341:
saw increasing populations, growing village size, social integration, and more complicated and complex agricultural systems typified this Period. The construction and year-round occupation of pueblos begins; the people constructed reservoirs and canals to deal with scarce and irregular water
392:. Great kivas were up to 50–70 feet (15–21 m) in diameter. Pottery consists of corrugated gray bisque and decorated black-on-white in addition to some decorated red and orange vessels. The people imported shells and
302:
and some painted black-on-white pottery is made. Cultivation begins of beans, available due to trade from
Central America, and edible due to slow cooking in pottery vessels. Wild
467:
The
Puebloans are joined by other cultures. As early as the 15th century, the Navajo were in the process of migrating into the region from the north. In the next century, the
456:. Socially, this was a period of more conflict than cooperation, which is thought to have led to abandonment of settlements at Mesa Verde. The people began making
432:
consist of large pueblos, cliff dwellings, towers and turkey pens. Most villages in the Four
Corners area are abandoned by AD 1300. The distinction between the
597:
Catherine M., and H. Wolcott Toll. "Deciphering the
Organization of Production in Chaco Canyon (Organization of Production at Chaco Canyon conference papers)."
1622:
1693:
648:
460:
for religious and ritual purposes. Plain pottery supplants corrugated. Red, orange and yellow pottery is on the rise as the black-on-white declines.
1739:
670:
284:
and other rock art indicate a ceremonial structure as well. Groups appear to be increasingly linked into larger-scale decision-making bodies.
1191:
1729:
1667:
1734:
1607:
1296:
1366:
1156:
641:
503:
1261:
228:
The early
Ancestral Pueblo camped in the open or lived in caves seasonally. During this period, they began to cultivate gardens of
1056:
1131:
1066:
1046:
527:
517:
1271:
634:
468:
376:) was a major regional center, with a population of 1,500–5,000 people. It is surrounded by standardized planned towns, or
298:
Deep pithouses were developed, along with some above-ground rooms. The bow and arrow replace the atlatl and spear. Plain
276:. At this stage, evidence suggests that the beginning of a religious and decision-making structure had already developed.
120:
Although the original classification has been significantly debated and sometimes modified over the years, the split into
1744:
1652:
1627:
1577:
1041:
550:
342:
resources. Large villages and great kivas appear, though pithouses still remain in use. Above-ground construction is of
1401:
1181:
1006:
522:
621:
141:
388:, radiate from Chaco in various directions. Small blocks of above-ground masonry rooms and a kiva make up a typical
1146:
132:
area. The following classification is based in part of the
Revised Pecos Classification for the Mesa Verde Region.
63:
The original Pecos
Classification contained eight stages of Southwestern prehistory, but it did not specify dates.
1719:
1647:
1612:
1416:
1286:
1136:
1091:
1724:
1557:
1351:
1326:
1246:
938:
682:
538:
214:. There was a trend toward a sedentary lifestyle, with small-scale cultivation of plants beginning 1000 BC.
1562:
1111:
616:
Kidder, Alfred V. (2000 ed.) "An
Introduction to the study of Southwestern Archaeology". Yale University.
1657:
1426:
1011:
996:
870:
508:
1266:
1021:
147:
1484:
1436:
958:
1371:
1226:
1196:
755:
657:
533:
498:
223:
67:
354:
predominates in pottery, though some red bisque and pottery decorated in black and white appears.
