1069:
1767:
954:
1272:
1571:
1642:
1065:
it was time to prepare for the various steps of the ritual. The visionary would consult with the
Morning Star priest, who helped him prepare for his journey to find a sacrifice. During the initial meeting both would cry and cry, because they knew the missions forced upon them by divine demand were wrong to carry out. With help from others, the warrior would capture a young unmarried girl from an enemy tribe. The Pawnee kept the girl and cared for her over the winter, taking her with them as they made their buffalo hunt. They arranged her sacrifice in the spring, in relation to the rising of the Morning Star. She was well treated and fed throughout this period.
1100:
carried among the men – accompanied the girl out of the village to the scaffold. Together they awaited the morning star. When the star was due to rise, the girl was placed and tied on the scaffold. At the moment the star appeared above the horizon, the girl was shot with an arrow from a sacred bow, then the priest cut the skin of her chest to increase bleeding. She was shot quickly with arrows by all the participating men and boys to hasten her death. The girl was carried to the east and placed face down so her blood would soak into the earth, with appropriate prayers for the crops and life she would bring to all life on the prairie.
976:
before the hunters could get in position for the attack on the herd. Anyone who broke ranks could be severely beaten. During the chase, the hunters guided their ponies with their knees and wielded bows and arrows. They could incapacitate buffalo with a single arrow shot into the flank between the lower ribs and the hip. The animal would soon lie down and perhaps bleed out, or the hunters would finish it off. An individual hunter might shoot as many as five buffalo in this way before backtracking and finishing them off. They preferred to kill cows and young bulls, as the taste of older bulls was disagreeable.
1161:
993:
1264:
were nearly naked. Coronado was impressed with the size of the
Quivirans and all the other Indians he met. They were "large people of very good build". Coronado spent twenty-five days among the Quivirans trying to learn of richer kingdoms just over the horizon. He found nothing but straw-thatched villages of up to two hundred houses and fields containing corn, beans, and squash. A copper pendant was the only evidence of wealth he discovered. The Quivirans were almost certainly Caddoans, and they built grass lodges as only the
1225:
1712:
1683:. Like other groups of Native American scouts, Pawnee warriors were recruited in large numbers to fight on the Northern and Southern Plains in various conflicts against hostile Native Americans. Because the Pawnee people were old enemies of the Sioux, Cheyenne, Arapaho, Comanche, and Kiowa tribes, they served with the army for 14 years between 1864 and 1877, earning a reputation as being a well-trained unit, especially in tracking and reconnaissance. The Pawnee Scouts took part with distinction in the
728:
4507:
1528:
3671:
3263:
1194:
48:
1393:"In the middle of the 17th century the Pawnees were being savagely raided by eastern tribes that had obtained metal weapons from the French, which gave them a terrible advantage over Indians who had only weapons of wood, flint, and bone. The raiders carried off such great numbers of Pawnees into slavery, that in the country on and east of the upper Mississippi the name Pani developed a new meaning:
1049:". They continued this practice regularly through the 1810s and possibly after 1838 – the last reported sacrifice. They believed the longstanding rite ensured the fertility of the soil and success of the crops, as well as renewal of all life in spring and triumphs on the battlefields. The sacrifice was related to the belief that the first human being was a girl, born of the mating of the
538:
810:
935:, the Pawnee classify the varieties of corn by color: black, spotted, white, yellow, and red (which, excluding spotted, related to the colors associated with the four semi-cardinal directions). The women kept the different strains separate as they cultivated the corn. While important in agriculture, squash and beans were not given the same theological meaning as corn.
1217:, were the only Caddoan groups to survive the era of iron, firearms, and horses, and they all did so by forming compact villages on high ground and surrounding them with ditch and wall defenses. Most of the year was spent in these well-insulated homes, but many would go on communal deer hunts several days' travel from their homes. Some would even hunt
1750:
In 1875 most members of the nation moved to Indian
Territory, a large area reserved to receive tribes displaced from east of the Mississippi River and elsewhere. The warriors resisted the loss of their freedom and culture, but gradually adapted to reservations. On 23 November 1892, the Pawnee in
1095:
outside the village. It was made of sacred woods and leathers from different animals, each of which had important symbolism. It was erected over a pit with elements corresponding to the four cardinal directions. All the elements of the ritual related to symbolic meaning and belief, and were necessary
797:
that by historical times tended to be oval in shape; at earlier stages, they were rectangular. They constructed the frame, made of 10–15 posts set some 10 feet (3.0 m) apart, which outlined the central room of the lodge. Lodge size varied based on the number of poles placed in the center of
516:
The Pawnee were divided into two large groups: the Skidi / Skiri-Federation living in the north and the South Bands, which were further divided into several villages. While the Skidi / Skiri
Federation were the most populous group of Pawnee, the Cawi / Chaui Band of the South Bands were generally the
1504:
to make peace (in the French interest) between the
Pawnees and their enemies in 1724. He reported that the Pawnee were a strong tribe and good horsemen, but, located at the far end of every trade route for European goods, were unfamiliar with Europeans and were treated like country bumpkins by their
1352:
in the course of the next century or so. Their settlement pattern also changed from little villages of small rectangular earth-lodges to more defensible larger, compact villages of larger, circular lodges, the Skidis uniting in this way about 1680 while their close relations the
Arikaras established
975:
Once buffalo were located, hunting did not begin until the tribal priests considered the time propitious. The hunt began by the men stealthily advancing together toward the buffalo, but no one could kill any buffalo until the warriors of the tribe gave the signal, in order not to startle the animals
927:
The holy corn was cultivated and harvested to replace corn in the sacred bundles prepared for the major seasons of winter and summer. Seeds were taken from sacred bundles for the spring planting ritual. The cycle of corn determined the annual agricultural cycle, as it was the first to be planted and
837:
As many as 30–50 people might live in each lodge, and they were usually of related families. A village could consist of as many as 300–500 people and 10–15 households. Each lodge was divided in two (the north and south), and each section had a head who oversaw the daily business. Each
1797:
In the 1960s, the government settled a suit by the Pawnee Nation regarding their compensation for lands ceded to the US government in the 19th century. By an out-of-court settlement in 1964, the Pawnee Nation was awarded $ 7,316,097 for land ceded to the US and undervalued by the federal government
1263:
Coronado reached
Quivira itself after a few more days of traveling. He found Quivira "well settled ... along good river bottoms, although without much water, and good streams which flow into another". Coronado believed that there were twenty-five settlements in Quivira. Both men and women Quivirans
1244:
in 1541. With cavalry, steel weapons, and guns he had forced his way through the
Apaches, Pueblos, and other nations of the modern southeastern US, but they had no gold. Coronado's interpreter repeated rumours (or confirmed Coronado's fantasies) that gold was to be had elsewhere in a location named
1064:
The ritual stood outside the organization of the ceremonial year and was not necessarily an annual occurrence. The commencement of the ceremony required that a man had been commanded to sponsor it while asleep. Typically, a warrior would dream of the
Morning Star, usually in the autumn, which meant
979:
After successful kills, the women processed the bison meat, skin and bones for various uses: the flesh was sliced into strips and dried on poles over slow fires before being stored. Prepared in this way, it was usable for several months. Although the Pawnee preferred buffalo, they also hunted other
841:
The tribe went on buffalo hunts in summer and winter. Upon their return, the inhabitants of a lodge would often move into another lodge, although they generally remained within the village. Men's lives were more transient than those of women. They had obligations of support for the wife (and family
821:
The frame was covered first with smaller poles, tied with willow withes. The structure was covered with thatch, then earth. A hole left in the center of the covering served as a combined chimney / smoke vent and skylight. The door of each lodge was placed to the east and the rising sun. A long, low
454:
the enactment of legislation, the transaction of business, and by otherwise speaking or acting on behalf of the Pawnee Nation of
Oklahoma on all matters which the Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma is empowered to act, including the authority to hire legal counsel to represent the Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma.
453:
The Pawnee Business Council is the supreme governing body of the Pawnee Tribe of Oklahoma. Subject to the limitations imposed by the Constitution and applicable Federal law, the Pawnee Business Council shall exercise all the inherent, statutory, and treaty powers of the Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma by
1484:
in modern Nebraska. The expedition sent their only Pawnee slave to make contact; he did not obtain any welcome for the Spanish party and he failed to return to the Spanish camp. The Pawnees attacked at dawn, shooting heavy musketry fire and flights of arrows, then charging into combat clad only in
1283:
Coronado was escorted to the further edge of Quivira, called Tabas, where the neighboring land of Harahey began. He summoned the "Lord of Harahey" who, with two hundred followers, came to meet with the Spanish. He was disappointed in his hopes for riches. The Harahey Indians were "all naked – with
1099:
Most of the actual ceremony took place in the earth lodge of the visionary, since the Pawnee villages did not have a special ceremonial lodge. Bystanders outside dug holes in the wall and tore the roof apart to follow the elaborate ceremony. A procession of all the men and boys – even male infants
1020:
bundles that included various materials, such as an ear of sacred corn, with great symbolic value. These were used in many religious ceremonies to maintain the balance of nature and the Pawnee relationship with the gods and spirits. In the 1890s, already in Oklahoma, the people participated in the
983:
The people returned to their villages to harvest crops when the corn was ripe in late summer, or in the spring when the grass became green and they could plant a new cycle of crops. Summer hunts extended from late June to about the first of September; but might end early if hunting was successful.
336:
The Rêsâru’karu, also known as the Nasharo or Chiefs Council consists of eight members, each serving four-year terms. Each band has two representatives on the Nasharo Council selected by the members of the tribal bands, Cawi, Kitkahaki, Pitahawirata, and Ckiri. The Nasharo Council has the right to
1028:
The Pawnee believed that the Morning Star and Evening Star gave birth to the first Pawnee woman. The first Pawnee man was the offspring of the union of the Moon and the Sun. As they believed they were descendants of the stars, cosmology had a central role in daily and spiritual life. They planted
1307:
About 1670 the Apaches of the Southern Plains obtained horses and metal weapons in sufficient quantity to make them the dread of all their neighbors. For some decades the Pawnees were the victims of intensive raiding by large bands of mounted Apaches with iron weapons, and also by war parties of
268:
further south. They had suffered many losses due to Eurasian infectious diseases brought by the expanding Europeans and European-Americans. By 1860, the Pawnee population was reduced to just 4,000. It further decreased, because of disease, crop failure, warfare, and government rations policy, to
854:
people. Ancestral descent is traced through the mother, and children are considered born into the mother's clan and are part of her people. In the past, a young couple moved into the bride's parents' lodge. People work together in collaborative ways, marked by both independence and cooperation,
337:
review all acts of the Pawnee Business Council regarding the Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma membership and Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma claims or rights growing out of treaties between the Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma and the United States according to provisions listed in the Pawnee Nation Constitution.
