255:, in 1810 Cuffe sailed to Sierra Leone to learn about conditions for the settlers and whether he could help them. He concluded that efforts should be made to increase the local production of exportable commodities and develop their own shipping capabilities rather than continuing to export freed slaves. Cuffe sailed to England to meet with members of The African Institution, who were also leading abolitionists. He offered his recommendations to improve the lives of all the people in Sierra Leone. His recommendations were well received in London and he subsequently made two more trips to Sierra Leone to try to implement them.
267:(ACS). A group made up of both Northerners and Southerners, it was focused on resettling free blacks from the United States to Africa - eventually resulting in development of Liberia. The leaders of the ACS had sought Paul Cuffe's advice and support for their effort. After some hesitation, and given the strong objections by free blacks in Philadelphia and New York City to the ACS proposal, Cuffe chose not to support the ACS. He believed his efforts in providing training, machinery and ships to the people of Africa would enable them to improve their lives and rise in the world.
717:
Liverpool, who were very hospitable and respectful of the intelligent, dedicated, and hard-working
African-American Quaker merchant who was full of positive ideas about what might be done to improve the colony of Sierra Leone and bring development to the African people. Encouraged by this support, Cuffe returned to Sierra Leone, where he and black settlers solidified the role of the Friendly Society. They refined development plans for the colony including building a grist mill, saw mill, rice-processing factory, and salt works.
557:
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Westport. He is buried in the graveyard behind the
Westport Friends Meeting House and his wife was later buried next to him. A crowd of more than 200 friends, relatives, and admirers gathered for the ceremony and his long-time friend and contemporary, William Rotch Jr., delivered one of the eulogies at the event. The following month, Reverend Peter Williams Jr. offered an extended eulogy at the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church in New York.
509:
and brother-in-law, Mary and
Michael Wainer, for the same price he had paid for it. In the deed it states that the Wainers were already living on the property. From this record it appears that Paul bought the property for the Wainers with the understanding that they would buy the property from him when they were able. Michael Wainer and Paul Cuffe remained partners, with Wainer's sons captaining and crewing most of the ships.
920:"Overwhelming his industry, his religion and education stands his optimism. He believed in the victory of righteousness; therefore, he worked for it. He believed in the triumph of truth; therefore, he dedicated himself to it. He realized the mastery of poverty; therefore, he gave pursuit to wealth. He believed in the amelioration of his race; therefore, he consecrated himself to it." (Sherwood, Paul Cuffe, p. 229.)
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1954:— website established in 2017 and updated regularly by the Westport Historical Society, Westport, Massachusetts, that is dedicated to documenting current and ongoing research about the lives of Cuffee Slocum, Paul Cuffe, Michael Wainer, and their relatives and descendants. It includes information on the African American Native American Heritage trail established between New Bedford and Westport in 2017.
337:, who had a large farm in Dartmouth and also owned the westernmost Elizabeth Islands, off the south coast of Massachusetts. Holder Slocum and his neighbors transported sheep to those islands for grazing during the summer months. He hired Kofi Slocum to care for those sheep; in about 1750 Kofi moved with his family to the westernmost island, known as Cuttyhunk.
696:, on March 1, 1811. He traveled the area and investigated the social and economic conditions of the region. He met with some of the colony's officials, who were opposed to American commercial vessels coming to Sierra Leone and competing with local merchants. His own attempts to sell goods yielded poor results, particularly because of high
771:, Cuffe opposed the war on moral grounds. He also despaired of the interruption of trade and efforts to improve Sierra Leone. As the war between the United States and Britain continued, Cuffe tried convincing both countries to ease their restrictions on trading, and allow him to continue trading with Sierra Leone. His petition to the
847:. Many local people refused to do so for fear of being drafted into military service. In addition, his cargo sold at undervalued prices. But the new colonists were finally settled in Freetown. Cuffe believed that once regular trade between the United States, Europe, and Africa began, the society would prosper.
