231:
242:
41:
694:. The conclusion that can be drawn is that the microcontinent wedged out in the east in the Alpine Tethys Ocean. Some authors suggest the ophiolites that occur at the Hohe Tauern window must be correlated with the Piemont-Liguria terrane of the western Alps, because trench deposits such as
369:
Middle
Penninic nappes include the Monte Rosa, Mont Fort, Siviez-Mischabel, Cimes Blanches and Frilihorn, of European origin. Upper Penninic nappes include the Zermatt-Saas and Tsaté, of oceanic origin and the
180:
676:
It is not clear which of these units can be correlated with the
Penninic units of the Western Alps. Some of them are clearly Penninic, some clearly
563:
itself is sometimes considered to have begun east of the
Apulian and African plates, but normally the Alpine Tethys is regarded as part of it.
270:
135:
303:
zones in which the Alps can be divided. In the western Alps the
Penninic nappes are more obviously present than in the eastern Alps (in
535:
of this domain); limestone deposited in shallower parts of the
Piemont-Liguria ocean and turned into marble and originally deep marine
547:. From the Cretaceous onward the oceanic crust of the Piemont-Liguria ocean subducted at these trenches beneath the Apulian plate.
717:"An Outstanding Mountain: The Matterhorn, in Landscapes and Landforms of Switzerland, World Geomorphological Landscapes"
740:
433:
lenses shows these rocks were subducted to great depths in the Earth's mantle. Valais sedimentary rocks include thin
263:
790:
463:
780:
256:
551:
The
Piemont-Liguria Ocean and the Valais Ocean are, together with some other small oceanic basins, called
800:
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785:
805:
73:
639:
528:
216:
185:
160:
211:
8:
752:
683:
The oceanic trench deposits of the
Penninic nappes are found through the Alps and called
471:
375:
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120:
68:
32:
24:
580:
599:
576:
395:
150:
40:
517:
140:
716:
467:
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165:
89:
624:
609:
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327:
684:
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339:
130:
63:
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540:
351:
331:
246:
145:
774:
628:
544:
532:
486:
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Four paleogeographic domains can be recognized in the
Penninic nappes of the
343:
221:
175:
155:
125:
58:
690:
What is clear at least is that the Briançonnais terrane is not found in the
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665:
560:
414:
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323:
316:
206:
230:
741:
Description of the
Western and Central Alps on the website of S.M. Schmid
695:
588:
363:
296:
235:
745:
513:
434:
399:
190:
170:
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746:
Description of the geology of
Austria on the website of Christof Kuhn
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418:
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355:
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308:
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99:
319:, an area in which rocks from the Penninic nappes are abundant.
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456:
448:
441:
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322:
Of the three nappe stacks the Penninic nappes have the highest
94:
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20:
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before the Alps were formed. They are characteristically
753:"Mesozoic Metamorphic evolution of the Tauern Window"
19:
This article is about the geology of the (European)
566:
381:
512:are the Saint Bernard and Monte Rosa nappes; the
772:
714:
508:and lower Cretaceous. Examples of Briançonnais
668:on top of these Cretaceous to early Tertiary
264:
481:, but also metamorphosed sedimentary rocks:
750:
715:Marthaler, Michel; Rougier, Henri (2021).
583:and at the northern boundary of the Alps:
271:
257:
543:that existed at the northern edge of the
773:
531:, mainly ophiolites (fragments of the
342:that existed between the European and
723:. Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
664:and green schists by metamorphism.
13:
39:
14:
817:
466:. These are rocks from the lower
520:are formed by hard Briançonnais
334:origins. They were deposited as
240:
229:
16:Geological formation in the Alps
567:Subdivision in the Eastern Alps
394:rocks from the former European
382:Subdivision in the Western Alps
708:
425:from this disappeared oceanic
1:
701:
672:deposits are found sometimes.
751:Hoeck, V; Koller, F (1999).
354:sediments, metamorphosed to
23:. For the main article see:
7:
504:and thin limestones of the
464:Briançonnais microcontinent
311:as a narrow band. The name
199:Paleogeographic terminology
10:
822:
451:which is now turned into (
326:. They contain high grade
291:, commonly abbreviated as
18:
760:Acta Montanistica Slovaca
680:, and some are disputed.
660:, turned into calcareous
638:(turned into gneisses by
222:Apulian or Adriatic Plate
571:The following Penninic
791:Geology of Switzerland
656:sedimentary rocks and
527:rocks from the former
462:rocks from the former
378:), of African origin.
