3541:
3523:
3505:
3485:
3468:Foreign Policy
3454:
3428:
3397:
3367:
3341:
3321:
3314:
3296:
3265:
3238:
3207:
3174:
3144:
3109:
3073:
3038:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2873:
2855:
2850:
2840:
2830:
2825:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2775:
2772:
2760:
2753:
2741:Richard Layard
2737:
2726:
2715:
2687:
2680:European Union
2676:
2660:
2641:
2630:
2625:developed the
2617:In the 1980s,
2610:
2607:
2445:with affluent
2388:
2385:
2328:GDP per capita
2287:
2284:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2210:
2208:
2201:
2195:
2192:
2187:
2186:
2174:
2168:
2158:
2148:
2142:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2097:
2094:
2090:GDP per person
2086:Per-capita GDP
2078:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1983:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1897:
1896:GDP per capita
1894:
1859:
1856:
1796:
1793:
1789:private sector
1773:Main article:
1770:
1767:
1756:United Nations
1748:European Union
1733:
1730:
1672:
1669:
1634:
1633:
1611:
1605:
1572:is the sum of
1567:
1558:or companies'
1540:I (investment)
1537:
1519:
1518:
1485:investment (I)
1479:is the sum of
1465:
1462:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1399:
1398:
1392:
1378:
1367:
1366:
1359:
1352:
1291:
1290:
1283:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1242:
1239:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1198:Determine the
1196:
1181:
1178:
1160:
1157:
1130:Milton Gilbert
1062:
1059:
991:cost of living
936:
935:
933:
932:
925:
918:
910:
907:
906:
905:
904:
892:
877:
876:
873:
872:
867:
857:
852:
846:
841:
840:
837:
836:
831:
830:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
487:
486:
485:
479:
478:
475:
474:
471:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
389:Organizational
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
235:
233:By application
232:
231:
228:
227:
224:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
172:
169:
168:
165:
164:
161:
160:
155:
150:
145:
140:
135:
126:
121:
116:
111:
105:
99:
98:
95:
94:
93:
92:
87:
82:
74:
73:
65:
64:
58:
57:
26:
18:Per capita GDP
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7536:
7525:
7522:
7520:
7517:
7515:
7512:
7511:
7509:
7494:
7489:
7484:
7482:
7477:
7472:
7471:
7468:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7453:
7451:
7448:
7442:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7417:
7415:
7413:
7409:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7362:
7361:
7358:
7357:
7355:
7353:
7349:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7319:
7317:
7315:
7310:
7304:
7301:
7297:
7294:
7293:
7292:
7289:
7288:
7286:
7284:
7280:
7272:
7271:United States
7269:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7258:
7257:
7256:Minimum wages
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7240:
7237:
7236:
7235:
7232:
7231:
7229:
7227:
7223:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7184:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7160:
7157:
7156:
7155:
7152:
7151:
7150:
7147:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7135:
7127:
7124:
7120:
7117:
7116:
7115:
7112:
7111:
7110:
7107:
7106:
7104:
7102:
7098:
7095:
7092:
7088:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7063:
7061:
7059:
7055:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7020:
7017:
7008:
7003:
7001:
6996:
6994:
6989:
6988:
6985:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6963:
6959:
6956:
6955:
6952:
6948:
6947:
6944:
6941:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6894:
6893:
6892:United States
6890:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6872:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6819:
6816:
6815:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6752:
6749:
6748:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6725:
6722:
6721:
6720:
6717:
6713:
6710:
6709:
6708:
6705:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6687:
6686:
6683:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6670:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6643:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6630:
6627:
6626:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6579:
6578:
6575:
6571:
6568:
6567:
6566:
6563:
6559:
6556:
6555:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6528:Baltic States
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6500:
6498:
6494:
6486:
6483:
6482:
6480:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6457:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6437:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6426:
6423:
6422:
6421:
6418:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6405:
6403:
6399:
6396:
6395:
6393:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6375:
6373:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6360:
6358:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6345:
6343:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6330:
6328:
6327:
6325:
6321:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6291:
6289:
6287:
6283:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6233:
6231:
6229:
6225:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6202:
6199:
6198:
6197:
6194:
6190:
6187:
6186:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6176:
6174:
6172:
6166:
6160:
6157:
6153:
6150:
6149:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6139:
6137:
6135:
6131:
6126:
6122:
6115:
6110:
6108:
6103:
6101:
6096:
6095:
6092:
6086:
6083:
6080:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6067:
6063:
6057:
6054:
6050:
6046:
6043:
6040:
6036:
6033:
6029:
6025:
6020:
6016:
6015:
6010:
6007:Callen, Tim.