833:
Mats were hung on the perimeter of the main room to shield small rooms in the outer ring, which served as sleeping and private spaces. The lodge was semi-subterranean, as the Pawnee recessed the base by digging it approximately three feet (one meter) below ground level, thereby insulating the
1719:
As noted above, the Pawnee were subjected to continual raids by Lakota from the north and west. On one such raid, 5 August 1873, a Sioux war party of over 1,000 warriors ambushed a Pawnee hunting party of 350 men, women, and children. The Pawnee had gained permission to leave the
938:
In 2005, the last 25 remaining seeds of the Pawnee Eagle Corn variety were successfully sprouted. The unique taste of Eagle Corn is described as being similar to almonds with cream. In November 2010, a traditional Pawnee ceremony with Eagle Corn soup was held in Oklahoma. According to
1667:
In 1852, a combined Indian force of Cheyennes and invited Kiowa and Kiowa Apaches attacked a Pawnee camp in Kansas during the summer hunt. First when a Pawnee shot a very reckless Cheyenne with an arrow in the eye, it was discovered he wore a hidden scale mailed armor under his shirt.
1475:
try to turn the Pawnees away from their French connections (which had been greatly magnified in Spanish imagination). Guided mainly by Apaches and led by an officer lacking experience with Indians, the expedition approached the Skidi Pawnee villages along the outflow of the
1657:, when they defeated the whole Cheyenne tribe. A Pitahawirata Pawnee captured one of the most sacred tribal bundles of the Cheyenne, the Sacred Arrows, and Skidi Chief Big Eagle secured it quickly. The Cheyennes stopped fighting at once and returned to their own country.
1189:
At first contact, they were distributed widely through modern Oklahoma and Kansas, and they reached modern Nebraska about 1750. (Other Caddoan-speakers lived to the south, in modern Texas, forming a belt of related populations along the eastern edge of the Great Plains.)
1115:
had pointed out the government's view on the ceremony to a visiting Pawnee delegation already in 1811. Slowly, a Skidi faction that opposed the old rite developed. Two Skidi leaders, Knife Chief and his young relative Petalesharo, spearheaded the reformist movement.
1260:. The Spaniards and their Indian allies followed the Arkansas northeast for three days and found Quivirans hunting buffalo. The Indians greeted the Spanish with wonderment and fear, but calmed down when one of Coronado's guides addressed them in their own language.
1555:, among others, began visiting the Pawnee villages. Under pressure from Siouan tribes and European-American settlers, the Pawnee ceded territory to the United States government in treaties in 1818, 1825, 1833, 1848, 1857, and 1892. In 1857, they settled on the
328:
The tribal constitution established the government of the Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma. This government consists of the Resaru Council, the Pawnee Business Council, and the Supreme Court. Enrollment into the tribe requires a minimum of one-eighth Pawnee
500:, two fuel stations, and one truck stop. Their estimated economic impact for 2010 was $ 10.5 million. Increased revenues from the casinos have helped them provide for education and welfare of their citizens. They issue their own
4096:
1381:(anglicized to Pawnee), as most, during this period, had been captured from the Pawnee tribe or their relations. Pawnee became synonymous with "Indian slave" in general use in Canada, and a slave from any tribe came to be called
822:
passageway, which helped keep out outside weather, led to an entry room that had an interior buffalo-skin door on a hinge. It could be closed at night and wedged shut. Opposite the door, on the west side of the central room, a
1015:
Like many other Native American tribes, the Pawnee had a cosmology with elements of all of nature represented in it. They based many rituals in the four cardinal directions. Pawnee priests conducted ceremonies based on the
1124:
captive from the scaffold in 1817 and carried her to safety. For this, he received lasting fame among the whites. Indian agent John Dougherty and a number of influential Pawnees tried in vain to save the life of a captive
4228:
1728:. Because of the ongoing hostilities with the Sioux and encroachment from American settlers to the south and east, the Pawnee decided to leave their Nebraska reservation in the 1870s and settle on a new reservation in
1185:
lifestyle in valley-bottom lands on the Great Plains. Unlike other groups of the Great Plains, they had a stratified society with priests and hereditary chiefs. Their religion included cannibalism and human sacrifice.
1739:(Oklahoma), but the stress of the move, diseases, and poor conditions on their reservation reduced their numbers even more. During this time, outlaws often smuggled whiskey to the Pawnee. The teenaged female bandits
883:
Women tended to be responsible for decisions about resource allocation, trade, and inter-lodge social negotiations. Men were responsible for decisions which pertained to hunting, war, and spiritual/health issues.
1485:
paint, headband, moccasins and short leggings. Villasur, 45 other Spaniards, and 11 Pueblos were killed, and the survivors fled. In 1721, pressure on the Pawnees was increased by the establishment of a colony in
1284:
bows, and some sort of things on their heads, and their privy parts slightly covered". Hyde identifies them as Awahis, the old Caddoan name for the Pawnees, possibly including the ancestors of the Skidis and the
1463:
reported that the Paniassas or Black Pawnees had recently captured a hundred Apaches, whom they were burning, a few each day. de la Harpe planned to establish French trading posts at the mouth of the
1633:
caused dramatic mortality losses among the Pawnee. From an estimated population of 12,000 in the 1830s, they were reduced to 3,400 by 1859, when they were forcibly constrained to a reservation in modern-day
1805:
of 1975 have allowed the Pawnee Nation to regain some of its self-government. The Pawnee continue to practice cultural traditions, meeting twice a year for the intertribal gathering with their kinsmen the
609:
Kitkehahkisúraariksisuʾ (S.B. dialect) or Kítkahaahkisuraariksisuʾ (Sk. dialect) (Kitkahahki band proper, literally ‘real Kitkahahki’ – the larger of two late 19th century divisions of the Kitkahahki
764:
Pahukstatu (S.B. dialect) or Páhukstaatuʾ (Sk. dialect) (‘Pumpkin-Vine Village’ or ‘Squash-Vine Village’, did not join the Skidi and remained politically independent, but in general were counted as Skidi)
838:
section was further subdivided into three duplicate areas, with tasks and responsibilities related to the ages of women and girls, as described below. The membership of the lodge was quite flexible.
1459:, the Pawnees had also acquired horses and metal weapons from French traders, and they were attacking Apaches in turn, destroying their villages and carrying off Apache women and children. In 1720,
1152:. More recent historians have disputed the proposed connection to Mesoamerican practice: They believe that the sacrifice ritual originated independently, within ancient, traditional Pawnee culture.
1209:
reflected an assumption that large raiding parties would not arrive without warning; their inhabitants could not rapidly co-ordinate defense against a large party of enemies. The Pawnees, with the
1129:
girl on 11 April 1827. For any individual, it was extremely difficult to try to change a practice tied so closely to Pawnee belief in the renewal of life for the tribe. In June 1818, the
842:
they married into), but could always go back to their mother and sisters for a night or two of attention. When young couples married, they lived with the woman's family in a matrilocal pattern.
1468:
and elsewhere in Caddoan territory, but this was not done and the Pawnee remained dependent on infrequent and casual traders, while their enemies – the Osages – benefited from a regular trade.
915:
They planted their crops along the fertile river bottomlands. These crops provided a wide variety of nutrients and complemented each other in making whole proteins. In addition to varieties of
4371:
834:
interior from extreme temperatures. Lodges were strong enough to support adults, who routinely sat on them, and the children who played on the top of the structures. (See photo above.)
984:
Sometimes the hunt was limited to what is now western Nebraska. Winter hunts were from late October until early April and were often to the southwest into what is now western Kansas.
1505:
southern relatives. The mutual hatred between Pawnees and Apaches was so great that both sides were cooking and eating many of their captives. Bourgmont's "peace" had little effect.
4431:
4401:
340:
In 2020 Jimmy Whiteshirt was recalled as Pawnee Nation President. Becoming the shortest serving president on the Pawnee Nation Business Council after being recalled in 5 months.
980:
game, including elk, bear, panther, and skunk, for meat and skins. The skins were used for clothing and accessories, storage bags, foot coverings, fastening ropes and ties, etc.
4350:
4213:
4177:
4106:
1810:. They have an annual four-day Pawnee Homecoming for Pawnee veterans in July. Many Pawnee also return to their traditional lands to visit relatives and take part in scheduled
4340:
4101:
972:
for buffalo hunting. They often traveled 500 miles (800 km) or more in a season. In summer the march began at dawn or before, but usually did not last the entire day.
4441:
4436:
4330:
4325:
4091:
3251:
1107:
had counseled Pawnee chiefs to suppress the practice, as they warned of how it would upset the American settlers, who were arriving in ever greater number. Superintendent
4305:
517:
politically leading group, although each band was autonomous. As was typical of many Native American tribes, each band saw to its own. In response to pressures from the
1344:, and they too raided the Pawnees. Archaeology indicates that pressure from hostile Apaches may have persuaded the Skidi Pawnees to move from their settlements on the
1091:) rose ringed with red, the priest knew it was the signal for the sacrifice. He directed the men to carry out the rest of the ritual, including the construction of a
887:
Women tended to remain within a single lodge, while men would typically move between lodges. They took multiple sexual partners in serially monogamous relationships.
767:
Tskirirara (‘Wolf-in-Water’, although the Skidi-Federation got its name from them, they remained politically independent, but were counted within the Pawnee as Skidi)
4892:
4462:
4416:
4111:
1790:
In 1906, in preparation for statehood of Oklahoma, the US government dismantled the Pawnee tribal government and civic institutions. The tribe reorganized under the
777:, by the 1770s this group of the Skidi Pawnee had broken off and moved toward Texas, where they allied with the Taovaya, the Tonkawa, Yojuane and other Texas tribes)
4396:
1593:
Until the 1830s, the Pawnee in what became United States territory were relatively isolated from interaction with Europeans. As a result, they were not exposed to
4851:
4495:
1661:
1288:. Another group, the Guas, may have been known later as the Paniouace. These people put up ferocious resistance when Coronado started to plunder their villages.
