721:, before whom he confessed his sins, abjured his conversion to Catholicism, and pleaded for mercy. As Nicol writes, "Only on one point did he protest that he had been wrongfully accused; for, despite rumours and tales contrived against him, he had never indulged in fornication, miracle-mongering, or the practice of magic". The Patriarch passed Paul's case on to the full patriarchal synod, before which Paul was obliged to repeat his confession twice, and then once more before an assembly of the people. The records of these sessions, kept by the patriarchal scribe Perdikes, are the main source on Paul's life. The final portion of the manuscript, containing the verdict, is missing, but both the synod and the people had recommended a pardon, so it is likely that he was forgiven. His subsequent life is unknown.
40:
697:
for Greece, however, Paul bribed the captain of the ship to pretend that bad weather would delay their departure. In the same night, he and his servants set sail with their entire baggage, leaving the two monks behind. It was only in Rome, where the monks went in search of answers for Paul's behaviour, that they learned the true identity of their travelling companion. From them the chronicler of the abbey later received his information.
679:, Amadeus VII's great-aunt—and as a victim of papal persecution on account of his support for the Avignon papacy. Paul's claims of kinship were dubious, but Amadeus was moved by the plight of a fellow Avignon supporter, and accepted him as the legitimate Latin Patriarch of Constantinople. He provided Paul with money and an escort of twelve horses and twelve servants, and sent him on to the papal court of Avignon.
655:
558:
to suit his new rank, wore ostentatious jewellery, and, according to the chronicler of Saint-Denis, went about on horseback surrounded by a magnificently outfitted entourage. A likely example of Paul's splendid vestments and accoutrements at this time is a richly embroidered altar cloth, featuring a
696:
at the time—to be found back in Greece, and promised to help the monks bring them to France. His proposal was enthusiastically taken up, and two monks received permission and funds from the king to accompany Paul back to Greece. When the party arrived in the port in Italy from which they would sail
492:
435:
and administrator of the
Patriarchate's affairs. It was not long before Paul began abusing his authority: he sacked serving bishops and put their sees up for sale, threatening to report those who complained to the Turkish authorities. Soon he claimed the title of Patriarch of Jerusalem for himself
503:
Reluctant to face the
Patriarch's wrath, Paul once more decided to flee, and try his luck in Rome. Such a move would be highly unusual for an Orthodox priest, but may be explained, according to Nicol, by his family's links with pro-Catholic circles in the Byzantine capital: George Tagaris, his
613:
From 1380 until 1384, Paul remained at his see in
Negroponte. A relative of his, George Tagaris—probably a different person than Manuel Tagaris' son—was called in to help with the administration of the patriarchal domains. His tenure was troubled, as the local Orthodox clergy appealed to the
687:
likewise prepared a triumphal welcome for his illustrious guest. Paul was an exotic and popular sight in the French capital, and was lavishly hosted and entertained. He obviously enjoyed his long sojourn there, "safe in a place where his past was unknown and his deception was unlikely to be
524:, claiming to be the Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem. Paul presented himself to the Pope as a penitent, offered a confession, and embraced the Catholic faith. Impressed by Paul's humble demeanour, the Pope named him (in late 1379 or early 1380) to the titular post of
666:
In 1388 he returned to Rome, possibly hoping that the accusations against him had been forgotten in the meanwhile. He was arrested, tried and imprisoned, but was released after Urban VI's death in
October 1389 and the general amnesty granted by the new pope,
682:
Paul received a magnificent welcome at
Avignon, where he was fêted by Clement VII and his cardinals. Clement, moved by his guest's tales of suffering at the hands of the Roman popes, loaded him with gifts and honours and sent him north to Paris. There, King
382:. After a while he returned to Constantinople, where he quickly became embroiled in scandal: he claimed that an icon in his possession had miraculous properties, and made money out of gullible believers. This affair scandalized his family, but Patriarch
333:
Paul
Tagaris was apparently a scion of the Tagaris family, a lineage which first appears in the early 14th century. His father is unnamed, but is described by Paul as a valiant and famous soldier, so that he is possibly identifiable either with the
716:
Now, though, having irreparably destroyed his reputation and ties with both papal courts, Paul was left with no option other than to return to
Constantinople. In 1394, he was back in the Byzantine capital, where he appeared before Patriarch
606:. As Nicol comments, "one may be tempted to question the authenticity, and still more the provenance, of his donation". The documents of grant, preserved in the cathedral of Ancona, are signed by Paul and a certain "Alexios Palaiologos the
326:
448:, where, according to his own recollection, he adjudicated a dispute among three rival claimants of the throne, finding in favour of the highest bidder. No such dispute is recorded in Georgian sources at this time.