45:
529:Piemont-Liguria Ocean
217:Piemont-Liguria Ocean
108:Geological structures
43:
557:Western Tethys Ocean
429:. The occurrence of
315:is derived from the
161:Penninic thrustfront
51:Tectonic subdivision
781:Geology of the Alps
553:Alpine Tethys Ocean
350:sequences and deep
295:, are one of three
121:Dent Blanche klippe
82:Formation and rocks
69:Austroalpine nappes
33:Geology of the Alps
25:geology of the Alps
801:Geology of Germany
796:Geology of Austria
786:Structural geology
577:Hohe Tauern window
396:continental margin
372:Dent Blanche nappe
247:Geology portal
186:RhĂ´ne-Simplon line
151:Hohe Tauern window
46:
806:Geology of France
666:Stratigraphically
610:metamorphic rocks
575:are found in the
468:continental crust
423:sedimentary rocks
411:continental crust
328:metamorphic rocks
324:metamorphic grade
281:
280:
212:Briançonnais zone
166:Periadriatic Seam
813:
767:
757:
733:
732:
730:
728:
712:
581:KĹ‘szeg Mountains
417:, metamorphosed
273:
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28:
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771:
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737:
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698:occur in both.
598:of continental
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539:formed in the
518:Mischabelhörner
409:rocks from the
384:
332:paleogeographic
285:Penninic nappes
277:
239:
236:Alps portal
228:
226:
181:Rechnitz window
141:Giudicárie line
131:Engadine window
64:Penninic nappes
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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735:
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685:BĂĽndner slates
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647:
644:Alpine orogeny
621:
603:
568:
565:
549:
548:
541:oceanic trench
525:
460:
407:
383:
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344:Apulian plates
307:), where they
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146:Greywacke zone
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90:BĂĽndner schist
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766:(2): 145–147.
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629:Carboniferous
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545:Apulian plate
542:
538:
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533:oceanic crust
530:
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511:
507:
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500:
496:
492:
488:
487:Carboniferous
484:
480:
477:
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470:deformed and
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330:of different
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176:Lepontin dome
174:
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156:Molasse basin
154:
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126:Engadine Line
124:
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74:Southern Alps
72:
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59:Helvetic Zone
57:
56:
55:
54:
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42:
38:
37:
34:
31:
30:
26:
22:
763:
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725:. Retrieved
721:ResearchGate
720:
710:
696:radiolarites
692:Eastern Alps
689:
682:
675:
570:
561:Tethys Ocean
556:
552:
550:
415:Valais Ocean
388:Western Alps
385:
376:Austroalpine
368:
364:amphibolites
321:
317:Pennine Alps
312:
297:nappe stacks
292:
288:
284:
282:
227:
207:Valais Ocean
640:deformation
589:Precambrian
573:lithologies
489:rocks, red
136:Flysch zone
775:Categories
727:15 January
702:References
658:ophiolites
636:intrusions
614:ophiolites
514:Monte Rosa
502:evaporites
491:sandstones
438:limestones
435:Cretaceous
421:and other
419:ophiolites
398:that were
301:geological
289:Penninicum
191:Sesia unit
171:Ivrea zone
662:phyllites
607:Paleozoic
537:mudstones
493:from the
485:-bearing
400:subducted
356:phyllites
348:ophiolite
336:sediments
116:Aarmassif
678:Helvetic
654:Jurassic
650:Triassic
625:Hercynic
623:younger
605:various
600:basement
596:gneisses
593:Cambrian
522:gneisses
516:and the
510:terranes
506:Jurassic
499:Triassic
497:period,
483:graphite
479:granites
476:Variscan
472:intruded
446:Tertiary
431:eclogite
404:obducted
313:Penninic
309:crop out
293:Penninic
44:The Alps
642:in the
633:granite
618:schists
495:Permian
457:schists
442:marbles
413:of the
360:schists
338:on the
305:Austria
287:or the
100:molasse
670:flysch
627:(late
579:, the
559:. The
449:flysch
444:) and
406:again.
352:marine
95:flysch
756:(PDF)
440:(now
427:basin
340:crust
729:2022
652:and
591:and
587:old
453:mica
402:and
362:and
299:and
283:The
21:Alps
555:or
474:by
455:-)
777::
762:.
758:.
719:.
687:.
646:).
631:)
616:,
390::
366:.
358:,
764:4
731:.
620:)
612:(
602:.
524:.
459:.
374:(
272:e
265:t
258:v
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