613:
Kitkehahkiripacki (S.B. dialect) or Kítkahaahkiripacki (Sk. dialect) (literally ‘Little Kitkahahki’ – a small Kitkahahki group that split off from the main band)
3659:
1802:
827:
4131:
4076:
3765:
1654:
3229:
1144:
drew from earlier work of Wissler and Spinden to suggest that the sacrificial practice might have been transferred in the early 16th century from the
1766:
1029:
their crops according to the position of the stars, which related to the appropriate time of season for planting. Like many tribal bands, they sacrificed
2089:
2015:
1416:
Raiders primarily targeted women and children, to be sold as slaves. In 1694, Apaches brought a large number of captive children to the trading fair in
4473:
2853:
2049:
1232:
village in the 19th century. The beehive shaped grass-thatched houses surrounded by corn fields appear similar to those described by Coronado in 1541.
1068:
4446:
3637:
923:
for consumption, the women planted an archaic breed which they called "Wonderful" or "Holy Corn", specifically to be included in the sacred bundles.
798:
the structure. Most lodges had 4, 8, or 12 center-poles. A common feature in Pawnee lodges were four painted poles, which represented the four
4421:
4411:
4126:
3244:
1950:
1299:
in search of the wealth of Quivira. He met "Escansaques", probably Apaches, who tried to persuade him to plunder and destroy "Quiviran" villages.
2513:. Translated by Winship, George Parker. Introduction by Donald C. Cutter. Golden, Colorado: Fulcrum Publishing. pp. 113, 209, 215, 234–237.
1715:
Cloud-Shield's Lakota Winter Count for the years 1873–1874. Massacre Canyon battle, Nebraska. "They killed many Pawnees on the Republican River."
3177:
describes technique and findings of non-invasive imagery of a Pawnee 18th–19th century archaeological site located on the Republican River.
1497:; this settlement too formed a market for Indian (mostly Caddoan) slaves and a convenient source of weapons for the Osages and their relations.
4121:
4116:
2802:
2706:
2465:
2394:
3038:
717:
Tuhitspiat or Tuhricpiiʾat (S.B. dialect) (‘Village-Stretching-Out-in-the-Bottomlands’, ‘Village Across Bottomland’, ‘Village In The Bottoms’)
4203:
4162:
4141:
1202:
1117:
3115:
4335:
2115:
4927:
4922:
4907:
4488:
3237:
2969:
305:
In 2011, there were approximately 3,200 enrolled Pawnee and nearly all of them reside in Oklahoma. Their tribal headquarters is in
3652:
3267:
3134:
1672:
affected the Cheyennes to the point, that they carried their Sacred Arrows against the Pawnee the following summer in an all-out war.
1613:. In the 19th century, however, they were pressed by Siouan groups encroaching from the east, who also brought diseases. Epidemics of
641:– ‘screaming’, the French called them "Tapage Pawnee" – ‘Screaming, Howling Pawnee’, later English-speaking Americans "Noisy Pawnee")
4917:
3466:
1979:
786:
Historically, the Pawnee led a lifestyle combining village life and seasonal hunting, which had long been established on the Plains.
1711:
1501:
1794:
of 1936 and established the Pawnee Business Council, the Nasharo (Chiefs) Council, and a tribal constitution, bylaws, and charter.
2593:
1397:. The French adopted this meaning, and Indian slaves, no matter from which tribe they had been taken, were presently being termed
1103:
About 1820–1821, news of these sacrifices reached the East Coast; it caused a sensation among European Americans. Before this, US
790:
studies of ancient sites have demonstrated the people lived in this pattern for nearly 700 years, since about 1250 CE.
4481:
2292:
1377:
1362:
2872:
4856:
3645:
2837:
1783:
1420:, but for some reason, there were not enough buyers, so the Apaches beheaded all their slaves in full view of the Spaniards.
3259:
2544:
3486:
2951:
1758:
By 1900, the Pawnee population was recorded by the US Census as 633. Since then the tribe has begun to recover in numbers.
806:). A second outer ring of poles outlined the outer circumference of the lodge. Horizontal beams linked the posts together.
488:
Adult Pawnee citizens elect new council members. The nation holds elections every two years on the first Saturday in May.
4310:
4208:
3406:
3279:
1720:
reservation and hunt buffalo. About 70 Pawnee were killed in this attack, which occurred in a canyon in present-day
4503:
3183:
1452:
1401:. It was at this period, after the middle of the 17th century, that the name was introduced into New Mexico in the form
4512:
3675:
3426:
3667:
968:
hunting seasons. With horses providing a greater range, the people traveled in both summer and winter westward to the
855:
without coercion. Both women and men are active in political life, with independent decision-making responsibilities.
4233:
3877:
3710:
3351:
3296:
3291:
3078:
2928:
2518:
2331:
2275:
2247:
2182:
1989:
953:
4912:
4285:
4254:
3157:
2611:
1439:
until the abolition of slavery in the colony in 1833. Indian slaves comprised close to half of the known slaves in
1427:
considered that the Panis nation "plays ... the same role in America that the Negroes do in Europe." The historian
1271:
2640:
1237:
4611:
4315:
1669:
1646:
1660:
The Pawnees in the village of Chief Blue Coat suffered a severe defeat on 27 June 1843. A force of Lakotas
4762:
4723:
4530:
4198:
2882:
1688:
1509:
213:
rivers. The Pawnee tribal economic activities throughout the year alternated between farming crops and hunting
3027:
2898:
2479:
Duke, Philip (August 1989). "The Morning Star ceremony of the Skiri Pawnee as described by Alfred C. Haddon".
1519:
epidemics broke out on the Great Plains, reducing the Skidi from eight large villages in 1725 to one by 1800.
1512:
visited the Skidi Pawnee. In 1750 the Skidis were reported to be ruled by a grand chief who had 900 warriors.
4320:
4045:
4040:
3561:
3211:
2022:
1424:
1252:
After more than thirty days journey, Coronado found a river larger than any he had seen before. This was the
508:
announced an agreement that aims to help the community with workforce skills in the clean technology sector.
17:
2791:. Annual Report to the Bureau of Ethnology. Vol. 4th. Smithsonian Institution. page facing p. 145.
2053:
1460:
3872:
1641:
1570:
504:
and operate their housing authority. In December 2023, the Pawnee Nation and electric vehicle manufacturer
1409:
who brought large numbers of Pawnee slaves to trade to the Spaniards and Pueblo Indians." George E. Hyde,
4345:
3760:
3441:
3316:
2720:"Letters Concerning the Presbyterian Mission in the Pawnee Country, near Bellevue, Nebraska, 1831–1849".
1839:
1791:
858:
Within the lodge, each north–south section had areas marked by activities of the three classes of women:
793:
The Pawnee generally settled close to the rivers and placed their lodges on the higher banks. They built
3933:
3376:
3326:
1956:
1865:
1721:
1684:
310:
895:
The Pawnee women are skilled horticulturalists and cooks, cultivating and processing ten varieties of
4009:
3958:
3346:
3331:
3103:
928:
first to be harvested (with accompanying ceremonies involving priests and men of the tribe as well.)
248:("dog eater") also moved into Pawnee territory. Collectively, the Pawnee referred to these tribes as
3151:
A museum featuring the excavated floor of a large 1820s Pawnee earth lodge and associated artifacts.
2806:
2431:
Jones, Dorothy V. (1969). "John Dougherty and the Pawnee rite of human sacrifice: April 1827".
2242:. The Civilization of the American Indian (New ed.). Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
2075:
4902:
4632:
4081:
3943:
3849:
3591:
3456:
3446:
3411:
3050:
1859:
1849:
1740:
1692:
1874:, Skidi Pawnee chief who in 1817 rescued an Ietan Comanche girl from Pawnee ritual human sacrifice
220:
In the early 18th century, the Pawnee numbered more than 60,000 people. They lived along the
3844:
3750:
3386:
3119:
1699:. On the Southern Plains, they fought against their old enemies, the Comanches and Kiowa, in the
1696:
1009:
322:
187:
606:(‘Little Muddy Bottom Village’, ‘Little Earth Lodge Village’, often called "Republican Pawnee")
4897:
4882:
4816:
4616:
4535:
4406:
4386:
4366:
3361:
3356:
1635:
1560:
644:
Piitahawiraata, Piítahaawìraata, Pitahaureat, Pitahawirata, (Pitahaureat proper, leading group)
318:
314:
114:
2975:
228:
river areas for centuries; however, several tribes from the Great Lakes began moving onto the
4861:
4223:
3999:
3854:
1897:
1583:
1532:
872:
Among the collection of lodges, the political designations for men were essentially between:
1160:
731:
Kitkahaki George and his son Taloowayahwho, also known as William Pollock, in the mid 1890s.
4780:
4741:
4264:
4060:
4004:
3989:
3796:
3371:
2263:
1490:
172:
1563:, but maintained their traditional way of life. They were subjected to continual raids by
8:
4826:
4770:
4736:
4652:
4376:
3596:
2860:. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press. pp. 157–186. 78 Stat. 585 (1964).
1752:
1536:
1494:
1472:
1046:
958:
799:
501:
156:
1133:
of St. Louis contained the account of a sacrifice. The last known sacrifice was of
4821:
4055:
3973:
3923:
3821:
3791:
3546:
3526:
3436:
3067:
2940:
2917:
2830:
Documents of American Indian Diplomacy Treaties, Agreements, and Conventions, 1775–1979
2700:
2459:
2388:
1680:
1610:
1556:
1317:
1257:
1001:
941:
2090:"Pawnee Nation, Canoo make 'first-of-its-kind' agreement to develop electric vehicles"
1164:
La-Roo-Chuck-A-La-Shar (Sun Chief) was a Pawnee chief who died fighting the Lakota at
4790:
4708:
4642:
4426:
4391:
4381:
4157:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3730:
3571:
3556:
3541:
3521:
3516:
3074:
2947:
2924:
2878:
2833:
2743:. Bureau of American Ethnology. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. Bulletin 93.
