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Gould & Cook Co.), the
Planetary Pencil Sharpener (A. B. Dick Co.), all from the US or the Jupiter (Guhl & Harbeck Co.) from Germany. At the beginning of the 20th century the company Automatic Pencil Sharpener Co. (APSCO) was founded and brought out the US Automatic Pencil Sharpener after 1907, which dominated in those years. They later sold machines with milling mechanisms, such as the Climax, Dexter, Wizard, and Junior models. In the next few decades, APSCO became the largest pencil sharpening machine producer in the world and together with a few other US companies, it dominated the market.
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218:(Limoges) applied for the world's first patent (French patent #2444) on a pencil sharpener in 1828. Pencil sharpener devices using his patent were actually produced and sold by Binant, a shop for painting accessories in Paris. In 1833 in England, Cooper & Eckstein patented the so-called Styloxynon, a simple device consisting of two sharp files set together at right angle in a small block of rosewood. This is the oldest pencil sharpener that has surviving examples.
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nations, imported sharpeners may have non-standard-sized alignment guide-holes, making sharpening attempts difficult. If the alignment hole is too small, the pencil cannot be inserted, while if it is too large, the tip of the pencil will repeatedly break off. Prism sharpeners may be right- or left-handed, requiring clockwise or counter-clockwise rotation of the pencil being sharpened.
313:
lurching cut-depths and point breakage. Another important feature is a larger clearance hole at the end of the cone allowing sections of the pencil lead which break away to be removed with only minor inconvenience. Prism sharpeners can be bare or enclosed in a container to collect the shavings, while some enclosed sharpeners may be harder to clear in the event of a blockage.
305:
525:, with thicker diameter leads like 2 mm which have removable/refillable leads. Some sharpeners which function as a long point sharpener, have a second hole in which the blade sharpens the untouched graphite to a long, more precise point than would be otherwise possible using a single hole long point sharpener.
520:
An artist's or draftsman's pencil sharpener leaves the graphite untouched and sharpens only the wood (some models can switch from standard to wood-only by an adjustment). The graphite lead is then honed to a sharp point with a lead pointer, which sharpens only the lead without wood. Lead pointers are
516:
Specialized sharpeners are available that operate on non-standard sizes of pencil-shaped markers, such as wax crayons used in primary schools. Sharpeners that have two openings, one for normal pencils and one for larger crayons, are fairly common. Sharpeners with a single blade for use on wax crayons
284:
or block, only about 1 × 5/8 × 7/16 inch (2.5 × 1.7 × 1.1 cm) in size. The block-shaped sharpener consists of a combined point-shaping cone that is aligned to the cylindrical pencil alignment guide hole, into which the pencil is inserted. A sharp blade is mounted so that its sharp edge just
210:
and apparently needed a device to precisely sharpen the pencils. The device of Mr. Boucher was technically sensible and functional. His idea was also internationally known and recognized, as shown by corresponding reports in German literature at this time. But Mr. Boucher had not applied a patent for
543:
with thin diameter leads dispense the graphite lead progressively during use and thus do not require sharpening; such pencils are sometimes called "self-sharpening". A type of mechanical pencil has a rotating gear mechanism which rotates the lead slightly every time the lead is lifted off the paper,
536:
or sandpaper. Rotating pencil sharpeners are now available for these pencils, in which a rotating plastic collar holds the pencil in position, although they then sharpen to the usual conical point as for a round pencil, abandoning some distinctive aspects of the carpenter's pencil. Alternatively, a
372:
Most planetary sharpeners have a large opening, with a rotatable guide disk in front of it that has multiple holes of different sizes, to accommodate pencils of many different diameters. Advanced models have a spring-driven holder for the pencil, so that the pencil automatically is pushed into the
312:
The blade inside the sharpener shaves the wood and graphite tip of the pencil, while the shavings emerge through a slot along the blade edge. It is important that the cylindrical alignment hole closely fits the diameter of the pencil, to keep the pencil from wobbling, which would cause stepped or
234:
At the end of the 19th century, especially in the United States, pencil sharpeners with various mechanisms had been developed and put on the market. These devices were often heavy and intended for use in offices. Examples are the
Perfect Pencil Pointer (Goodell. Co.), the GEM Pencil Sharpener (by
316:
A few prism sharpeners are hand-cranked, rotating the cutting blade instead of rotating the pencil. Moderate care is needed to not break the tip of the pencil being sharpened, requiring the pencil to be sharpened again. However, because pencils may have different standard diameters in different
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cylindrical cutters in the mechanism, set at an acute angle to each other. The multiple cutting edges quickly sharpen the pencil, with a more precise finish than a single-blade device. Some cylindrical sharpeners have only one helical cutter cylinder, but most have two cylinders or more.
