529:(AHRQ) studied trends in aggregate hospital costs, average hospital costs, and hospital utilization. The Agency found that for children aged 0–17, aggregate costs rose rapidly for the surgical hospitalizations and decreased for injury hospitalizations. Further, average hospital costs, or cost per discharge, increased at least 2% for all hospitalizations and were expected to grow by at least 4% through 2013. The exception to this was mental health hospitalizations, which saw a lower percentage increase of 1.2%, and was projected to increase only 0.9% through 2013. Despite the rising aggregate costs and costs per discharge, hospitalizations (except for mental health hospitalizations) for children aged 0–17 decreased over the same time, and were projected to continue decreasing.
89:
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licensing acts, the formation of medical associations, and new fields of medicine being introduced across countries. New areas of medicine offered physicians the chance to build their careers by "overseeing the medical needs of private patients, caring for and trying new therapies on the sick poor, and teaching medical students." In order to raise their status further, physicians began organizing children's hospitals; by doing so, it also brought attention and importance to their speciality in the modern health care system.
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middle class children were generally cared for, and indeed operated on, at home. Hospitals set their own rules and had their own way of working, including regulating admissions. They often excluded children under the age of two on humanitarian and pragmatic grounds and were often hesitant to admit children who required long-term care in fear that those lives would be lost or that long-term care would block beds for those in immediate need.
422:, stated in 1909 that: 'n children under 2 years of age, there a few operations indeed that cannot be as advantageously carried out in the out patient departments as in the wards.' Nicholl believed that hospitalisation wasn't necessary, and children were better cared from in their own home by their parents and by nurses making daily visits. Nicholl argued that "separation from mother is often harmful".
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industrial society and poor parents for not properly caring for their children. By the 1870s, the prevalent view among doctors and nurses was that children were better off by being removed to hospital, away from the often poor, unsanitary conditions at home. In response, reformers and physicians founded children's hospitals.
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article that protested the restrictions of parental visits on hospitalized children. However, Edelston wrote in 1948, that many of this colleagues still refused to believe in hospitalisation trauma Bowlby studied 44 juvenile thieves and found that a significantly high number had experienced early and
385:
Early children's hospitals focused more on short-term care and treating mild illnesses rather than long-term intensive care. Treating serious diseases and illnesses in early children's hospitals could result in the disease spreading throughout the hospital which would drain already limited resources.
381:
Early western children's hospitals were independent institutions funded by voluntary donations, and from research. Often, children could only be admitted if they were sponsored by a letter of recommendation from a hospital affiliate. The "undeserving poor" were sent to workhouse infirmaries, whilst
365:
in
Toronto, Ontario was the first Canadian children's hospital and opened in 1875. By the end of the 19th century, and the during the first two decades of the 20th century, the number of children's hospitals tripled in both Canada and the United States. From the 1850s to around 1910, most cities in
173:
In addition to psychosocial support, children's hospitals have the added benefit of being staffed by professionals who are trained in treating children. A medical doctor that undertakes vocational training in paediatrics must also be accepted for membership by a professional college before they can
394:
In the 19th century, there was a societal shift in how children were viewed. This shift took away some of the parents' control and placed it in the hands of medical professionals. By the early 20th century, a child's health became increasingly tied to physicians and hospitals. This was a result of
190:
can treat children adequately, pediatric specialists may be a better choice when it comes to treating rare afflictions that may prove fatal or severely detrimental to young children, in some cases before birth. Also, many children's hospitals will continue to see children with rare illnesses into
152:
support of children and their families. Some children and young people have to spend relatively long periods in hospital, so having access to play and teaching staff can also be an important part of their care. With local partnerships, this can include trips to local botanical gardens, zoos, and
463:
into the majority of the medical community by the 1940s, the major objection by doctors and nurses, that visits by parents into hospital wards introduced cross infections had been removed. A major review in 1949, over an 11-month period, showed that children admitted to 26 wards in 14 hospitals
539:
Between 2008 and 2012, growth in mean hospital costs per stay in the United States was highest for patients aged 17 and younger. In 2012 there were nearly 5.9 million hospital stays for children in the United States, of which 3.9 million were neonatal stays and 104,700 were maternal stays for
333:
In the mid-19th century western world, middle-class women and physicians became increasingly concerned about the well-being of children in poor living conditions. Although infant mortality had begun to decline, it still remained a prominent issue. Social reformers blamed the emergence of the
267:
Prior to 19th century hospital reforms, the well-being of the child was thought to be in the hands of the mother; therefore, there was little discussion of children's medicine, and as a result next to no widespread formal institutions which focused on healing children.