451:
At this point, again according to his own account, he felt remorse and considered returning to
Constantinople, where he would give the fortune he had amassed to the poor, but he was forestalled by the Bishop of
638:
of the
Patriarchate in the same year, and who had held the same office during the 1378–1379 vacancy. Paul had apparently left his diocese before his denunciation, and resumed his wanderings. In 1385, he was in
713:
between the pope in Rome and the pope in
Avignon. It is no mean feat to arrive in Rome as Orthodox patriarch of Jerusalem and then to be received in Avignon as Catholic patriarch of Constantinople."
688:
discovered", according to Nicol. For further safety, he communicated only via an interpreter in his employ. On his visit to the Abbey of Saint-Denis, he claimed that there were several relics of the
675:. There he presented himself as a distant relative to the Count—a claim likely relying on his tenuous links to the Palaiologoi, who in turn were remotely linked to the House of Savoy via Empress
508:. To avoid passing near Constantinople, Paul was forced to make a broad detour. He took a ship, probably from Trebizond, to the Crimea, where he presented the local governor of the
1228:(1970). "The Confessions of a bogus Patriarch: Paul Tagaris Palaiologos, Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem and Catholic Patriarch of Constantinople in the fourteenth century".
1421:
1416:
705:
According to Nicol, the achievement of the "accomplished sinner" Paul was without parallel: "No-one ever made such a profitable business out of changing sides, first in the
378:
put it later, around the year 1340. His parents arranged his marriage at the age of 14 or 15, but soon he abandoned his wife and left Constantinople to become a monk in
1431:
634:, "revealed himself as much a scoundrel as the Patriarch". In 1384, Paul was once again denounced as an impostor to the Pope, possibly by Ballester, who was named
312:, which is undated, but included among documents of the years 1394–1395. It was published in modern times by Franz Ritter von Miklosich and Joseph Muller (eds.),
460:, who found him and delivered an offer by the Patriarch of Antioch to name him bishop of Taurezion (an unidentified location, suggested as being either in the
1194:"Cardinale Morosini et Paul Paléologue Tagaris, patriarches, et Antoine Ballester, vicaire du Pape, dans le patriarcat de Constantinople (1332-34 et 1380-87)"
1348:
529:
1310:
Trapp, Erich; Beyer, Hans-Veit; Walther, Rainer; Sturm-Schnabl, Katja; Kislinger, Ewald; Leontiadis, Ioannis; Kaplaneres, Sokrates (1976–1996).
1312:
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During his long and tumultuous career, Paul was appointed an Orthodox bishop, sold ordinations to ecclesiastical offices, pretended to be the
626:, complained of the Patriarch's interference in his diocese. Furthermore, his lease of some of the Church lands in 1383 to a Venetian from
610:", allegedly a son of the Byzantine emperor but in reality, according to Nicol, probably "another figment of Paul's fertile imagination".
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1426:
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at the time. He fled his marriage as a teenager and became a monk, but soon his fraudulent practices embroiled him in scandal. Fleeing
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with a monogram on its breast and the legend "Paul, Patriarch of Constantinople and New Rome" in Greek, now in the collection of the
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in exchange for 30,000 gold coins, and continued granting ecclesiastical appointments on the island as if he were still patriarch.