139:
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put on display, in its regional welcome center, hundreds of pencil sharpeners which had been collected by Rev. Paul
Johnson, an Ohio minister who died in 2010. Johnson, a World War II veteran, had kept his collection of more than 3,400 sharpeners in a small shed, outside his home in
341:, while others have permanently-fitted blades. Linear blade sharpeners may require more skill, but they allow one to sharpen the tip of the pencil into any desired shape and angle of taper, whereas prism sharpeners have a fixed sharpening angle and produce circular symmetry.
279:
So-called "prism" sharpeners, also called "manual" or "pocket" sharpeners in the United States, have no separate moving parts and are typically the smallest and cheapest commonly used pencil sharpener on the market. The simplest common variety is a small rectangular
221:
In the 1830s and 1840s, some French people, all based in Paris, were engaged in construction of simple pencil sharpening tools, like François Joseph
Lahausse. These devices were partially sold, but without supra-regional significance. In 1847, the French nobleman
422:
Auto-stop electric pencil sharpeners are able to sense when the tip of the pencil is long enough, so they stop automatically. In basic automatic pencil sharpeners, the lead may become too long and break, and so users must be careful to supervise the operation.
137:
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The oldest surviving electric pencil sharpener is the Boston Polar Club pencil sharpener, introduced around 1936. Electric pencil sharpeners work on the same principle as manual ones, but one or more flat-bladed or cylindrical cutters are rotated by an
336:
Unlike prism sharpeners, linear blade sharpeners do not rotate relative to the pencil being sharpened, and may be viewed as just a special form of knife, with a mechanical guide for increased safety and convenience. Some models use replaceable shaving
230:
in 1855. He founded a company – the first pencil sharpener company in the world – and produced such small hand-held pencil sharpeners in a large amount. Only a few years later the sharpeners were sold also in Europe as "American pencil sharpeners".
238:
Electric pencil sharpeners for offices have been made since at least 1917. A school teacher, Neil
Carruthers, brought electric sharpeners from his visit to USA back to his town of Whitehaven for use in schools at the end of the Victorian Era.
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Some older models like the 1897 German
Jupiter 1 used reversible rotary cutter-disks with cutting edges radiating from the center on each side. These were high-end models, quite large and expensive. Others simply used abrasives like
289:. The pencil is inserted into the sharpener and rotated while the sharpener is held motionless. The body of the sharpener is often contoured, ridged or grooved to make the small block easier to firmly grip, and is typically made of
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The development of pencil sharpeners began in France when a French book from 1822 reported in detail about an invention of Mr. C. A. Boucher (Paris) for the construction of a pencil sharpener. He was working with
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in southeast Ohio. He had started collecting after his wife gave him a few pencil sharpeners as a gift in the late 1980s and kept them organized into categories, including cats, Christmas, and
532:, the flattened shape of which stops them from rolling away, while still providing a constant line width. These pencils were traditionally sharpened with tools conveniently to hand, such as a
344:
While most linear blade sharpeners are simple and directly hand-operated, some devices in the past were crank-operated, using mechanisms to convert crank rotation into linear motion.