135:
from birth up to until age 18, and through age 21 and older in the United States. In certain special cases, they may also treat adults. The number of children's hospitals proliferated in the 20th century, as pediatric medical and surgical specialties separated from
468:
The hospitalised child was considered essentially a biological unit, far better off without his parents who, on weekly or bi-weekly visiting hours, were fundamentally toxic in their effect, causing noise, generally disorderly conduct, and rejection by hospital
536:(ED) use in the United States was highest for patients aged under one year, but lowest for patients aged 1–17 years. The rate of ED use for patients aged under one year declined over the same time period; this was the only age group to see a decline.
153:
public libraries for instance. Designs for the new
Cambridge Children's Hospital, approved in 2022, plan to fully integrate mental and physical health provision for children and young people, bringing together services of three partners:
464:
showed no correlation between visits and cross infection from parents to children. By that time, the working practices of doctors and nurses, still posed the main objection to visiting. A.D. Hunt reported that:
406:
Historically, many children's hospitals limited the ability of children and parents to interact, such as by limiting visiting hours. This approach was criticised for decades before shifts in practice occurred.
309:
But a very little reflection will clearly convince any thinking person that such a Scheme as this can never be executed. If you take away a sick child for its
Parents or Nurse, you break its heart immediately.
558:
depends on a variety of factors. In past years (2007 was the 18th year of
Pediatric Ranking), ranking of hospitals has been done solely on the basis of reputation, gauged by random sampling and surveying of
496:
By the 1950s, British politicians were concerned enough about the impact of children's hospital policy to create a committee to research the welfare of sick children in hospital. This committee produced the
993:
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A serious disease outbreak in a children's hospital would result in more deaths than lives saved and would therefore reinforce the previous notion that people often died while in the hospital.
186:. In New Zealand, the RACP offers vocational training in paediatrics. Once RACP training is completed the doctor is awarded the Fellowship of the RACP (FRACP) in paediatrics. While many normal
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ranks the top children's hospitals and pediatric specialties in the United States. For the year 2010–2011, eight hospitals ranked in all 10 pediatric specialties. The ranking system used by
67:
694:
1722:
Alsop-Shields, Linda; Mohay, Heather (20 December 2001). "John Bowlby and James
Robertson: theorists, scientists and crusaders for improvements in the care of children in hospital".
1647:
Winnicott, Donald W.; Bowlby, John; Miller, Emanuel (2016). "Letter to the
British Medical Journal: Evacuation of Small Children". In Lesley Caldwell; Helen Taylor Robinson (eds.).
1084:
Davies, Ruth (5 January 2010). "Marking the 50th anniversary of the Platt Report: from exclusion, to toleration and parental participation in the care of the hospitalized child".
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493:, researched the separation of young children from their parents during hospital stays and criticised the negative impacts on the children of policies of limited visiting.
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By the early 19th century, children's hospitals opened in major cities throughout Europe. The first formally recognized paediatrics hospital was the
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Dispensaries funded by donations also provided medicine and medical attention to those who could not afford private care. The
Scottish paediatrician
501:, recommending that children should have more access to their parents while ill. The Report had effects on hospital care of children in the UK and
313:
Objections to admission were sometimes based on pragmatic reasons, e.g. reducing the threat of cross infection from children with diseases such as
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in 1741 were created to receive abandoned infants, nurse them back to health, teach them a trade or skill, and integrate them back into society.
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444:, published an article in 1945 in which he noted deleterious effects of hospitalisation, based on his research with institutionalised children.
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429:, psychiatrists expressed concerns about children being away from parents, such as during hospitalisation. Harry Edelston, a
325:, that were a major cause of infant mortality. The voluntary nature of hospitals meant that such outbreaks were very costly.
1478:
Spitz, Rene A. (13 February 2017). "Hospitalism An
Inquiry into the Genesis of Psychiatric Conditions in Early Childhood".