6005:
6004:
5998:
5995:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5978:
5971:
5967:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5936:
5935:
5934:
5928:
5925:
5923:at World Bank
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5901:
5896:
5893:
5892:
5891:
5890:
5864:
5857:
5856:
5851:
5848:
5847:
5842:
5839:
5836:
5832:
5829:
5825:
5821:
5815:
5811:
5807:
5803:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5791:
5786:
5785:
5764:
5760:
5756:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5736:
5732:
5728:
5721:
5706:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5693:The Economist
5689:
5682:
5667:
5663:
5656:
5640:
5636:
5630:
5616:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5599:
5598:
5590:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5557:
5541:
5537:
5536:
5531:
5525:
5510:
5506:
5500:
5484:
5480:
5474:
5460:on 2015-07-01
5456:
5449:
5443:
5427:
5423:
5417:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5387:
5379:
5373:
5369:
5362:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5332:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5273:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5242:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5211:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5180:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5150:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5119:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5089:
5081:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5032:
5024:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4979:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4912:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4853:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4823:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4792:
4776:
4772:
4767:
4759:
4743:
4739:
4738:World Finance
4735:
4728:
4721:
4717:
4714:
4709:
4703:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4648:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4618:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4587:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4556:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4525:
4514:
4507:
4501:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4463:
4448:
4444:
4438:
4430:
4424:
4420:
4413:
4405:
4399:
4395:
4388:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4358:
4347:
4343:
4336:
4330:
4316:on 2022-04-19
4315:
4311:
4307:
4301:
4285:
4281:
4280:Freedom House
4277:
4271:
4263:
4257:
4253:
4246:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4215:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4186:
4178:
4174:
4173:
4167:
4159:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4128:
4119:
4111:
4107:
4100:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4071:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4041:
4025:
4021:
4015:
4013:
4011:
4002:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3987:Mankiw, N. G.
3982:
3971:
3967:
3960:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3942:
3938:
3935:
3930:
3927:HM Treasury,
3924:
3908:
3904:
3898:
3891:
3887:
3884:
3880:
3873:
3869:
3866:
3862:
3855:
3851:
3848:
3844:
3837:
3833:
3830:
3826:
3810:
3806:
3800:
3793:
3789:
3786:
3780:
3773:
3762:
3758:
3752:
3748:
3747:
3739:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3706:
3699:
3694:
3687:
3683:
3680:
3674:
3662:
3655:
3653:
3644:
3633:
3626:
3619:
3615:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3593:
3585:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3552:
3544:
3538:
3534:
3527:
3512:
3508:
3502:
3498:
3497:
3489:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3458:
3452:
3448:
3445:
3441:
3435:
3433:
3416:
3412:
3411:The Globalist
3408:
3401:
3385:
3381:
3380:The Economist
3377:
3371:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3338:
3334:
3333:
3325:
3317:
3311:
3307:
3300:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3269:
3253:
3249:
3246:Callen, Tim.
3242:
3226:
3222:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3178:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3148:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3117:Callen, Tim.
3113:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3080:
3078:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3045:
3043:
3023:
3019:
3012:
3006:
3002:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2965:Median income
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2881:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2766:
2761:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2745:Jeffrey Sachs
2742:
2738:
2735:
2731:
2728:In 2013, the
2727:
2724:
2720:
2717:In 2008, the
2716:
2713:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2634:Mahbub ul Haq
2631:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2539:activities".