2514:
2327:
2271:
2243:
2178:
2171:
1985:
1893:
1829:
1771:
1700:
1579:
1372:
1178:
2300:
2236:
992:
4775:
4746:
4703:
4693:
4575:
4014:
3968:
3928:
3918:
3908:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3551:
3536:
3531:
3501:
3496:
3476:
3321:
2767:
2670:
2488:
1916:
1877:
1736:
1729:
1552:
1544:
1522:
1345:
1224:
648:
306:
270:
206:
179:
98:
2772:
2755:
2492:
1292:
4887:
4785:
4647:
4590:
4565:
4259:
4050:
4024:
3994:
3903:
3893:
3606:
3586:
3511:
3396:
3341:
3311:
3017:
3009:
2674:
1845:
1807:
1725:
1622:
1340:
also appeared on the Plains about this time, driven west by the expansion of the
1229:
1165:
1042:
814:
655:
183:
102:
1755:
to accept individual allotments of land in a breakup of their communal holding.
1751:
Oklahoma were forced by the US federal government to sign an agreement with the
964:
After they obtained horses, the Pawnee adapted their culture and expanded their
269:
approximately 2,400 by 1873, after which time the Pawnee were forced to move to
4751:
4713:
4698:
4683:
4193:
3913:
3806:
3700:
3626:
3581:
3576:
3506:
3471:
3013:
2997:
2411:
Thurman, Melburn D. (1970). "The Skidi Pawnee Morning Star sacrifice of 1827".
1465:
1456:
1265:
1253:
1218:
1214:
1210:
965:
904:
665:
living to the north, so perhaps they belonged to the refugees (1794–1795) from
214:
139:
2992:
Dancing on Common Ground: Tribal cultures and alliances on the southern plains
4876:
4831:
4238:
4167:
3953:
3451:
3421:
3301:
3204:
3187:
3005:
2351:. Ceremonies of the Pawnee (27). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution: 32.
2166:
1835:
1823:
1775:
1676:
1564:
1440:
1428:
1368:
1141:
1108:
1058:
1005:
803:
727:
666:
526:
330:
286:
282:
237:
233:
73:
4795:
4731:
4688:
4675:
4637:
4580:
4300:
4295:
4019:
3811:
3801:
3735:
3687:
3566:
3401:
3391:
3146:
3001:
1887:
1883:
1744:
1575:
1548:
1481:
1329:
1325:
1276:
1120:
ransomed at least two captives before a sacrifice. Petalesharo cut loose a
1104:
1073:
969:
723:
Tuhawukasa (‘Village-across-a-Ridge’ or ‘Village-Stretching-across-a-Hill’)
529:, as well as neighboring tribes, the Pawnee began to draw closer together.
294:
229:
225:
210:
118:
3186:. Gene Weltfish Pawnee Field Notes. Newberry Library. 1935. Archived from
2116:"Canoo Partners With Pawnee Nation On Clean Technology & Job Training"
4290:
4086:
3938:
3755:
3740:
2452:
Diplomats in Buckskin. A history of Indian delegations in Washington City
2021:. Annual Report. Oklahoma Indian Affairs Commission. 2013. Archived from
1903:
1871:
1779:
1587:
1206:
1022:
851:
794:
370:
Lester Moon Eagle, 2nd Chief Pitahauirata Band, Nasharo Council Secretary
198:
3165:
2619:
1664:, killed more than 65 inhabitants and burned 20 earth lodges.
4595:
4280:
4136:
3963:
3366:
1527:
1477:
1417:
1349:
1337:
945:, Eagle Corn soup had not been available for ceremonies for 125 years.
920:
916:
787:
497:
221:
202:
862:
Mature women (usually married and mothers), who did most of the labor;
4800:
3948:
3725:
1309:
1182:
1112:
997:
932:
770:
2658:
4570:
4516:
4506:
3720:
3705:
3679:
3670:
3336:
3271:
3262:
2326:(trade paperback ed.). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
1630:
1614:
1602:
1516:
1486:
1341:
1126:
1121:
1092:
542:
352:
Ralph Haymond, 2nd Chief Kitkehahki Band, 2nd Nasharo Council Chief
290:
274:
261:
241:
168:
160:
85:
77:
3215:
4560:
3898:
3695:
3461:
1618:
1606:
1598:
1594:
1432:
1313:
1285:
1246:
1084:
900:
686:("Look like wolves People") and were known by the South Bands as
662:
661:– ‘People’, some Pawnee argued that the Kawarakis spoke like the
364:
Warren Pratt Jr., 2nd Chief Skidi Band, Nasharo Council 1st Chief
278:
277:. Many Pawnee warriors enlisted to serve as Indian scouts in the
245:
143:
2856:(1985). "The Pawnee Claims Case, 1947–64". In Sutton, I. (ed.).
2572:
2570:
2076:"2020 Re-Call Election # 2 OFFICIAL Result | Pawnee Nation"
1523:
Increasing contact with English-speakers, ongoing tribal warfare
1193:
3601:
3431:
3095:
1811:
1436:
1406:
1321:
1197:
Approximate distribution of Caddoan-speakers in the early 1800s
1149:
1017:
809:
522:
164:
135:
81:
47:
4218:
4172:
3775:
3770:
3715:
3381:
3306:
2996:... addresses achieving and maintaining peace among the
2567:
1853:
1626:
1333:
1145:
1088:
1054:
1050:
1030:
908:
896:
865:
Young single women, just learning their responsibilities; and
823:
755:
676:
518:
505:
265:
257:
131:
714:
Kitkehaxpakuxtu (‘Old Village’ or ‘Old-Earth-Lodge-Village’)
1221:, though without horses this was difficult and dangerous.
1137:, a 14-year-old Oglala Lakota girl, on 22 April 1838.
1080:
537:
355:
Jimmy Horn, 1st Chief Chaui Band, Nasharo Council Treasurer
1981:
Warriors in Uniform: The legacy of American Indian heroism
1096:
for the renewal of life. The preparations took four days.
2858:
Irredeemable America: The Indians' Estate and Land Claims
2803:"Cattle Annie & Little Britches, taken from Lee Paul"
2581:. Translated by George Tombs. Véhicule Press. p. 64.
2270:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 66–68.
1880:(b. 1946), Otoe-Missouria-Pawnee author and educator
3069:
Some Things are not Forgotten: A Pawnee family remembers
1890:
in 1822 with a delegation of Native American dignitaries
4852:
List of ancient dwellings of Pueblo peoples in Colorado
1455:
led an expedition to Caddoan lands at the mouth of the
3049:(4). Oklahoma State Historical Society. Archived from
2659:"How the Pawnee captured the Cheyenne medicine arrows"
2594:"The Segesser Hide paintings: History, discovery, art"
2508:
1803:
Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act
1302:
802:
and the four major star gods (not to be confused with
3766:
Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska
2753:
1041:
The Skidi Pawnees in Village Across a Hill practiced
633:(‘People Downstream’, ‘Man-Going-East’, derived from
2974:. Canterbury, UK: University of Kent. Archived from
2874:
The New Warriors: Native American leaders since 1900
1645:
Cheyenne warrior Alights on the Cloud in his armor.
826:
skull with horns was displayed. This was considered
669:
aggression, who joined their Caddo kin living south)
584:(‘People in the Middle’, also called "Grand Pawnee")
414:
Adrian Spotted Horsechief, 2nd Chief, Kitkahaki Band
4229:
Pawnee Mission and Burnt Village Archeological Site
3135:"Pawnee Indians – Their lands, allies, and enemies"
2828:Deloria, Vine J. Jr.; DeMaille, Raymond J. (1999).
2576:
2410:
1446:
232:and encroaching on Pawnee territory, including the
3066:
2939:
2916:
2877:. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 299–322.
2832:. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 361–363.
2347:Murie, James R. (1981). "Part I: The Skiri".
2235:
2170:
1649:during an attack on a Pawnee hunting camp in 1852.
458:Current Pawnee Business Council (as of July, 2023)
3064:
2937:
2914:
2870:
2852:
2738:
2656:
2430:
1691:against Lakota, Cheyenne, and Arapaho and in the
1236:The first written records of Caddoans comes from
868:Older women, who looked after the young children.
260:"). The Pawnee were occasionally at war with the
4893:Federally recognized tribes in the United States
4874:
2786:
2449:
1385:As early as 1670, a reference was recorded to a
2827:
2754:Grinnell, George Bird (October–December 1910).
2690:
2378:
2346:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2155:
556:("East Village People") by the Skidi-Federation
2946:. Newberry Library. Indiana University Press.
2577:Trudel, Marcel; d'Allaire, Micheline (2013) .
2504:
2502:
2406:
2404:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2135:
1679:in the latter half of the 19th century in the
1177:The ancestors of the Pawnees were speakers of
1053:, the male figure of light, and the unwilling
197:Historically, the Pawnee lived in villages of
4489:
4204:Dr. Susan LaFlesche Picotte Memorial Hospital
3653:
3245:
3073:. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
2968:Lagace, Robert O. "Pawnee: Culture summary".
2967:
2693:Life of George Bent. Written from his letters
2652:
2650:
2618:. The Segesser Hides Explorer. Archived from
1955:. Oklahoma Historical Society. Archived from
1948:
1706:
1201:Their unfortified villages of well-scattered
748:Akapaxtsawa (‘Buffalo-Skull-Painted-on-Tipi’)
541:Tribal territory of the Pawnee and tribes in
2923:. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
2747:
2732:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2358:
1952:Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
1852:Director He was elected Attorney General of
1735:In 1874, the Pawnee requested relocation to
1539:, near Council Bluffs, Iowa, in October 1819
1431:documented that close to 2,000 "panis"
1316:from the east who had firearms as well. The
1072:Miniature model of the Morning Star ritual,
736:Arikararikutsu (‘Big-Antlered-Elk-Standing’)
411:Morgan Little Sun, 1st Chief, Kitkahaki Band
383:Ralph Haymond Jr., 2nd Chief, Kitkahaki Band
380:Morgan Little Sun, 1st Chief, Kitkahaki Band
349:Morgan Little Sun, 1st Chief Kitkehahki Band
3036:
2686:
2684:
2657:Dorsey, George E. (October–December 1903).
2499:
2401:
2290:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2132:
2052:. Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma. Archived from
1256:, probably a few miles east of present-day
739:Arikarariki (‘Small-Antlered-Elk-Standing’)
720:Tukitskita (‘Village-on-Branch-of-a-River’)
367:Francis Morris, 1st Chief Pitahauirata Band
4496:
4482:
3660:
3646:
3252:
3238:
2713:
2705:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2647:
2464:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2393:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2173:The Lost Universe: Pawnee life and culture
1984:. National Geographic Books. p. 101.