1749:
1662:
1396:
1386:
1346:
1221:
953:
888:
263:
73:
1331:
1051:
898:
841:
775:
760:
203:
which was subsequently discredited due to lack of physical evidence. It was combined with the
40:
1525:
1459:
1406:
1301:
1201:
968:
933:
923:
864:
408:
1096:
948:
820:
8:
1587:
883:
810:
785:
750:
730:
293:
125:
79:
24:
1672:
1216:
1211:
1071:
918:
854:
835:
770:
765:
697:
599:
575:
237:
790:
154:. Little evidence for extensive habitation before 8000 BC exists. From evidence near
1698:
1499:
1206:
963:
943:
725:
617:
580:
424:
399:
During the 12th century, populations began to grow after a decline at the end of the
96:
48:
1642:
1479:
1431:
1381:
1321:
1236:
1161:
1151:
1126:
1081:
928:
878:
859:
849:
800:
795:
606:
447:
363:
351:
299:
211:
102:
91:
52:
44:
1535:
1489:
1241:
1186:
1176:
1036:
815:
745:
740:
720:
687:
585:
480:
332:
163:
155:
108:
85:
380:, built from the wood of more than 200,000 trees. Thirty-foot-wide (9.1 m)
1617:
1602:
1592:
1231:
1061:
1016:
913:
825:
780:
565:
177:
1494:
626:
1713:
1474:
1469:
1361:
1311:
1306:
1291:
1281:
1276:
1026:
903:
715:
692:
400:
311:
193:
124:
and Pueblo period still serves as a basis for discussing the culture of the
1677:
1632:
1582:
1572:
1552:
1520:
1421:
1376:
1356:
1141:
1121:
1086:
1001:
986:
805:
677:
513:
486:
369:
338:
129:
28:
1530:
1411:
1391:
1256:
1116:
1106:
991:
735:
570:
404:
307:
43:. The original classification dates back to consensus reached at a 1927
1567:
1464:
1336:
1251:
1076:
412:
373:
281:
233:
1166:
1341:
1171:
393:
273:
1540:
1504:
1454:
1316:
1101:
303:
189:
1547:
1031:
908:
830:
555:
457:
434:
347:
36:
146:
The pre-Ancestral Pueblo culture that moved into the modern-day
893:
461:
389:
310:
were also staples. People of this period may have domesticated
277:
250:
181:
172:
167:
121:
135:
1637:
453:
343:
254:
to grind corn, and the women made baskets for numerous uses.
241:
229:
159:
166:
traveling in small bands. They gathered wild foods when in
1597:
560:
429:
385:
381:
319:
269:
185:
217:
51:, which was organized by the United States archaeologist
32:
489:. Their arrival sends Pueblo subcultures underground.
485:
The
Spanish dominate and take over sites such as the
474:
471:colonists first came in the 1540s from the south.
418:
441:
257:
1711:
609:(1927). Southwestern Archaeological Conference.
357:
656:
452:Typically, large pueblos are centered around a
268:The people constructed primitive storage bins,
150:after the big game hunters departed are called
326:
287:
642:
438:and Ancient Pueblo people becomes blurred.
136:Archaic–Early Basketmaker (8000 – 1500 BCE)
649:
635:
58:
1157:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
504:Canyons of the Ancients National Monument
199:The original classification postulated a
115:
23:is a chronological division of all known
464:is introduced and grown as a commodity.
218:Early Basketmaker II (1500 BCE – 50 CE)
170:, and hunted with stone-tipped spears,
1712:
528:Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument
518:Chaco Culture National Historical Park
1740:Native American history of New Mexico
630:
396:from other cultures through trading.
323:were large, round, and subterranean.
1628:Norse colonization of North America
551:List of dwellings of Pueblo peoples
13:
1730:Native American history of Arizona
523:Canyon de Chelly National Monument
14:
1761:
1735:Native American history of Nevada
492:
27:into periods based on changes in
475:Pueblo V Period (1600 – present)
1648:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
419:Pueblo III Period (1150 – 1350)
539:Chimney Rock National Monument
442:Pueblo IV Period (1350 – 1600)
258:Late Basketmaker II (50 – 500)
1:
591:
358:Pueblo II Period (900 – 1150)
142:Archaic–Early Basketmaker Era
16:Chronological division system
1613:Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing
1563:Eastern Agricultural Complex
7:
997:Bandelier National Monument
871:List of Mississippian sites
658:Pre-Columbian North America
544:
509:Bandelier National Monument
327:Pueblo I Period (750 – 900)
288:Basketmaker III (500 – 750)
10:
1766:
1745:Southwestern United States
1417:West Oak Forest Earthlodge
1022:The Bluff Point Stoneworks
731:Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)
478:
445:
422:
361:
330:
291:
261:
221:
148:Southwestern United States
139:
1686:
1658:Three Sisters agriculture
1513:
1445:
977:
706:
664:
407:was characteristic, with
70:, or Early Basketmaker II
1197:Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site
756:Buttermilk Creek complex
534:Navajo National Monument
499:Mesa Verde National Park
224:Early Basketmaker II Era
76:, or Late Basketmaker II
45:archæological conference
1397:Town Creek Indian Mound
1367:Sierra de San Francisco
1222:Meadowcroft Rockshelter
264:Late Basketmaker II Era
210:This period was called
59:Original classification
1720:Pre-Columbian cultures
1052:Coso Rock Art District
939:Santa Rosa-Swift Creek
842:List of Hopewell sites
116:Current classification
1725:Archaeology timelines
1460:Arlington Springs Man
1302:Portsmouth Earthworks
82:, or Post-Basketmaker
1668:Transoceanic contact
1558:Container Revolution
1132:Gila Cliff Dwellings
1097:Etowah Indian Mounds
201:Basketmaker I Period
21:Pecos Classification
1588:Green Corn Ceremony
1402:Turkey River Mounds
1192:Lake Jackson Mounds
1012:Blue Spring Shelter
603:66.1 (Jan 2001): 5.