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putative brother or father, was among those who supported the Union of the Churches and had received letters of encouragement from
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590:, on his way to Greece. He remained in the city for several weeks, fêted by the locals, and presented them with purported
296:. In the end, his deceptions unmasked, he returned to Constantinople, where he repented and confessed his sins before a
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630:, Giacomo Grimani, proved a source of protracted legal trouble since Grimani, in the words of the French medievalist
525:
351:
and adopted the surname for himself. Manuel Tagaris was indeed married to Theodora Asanina Palaiologina, daughter of
293:
59:
31:
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and began to ordain bishops, even in territories subject to the Patriarchate of Constantinople. In 1370, he went to
386:
declined to take action against him. It was not until the patriarch went on a visit to Serbia in July 1363 that his
320:, Vienna 1860. The confession is complemented by an account of his visit to Paris in 1390, written by a monk of the
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Paul was met by a messenger from the Patriarch who demanded his immediate return to Constantinople to stand trial.
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with jewels from the treasure he had amassed. In exchange, he received an escort through the Horde lands (modern
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After his appointment to such a broad office, a "second Pope" as Paul called it, he abandoned his simple
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468:, i.e. the Crimea). Paul accepted, and was apparently consecrated by the Bishop of Tyre and Sidon (
427:. In Antioch, Paul once again managed to befriend an influential figure, the newly elected (1368)
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631:
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The main source on Paul's life is the document of his confession before the patriarchal synod in
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According to Nicol, Tagaris was probably born in the 1320s, while other modern sources like the
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336:
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8:
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Ball, Jennifer L. (2006). "A Double-Headed Eagle Embroidery: From Battlefield to Altar".
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Chronique du religieux de Saint-Denys, contenant le règne de Charles VI de 1380 à 1422
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Michael, who not only ordained him a priest, but eventually made him patriarchal
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Damianos brought charges against Paul, who was forced to abandon Jerusalem for
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1316:(in German). Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
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in 1261, the seat of the Latin Patriarch of Constantinople had been moved to
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347:. Paul Tagaris claimed to be related to the ruling imperial dynasty of the
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on an altar cloth, believed to have belonged to Paul Tagaris, now in the
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Dorotheos, confiscated the icon and forced Paul to return to Palestine.
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1295:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 2006.
1270:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 2006.
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authorities for protection against his exactions, while the
419:). Shortly after, Lazaros left for Constantinople, and his
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In Palestine, Paul was able to secure his ordination as a
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between the Greek and Latin Churches, and then in the
586:, in 1314. Soon after his investment, Paul stopped at
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475:). At the same time, the Patriarch of Constantinople
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Converts to Eastern Orthodoxy from Roman Catholicism
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Converts to Roman Catholicism from Eastern Orthodoxy
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1432:Roman Catholic archbishops in the Duchy of Athens
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1313:Prosopographisches Lexikon der Palaiologenzeit
375:Prosopographisches Lexikon der Palaiologenzeit
479:heard about his dealings in the east, and at
363:, "almost certainly not the mother of Paul".
412:Lazaros, who took him under his protection (
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692:—commonly confused with the Athenian saint
671:. Leaving Rome, Paul went to the court of
1260:(1991). "Tagaris, Paul Palaiologos". In
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16:14th-century Byzantine monk and imposter
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598:, followed on 17 April by the foot of
318:Acta Patriarchatus Constantinopolitanæ
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1230:The Journal of Ecclesiastical History
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1005:, pp. 228–229, 238–239, 243–250.
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86:Bishop of Taurezion (Greek Orthodox)
1285:Trapp, Erich (1991). "Tagaris". In
280:and back again, supported both the
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1407:Latin Patriarchs of Constantinople
1292:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
1267:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
213:monk and impostor. A scion of the
14:
1448:
1427:Byzantine prisoners and detainees
1363:Latin Patriarch of Constantinople
1032:, pp. 229, 239–240, 250–256.