1842:, older cousin of Walter Echo-Hawk (below)
1279:(c. 1545), probably Coronado in New Mexico
1275:"Episode from the Conquest of America" by
392:Ron Rice Sr., 1st Chief, Pitahawirata Band
281:to track and fight their old enemies, the
2805:. ranchdivaoutfitters.com. Archived from
2771:
2443:
2381:Ceremonies of the Pawnee. The south bands
2355:
2349:Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology
2177:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
2044:
2042:
1653:The Pawnee won a "hard fought" defensive
1172:
1079:When the morning star (either the planet
1045:, specifically of captive girls, in the "
690:("Wolf People") (both names derived from
682:the northernmost band; called themselves
423:Frank Adson, 1st Chief, Pitahawirata Band
361:Pat Leading Fox Sr., 1st Chief Skidi Band
2989:
2681:
2533:Bolton, 293 and many subsequent scholars
2426:
2424:
2422:
2262:
2165:
1765:
1710:
1640:
1569:
1526:
1270:
1223:
1192:
1159:
1067:
1057:, a female figure of darkness, in their
991:
952:
808:
754:Tstikskaatit (‘Black-Ear-of-Corn,’ i.e.‘
726:
536:
4463:Native American place names in Nebraska
2864:
2542:
2194:
491:
389:Warren Pratt Jr., 2nd Chief, Ckiri Band
14:
4875:
3029:Encyclopedia of North American Indians
2994:. Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas.
2591:
2113:
2039:
1695:. They also fought with the US in the
1363:Panis (slaves of First Nation descent)
1036:
845:
745:Tuwarakaku (‘Village-in-Thick-Timber’)
496:The Pawnee operate two casinos, three
386:Pat Leading Fox, 1st Chief, Ckiri Band
240:("cut throat / cuts the throat"), and
4857:List of prehistoric sites in Colorado
4477:
3641:
3233:
2756:"The Great Mysteries of the Cheyenne"
2419:
2321:
2010:
2008:
1977:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1732:, located in what is today Oklahoma.
1181:, who had developed a semi-sedentary
436:Officers for the Resaru Council are:
426:Tim Jim, 2nd Chief, Pitahawirata Band
420:Pat Leadingfox, 2nd Chief, Ckiri Band
395:Tim Jim, 2nd Chief, Pitahawirata Band
52:Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma tribal flag
27:Indigenous people of the Great Plains
2592:Chavez, Thomas E. (1 January 1990).
2543:Woodson, Carter Godwin (July 1920).
2509:Winship, George Parker, ed. (1990).
2478:
2233:
1670:The killing of this notable Cheyenne
1559:along the Loup River in present-day
1471:In 1720, Spanish colonists sent the
1140:Writing in the 1960s, the historian
761:Turawiu (was only part of a village)
698:– "Wolf-in-Water", therefore called
417:Gilbert Beard, 1st Chief, Ckiri Band
68:Regions with significant populations
4427:Fontenelle Forest Historic District
4311:Champe-Fremont 1 Archeological Site
3149:. Kansas State Historical Society.
2942:The Pawnee: A critical bibliography
2641:"History of Nance County, Nebraska"
2596:. Center for Great Plains Studies.
2291:Bommersbach, Jana (25 April 2012).
2050:"The Nasharo (Rêsâru'karu) Council"
1609:, to which Native Americans had no
1543:A Pawnee tribal delegation visited
1356:
1303:Arrival of horses and metal weapons
190:, and their name for themselves is
24:
4928:Native American tribes in Colorado
4923:Native American tribes in Nebraska
4908:Native American tribes in Oklahoma
3567:Fox (Meskwaki, Sauk, and Kickapoo)
3118:. Kansas Genealogy. Archived from
2961:
2905:. Associated Press. 10 April 2009.
2899:"Nominee named for Indian Affairs"
2600:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska.
2005:
1929:
1868:, 19th century female warrior
432:David Kanuho, 2nd Chief, Cawi Band
238:Lakota (páhriksukat / paahíksukat)
25:
4939:
4234:Carlisle Indian Industrial School
3878:Nebraska Indian Community College
3711:Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska
3116:"Pawnee Indian History in Kansas"
3088:
3032:. New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin.
2643:. NEGenWeb Project. Usgennet.org.
2511:The Journey of Coronado 1540–1542
1832:, 19th-century warrior and raider
1817:
1761:
742:Tuhutsaku (‘Village-in-a-Ravine’)
4918:Native American tribes in Kansas
4505:
3669:
3261:
1747:were imprisoned for this crime.
1500:The French responded by sending
1447:Pawnees acquire metal and horses
466:Jordan D. Kanuho, Vice President
401:Jimmy Horn, 2nd Chief, Cawi Band
46:
4612:Southern Ute Indian Reservation
4432:Wolfe and Grey (Schuyler) Sites
4316:Frank Parker Archeological Site
2891:
2871:Edmunds, R. David, ed. (2004).
2846:
2821:
2795:
2780:
2633:
2604:
2585:
2536:
2527:
2472:
2340:
2315:
2284:
2256:
1531:Pawnees in a parley with Major
706:by English-speaking Americans),
702:, ("Wolves") by the French and
429:Matt Reed, 1st Chief, Cawi Band
398:Matt Reed, 1st Chief, Cawi Band
358:Matt Reed, 2nd Chief Chaui Band
4531:Outline of Colorado prehistory
4402:Farwell Archeological District
4199:Genoa Indian Industrial School
3147:"Pawnee Indian Village Museum"
2107:
2082:
2068:
1971:
1689:Powder River Expedition (1865)
1033:and other crops to the stars.
890:
481:Council Seat #3 Dr. Gene Evans
475:Council Seat #1 Cynthia Butler
13:
1:
4407:Blue Springs, aka Wonder Site
4351:Table Rock Archeological Site
4321:Sweetwater Archeological Site
4214:Susan LaFlesche Picotte House
4178:Cunningham Archeological Site
4046:Pine Ridge Indian Reservation
4041:Nemaha Half-Breed Reservation
3974:Moses J. "Chief" Yellow Horse
3037:Clark, J.S. (December 1942).
2773:10.1525/aa.1910.12.4.02a00070
2722:Kansas Historical Collections
2493:10.1080/2052546.1989.11909473
2322:Clark, W.P. (1982) . "Hunt".
1922:
1862:(1933–2018), jeweler, painter
1597:infectious diseases, such as
1425:Louis Antoine de Bougainville
957:Pawnee Indians migrating, by
484:Council Seat #4 Sammye Kemble
300:
4107:Fullerton Archeological Site
3873:Little Priest Tribal College
2675:10.1525/aa.1903.5.4.02a00030
2549:The Journal of Negro History
2114:Hanley, Steve (2023-09-22).
1949:Parks, Douglas R. "Pawnee".
1906:, professional roller skater
1838:, lawyer and founder of the
1443:(also called Lower Canada).
647:Kawarakis (derived from the
440:Pat Leadingfox, Head Resaru;
7:
4346:Humphrey Archeological Site
4341:Schrader Archeological Site
4102:Schrader Archeological Site
3761:Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska
3688:Historic and present tribes
2789:The Corbusier Winter Counts
2612:"Virtual tour of the hides"
1910:
1840:Native American Rights Fund
1792:Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act
987:
781:
711:Turikaku (‘Center Village’)
178:, who are headquartered in
159:that historically lived in
10:
4944:
4442:Wiseman Archeological Site
4437:Schulte Archeological Site
4331:Ashland Archeological Site
4326:Burkett Archeological Site
4092:Horse Creek Pawnee Village
3934:Old Lady Grieves The Enemy
3065:Blaine, Martha R. (1997).
2938:Blaine, Martha R. (1980).
2915:Blaine, Martha R. (1990).
2739:Densmore, Frances (1929).
2433:Missouri Historical Review
2094:2 News Oklahoma KJRH Tulsa
1866:Old-Lady-Grieves-the-Enemy
1707:Relocation and reservation
1685:Battle of the Tongue River
1545:President Thomas Jefferson
1360:
1268:were still doing by 1898.
1155:
948:
511:
478:Council Seat #2 Dawna Hare
311:tribal jurisdictional area
4844:
4809:
4760:
4722:
4674:
4665:
4625:
4604:
4553:
4544:
4523:
4455:
4359:
4273:
4247:
4186:
4150:
4069:
4033:
4010:Battle of Warbonnet Creek
3982:
3959:Susette LaFlesche Tibbles
3886:
3866:colleges and universities
3863:
3820:
3784:
3686:
3485:
3278:
2990:Meredith, Howard (1995).
2787:Mallory, Gerrick (1886).
2579:Canada's Forgotten Slaves
2481:The Plains Anthropologist
2450:Viola, Herman J. (1981).
2234:Hyde, George E. (1974) .
1978:Viola, Herman J. (2008).
1798:in the previous century.
1567:from the north and west.
751:Tskisarikus (‘Fish-Hawk’)
625:(Sk. dialect), variants:
594:(Sk. dialect), variants:
568:(Sk. dialect), variants:
472:George Gardipe, Secretary
176:Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma
130:
125:
113:
108:
97:
92:
72:
67:
62:
57:
45:
39:
38:
4633:Battle of Beecher Island
4082:Pike-Pawnee Village Site
3944:Susan La Flesche Picotte
2919:Pawnee Passage 1870–1875
2691:Hyde, George E. (1987).
2379:Murie, James R. (1981).