294:Basketmaker III Era
280:cults existed, and
236:in particular) and
126:Ancestral Puebloans
105:, or Proto-Historic
25:Ancestral Puebloans
1673:Underwater panther
1347:Rosenstock Village
1217:Marmes Rockshelter
1202:L'Anse aux Meadows
600:American Antiquity
576:John Wesley Powell
1707:
1706:
1699:Pre-Columbian era
1500:Spirit Cave mummy
1297:Plum Bayou Mounds
1207:Lynch Quarry Site
726:Ancient Beringian
607:Kidder, Alfred V.
581:Richard Wetherill
425:Pueblo III Period
99:, or Great Pueblo
97:Pueblo III Period
88:, or Proto-Pueblo
49:Pecos, New Mexico
1757:
1643:Projectile point
1480:Leanderthal Lady
1407:Upward Sun River
1382:Stallings Island
1372:Shell ring sites
1322:Recapture Canyon
1237:Moorehead Circle
1082:El Fin del Mundo
1067:Cueva de la Olla
873:
860:Maritime Archaic
844:
674:
651:
644:
637:
628:
627:
448:Pueblo IV Period
403:. More intense
401:Pueblo II Period
372:(in present-day
364:Pueblo II Period
212:Oshara tradition
180:. Game included
164:hunter-gatherers
103:Pueblo IV Period
92:Pueblo II Period
53:Alfred V. Kidder
41:cultural remains
1765:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1694:Genetic history
1682:
1536:Ceremonial pipe
1509:
1490:Minnesota Woman
1447:
1441:
1262:Ocmulgee Mounds
1242:Morrison Mounds
1187:Kolomoki Mounds
1177:Kimball Village
1037:Candelaria Cave
979:
973:
954:Suwannee Valley
889:Old Cordilleran
869:
840:
708:
702:
668:
660:
655:
594:
586:Antiquities Act
547:
495:
483:
481:Pueblo V Period
477:
450:
444:
427:
421:
366:
360:
339:Pueblo I Period
335:
333:Pueblo I Period
329:
296:
290:
266:
260:
226:
220:
156:Navajo Mountain
144:
138:
118:
109:Pueblo V Period
86:Pueblo I Period
80:Basketmaker III
61:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1763:
1753:
1752:
1750:Pueblo history
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1618:Mound Builders
1615:
1610:
1605:
1603:Medicine wheel
1600:
1595:
1593:Horned Serpent
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1451:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1332:Roberts Island
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1267:Old Stone Fort
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1232:Moaning Cavern
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1182:Kincaid Mounds
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1062:Cuarenta Casas
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1017:Bluefish Caves
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
983:
981:
978:Archaeological
975:
974:
972:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
875:
874:
862:
857:
852:
847:
846:
845:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
776:Caloosahatchee
773:
768:
763:
761:Caborn-Welborn
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
712:
710:
707:Archaeological
704:
703:
701:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
665:
662:
661:
654:
653:
646:
639:
631:
625:
624:
614:
604:
593:
590:
589:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
546:
543:
542:
541:
536:
530:
525:
520:
511:
506:
501:
494:
493:Puebloan sites
491:
479:Main article:
476:
473:
446:Main article:
443:
440:
423:Main article:
420:
417:
362:Main article:
359:
356:
331:Main article:
328:
325:
317:The prototype
292:Main article:
289:
286:
272:, and shallow
262:Main article:
259:
256:
222:Main article:
219:
216:
205:Archaic Period
160:nomadic people
140:Main article:
137:
134:
117:
114:
113:
112:
106:
100:
94:
89:
83:
77:
74:Basketmaker II
71:
60:
57:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1762:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1578:Falcon dancer
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1514:Miscellaneous
1512:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1485:Melbourne Man
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1475:La Brea Woman
1473:
1471:
1470:Kennewick Man
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1362:Serpent Mound
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1312:Pueblo Bonito
1310:
1308:
1307:Poverty Point
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1292:Pinson Mounds
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1282:Painted Bluff
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1162:Horr's Island
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1092:Effigy Mounds
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1057:Crystal River
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
984:
982:
976:
970:
969:Weeden Island
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
934:Safety Harbor
932:
930:
927:
925:
924:Poverty Point
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
904:Paleo-Indians
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
872:
868:
867:
866:
865:Mississippian
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
843:
839:
838:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
713:
711:
705:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
673:
672:
667:
666:
663:
659:
652:
647:
645:
640:
638:
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622:0-300-08297-5
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532:Keet Seel in
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384:, flanked by
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350:. Plain gray
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194:bighorn sheep
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111:, or Historic
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68:Basketmaker I
66:
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38:
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26:
22:
1678:Water glyphs
1633:Oasisamerica
1623:N.A.G.P.R.A.