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2504:deforestation
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2471:and that the
2470:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2405:Economic data
2402:
2398:
2394:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2373:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2266:
2265:Simon Kuznets
2251:
2248:
2240:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2209:
2200:
2199:
2191:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2138:Externalities
2135:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2119:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2075: No data
1999:
1995:
1991:
1980: No data
1910:
1906:
1902:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1801:
1792:
1790:
1781:
1776:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1729:
1727:
1722:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1707:United States
1705:In 1991, the
1703:
1700:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1560:equity shares
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1534:durable goods
1531:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1470:
1461:
1457:
1447:
1443:
1442:rental income
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1362:
1355:
1339:
1334:
1324:
1319:
1309:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1238:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1185:
1177:
1173:
1165:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1142:public sector
1137:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1111:). After the
1110:
1109:
1104:
1103:U.S. Congress
1100:
1099:Simon Kuznets
1095:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1080:William Petty
1074:
1071:
1067:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1023:externalities
1020:
1016:
1013:as well as a
1012:
1007:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
975:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
950:
946:
942:
931:
926:
924:
919:
917:
912:
911:
909:
908:
903:
893:
891:
886:
881:
880:
879:
878:
871:
868:
865:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
847:
844:
839:
838:
829:
828:
824:
822:
819:
817:
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809:
807:
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802:
799:
797:
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789:
787:
784:
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779:
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769:
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764:
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754:
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749:
747:
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742:
739:
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734:
732:
729:
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724:
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719:
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664:
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629:
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619:
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584:
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497:
494:
492:
491:de Mandeville
489:
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469:
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456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
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429:
426:
424:
420:
419:Public choice
417:
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412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
394:Participation
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
354:Institutional
352:
350:
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345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
304:Expeditionary
302:
300:
297:
295:
294:Environmental
292:
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287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
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159:
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149:
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134:
130:
127:
125:
124:International
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
106:
103:
100:Branches and
97:
96:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
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75:
71:
67:
66:
63:
60:
59:
55:
51:
50:
44:
39:
33:
19:
7234:Average wage
7140:power parity
7090:
7081:Fourth World
7071:Second World
6938:
6840:South Africa
6825:Saudi Arabia
6404:Arab League
6241:Asian states
6124:
6065:
6053:David Backus
6028:the original
6012:
5987:
5976:
5975:
5932:
5931:
5898:
5888:
5887:
5870:. Retrieved
5863:the original
5854:
5844:
5834:
5827:
5809:
5806:Coyle, Diane
5789:
5767:. Retrieved
5734:
5730:
5720:
5709:. Retrieved
5692:
5681:
5669:. Retrieved
5665:
5655:
5643:. Retrieved
5635:"Beyond GDP"
5629:
5619:, retrieved
5596:
5589:
5578:. Retrieved
5566:
5556:
5544:. Retrieved
5533:
5524:
5513:. Retrieved
5499:
5487:. Retrieved
5473:
5462:. Retrieved
5455:the original
5442:
5430:. Retrieved
5416:
5404:. Retrieved
5395:
5386:
5367:
5361:
5351:20 September
5349:. Retrieved
5340:
5331:
5321:20 September
5319:. Retrieved
5286:
5282:
5272:
5262:20 September
5260:. Retrieved
5251:
5241:
5231:20 September
5229:. Retrieved
5220:
5210:
5200:20 September
5198:. Retrieved
5189:
5179:
5169:20 September
5167:. Retrieved
5158:
5149:
5139:17 September
5137:. Retrieved
5128:
5118:
5108:17 September
5106:. Retrieved
5097:
5088:
5045:
5041:
5031:
4999:(1): 13–27.
4996:
4992:
4978:
4968:17 September
4966:. Retrieved
4925:
4921:
4911:
4901:17 September
4899:. Retrieved
4866:
4862:
4852:
4840:. Retrieved
4831:
4822:
4810:. Retrieved
4802:The Guardian
4801:
4791:
4779:. Retrieved
4770:
4758:
4748:17 September
4746:. Retrieved
4737:
4727:
4665:
4661:
4647:
4635:. Retrieved
4626:
4617:
4605:. Retrieved
4596:
4586:
4576:17 September
4574:. Retrieved
4565:
4555:
4543:. Retrieved
4534:
4524:
4500:
4475:
4471:
4462:
4451:. Retrieved
4437:
4418:
4412:
4393:
4387:
4377:23 September
4375:. Retrieved
4371:the original
4366:
4357:
4341:
4329:
4318:. Retrieved
4314:the original
4309:
4300:
4288:. Retrieved
4284:the original
4279:
4270:
4251:
4245:
4233:. Retrieved
4224:
4214:
4203:. Retrieved
4194:
4185:
4170:
4158:
4146:. Retrieved
4137:
4127:
4118:
4109:
4099:
4088:. Retrieved
4079:
4070:
4059:. Retrieved
4050:
4045:Choi, Kwan.