2591:
2583:
1931:
1871:
1134:
Sloane, David (October 2005). "Not
Designed Merely to Heal: Women Reformers and the Emergence of Children's Hospitals".
17:
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Voluntary or religiously associated female care was often replaced by care provided by professionally trained nurses.
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2002:
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were the earliest forms of what would later become children's hospitals. Florence's
Hospital of the Innocent (
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In the post-war era, critiques became more widespread and studies were conducted to examine potential harms.
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the UK had built children's hospitals, which included a large number of prestigious hospitals such as the
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550:
227:
1372:
Connolly, Cindy. "Growth and Development Of a Specialty: The Professionalization of Child Health Care."
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1995:
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The Routledge International Handbook of Philosophies and Theories of Early Childhood Education and Care
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and pediatric specialists throughout the country. The ranking system used is currently under review.
453:
97:
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1967:
960:"The 50 Most Amazing Children's Hospitals in the World – Healthcare Administration Degree Programs"
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231:
88:
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Steiner MJ, Hall M, Sutton AG, Stephens JR, Leyenaar JK, Chase L, McDaniel CE (October 30, 2023).
2453:
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282:) was originally a charity based orphanage which opened in 1445; its aim was to nurse sick and
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traumatic separation from their mother. In 1949, he used the data to write a report for the
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Hunt, A.D. (November 1974). "On the Hospitalisation of Children: An Historical Approach".
8:
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of the Glasgow Hospital for Sick Children, who pioneered day surgery procedures such as
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687:"C.S. Mott Children's Hospital to provide care for all patients through 21st birthday"
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in Leeds, detailed that children were emotionally damaged by their stay in hospital.
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634:"Pediatric Hospitalization Trends at Children's and General Hospitals, 2000-2019"
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Becoming Attached: First Relationships and how They Shape Our Capacity to Love
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with physical and mental health services located alongside research activity.
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305:, in 1769, was against in-patient care for sick children. Armstrong stated:
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schemes separating parents and children, and his research assistant at the
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Hospital Life : Theory and Practice From the Medieval to the Modern
710:"What it's Like to be Treated at a Children's Hospital as a Young Adult"
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1932:"Overview of Hospital Stays for Children in the United States, 2012"
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2019:
1842:"Trends and Projections of U.S. Hospital Costs by Payer, 2003-2013"
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Children's hospitals are characterized by greater attention to the
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78:
1938:(186). Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
1908:(181). Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
1878:(179). Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
1848:(176). Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
1178:. Pieterien: Peter Lang AG. pp. 209, 210, 213, 214, 220, 222.
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was the first children's hospital in Scotland and opened in 1860.
2185:
2122:
456:'s on the mental health of homeless children in post-war Europe.
322:
82:
1694:. University of Brighton Repository: Routledge. pp. 80–90.
990:"Special report: Designing a new model for children's hospitals"
935:"Where special treatment is just what the doctor ordered | News"
1651:. Oxford Clinical Psychology. Oxford Academic. pp. 47–48.
510:
415:
350:
314:
120:
1396:
Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood: In History and Society
389:
342:
132:
124:
37:"Childrens hospital" redirects here. For the TV series, see
1685:"Chapter 9 - The Legacy of John Bowlby's Attachment Theory"
1649:
The Collected Works of D. W. Winnicott: Volume 2, 1939–1945
638:
214:
deal primarily with Western culture and do not represent a
66:), a former children's hospital, that preceded the current
1809:
A Textbook of Children's and Young People's Nursing E-Book
608:"YLE: New Children's Hospital celebrates official opening"
1869:
1302:
631:
27:
Hospital that offers its services exclusively to children
401:
353:
in 1852, and was the first British children's hospital.
1870:
Skiner HG, Blanchard J, Elixhauser A (September 2014).
1245:"The Mason Brown Lecture: Scots and paediatric surgery"
1214:
1806:
Dr Jim Richardson; Edward Alan Glasper (19 May 2010).
1513:
Watkins, A. G.; Lewis-Faning, E. (17 September 1949).
1340:
History of Medicine: A Scandalously Short Introduction
1902:"Costs for Hospital Stays in the United States, 2012"
1799:
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1607:
801:
Hardin, Amy Peykoff; Hackell, Jesse M. (2017-09-01).