2324:The Indian Sign Language
1860:Marlene Riding In Mameah
1850:Bureau of Indian Affairs
1693:Battle of Summit Springs
1000:by Bruce Caesar (Pawnee-
532:
469:Carol Chapman, Treasurer
449:Gilbert Beard, Secretary
4913:Great Sioux War of 1876
4417:Kurz Omaha Village Site
4360:Other precontact places
4112:Oto Indian Village Site
3751:Ponca Tribe of Nebraska
3532:Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe)
3212:"Pawnee Nation College"
3039:"A Pawnee Buffalo Hunt"
2760:American Anthropologist
2663:American Anthropologist
1724:. The site is known as
1697:Great Sioux War of 1876
1010:Oklahoma History Center
876:the Warrior Clique; and
463:Misty Nuttle, President
188:Caddoan language family
167:but today are based in
4817:Cynthia Irwin-Williams
4617:Ute Mountain Ute Tribe
4536:Prehistory of Colorado
4397:Nehawka Flint Quarries
4387:Hudson-Meng Bison Kill
4274:Precontact communities
4151:Historic sacred places
3268:Native American tribes
3158:"Kansas Monument Site"
2598:Great Plains Quarterly
1787:
1716:
1650:
1636:Nance County, Nebraska
1590:
1561:Nance County, Nebraska
1551:, Major G. C. Sibley,
1540:
1414:
1375:were generally called
1280:
1233:
1198:
1173:Before metal or horses
1169:
1076:
1012:
961:
931:In keeping with their
925:
818:
732:
545:
443:Matt Reed, 2nd Resaru;
242:Cheyenne (sáhe / sáhi)
115:Native American Church
4862:Trail of the Ancients
4224:Moses Merrill Mission
4187:Other historic places
4034:Historic reservations
4000:Battle of Mud Springs
3104:"Pawnee Indian Tribe"
2545:"The Slave in Canada"
2293:"Keepers of the Seed"
2264:Carleton, James Henry
1898:Major League Baseball
1769:
1714:
1675:Warriors enlisted as
1644:
1573:
1547:. In 1806 Lieutenant
1530:
1391:
1353:a separate identity.
1274:
1227:
1196:
1163:
1071:
995:
956:
913:
812:
730:
540:
273:, which later became
246:Arapaho (sáriʾitihka)
126:Related ethnic groups
121:, Indigenous religion
4810:Noted archaeologists
4781:Dismal River culture
4742:Mount Albion complex
4545:Contemporary peoples
4087:Skidi Pawnee Village
4070:Historic communities
4005:Battle of Rush Creek
3990:Battle of Ash Hollow
3822:Present reservations
3797:Omaha-Ponca language
3562:Mescalero-Chiricahua
3317:Cheyenne and Arapaho
2268:The Prairie Logbooks
1886:, visited President
1782:, Pawnee, and other
1662:attacked the village
1582:, on display in the
1405:by bands of mounted
492:Economic development
262:Comanche (raaríhtaʾ)
173:federally recognized
40:Chaticks si Chaticks
4827:Waldo Rudolph Wedel
4771:Ancestral Puebloans
4737:Basketmaker culture
4666:Precontact cultures
4653:Sand Creek massacre
4377:Walker Gilmore site
4132:Theodore Davis Site
3043:Oklahoma Chronicles
2616:NMHistorymuseum.org
1753:Cherokee Commission
1537:Engineer Cantonment
1495:Mississippi Company
1473:Villasur expedition
1320:groups that became
1047:Morning Star ritual
1037:Morning Star ritual
959:Alfred Jacob Miller
879:the Hunting Clique.
846:Political structure
813:Pawnee lodges near
800:cardinal directions
684:Ckírihki Kuuruúriki
502:tribal vehicle tags
446:Tim Jim, Treasurer;
252:("enemy tribe") or
157:Plains Indian tribe
35:
4822:Paul Sidney Martin
4547:native to Colorado
4513:Indigenous peoples
4248:Precontact peoples
3924:Francis La Flesche
3332:Citizen Potawatomi
3096:"official website"
2971:Ethnographic Atlas
2297:True West Magazine
2238:The Pawnee Indians
2056:on 15 October 2019
1801:Bills such as the
1788:
1717:
1681:United States Army
1655:battle around 1830
1651:
1591:
1557:Pawnee Reservation
1541:
1411:The Pawnee Indians
1281:
1258:Dodge City, Kansas
1234:
1199:
1170:
1077:
1013:
962:
942:True West Magazine
819:
733:
546:
313:includes parts of
226:Platte (kíckatuus)
192:Chatiks si chatiks
33:
4870:
4869:
4840:
4839:
4791:Panhandle culture
4709:Plainview complex
4661:
4660:
4643:Comanche Campaign
4471:
4470:
4392:Woodcliff Burials
3929:Joseph La Flesche
3785:Present languages
3731:Northern Cheyenne
3635:
3634:
3557:Hitchiti-Mikasuki
3297:Alabama-Quassarte
2854:Wishart, David J.
2839:978-0-8061-3118-4
2728:: 730. 1915–1919.
2454:. Washington, DC.
2383:. Washington, DC.
1894:Moses YellowHorse
1830:Big Spotted Horse
1772:Douglas MacArthur
1701:Comanche Campaign
1580:Charles Bird King
1574:1822 portrait of
1535:'s expedition at
1515:From about 1760,
1179:Caddoan languages
850:The Pawnee are a
194:or "Men of Men".
149:
148:
16:(Redirected from
4935:
4845:Related articles
4776:Apishapa culture
4747:Oshara tradition
4704:Hell Gap complex
4694:Folsom tradition
4672:
4671:
4576:Jicarilla Apache
4551:
4550:
4510:
4509:
4498:
4491:
4484:
4475:
4474:
4097:Cottonwood Creek
4077:Ton'wontongathon
4015:Grattan massacre
3969:James Young Deer
3919:Logan Fontenelle
3909:Joba Chamberlain
3887:Historic figures
3676:Native Americans
3674:
3673:
3662:
3655:
3648:
3639:
3638:
3487:Tribal languages
3467:United Keetoowah
3397:Muscogee (Creek)
3357:Fort Sill Apache
3292:Absentee Shawnee
3266:
3265:
3254:
3247:
3240:
3231:
3230:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3214:. Archived from
3198:
3196:
3195:
3179:
3174:
3173:
3164:. Archived from
3153:
3142:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3111:
3108:Access Genealogy
3099:
3098:. Pawnee Nation.
3084:
3072:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3033:
3022:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2957:
2953:978-02533-1502-1
2945:
2934:
2922:
2907:
2906:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2809:on 25 March 2013
2799:
2793:
2792:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2704:
2696:
2688:
2679:
2678:
2654:
2645:
2644:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2574:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2540:
2534:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2506:
2497:
2496:
2487:(125): 193–203.
2476:
2470:
2469:
2463:
2455:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2428:
2417:
2416:
2413:Nebraska History
2408:
2399:
2398:
2392:
2384:
2376:
2353:
2352:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2299:. Archived from
2288:
2282:
2281:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2241:
2231:
2192:
2191:
2189:Weltfish Pawnee.
2176:
2163:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2046:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2027:
2020:
2012:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1959:on 5 August 2011
1946:
1917:Pawnee mythology
1878:Anna Lee Walters
1737:Indian Territory
1730:Indian Territory
1722:Hitchcock County
1553:Major S. H. Long
1357:Pawnees enslaved
1346:Republican River
1131:Missouri Gazette
1087:, or some times
677:Skidi-Federation
649:Arikara language
621:(S.B. dialect),
590:(S.B. dialect),
564:(S.B. dialect),
307:Pawnee, Oklahoma
271:Indian Territory
180:Pawnee, Oklahoma
58:Total population
50:
36:
32:
21:
4943:
4942:
4938:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4933:
4932:
4903:Caddoan peoples
4873:
4872:
4871:
4866:
4836:
4805:
4786:Fremont culture
4756:
4718:
4667:
4657:
4648:Meeker Massacre
4621:
4600:
4546:
4540:
4519:
4504:
4502:
4472:
4467:
4451:
4447:Durflinger Site
4355:
4269:
4243:
4209:Indian agencies
4182:
4146:
4065:
4029:
4025:Indian Congress
3995:Massacre Canyon
3983:Historic events
3978:
3904:Chief Blackbird
3894:Antonine Barada
3882:
3865:
3859:
3816:
3780:
3682:
3668:
3666:
3636:
3631:
3489:
3481:
3352:Eastern Shawnee
3342:Delaware Nation
3283:
3281:
3274:
3260:
3258:
3221:
3219:
3210:
3193:
3191:
3182:
3171:
3169:
3156:
3145:
3133:
3125:
3123:
3114:
3102:
3094:
3091:
3081:
3056:
3054:
3025:
2981:
2979:
2964:
2962:Further reading
2954:
2931:
2911:
2910:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2885:
2869:
2865:
2851:
2847:
2840:
2826:
2822:
2812:
2810:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2785:
2781:
2752:
2748:
2737:
2733:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2698:
2697:
2689:
2682:
2655:
2648:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2625:
2623:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2590:
2586:
2575:
2568:
2558:
2556:
2541:
2537:
2532:
2528:
2521:
2507:
2500:
2477:
2473:
2457:
2456:
2448:
2444:
2429:
2420:
2409:
2402:
2386:
2385:
2377:
2356:
2345:
2341:
2334:
2320:
2316:
2306:
2304:
2303:on 7 March 2018
2289:
2285:
2278:
2261:
2257:
2250:
2232:
2195:
2185:
2164:
2133:
2124:
2122:
2112:
2108:
2099:
2097:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2078:. 5 March 2020.
2074:
2073:
2069:
2059:
2057:
2048:
2047:
2040:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2018:
2016:"Pawnee Nation"
2014:
2013:
2006:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1976:
1972:
1962:
1960:
1947:
1930:
1925:
1913:
1846:Larry Echo Hawk
1820:
1808:Wichita Indians
1784:Native American
1764:
1741:Little Britches
1726:Massacre Canyon
1709:
1623:endemic warfare
1525:
1510:Mallet brothers
1449:
1365:
1359:
1305:
1175:
1166:Massacre Canyon
1158:
1148:of present-day
1043:human sacrifice
1039:
990:
951:
907:, and eight of
893:
848:
815:Genoa, Nebraska
784:
692:Ckirir /Tski'ki
656:Pawnee language
623:Piítahaawìraata
535:
514:
494:
323:Pawnee counties
303:
254:cahriksuupiíruʾ
186:belongs to the
184:Pawnee language
171:. They are the
53:
41:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4941:
4931:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4848:
4846:
4842:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4813:
4811:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4767:
4765:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4754:
4752:Picosa culture
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4728:
4726:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4716:
4714:Plano cultures
4711:
4706:
4701:
4699:Goshen complex
4696:
4691:
4686:
4684:Clovis culture
4680:
4678:
4669:
4663:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4629:
4627:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4619:
4614:
4608:
4606:
4602:
4601:
4599:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4557:
4555:
4548:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4538:
4533:
4527:
4525:
4521:
4520:
4501:
4500:
4493:
4486:
4478:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4465:
4459:
4457:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4422:Patterson Site
4419:
4414:
4412:Barneston Site
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4363:
4361:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4277:
4275:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4255:Central Plains
4251:
4249:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4194:Blackbird Hill
4190:
4188:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4154:
4152:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4127:Woodcliff Site
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3986:
3984:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3914:Larry EchoHawk
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3890:
3888:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3875:
3869:
3867:
3864:Present tribal
3861:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3826:
3824:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3814:
3809:
3807:Sioux language
3804:
3799:
3794:
3788:
3786:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3692:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3665:
3664:
3657:
3650:
3642:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3493:
3491:
3490:(still spoken)
3483:
3482:
3480:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3407:Otoe-Missouria
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3347:Delaware Tribe
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3288:
3286:
3276:
3275:
3257:
3256:
3249:
3242:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3208:
3180:
3162:Archaeophysics
3154:
3143:
3131:
3112:
3110:. 9 July 2011.