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487:Latin Patriarch of Constantinople
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32:Latin Patriarch of Constantinople
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38:
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270:Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem
97:Patriarchal exarch of Antioch (
594:: on 4 March 1380 the head of
369:Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
324:and included in the anonymous
1:
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343:, or with the latter's son,
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1198:Revue des études byzantines
1146:Metropolitan Museum Journal
576:recovered by the Byzantines
574:As Constantinople had been
543:for all countries "east of
229:, he traveled widely, from
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620:Latin Archbishop of Athens
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565:Metropolitan Museum of Art
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49:Metropolitan Museum of Art
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539:. Urban also named Paul
192:Paul Palaiologos Tagaris
25:Paul Palaiologos Tagaris
1210:10.3406/rebyz.1966.1373
1158:10.1086/met.41.20320660
801:, p. 290 (note 2).
632:Raymond-Joseph Loenertz
355:, and niece of Emperor
221:dynasty that ruled the
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410:Patriarch of Jerusalem
1356:— TITULAR —
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337:megas stratopedarches
304:Early life and family
107:Bishop of Taurezion (
1044:, pp. 229, 231.
690:abbey's patron saint
685:Charles VI of France
673:Amadeus VII of Savoy
602:and a nail from the
322:Abbey of Saint-Denis
241:and eventually, via
209:– after 1394) was a
182:, between 1379–1394
1397:14th-century births
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1107:, pp. 289–290.
1095:, pp. 297–298.
1056:, pp. 295–296.
993:, pp. 294–295.
933:, pp. 292–293.
893:, pp. 291–292.
864:, pp. 290–291.
643:, where he crowned
561:double-headed eagle
45:Double-headed eagle
1375:Title next held by
1345:Title last held by
1287:Kazhdan, Alexander
1262:Kazhdan, Alexander
1258:Talbot, Alice-Mary
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400:Career in the East
286:Avignon anti-popes
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909:, 1407. Ἀρσένιος.
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176:Denomination
18:
1204:: 224–256.
775:Talbot 1991
669:Boniface IX
584:Latin hands
537:Clement VII
473: 1375
417: 1364
384:Kallistos I
349:Palaiologoi
316:, Vol. II,
282:See of Rome
219:Palaiologos
166:Nationality
134: 1368
112: 1375
1391:Categories
1129:Nicol 1970
1117:Nicol 1970
1105:Nicol 1970
1093:Nicol 1970
1081:Nicol 1970
1069:Nicol 1970
1054:Nicol 1970
1018:Nicol 1970
991:Nicol 1970
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862:Nicol 1970
850:Nicol 1970
838:Nicol 1970
799:Nicol 1970
787:Trapp 1991
752:Nicol 1970
725:References
604:True Cross
600:Saint Anne
580:Negroponte
559:Byzantine
464:or in the
161:after 1394
127:Ordination
75:Term ended
1412:Impostors
1250:0022-0469
1218:0771-3347
1182:191850328
1166:0077-8958
1152:: 59–64.
740:Ball 2006
719:Antony IV
556:vestments
516:) to the
481:Trebizond
429:Patriarch
394:hieromonk
380:Palestine
300:in 1394.
231:Palestine
67:Installed
1192:(1966).
1174:20320660
903:Arsenius
616:Venetian
372:and the
284:and the
1289:(ed.).
1264:(ed.).
1138:Sources
545:Durazzo
514:Ukraine
499:, Rome)
446:Georgia
438:Iconium
425:Antioch
408:by the
288:in the
247:Hungary
243:Ukraine
239:Georgia
70:1379/80
56:Diocese
1372:Vacant
1342:Vacant
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711:schism
707:schism
641:Cyprus
608:Despot
592:relics
588:Ancona
442:Persia
433:exarch
406:deacon
392:, the
263:France
259:Cyprus
235:Persia
122:Orders
1178:S2CID
1170:JSTOR
628:Crete
458:Sidon
298:synod
251:Italy
196:Greek
170:Greek
1318:ISBN
1297:ISBN
1272:ISBN
1246:ISSN
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1162:ISSN
456:and
454:Tyre
444:and
261:and
245:and
237:and
158:Died
145:Born
78:1384
1238:doi
1206:doi
1154:doi
907:PLP
826:PLP
647:as
567:in
547:".
276:to
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