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Using hospital discharge data from 2003 to 2011, the
1899:
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Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust
1929:
1839:
1512:
520:
155:
Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
1872:"Trends in Emergency Department Visits, 2006-2011"
1721:
1515:"Incidence of Cross-infection in Children's Wards"
1249:Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons Edinburgh
1930:Witt WP, Wiess AJ, Elixhauser A (December 2014).
1343:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp.
1136:The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era
588:List of children's hospitals in the United States
2602:
1045:H. Beukers; John Michael Henderson Moll (1989).
286:back to health. Foundling hospitals such as the
1900:Moore B, Levit K, Elixhauser A (October 2014).
1306:The Sociology of Health and Healing: A Textbook
1215:"About the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia"
1038:
1840:Weiss AJ, Barrett ML, Andrews RM (July 2014).
1303:Professor Margaret Stacey (2 September 2003).
191:adulthood, allowing for a continuity of care.
2003:
1981:, August 26, 2007. Accessed October 10, 2007.
1439:
1437:
1435:
856:"Adolescent Unit (CAD2) | BMSCH Nursing Unit"
800:
477:, who had previously criticised World War II
212:The examples and perspective in this article
180:Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health
2017:
1763:Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine
1443:
992:. Building Better Healthcare. 21 July 2022.
390:Professionalization of Children's Hospitals
359:Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh
2010:
1996:
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733:"Approval for Overage Le Bonheur Patients"
527:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
425:During the interwar period, leading up to
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368:Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow
357:in Pennsylvania was created in 1855. The
250:Learn how and when to remove this message
1812:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 33.
1657:10.1093/med:psych/9780190271343.003.0006
964:www.healthcare-administration-degree.net
906:"Adult Congenital Heart Disease Program"
176:Royal Australasian College of Physicians
174:practice paediatrics. These include the
119:that offers its services exclusively to
94:Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital
87:
54:
43:
1450:. Oxford University Press. p. 68.
1398:. Macmillan Reference USA. p. 176.
1219:The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
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783:The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
355:The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
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14:
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1409:Nicoll, James H. (18 September 1909).
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1190:"Great Osmond Street Hospital Charity"
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996:from the original on 28 September 2022
714:Children's Hospital of California Blog
328:
1991:
1757:Robertson, James (10 December 1958).
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1480:The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child
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756:"Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine"
402:Critiques of children's hospital care
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376:Royal Manchester Children's Hospital
301:, who established the first British
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32:Children's hospital (disambiguation)
1048:Clinical Teaching, Past and Present
24:
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1026:from the original on 13 April 2018
25:
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779:"Transition to Adult Care Policy"
1769:(381): 381–3, discussion 383–4.
1736:10.1046/j.1365-2648.2001.01821.x
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521:Utilization in the United States
203:
140:and adult surgical specialties.
1961:
1950:from the original on 2018-09-24
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1759:"Going to Hospital with Mother"
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1376:31, no. 3 (May 2005): 211-215.
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1225:from the original on 2010-06-29
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1196:from the original on 2016-03-23
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916:from the original on 2020-10-06
888:"Adult Cystic Fibrosis Program"
866:from the original on 2020-06-22
843:from the original on 2020-02-13
789:from the original on 2020-09-26
766:from the original on 2020-02-01
760:Children's Hospital Los Angeles
743:from the original on 2021-08-15
720:from the original on 2020-02-13
697:from the original on 2020-03-23
614:from the original on 2020-07-02
489:, a Scottish social worker and
1621:"Evacuation of Small Children"
1492:10.1080/00797308.1945.11823126
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892:Nationwide Children's Hospital
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363:The Hospital for Sick Children
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13:
1:
1309:. Routledge. pp. 63–66.
593:
50:St. Louis Children's Hospital
1979:U.S. News & World Report
1968:"Birth of a New Methodology"
1683:Jools, Page (October 2015).
1086:Journal of Child Health Care
937:. 2016-08-21. Archived from
573:List of children's hospitals
556:U.S. News & World Report
551:U.S. News & World Report
372:Great Ormond Street Hospital
347:Great Ormond Street Hospital
184:American Board of Pediatrics
7:
2342:Veterans medical facilities
2083:Hospital information system
1724:Journal of Advanced Nursing
1243:Young, D.G. (August 1999).