537:
special carpenter's pencil sharpener can be used, which has a sliding mechanism that leaves flat facets on the lead, in a manner similar to hand sharpening with a sharp knife.
373:
mechanism while being sharpened. Some versions also offer a regulator of the desired sharpness, since it is not always desired to make the graphite core needle-sharp.
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helping to maintain a consistent, sharp point. If a finer or broader line is needed, a separate mechanical pencil using a lead with a different diameter is required.
842:
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Description des machines et procédés spécifiés dans les brevets d'invention, publ. par C.P. Molard. [With] Table générale des vingt premiers volumes...
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invented a simple hand-held pencil sharpener in its recognizable modern form. The first
American pencil sharpener was patented by Walter Kittredge Foster of
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186:. It is common for many sharpeners to have a casing around them, which can be removed for emptying the pencil shavings debris into a bin.
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AC-powered electric pencil sharpener. The mechanism is similar to the planetary sharpener, except there is a motor instead of a crank.
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364:. Typically, the pencil is inserted into the sharpener with one hand, and the crank is turned with the other. This rotates a set of
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are available, and sometimes included in boxes of crayons. These often have plastic blades, which are adequate for the soft wax.
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Recueil de la Société polytechnique: ou
Recueil industriel, manufacturier, agricole et commercial, de la salubrité publique, ...
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Hand-cranked planetary sharpener with spring-driven pencil holder. The small knob behind the crank is a sharpness regulator.
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Repertory of patent inventions and other discoveries and improvements in arts, manufactures and agriculture
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Description des machines et procédés pour lesquels des brevets d'invention ont été pris sous le régime ...
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394:. In some cases an abrasive was used to shape the graphite core, while the wood was cut some other way.
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182:'s writing point by shaving away its worn surface. Pencil sharpeners may be operated manually or by an
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360:. A larger, stationary planetary sharpener can be mounted on a desk or wall and powered by a hand
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rather than being plugged into a building's electrical system, making them more portable.
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877:(in French). Société d'encouragement pour l'industrie nationale. 1834. pp. 406–407.
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747:"History of pencil sharpeners and pointers −1850 Lassimone, Cooper/Eckstein, Lahausse"
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894:
843:"RARE ANTIQUE EARLY PATENT PENCIL SHARPENER 1830s – COOPER & ECKSTEIN STYLOXYNON"
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Video of a mechanical pencil sharpener, showing gearing and helical sharpening blades
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Before the development of dedicated pencil sharpeners, a pencil was sharpened by
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Tool for sharpening a pencil's writing point by shaving away its worn surface
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A wall-mounted planetary sharpener (casing removed to reveal the mechanism)
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Hand-cranked planetary sharpener from 1950 to 1960, with cover removed
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his pencil sharpener. Commercial use of his inventions is unlikely.
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Bulletin de la Société d'encouragement pour l'industrie nationale
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The
Mechanics' Magazine, Museum, Register, Journal & Gazette
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An unusual hand-cranked prism sharpener, with a shavings cover
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731:(in French). Société polytechnique. 1822. pp. 290–295.
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A manual prism sharpener generates long fan-shaped shavings
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893:(in French). L'Imprimerie Nationale. 1852. p. 260.
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Prism sharpener with two holes for two sizes of pencils
406:
A well-used modern desk-style electric pencil sharpener
1156:
André Grahl: History of pencil sharpeners and pointers
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Lead sharpener/lead pointer and 2 mm pencil lead in a
969:
561:
Hand-cranked planetary sharpener, with cover in place
347:
1029:
669:
1061:"New home for Ohio man's pencil sharpener 'museum'"
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1161:Video of production of hand-held pencil sharpeners
446:Specialized sharpener for carpenter's flat pencils
934:
692:
415:. Some electric pencil sharpeners are powered by
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915:"20 Things You Didn't Know About... Pencils"
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484:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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1012:"Mechanical Pencil Sharpeners ~ 1910–1919"
987:"Mechanical Pencil Sharpeners ~ 1900–1909"
779:Allgemeine Maschinen-Encyclopädie: A – Beu
624:manufactured pencil sharpener made of wood
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504:Learn how and when to remove this message
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
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972:(in German). Wolf. 1858. p. 2623.