3100:
3090:
3089:External links
3087:
3086:
3085:
3079:
3062:
3034:
3023:
2987:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2952:
2935:
2929:
2909:
2908:
2903:New York Times
2890:
2883:
2863:
2845:
2838:
2820:
2794:
2779:
2766:(4): 542–575.
2762:. New Series.
2746:
2731:
2712:
2680:
2669:(4): 644–658.
2665:. New Series.
2646:
2632:
2603:
2584:
2566:
2535:
2526:
2519:
2498:
2471:
2442:
2418:
2400:
2354:
2339:
2332:
2314:
2283:
2276:
2255:
2248:
2193:
2183:
2167:Weltfish, Gene
2131:
2106:
2081:
2067:
2038:
2004:
1990:
1970:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1901:
1891:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1857:
1843:
1833:
1827:
1819:
1818:Notable Pawnee
1816:
1763:
1762:Recent history
1760:
1708:
1705:
1524:
1521:
1466:Canadian River
1457:Arkansas River
1448:
1445:
1361:Main article:
1358:
1355:
1304:
1301:
1230:Wichita Indian
1228:A sketch of a
1174:
1171:
1157:
1154:
1059:creation story
1038:
1035:
989:
986:
950:
947:
892:
889:
881:
880:
877:
870:
869:
866:
863:
847:
844:
828:great medicine
783:
780:
779:
778:
768:
765:
762:
759:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
737:
725:
724:
721:
718:
715:
712:
708:
707:
680:
673:
672:
671:
670:
654:– ‘Horse’ and
645:
619:Piitahawiraata
616:
615:
614:
611:
585:
558:
557:
550:
534:
531:
513:
510:
493:
490:
486:
485:
482:
479:
476:
473:
470:
467:
464:
460:
459:
451:
450:
447:
444:
441:
434:
433:
430:
427:
424:
421:
418:
415:
412:
408:
407:
403:
402:
399:
396:
393:
390:
387:
384:
381:
377:
376:
372:
371:
368:
365:
362:
359:
356:
353:
350:
346:
345:
302:
299:
266:Kiowa (káʾiwa)
222:Loup (ickariʾ)
155:are a Central
147:
146:
128:
127:
123:
122:
111:
110:
106:
105:
95:
94:
90:
89:
70:
69:
65:
64:
60:
59:
55:
54:
51:
43:
42:
29:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4940:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4898:Plains tribes
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4883:Pawnee people
4881:
4880:
4878:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4843:
4833:
4832:Joe Ben Wheat
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4808:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4764:
4759:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4725:
4721:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4677:
4673:
4670:
4664:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4624:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4603:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4552:
4549:
4543:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4508:
4499:
4494:
4492:
4487:
4485:
4480:
4479:
4476:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4454:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4382:Site JF00-072
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4358:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4272:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4246:
4240:
4239:Ionia Volcano
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4185:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4168:Lalawakohtito
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4149:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4068:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4032:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3954:Standing Bear
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3862:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3819:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3672:
3663:
3658:
3656:
3651:
3649:
3644:
3643:
3640:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3447:Seneca-Cayuga
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3264:
3255:
3250:
3248:
3243:
3241:
3236:
3235:
3232:
3218:on 2019-12-05
3217:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3205:Gene Weltfish
3202:
3190:on 2012-05-23
3189:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3168:on 2011-07-07
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3122:on 2004-12-08
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3082:
3080:0-8032-1275-5
3076:
3071:
3070:
3063:
3053:on 2008-12-31
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3035:
3031:
3030:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3006:Plains Apache
3003:
2999:
2993:
2988:
2978:on 2009-07-30
2977:
2973:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2955:
2949:
2944:
2943:
2936:
2932:
2930:0-8061-2300-1
2926:
2921:
2920:
2913:
2912:
2904:
2900:
2894:
2886:
2880:
2876:
2875:
2867:
2859:
2855:
2849:
2841:
2835:
2831:
2824:
2808:
2804:
2798:
2790:
2783:
2774:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2750:
2742:
2735:
2727:
2723:
2716:
2708:
2702:
2695:. Norman, OK.
2694:
2687:
2685:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2653:
2651:
2642:
2636:
2622:on 2013-09-18
2621:
2617:
2613:
2607:
2599:
2595:
2588:
2580:
2573:
2571:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2539:
2530:
2522:
2520:1-55591-066-1
2516:
2512:
2505:
2503:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2475:
2467:
2461:
2453:
2446:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2414:
2407:
2405:
2396:
2390:
2382:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2350:
2343:
2335:
2333:0-8032-6309-0
2329:
2325:
2318:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2287:
2279:
2277:0-8032-6314-7
2273:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2251:
2249:0-8061-2094-0
2245:
2240:
2239:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2190:
2186:
2184:0-8032-5871-2
2180:
2175:
2174:
2168:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2121:
2120:CleanTechnica
2117:
2110:
2095:
2091:
2085:
2077:
2071:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2043:
2028:on 2016-03-27
2024:
2017:
2011:
2009:
1993:
1991:9781426203619
1987:
1983:
1982:
1974:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1928:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:(1898–1964),
1895:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1836:John EchoHawk
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1824:Lawrence Baca
1822:
1821:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1795:
1793:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1713:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1677:Pawnee Scouts
1673:
1671:
1665:
1663:
1658:
1656:
1648:
1647:He was killed
1643:
1639:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1520:
1518:
1513:
1511:
1506:
1503:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1451:By 1719 when
1444:
1442:
1441:French Canada
1438:
1434:
1430:
1429:Marcel Trudel
1426:
1421:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1390:
1389:in Montreal.
1388:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1373:Indian slaves
1370:
1369:French Canada
1364:
1354:
1351:
1348:to the upper
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1293:Juan de Oñate
1289:
1287:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1267:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1167:
1162:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1142:Gene Weltfish
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1109:William Clark
1106:
1105:Indian agents
1101:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1034:
1032:
1026:
1024:
1019:
1011:
1007:
1006:German silver
1003:
999:
994:
985:
981:
977:
973:
971:
967:
960:
955:
946:
944:
943:
936:
934:
929:
924:
922:
918:
912:
910:
906:
902:
898:
888:
885:
878:
875:
874:
873:
867:
864:
861:
860:
859:
856:
853:
843:
839:
835:
831:
829:
825:
816:
811:
807:
805:
801:
796:
791:
789:
776:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
753:
750:
747:
744:
741:
738:
735:
734:
729:
722:
719:
716:
713:
710:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
678:
675:
674:
668:
664:
660:
657:
653:
650:
646:
643:
642:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
617:
612:
608:
607:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
586:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
560:
559:
555:
551:
548:
547:
544:
539:
530:
528:
524:
520:
509:
507:
503:
499:
489:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
465:
462:
461:
457:
456:
455:
448:
445:
442:
439:
438:
437:
431:
428:
425:
422:
419:
416:
413:
410:
409:
405:
404:
400:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
382:
379:
378:
374:
373:
369:
366:
363:
360:
357:
354:
351:
348:
347:
343:
342:
341:
338:
334:
332:
331:blood quantum
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
298:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
218:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
174:
170:
166:
163:and northern
162:
158:
154:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
124:
120:
116:
112:
107:
104:
100:
96:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
74:United States
71:
66:
61:
56:
49:
44:
37:
34:Pawnee Nation
19:
18:Pawnee Nation
4796:Sopris phase
4732:Apex complex
4689:Cody complex
4676:Paleo-Indian
4638:Colorado War
4626:Major events
4605:Reservations
4585:
4456:Other topics
4301:Signal Butte
4296:Schultz site
4265:Dismal River
4122:McClean Site
4117:Leshara Site
4020:Cheyenne War
3850:Santee Sioux
3812:Sac language
3802:Fox language
3776:Skidi Pawnee
3745:
3457:Thlopthlocco
3416:
3220:. Retrieved
3216:the original
3200:
3192:. Retrieved
3188:the original
3176:
3170:. Retrieved
3166:the original
3161:
3150:
3138:
3124:. Retrieved
3120:the original
3107:
3068:
3055:. Retrieved
3051:the original
3046:
3042:
3028:
2995:
2991:
2980:. Retrieved
2976:the original
2970:
2941:
2918:
2902:
2893:
2873:
2866:
2857:
2848:
2829:
2823:
2811:. Retrieved
2807:the original
2797:
2788:
2782:
2763:
2759:
2749:
2741:Pawnee Music
2740:
2734:
2725:
2721:
2715:
2692:
2666:
2662:
2635:
2624:. Retrieved
2620:the original
2615:
2606:
2597:
2587:
2578:
2557:. Retrieved
2555:(3): 263–264
2552:
2548:
2538:
2529:
2510:
2484:
2480:
2474:
2451:
2445:
2436:
2432:
2412:
2380:
2348:
2342:
2323:
2317:
2305:. Retrieved
2301:the original
2296:
2286:
2267:
2258:
2237:
2188:
2172:
2123:. Retrieved
2119:
2109:
2098:. Retrieved
2096:. 2023-09-26
2093:
2084:
2070:
2058:. Retrieved
2054:the original
2030:. Retrieved
2023:the original
1995:. Retrieved
1980:
1973:
1963:14 September
1961:. Retrieved
1957:the original
1951:
1888:James Monroe
1884:Wicked Chief
1800:
1796:
1789:
1757:
1749:
1745:Cattle Annie
1734:
1718:
1674:
1666:
1659:
1652:
1592:
1576:Sharitahrish
1549:Zebulon Pike
1542:
1514:
1508:In 1739 the
1507:
1499:
1482:Platte River
1470:
1450:
1422:
1415:
1410:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1392:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1366:
1306:
1296:
1295:led another
1290:
1282:
1277:Jan Mostaert
1262:
1251:
1241:
1235:
1207:earth lodges
1203:grass lodges
1200:
1188:
1176:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1102:
1098:
1078:
1074:Field Museum
1063:
1055:Evening Star
1051:Morning Star
1040:
1027:
1014:
1004:), 1984, of
982:
978:
974:
970:Great Plains
963:
940:
937:
930:
926:
914:
894:
886:
882:
871:
857:
849:
840:
836:
832:
820:
795:earth lodges
792:
785:
774:
703:
699:
695:
694:– "Wolf" or
691:
687:
683:
658:
651:
638:
637:– ‘Man’ and
634:
631:Pitahauirata
630:
627:Pitahawirata
626:
622:
618:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
553:
515:
495:
487:
452:
435:
339:
335:
327:
309:, and their
304:
295:Great Plains
253:
249:
230:Great Plains
219:
211:South Platte
199:earth lodges
196:
191:
175:
152:
150:
119:Christianity
30:Ethnic group
4668:in Colorado
4372:Indian Hill
4367:Indian Cave
4306:Site 25SM20
4163:Ahkawitakol
4142:Wright Site
3939:Petalesharo
3845:Sac and Fox
3437:Sac and Fox
3184:"Inventory"
2813:27 December
2559:17 November
1904:Bright Star
1872:Petalesharo
1856:(1991–1995)
1687:during the
1588:White House
1453:de la Harpe
1118:Knife Chief
1023:Ghost Dance
1002:Sac and Fox
996:Ornamental
899:, seven of
891:Agriculture
852:matrilineal
804:the Creator
704:Wolf Pawnee
592:Kítkahaahki
549:South Bands
498:smoke shops
101:, formerly
80:, formerly
4877:Categories
4336:Yutan Site
4286:Ash Hollow
4281:Leary Site
4137:Kelso Site
3964:Jim Thorpe
3597:Potawatomi
3282:recognized
3222:2019-09-28
3194:2012-10-28
3172:2008-03-13
3126:2004-07-02
3057:2009-09-30
3026:"Pawnee".