691:CS Mott Children's Hospital
566:
339:Hôpital des Enfants Malades
226:, discuss the issue on the
168:
10:
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2260:Tertiary referral hospital
1775:10.1177/003591575905200518
543:
532:In 2006–2011, the rate of
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2315:Limited class of patients
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1973:October 10, 2007, at the
1148:10.1017/S1537781400002747
910:Texas Children's Hospital
803:"Age Limit of Pediatrics"
459:With the introduction of
454:World Health Organization
345:, which opened in 1802.
1411:"The Surgery of Infancy"
1337:Duffin, Jacalyn (2010).
1279:"History and milestones"
1174:Abreu, Laurinda (2013).
1098:10.1177/1367493509347058
447:L.A. Perry wrote a 1947
280:Ospedale degli Innocenti
2611:Pediatric organizations
2570:Lists of hospitals in:
2454:Rehabilitation hospital
2327:Combat support hospital
2202:Geographic service area
2188:lying in houses (India)
2078:Hospital administrators
1625:British Medical Journal
1418:British Medical Journal
1378:Academic Search Premier
652:10.1001/jama.2023.19268
440:, an Austrian-American
412:James Henderson Nicholl
163:University of Cambridge
68:New Children's Hospital
2279:Unique physical traits
2243:Complexity of services
1936:HCUP Statistical Brief
1906:HCUP Statistical Brief
1876:HCUP Statistical Brief
1846:HCUP Statistical Brief
1531:10.1136/bmj.2.4628.616
1051:. Rodopi. p. 27.
820:10.1542/peds.2017-2151
471:
311:
105:
85:
52:
1576:10.1542/peds.54.5.542
1444:Robert Karen (1994).
693:. Michigan Medicine.
583:Child life specialist
473:British Psychiatrist
466:
307:
91:
58:
47:
2616:Children's hospitals
2464:Verterinary hospital
2449:Psychiatric hospital
2301:Underground hospital
2068:Emergency department
2029:History of hospitals
1619:(16 December 1939).
1609:Winnicott, Donald W.
610:. 7 September 2018.
534:emergency department
499:Platt Report of 1959
263:Early Voluntary Care
232:create a new article
224:improve this article
92:The front facade of
30:For other uses, see
2473:Century established
2419:Children's hospital
2373:Non-profit hospital
2368:For-profit hospital
2363:Charitable hospital
2176:Hôtel-Dieu (France)
2103:Intensive care unit
1631:(4119): 1202–1203.
349:was established in
329:19th-century models
276:foundling hospitals
110:children's hospital
2444:Maternity hospital
2393:Voluntary hospital
2270:Specialty hospital
2255:Secondary hospital
2234:Municipal hospital
2215:Community hospital
2063:Coronary care unit
2037:Category:Hospitals
860:RWJBarnabas Health
288:Foundling Hospital
106:
86:
53:
39:Childrens Hospital
18:Pediatric hospital
2598:
2597:
2407:Condition treated
2322:Military hospital
2265:Teaching hospital
2229:District hospital
2225:Regional hospital
2118:Operating theater
2088:Hospital medicine
1819:978-0-7020-4440-3
1525:(4628): 616–619.
1457:978-0-19-511501-7
1374:Pediatric Nursing
1354:978-0-8020-9556-5
1316:978-1-134-89793-3
1058:978-90-5183-082-8
646:(19): 1906–1908.
284:abandoned infants
260:
259:
252:
234:, as appropriate.
182:(RCPCH), and the
138:internal medicine
60:Children's Castle
48:Young boy at the
16:(Redirected from
2623:
2383:Private hospital
2347:Women's hospital
2306:Virtual Hospital
2220:General hospital
2171:Cottage hospital
2033:Hospital network
2012:
2005:
1998:
1989:
1988:
1982:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1927:
1921:
1920:
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1294:
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1269:
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1263:. Archived from
1240:
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705:
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702:
680:
674:
673:
663:
629:
623:
622:
620:
619:
604:
540:pregnant teens.