831:. Knight and Lacey. 1837. p. 185.
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699:Gerry Coughlan; Martin Hughes (2007).
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154:video showing a manual prism sharpener
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815:. Macintosh. 1833. pp. 318–319.
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482:adding citations to reliable sources
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47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
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13:
1107:Boston Polar Club Pencil Sharpener
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385:Jupiter 1 with rotary disk cutters
348:Cylindrical (planetary) sharpeners
242:In May 2011, tourism officials in
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799:(in French). pp. 583, 81–83.
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352:These mechanisms are also called
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793:Du Commerce, France min (1835).
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782:(in German). Voss. p. 247.
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329:A linear sharpener that uses a
34:needs additional citations for
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1:
1146:The dictionary definition of
705:. Lonely Planet. p. 74.
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427:Specialized pencil sharpeners
178:) is a tool for sharpening a
1040:"Electric Pencil Sharpeners"
942:"Handheld Pencil Sharpeners"
7:
653:
10:
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776:Hülsse, Julius A. (1841).
702:Irish Language and Culture
609:Battery-operated sharpener
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521:also used with mechanical
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2080:Machine and metalworking
2011:Tongue-and-groove pliers
1634:Machine and metalworking
285:enters the shaping cone
2090:Measuring and alignment
1644:Measuring and alignment
665:Pencil Sharpener Museum
321:Linear blade sharpeners
1373:Oxy-fuel cutting torch
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2142:Mechanical hand tools
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214:French mathematician
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2055:Cutting and abrasive
1609:Cutting and abrasive
1138:at Wikimedia Commons
478:improve this section
354:planetary sharpeners
224:Thierry des Estivaux
43:improve this article
2147:Domestic implements
1243:Ceramic tile cutter
1082:"Pencil Sharpeners"
757:on 13 November 2019
528:Carpenters may use
398:Electric sharpeners
2152:1828 introductions
1736:Adjustable spanner
1103:"The Antikey Chop"
541:Mechanical pencils
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216:Bernard Lassimonne
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58:"Pencil sharpener"
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2026:Upholstery hammer
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1136:Pencil sharpeners
1134:Media related to
920:Discover magazine
712:978-1-74059-577-3
680:Technology portal
660:Mechanical pencil
530:carpenter pencils
514:
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259:Manual sharpeners
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1901:Pencil sharpener
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1575:Water jet cutter
1540:Sharpening stone
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944:. Archived from
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849:. Archived from
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160:pencil sharpener
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1951:Punch down tool
1931:Plumber's snake
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1263:Diagonal pliers
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948:on 18 July 2011
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853:on 2 March 2019
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751:patent-infos.de
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358:planetary gears
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295:magnesium alloy
275:prism sharpener
273:Magnesium alloy
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2001:Tactical light