4040:
4028:. Retrieved
3990:
3981:
3965:
3928:
3923:
3911:. Retrieved
3907:the original
3897:
3879:
3861:
3843:
3825:
3813:. Retrieved
3809:the original
3799:
3779:
3771:
3765:. Retrieved
3745:
3738:
3727:. Retrieved
3714:
3705:
3697:
3693:
3673:
3651:
3643:
3618:the original
3606:the original
3601:
3592:
3565:
3561:
3551:
3532:
3526:
3515:. Retrieved
3495:
3488:
3476:. Retrieved
3467:
3457:
3419:. Retrieved
3410:
3400:
3388:. Retrieved
3379:
3370:
3359:. Retrieved
3331:
3324:
3305:
3299:
3287:. Retrieved
3279:Investopedia
3278:
3273:Hall, Mary.
3268:
3256:. Retrieved
3241:
3229:. Retrieved
3225:the original
3199:. Retrieved
3186:
3177:
3165:. Retrieved
3147:
3135:. Retrieved
3122:
3112:
3101:. Retrieved
3088:
3065:. Retrieved
3054:
3029:. Retrieved
3005:
2985:Productivism
2799:
2797:
2768:
2683:
2678:In 2009 the
2645:John B. Cobb
2612:
2574:social media
2528:improvements
2516:agribusiness
2439:resource use
2428:
2374:
2357:
2337:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2289:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2263:
2243:
2234:
2212:
2188:
2176:
2170:
2160:
2150:
2144:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2089:
2085:
2083:
1878:
1847:GDP deflator
1845:
1843:
1830:
1802:
1798:
1786:
1764:
1737:
1735:
1717:
1710:
1704:
1701:
1693:
1689:
1674:
1666:
1662:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1632:as domestic.
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1601:
1600:rather than
1597:
1569:
1539:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1458:
1455:
1446:net interest
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1400:
1394:
1389:gross output
1380:
1370:
1357:
1350:
1337:
1322:
1307:
1297:
1292:
1277:
1274:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1235:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1208:
1186:
1183:
1174:
1170:
1151:
1138:
1134:institutions
1106:
1096:
1078:
1008:
976:
956:market value
944:
940:
939:
860:Publications
825:
448:Sociological
421: /
319:Geographical
299:Evolutionary
274:Digitization
239:Agricultural
143:Mathematical
114:Econometrics
7201:Real income
7138:Purchasing
7076:Third World
7066:First World
6860:Switzerland
6845:South Korea
6793:Philippines
6763:Netherlands
6592:prefectures
6425:subdivision
6304:Real income
6228:Growth rate
5546:22 December
5489:26 February
5396:Iim-edu.org
5048:: 157–204.
4668:(1): 3107.
4030:21 February
3289:23 February
3167:23 February
3137:23 February
2925:GDP density
2757:Palma ratio
2695:Amartya Sen
2675:philosophy.
2651:introduced
2649:Herman Daly
2619:Amartya Sen
2578:Diane Coyle
2541:Steve Cohen
2481:competitive
2451:sustainable
2340:unpaid work
2318:Amartya Sen
2296:environment
1671:GDP and GNI
1649:final goods
1614:M (imports)
1608:X (exports)
1578:final goods
1416:factor cost
1401:The sum of
1101:for a 1934
987:Nominal GDP
960:final goods
958:of all the
696:von Neumann
349:Information
289:Engineering
269:Development
264:Demographic
206:Game theory
148:Methodology
7508:Categories
7365:by country
7166:per capita
7159:per capita
7149:By country
7126:per capita
7119:per capita
7109:By country
6875:per capita
6818:per capita
6751:per capita
6731:Kazakhstan
6724:per capita
6690:per capita
6678:per capita
6646:per capita
6629:per capita
6582:per capita
6570:per capita
6266:Per capita
6201:per capita
6189:per capita
6179:Per capita
6152:per capita
6142:Per capita
5769:2022-12-01
5711:2022-10-25
5621:2024-01-21
5580:2024-01-21
5515:2017-03-04
5464:2017-03-04
5289:: 102485.
4566:www.ft.com
4453:2018-03-24
4342:World Bank
4320:2022-04-25
4205:2021-05-07
4138:The Broker
4090:2015-04-06
4061:2020-06-24
3767:2021-02-15
3729:2023-02-23
3700:, chap. 2.