483:Tavistock Clinic
299:George Armstrong
255:
248:
244:
241:
235:
207:
206:
199:
76:
21:
2631:
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2622:
2621:
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2601:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2564:
2468:
2402:
2388:Public hospital
2351:
2337:Prison hospital
2310:
2296:Mobile hospital
2274:
2238:
2197:
2142:
2093:Hospital museum
2073:Emergency codes
2045:
2044:Common hospital
2039:
2022:
2018:Articles about
2016:
1986:
1985:
1977:Avery Comarow.
1975:Wayback Machine
1966:
1962:
1953:
1951:
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1617:Miller, Emanuel
1603:
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1020:www.mcnz.org.nz
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569:
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523:
487:James Robertson
404:
392:
331:
265:
256:
245:
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221:
208:
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197:
171:
146:
70:
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2441:
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2429:Fever hospital
2426:
2421:
2416:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2378:State hospital
2375:
2370:
2365:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2332:Field hospital
2329:
2324:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2291:Hospital train
2288:
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2276:
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2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2246:
2244:
2240:
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2168:
2162:
2156:
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2144:
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2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2049:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2015:
2014:
2007:
2000:
1992:
1984:
1983:
1960:
1922:
1892:
1862:
1832:
1818:
1798:
1749:
1714:
1700:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1665:
1645:Reprinted in:
1643:
1604:
1597:
1570:(5): 542–546.
1554:
1505:
1470:
1456:
1431:
1401:
1386:
1360:
1353:
1329:
1315:
1295:
1270:
1267:on 2014-07-14.
1235:
1206:
1181:
1161:
1142:(4): 331–354.
1119:
1071:
1057:
1037:
1007:
981:
951:
926:
897:
879:
876:
875:
852:
798:
785:. 2016-07-18.
775:
762:. 2015-06-05.
752:
729:
706:
682:
675:
624:
598:
597:
595:
592:
591:
590:
585:
580:
575:
568:
565:
545:
542:
522:
519:
403:
400:
391:
388:
330:
327:
264:
261:
258:
257:
218:of the subject
216:worldwide view
211:
209:
202:
196:
193:
170:
167:
145:
142:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2628:
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2614:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2593:
2592:South America
2589:
2585:
2584:North America
2581:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2561:
2558:
2556:
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2551:
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2488:
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2478:
2477:
2475:
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2465:
2462:
2460:
2459:Trauma center
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2439:Lock hospital
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
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2286:Hospital ship
2284:
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2209:Base hospital
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2206:
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2194:(Middle Ages)
2193:
2190:
2187:
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2181:
2180:Valetudinaria
2178:
2175:
2172:
2169:
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2163:
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2152:
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2147:Archaic forms
2145:
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2134:
2131:
2129:
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2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
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2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
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2066:
2064:
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2056:
2054:
2053:Accreditation
2051:
2050:
2048:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2013:
2008:
2006:
2001:
1999:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1964:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1926:
1911:
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1394:Fass, Paula.
1390:
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1016:"Paediatrics"
1011:
995:
991:
985:
969:
965:
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955:
941:on 2016-08-21
940:
936:
930:
915:
911:
907:
901:
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889:
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609:
603:
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589:
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571:
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561:pediatricians
557:
553:
552:
541:
537:
535:
530:
528:
518:
516:
515:United States
512:
508:
504:
500:
494:
492:
491:psychoanalyst
488:
484:
480:
476:
470:
465:
462:
457:
455:
450:
445:
443:
442:psychoanalyst
439:
434:
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396:
387:
383:
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98:New Brunswick
95:
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69:
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46:
40:
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2434:Leper colony
2424:Eye hospital
2418:
2250:Day hospital
2113:On-call room
1978:
1963:
1952:. Retrieved
1935:
1925:
1914:. Retrieved
1905:
1895:
1884:. Retrieved
1875:
1865:
1854:. Retrieved
1845:
1835:
1823:. Retrieved
1808:
1801:
1766:
1762:
1752:
1730:(1): 50–58.
1727:
1723:
1717:
1705:. Retrieved
1691:
1678:
1648:
1628:
1624:
1613:Bowlby, John
1600:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1522:
1518:
1508:
1486:(1): 53–74.