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494:November 2023
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463:This section
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377:Other systems
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228:Bangor, Maine
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99:November 2023
91:
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63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
1996:Strap wrench
1971:Slide hammer
1966:Sledgehammer
1900:
1891:Paint roller
1776:Caulking gun
1746:Basin wrench
1463:Concrete saw
1458:Circular saw
1443:Abrasive saw
1403:Pocket knife
1388:Pizza cutter
1377:
1363:Nail clipper
1323:Honing steel
1308:Glass cutter
1273:Diamond tool
1258:Cutting tool
1148:
1110:. Retrieved
1106:
1097:
1085:. Retrieved
1064:
1055:
1043:. Retrieved
1019:. Retrieved
1015:
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994:. Retrieved
990:
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962:
950:. Retrieved
946:the original
936:
925:, retrieved
918:
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855:. Retrieved
851:the original
846:
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759:. Retrieved
755:the original
750:
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694:
622:Ecologically
539:
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519:
515:
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491:
476:Please help
464:
421:
409:
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339:razor blades
335:
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287:tangentially
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79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2105:Woodworking
1961:Screwdriver
1956:Scratch awl
1916:Pipe wrench
1766:Breaker bar
1751:Block plane
1659:Woodworking
1560:Switchblade
1423:Razor strop
1408:Putty knife
1348:Meat slicer
1293:Emery cloth
1278:Disc cutter
1253:Countersink
1228:Bolt cutter
523:leadholders
331:razor blade
249:Carbon Hill
244:Logan, Ohio
208:pantographs
2137:Sharpening
2121:Categories
1986:Staple gun
1981:Spike maul
1896:Paintbrush
1886:Nut driver
1881:Multi-tool
1861:Lug wrench
1841:Hole punch
1811:Grease gun
1702:Hand tools
1580:Wire brush
1550:Steel wool
1468:Coping saw
1383:Pipecutter
1338:Lawn mower
923:, May 2007
847:Worthpoint
687:References
437:leadholder
253:Disneyland
69:newspapers
2006:Tire iron
1871:Mitre box
1796:Fish tape
1771:Cat's paw
1723:Workbench
1493:Miter saw
1433:Sandpaper
1353:Mezzaluna
1288:Drill bit
1283:Drawknife
1238:Burnisher
1112:28 August
465:does not
417:batteries
392:sandpaper
196:whittling
2060:Forestry
2050:Cleaning
2021:Tweezers
1831:Headlamp
1713:Sawhorse
1614:Forestry
1604:Cleaning
1565:Tool bit
1514:Scraper
1510:Scissors
1498:Wire saw
1488:Hole saw
1483:Hand saw
1453:Chainsaw
1201:abrasive
927:30 April
654:See also
297:or hard
166:, or in
2132:Pencils
2085:Masonry
2075:Kitchen
1936:Plunger
1911:Pincers
1836:Hex key
1791:Crowbar
1786:Crimper
1761:Bradawl
1718:Toolbox
1639:Masonry
1629:Kitchen
1555:Surform
1505:Scalpel
1478:Hacksaw
1473:Fretsaw
1448:Bandsaw
1368:Nibbler
1343:Machete
1197:Cutting
1021:3 March
996:3 March
857:1 March
761:1 March
548:Gallery
486:removed
471:sources
366:helical
299:plastic
198:with a
190:History
168:Ireland
83:scholar
2095:Mining
2065:Garden
2031:Wrench
1921:Pliers
1866:Mallet
1816:Hammer
1801:Gimlet
1649:Mining
1619:Garden
1428:Reamer
1313:Grater
1248:Chisel
1233:Broach
1087:9 July
1045:9 July
952:9 July
897:
709:
180:pencil
176:topper
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2100:Power
1946:Punch
1781:Clamp
1756:Brace
1654:Power
1545:Snips
1528:Paint
1418:Razor
1398:Plane
1333:Laser
1328:Knife
1223:Blade
1203:tools
534:plane
362:crank
282:prism
200:knife
172:parer
90:JSTOR
76:books
2070:Hand
1851:Jack
1826:Hawk
1624:Hand
1523:Hand
1518:Card
1413:Rasp
1303:Froe
1298:File
1213:Adze
1199:and
1114:2019
1089:2011
1047:2011
1023:2019
998:2019
954:2011
929:2009
895:ISBN
859:2019
763:2019
707:ISBN
469:any
467:cite
162:(or
62:news
1438:Saw
1218:Axe
480:by
174:or
45:by
2123::
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170:a
158:A
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112:)
106:(
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97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