3517:2017-10-09
3361:2022-03-19
3201:2023-02-23
3103:2023-02-23
3067:2023-02-23
3018:World Bank
2997:References
2862:per capita
2847:per capita
2837:per capita
2599:production
2576:. In 2017
2545:lifestyles
2391:See also:
2348:substitute
2314:Jean Drèze
2214:neutrality
1996:in 2023:
1858:GDP growth
1760:World Bank
1658:auto parts
1598:investment
1588:, such as
1084:tax burden
1055:well being
1025:, such as
979:per capita
855:Economists
726:Schumacher
631:Schumpeter
601:von Wieser
521:von Thünen
482:economists
458:Statistics
453:Solidarity
374:Managerial
339:Humanistic
334:Historical
279:Ecological
244:Behavioral
138:Mainstream
43:World Bank
6700:regencies
6685:Indonesia
6518:Australia
6508:Argentina
5759:158256267
5751:0022-3808
5701:0013-0613
5575:0017-8012
5311:203596268
5303:0304-3878
5062:0889-3365
4958:203566011
4891:0959-3780
4195:Bizfluent
4080:Study.com
3991:Economics
3584:0969-2290
3568:: 65–87.
3351:974194745
3231:14 August
3031:24 August
2783:Zhejiang
2664:Med Jones
2662:In 2005,
2643:In 1989,
2632:In 1990,
2486:inhibits
2455:lifestyle
2435:affluence
2425:decrease.
2358:The UK's
2225:talk page
2155:Bartering
1850:. Unlike
771:Greenspan
736:Samuelson
716:Galbraith
686:Tinbergen
626:von Mises
621:Heckscher
581:Edgeworth
399:Personnel
359:Knowledge
324:Happiness
314:Financial
284:Education
259:Democracy
153:Political
119:Heterodox
62:Economics
6919:Thailand
6914:Tanzania
6897:counties
6880:counties
6835:Slovakia
6803:Portugal
6783:Pakistan
6758:Mongolia
6741:Malaysia
6599:Colombia
6548:Bulgaria
6481:Oceania
6127:rankings
5808:(2014).
5795:Archived
5763:Archived
5705:Archived
5639:Archived
5540:Archived
5509:Archived
5483:Archived
5426:Archived
5400:Archived
5345:Archived
5315:Archived
5256:Archived
5225:Archived
5194:Archived
5163:Archived
5159:phys.org
5133:Archived
5102:Archived
5080:24347816
5023:28604169
4985:Al-Aly Z
4962:Archived
4950:31604261
4895:Archived
4836:Archived
4806:Archived
4775:Archived
4742:Archived
4716:Archived
4702:32561753
4631:Archived
4627:phys.org
4601:Archived
4597:phys.org
4570:Archived
4539:Archived
4513:Archived
4492:30021697
4447:Archived
4346:Archived
4229:Archived
4225:EcoWatch
4199:Archived
4177:Archived
4142:Archived
4084:Archived
4055:Archived
4024:Archived
3970:Archived
3937:Archived
3934:document
3886:Archived
3868:Archived
3850:Archived
3832:Archived
3788:Archived
3761:Archived
3723:Archived
3682:Archived
3661:Archived
3632:Archived
3511:Archived
3478:25 April
3472:Archived
3447:Archived
3421:1 August
3415:Archived
3390:1 August
3384:Archived
3355:Archived
3283:Archived
3252:Archived
3195:Archived
3161:Archived
3131:Archived
3097:Archived
3061:Archived
3022:Archived
2888:See also
2769:benefits
2752:Report).
2460:need to
2409:Resource
2237:May 2024
2218:disputed
1907:in 2024
1839:real GDP
993:and the
970:and the
949:monetary
864:journals
850:Glossary
801:Stiglitz
766:Rothbard
746:Buchanan
731:Friedman
721:Koopmans
711:Leontief
691:Robinson
576:Marshall
480:Notable
428:Regional
404:Planning
379:Monetary
309:Feminist
254:Cultural
249:Business
54:a series
52:Part of
7101:Nominal
6929:Vietnam
6865:Ukraine
6808:Romania
6768:Nigeria
6663:Hungary
6641:Germany
6636:Georgia
6619:Finland
6604:Croatia
6538:Belgium
6533:Belarus
6523:Austria
6513:Armenia
6503:Albania
6470:nominal
6456:Europe
6440:nominal
6383:nominal
6368:nominal
6353:nominal
6338:nominal
6329:Africa
6134:Nominal
5897:at the
5872:9 March
5671:7 April
5645:13 July
5432:4 March
5406:4 March
5071:3860117
5014:5477817
4930:Bibcode
4922:Science
4871:Bibcode
4771:Reuters
4693:7305220
4670:Bibcode
4148:22 July
3913:29 June
3815:31 July
3250:. IMF.