1483:
1479:
1473:
1461:. Retrieved
1446:
1422:. Retrieved
1417:
1404:
1395:
1389:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1339:
1332:
1322:25 September
1320:. Retrieved
1305:
1298:
1287:. Retrieved
1273:
1265:the original
1252:
1248:
1238:
1227:. Retrieved
1218:
1209:
1198:. Retrieved
1184:
1175:
1139:
1135:
1089:
1085:
1062:. Retrieved
1047:
1040:
1028:. Retrieved
1019:
1010:
1000:28 September
998:. Retrieved
984:
972:. Retrieved
963:
954:
943:. Retrieved
939:the original
929:
918:. Retrieved
909:
900:
891:
882:
868:. Retrieved
859:
845:. Retrieved
810:
806:
791:. Retrieved
782:
768:. Retrieved
759:
745:. Retrieved
736:
722:. Retrieved
713:
699:. Retrieved
690:
678:
643:
637:
627:
616:. Retrieved
602:
555:
549:
547:
538:
531:
524:
495:
472:
467:
458:
446:
435:
431:Psychiatrist
427:World War II
424:
420:cleft palate
409:
405:
397:
393:
384:
380:
336:
332:
312:
308:
296:
292:Thomas Coram
272:Dispensaries
270:
266:
246:
240:January 2024
237:
213:
172:
150:psychosocial
147:
133:young adults
112:
109:
107:
63:
2211:(Australia)
2192:Xenodochium
2098:Hospitalist
1092:(1): 6–23.
548:Every year
503:New Zealand
475:John Bowlby
290:founded by
144:Integration
129:adolescents
71: [
64:Lastenlinna
2605:Categories
2165:Bimaristan
2159:Asclepeion
2108:Nocturnist
2046:components
1954:2015-04-06
1916:2014-11-26
1886:2014-10-20
1856:2014-08-15
1564:Pediatrics
1289:2016-04-08
1255:: 211–15.
1229:2016-04-08
1200:2016-04-08
945:2018-10-19
920:2020-05-21
870:2020-01-24
847:2020-01-24
807:Pediatrics
793:2020-01-24
770:2020-01-24
747:2020-01-24
737:Le Bonheur
724:2020-01-24
701:2020-01-24
618:2020-06-30
594:References
578:Pediatrics
479:evacuation
469:personnel.
461:penicillin
438:René Spitz
319:diphtheria
303:dispensary
161:, and the
2173:(England)
2167:(Islamic)
2154:Almshouse
2020:hospitals
1420:: 753–754
1156:162917903
1114:206719396
829:0031-4005
716:. 2022 .
507:Australia
228:talk page
188:hospitals
2161:(Greece)
2133:Pharmacy
2128:Patients
1971:Archived
1948:Archived
1944:25695124
1910:Archived
1880:Archived
1850:Archived
1793:13658166
1744:11442682
1592:39091723
1549:18140555
1500:21004303
1283:Archived
1261:10453141
1223:Archived
1194:Archived
1106:20051502
1030:12 April
1024:Archived
994:Archived
974:12 April
968:Archived
914:Archived
864:Archived
841:Archived
837:28827380
787:Archived
764:Archived
741:Archived
718:Archived
695:Archived
670:37902774
661:10616761
612:Archived
567:See also
513:and the
410:Surgeon
374:and the
222:You may
178:(RACP),
169:Staffing
125:children
117:hospital
79:Helsinki
2588:Oceania
2398:Defunct
2356:Funding
2186:Vaishya
2182:(Roman)
2123:Orderly
1825:16 June
1784:1869195
1638:2178618
1584:4616215
1540:2051037
1380:, EBSCO
544:Ranking
323:measles
195:History
121:infants
83:Finland
2580:Europe
2572:Africa
2414:Cancer
1942:
1816:
1791:
1781:
1742:
1707:23 May
1698:
1663:
1635:
1590:
1582:
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1424:21 May
1351:
1313:
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1064:21 May
1055:
835:
827:
668:
658:
511:Canada
449:Lancet
416:Hernia
351:London
315:typhus
131:, and
2138:Wards
1688:(PDF)
1588:S2CID
1463:1 May
1414:(PDF)
1152:S2CID
1110:S2CID
813:(3).
343:Paris
230:, or
115:is a
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