3000:, Pawnee,
2982:2004-08-08
2884:0803267517
2626:2018-05-20
2439:: 293–316.
2415:: 268–280.
2125:2023-12-16
2100:2023-12-16
2032:2014-08-24
1923:References
1826:, attorney
1478:Loup River
1461:Boisbriant
1418:New Mexico
1350:Loup River
1310:Chickasaws
1025:movement.
921:flour corn
917:flint corn
788:Archeology
696:Tskirirara
604:Kitkehaxki
600:Kitkehahki
588:Kítkehahki
301:Government
207:Republican
4801:Tipi ring
3949:Red Cloud
3855:Winnebago
3726:Missouria
3527:Chickasaw
3477:Wyandotte
3322:Chickasaw
3280:Federally
2701:cite book
2460:cite book
2389:cite book
1997:1 January
1625:with the
1502:Bourgmont
1480:into the
1435:lived in
1291:In 1601,
1183:neolithic
1113:St. Louis
998:hair comb
933:cosmology
771:Panismaha
652:Kawarusha
596:Kitkahaki
527:Americans
406:2021–2025
375:2017–2021
344:2013–2017
201:near the
93:Languages
4591:Shoshone
4571:Comanche
4566:Cheyenne
4524:Overview
4517:Colorado
4260:Woodland
4061:Niobrara
3721:Meskwaki
3706:Comanche
3680:Nebraska
3572:Muscogee
3547:Delaware
3542:Comanche
3522:Cheyenne
3517:Cherokee
3442:Seminole
3377:Kickapoo
3372:Kialegee
3337:Comanche
3312:Cherokee
3272:Oklahoma
3201:See also
3018:Comanche
3010:Cheyenne
2266:(1983).
2169:(1977).
1911:See also
1774:meeting
1770:General
1631:Cheyenne
1615:smallpox
1611:immunity
1603:smallpox
1595:Eurasian
1517:smallpox
1491:John Law
1487:Arkansas
1423:By 1757
1342:Iroquois
1314:Choctaws
1254:Arkansas
1238:Coronado
1127:Cheyenne
1122:Comanche
1093:scaffold
988:Religion
905:squashes
901:pumpkins
782:Villages
775:Panimaha
758:-black’)
679:or Skiri
554:Tuhaáwit
543:Nebraska
291:Cheyenne
275:Oklahoma
182:. Their
169:Oklahoma
161:Nebraska
109:Religion
86:Nebraska
78:Oklahoma
4763:Archaic
4724:Archaic
4561:Arapaho
4511:
3899:Big Elk
3701:Arikara
3696:Arapaho
3622:Wyandot
3617:Wichita
3612:Shawnee
3552:Koasati
3537:Choctaw
3502:Arapaho
3497:Alabama
3472:Wichita
3462:Tonkawa
3452:Shawnee
3327:Choctaw
3014:Arapaho
2998:Wichita
2307:7 March
2060:27 June
1812:powwows
1619:cholera
1607:cholera
1599:measles
1586:of the
1584:Library
1407:Apaches
1322:Quapaws
1297:entrada
1286:Arikara
1266:Wichita
1247:Quivira
1242:entrada
1219:buffalo
1215:Arikara
1211:Wichita
1156:History
1085:Jupiter
966:buffalo
949:Hunting
824:buffalo
663:Arikara
562:Cáwiiʾi
552:called
519:Spanish
512:Culture
293:on the
279:US Army
250:cárarat
215:buffalo
144:Arikara
140:Wichita
99:English
4888:Pawnee
4586:Pawnee
4554:People
4291:Coufal
4056:Pawnee
3746:Pawnee
3607:Seneca
3602:Quapaw
3587:Pawnee
3582:Ottawa
3512:Cayuga
3432:Quapaw
3422:Peoria
3417:Pawnee
3412:Ottawa
3302:Apache
3284:tribes
3139:Flickr
3077:
3016:, and
2950:
2927:
2881:
2836:
2517:
2330:
2274:
2246:
2181:
1988:
1900:player
1786:troops
1776:Navajo
1621:, and
1605:, and
1565:Lakota
1437:Canada
1433:slaves
1403:Panana
1383:Panis.
1338:Kansas
1334:Poncas
1330:Omahas
1326:Osages
1318:Siouan
1150:Mexico
1018:sacred
817:(1873)
773:(also
688:Ckiíri
667:Lakota
525:, and
523:French
321:, and
289:, and
287:Dakota
283:Lakota
244:. The
234:Dakota
209:, and
165:Kansas
153:Pawnee
136:Kitsai
103:Pawnee
82:Kansas
4761:Post-
4581:Kiowa
4219:Nanza
4173:Pahuk
4158:Pahur
3840:Ponca
3835:Omaha
3830:Ioway
3792:Hocak
3771:Sioux
3736:Omaha
3716:Kiowa
3627:Yuchi
3592:Ponca
3577:Osage
3507:Caddo
3427:Ponca
3402:Osage
3392:Modoc
3387:Miami
3382:Kiowa
3307:Caddo
3002:Caddo
2026:(PDF)
2019:(PDF)
1854:Idaho
1627:Sioux
1399:Panis
1395:slave
1387:Panis
1378:Panis
1146:Aztec
1135:Haxti
1089:Venus
1031:maize
909:beans
700:Loups
610:band)
602:, or
582:Tsawi
580:, or
578:Chawi
574:Chaui
566:Cawií
533:Bands
506:Canoo
319:Payne
315:Noble
258:enemy
132:Caddo
63:3,600
3741:Otoe
3362:Iowa
3075:ISBN
3012:and
2948:ISBN
2925:ISBN
2879:ISBN
2834:ISBN
2815:2012
2707:link
2561:2009
2515:ISBN
2466:link
2395:link
2328:ISBN
2309:2018
2272:ISBN
2244:ISBN
2179:ISBN
2062:2020
1999:2017
1986:ISBN
1965:2011
1780:Pima
1743:and
1629:and
1617:and
1533:Long
1336:and
1312:and
1213:and
1205:and
1081:Mars
919:and
903:and
897:corn
756:Corn
659:Kish
639:Rata
635:Pita
570:Cawi
264:and
224:and
203:Loup
151:The
84:and
4596:Ute
4515:of
4051:Oto
3756:Sac
3678:in
3367:Kaw
3270:in
2768:doi
2671:doi
2489:doi
1578:by
1493:'s
1489:by
1367:In
1240:'s
1111:in
629:or
325:.
4879::
3207:.)
3203::
3175:.
3160:.
3137:.
3106:.
3047:20
3045:.
3041:.
3008:,
3004:,
2901:.
2764:12
2758:.
2726:14
2724:.
2703:}}
2699:{{
2683:^
2661:.
2649:^
2614:.
2569:^
2551:.
2547:.
2501:^
2485:34
2483:.
2462:}}
2458:{{
2437:63
2435:.
2421:^
2403:^
2391:}}
2387:{{
2357:^
2295:.
2196:^
2187:.
2134:^
2118:.
2092:.
2041:^
2007:^
1931:^
1848:,
1814:.
1778:,
1703:.
1638:.
1601:,
1371:,
1332:,
1328:,
1324:,
1249:.
1083:,
1061:.
1008:,
911:.
830:.
598:,
576:,
572:,
521:,
333:.
317:,
297:.
285:,
256:("
236:,
217:.
205:,
142:,
138:,
134:,
117:,
4497:e
4490:t
4483:v
3661:e
3654:t
3647:v
3253:e
3246:t
3239:v
3225:.
3199:(
3197:.
3141:.
3129:.
3083:.
3060:.
3020:.
2985:.
2956:.
2933:.
2887:.
2842:.
2817:.
2776:.
2770::
2709:)
2677:.
2673::
2667:5
2629:.
2563:.
2553:5
2523:.
2495:.
2491::
2468:)
2397:)
2336:.
2311:.
2280:.
2252:.
2128:.
2103:.
2064:.
2035:.
2001:.
1967:.
1168:.
88:)
76:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.