2866:nominal
2714:policy.
2701:at the
2500:society
2496:economy
2458:changes
1875:in 2023
1835:percent
1820:⁄
1721:Armenia
1516:(X − M)
1477:GDP (Y)
1385:profits
1360:P&M
1353:P&M
1061:History
964:country
954:of the
952:measure
947:) is a
870:Schools
862: (
821:Piketty
816:Krugman
681:Kuznets
671:Kalecki
646:Polanyi
536:Cournot
531:Bastiat
516:Ricardo
506:Malthus
496:Quesnay
468:Welfare
438:Service
109:Applied
85:Outline
80:History
41:A 2014
7449:(NIIP)
7312:Other
7296:Europe
7283:Wealth
7266:Europe
7261:Canada
7239:Europe
6924:Turkey
6909:Taiwan
6902:cities
6885:cities
6855:Sweden
6830:Serbia
6813:Russia
6798:Poland
6778:Norway
6746:Mexico
6695:cities
6658:Greece
6651:cities
6624:France
6587:cities
6558:cities
6553:Canada
6543:Brazil
6037:, The
5985:about
5889:Global
5816:
5757:
5749:
5699:
5573:
5374:
5309:
5301:
5129:Forbes
5078:
5068:
5060:
5021:
5011:
4956:
4948:
4889:
4842:26 May
4812:26 May
4781:26 May
4700:
4690:
4637:5 July
4607:5 July
4545:16 May
4535:SFGate
4490:
4425:
4400:
4258:
4235:May 5,
3997:
3753:
3582:
3539:
3503:
3349:
3339:
3312:
3258:3 June
3221:"OECD"
2787:Deqing
2697:, and
2532:health
2477:growth
2466:incite
2411:, and
2381:Russia
2379:, and
2073:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1958:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1643:, and
1630:supply
1552:saving
1128:under
806:Thaler
786:Ostrom
781:Becker
776:Sowell
756:Baumol
661:Myrdal
656:Sraffa
651:Frisch
641:Knight
636:Keynes
611:Fisher
606:Veblen
591:Pareto
571:Menger
566:George
561:Jevons
556:Walras
546:Gossen
414:Public
409:Policy
364:Labour
329:Health
186:Market
7226:Wages
7189:(GNI)
7142:(PPP)
7093:(GDP)
6850:Spain
6773:Nepal
6736:Kenya
6719:Japan
6707:Italy
6668:India
6614:Egypt
6577:China
6565:Chile
6420:ASEAN
6171:(PPP)
6047:, by
5866:(PDF)
5859:(PDF)
5755:S2CID
5458:(PDF)
5451:(PDF)
5307:S2CID
4954:S2CID
4516:(PDF)
4509:(PDF)
4488:S2CID
4349:(PDF)
4338:(PDF)
4290:6 May
3973:(PDF)
3962:(PDF)
3785:"GDP"
3664:(PDF)
3657:(PDF)
3635:(PDF)
3628:(PDF)
3025:(PDF)
3014:(PDF)
2765:GDP-B
2570:value
2557:model
2524:obese
2377:China
2281:what.
1656:buys
1624:, or
1564:deeds
1556:bonds
1153:China
843:Lists
811:Hoppe
796:Lucas
761:Solow
751:Arrow
741:Simon
706:Lange
701:Hicks
676:Röpke
666:Hayek
616:Pigou
586:Clark
501:Smith
463:Urban
443:Socio
433:Rural
133:Macro
129:Micro
90:Index
6934:OECD
6788:Peru
6432:Asia
6184:Past
6066:Diva
6051:and
5933:Data
5874:2018
5814:ISBN
5747:ISSN
5697:ISSN
5673:2024
5647:2022
5571:ISSN
5548:2019
5491:2012
5434:2017
5408:2017
5372:ISBN
5353:2020
5323:2020
5299:ISSN
5264:2020
5233:2020
5202:2020
5171:2020
5141:2020
5110:2020
5076:PMID
5058:ISSN
5019:PMID
4970:2020
4946:PMID
4903:2020
4887:ISSN
4844:2020
4814:2020
4783:2020
4750:2020
4698:PMID
4639:2020
4609:2020
4578:2020
4547:2018
4423:ISBN
4398:ISBN
4379:2020
4367:UNDP
4310:OECD
4292:2016
4256:ISBN
4237:2021
4150:2012
4032:2015
3995:ISBN
3915:2011
3817:2010
3751:ISBN
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