1583:Folsom point
1573:Effigy mound
1553:Clovis point
1521:Aridoamerica
1422:Wickiup Hill
1377:Spiro Mounds
1357:Salmon Ruins
1352:Russell Cave
1147:Helen Blazes
1142:Grimes Point
1122:Fort Juelson
1112:Fort Ancient
1087:El Vallecito
1047:Chaco Canyon
987:Angel Mounds
949:Steed-Kisker
899:Paleo-Arctic
821:Glacial Kame
806:Fort Ancient
698:Post-Classic
669:
610:
598:
514:Chaco Canyon
487:Acoma Pueblo
484:
466:
451:
433:
428:
398:
378:great houses
377:
370:Chaco Canyon
368:By AD 1050,
367:
336:
318:
316:
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267:
249:
245:
244:. They used
227:
209:
204:
200:
198:
171:
158:, they were
151:
145:
130:Four Corners
119:
62:
29:architecture
20:
18:
1663:Thunderbird
1531:Black drink
1495:Peñon woman
1432:Winterville
1412:Velda Mound
1392:Taos Pueblo
1287:Parkin Park
1272:Orwell site
1257:Nodena site
1152:Holly Bluff
1127:Four Mounds
1117:Fort Center
1042:Casa Grande
992:Anzick site
884:Monongahela
811:Fort Walton
786:Coles Creek
751:Belle Glade
736:Anishinaabe
613:66: 489-91.
571:Zuni people
430:Settlements
405:agriculture
308:pinyon pine
282:petroglyphs
278:Shamanistic
122:Basketmaker
1714:Categories
1608:Metallurgy
1568:Eden point
1465:Buhl Woman
1337:Rock Eagle
1327:River Styx
1252:Mummy Cave
1247:Moundville
1227:Mesa Verde
1212:Marksville
959:Tchefuncte
919:Plaquemine
855:Las Palmas
771:Calf Creek
766:Cades Pond
592:References
413:irrigation
374:New Mexico
274:pit-houses
234:flint corn
1653:Stickball
1342:Rock Hawk
1172:Key Marco
964:Troyville
944:St. Johns
929:Red Ocher
688:Formative
409:terracing
394:turquoise
346:or crude
240:, but no
1541:Chanunpa
1526:Ballgame
1505:Vero man
1455:Anzick-1
1427:Windover
1387:SunWatch
1317:Rassawek
1137:Glenwood
1027:Brewster
879:Mogollon
850:La Jolla
836:Hopewell
796:Deptford
709:cultures
545:See also
458:kachinas
415:common.
304:amaranth
190:antelope
47:held in
1690:Related
1548:Chunkey
1448:remains
1437:Wupatki
1277:Paquime
1167:Huápoca
1032:Cahokia
1002:Bastian
909:Patayan
831:Hohokam
816:Fremont
791:ComondĂş
746:Baytown
741:Avonlea
721:Alachua
693:Classic
683:Archaic
671:Periods
611:Science
556:Hohokam
469:Spanish
435:Hohokam
348:masonry
312:turkeys
251:metates
182:rabbits
173:atlatls
152:Archaic
128:of the
37:pottery
1107:Folsom
1072:Cutler
1007:Benson
894:Oneota
826:Glades
801:Folsom
781:Clovis
678:Lithic
620:
462:Cotton
390:pueblo
352:bisque
300:bisque
238:squash
192:, and
176:, and
168:season
39:, and
1638:Piasa
1446:Human
1077:Eaker
980:sites
914:Plano
716:Adena
454:plaza
386:berms
382:roads
344:jacal
320:kivas
270:cists
246:manos
242:beans
230:maize
178:darts
1598:Kiva
618:ISBN
566:Tiwa
561:Hopi
411:and
337:The
306:and
248:and
186:deer
19:The
1102:Eva
516:in
33:art
1716::
314:.
207:.
196:.
188:,
184:,
162:,
55:.
35:,
31:,
650:e
643:t
636:v
232:(
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