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issues arose that caused continuing conflict between the Nova
Scotians and the English authorities. The Sierra Leone Company in London, that had supported the movement of the Free Blacks from Nova Scotia to Sierra Leone, had different goals than the new settlers. They wanted to establish a commercially viable
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On his return to New York in 1816, Cuffe exhibited to the New York chapter of the
African Institution the certificates of the landing of those colonists at Sierra Leone. "He has also received from Gov. MacCarthy a certificate of the steady and sober conduct of the settlers since their arrival, and an
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There he built a house and lived year-round with his family for the next 15 years. The last eight children of Coffe and Ruth were born on
Cuttyhunk, including Paul, the 7th child and youngest of four boys. They had the only house and may have been the only full-time residents on Cuttyhunk. Members of
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For Cuffe, though, the expedition was costly. Each colonist needed a year's provisions to get started, which he had advanced to them. Governor MacCarthy was sure that the
African Institution would reimburse Cuffe, but they did not, and he lost over $ 8,000 (equivalent to $ 143,624 in 2023) after
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Also in 1799 Paul Cuffe bought two large properties from a
Westport neighbor, Ebenezer Eddy. The first was the Eddy family homestead of 100-acres with a house and outbuildings that was some 300 yards south of his boatyard on the Acoaxet River. The following year Paul sold this property to his sister
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Paul Cuffe and his brother John inherited the 116-acre farm in
Westport from their father. They subsequently divided it between them but Paul never seemed to show an interest in farming and left the management of the farming to his brother or later to tenants. Paul's first recorded property purchase
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Around 1777-1778, when he was 19, Paul's older brother John decided to use a version of his father's first name, Coffe, as his last name. Several of his siblings did the same, but not all. Paul later signed his name on correspondence, deeds, and his will by spelling 'Coffe', with a 'u' instead of an
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of New
Bedford, covered the remaining $ 1,000 cost. The colonists arrived in Sierra Leone on February 3, 1816. The ship was carrying such supplies as axes, hoes, a plow, a wagon, and parts to build a sawmill. Cuffe and his immigrants were not greeted as warmly as Cuffe had been previously. Governor
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in July, 1811. He was warmly received by the heads of the African Institution in London, and they raised some money for the Friendly Society. He was granted governmental permission and license to continue his mission in Sierra Leone. He also stayed with British officials and merchants in London and
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for three months in New York City before being released. Cuffe returned to his family in what is now Westport, Massachusetts. In 1779, he and his brother David borrowed a small sailboat to reach the nearby islands. Although his brother was afraid to sail in dangerous seas, Cuffe set forth, probably
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charges on trade to and from the colony. On Sunday, April 7, 1811, Cuffe met with the foremost black entrepreneurs of the colony. Together, they wrote a petition for the African Institution in London, stating that the colony's greatest needs were for settlers to work in agriculture, merchandising,
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Paul Cuffe had for some years taken an interest in the colonial settlements in Africa. One of his close Quaker friend and business partner, William Rotch Sr., had traveled to London shortly after the Revolutionary War ended at a time when there was much discussion in government and the press about
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The second property that Paul purchased from the Eddy family in 1799 was a 40-acre lot several hundred yards north of his boatyard that had previously belonged to the Allen family and was known as "The Allen Lot." He appears to have leased this land out to others to farm and then willed it to his
627:." These were free blacks who had originally been brought as slaves to Jamaica in previous centuries but had managed to escape into the mountainous areas of that island where they had survived and governed themselves for over a century. This group of maroons were transported to Sierra Leone from
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Paul's sister Mary had married Michael Wainer in 1772; they had seven sons together between 1773 and 1793. Many as men became crew members and even captains on ships owned by their father and uncle. Jeremiah Wainer and his two sons (Cuffe's great-nephews) were lost at sea in 1804 when one of the
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This group of settlers had formed communities and congregations in Nova Scotia and many of them were educated and skilled in farming and various crafts. John Clarkson carried through on the promised housing and land allotments so long as he remained in Freetown, through the end of 1792. But two
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were "Let me pass quietly away." Cuffe left an estate with an estimated value of almost $ 20,000 (equivalent to $ 505,200 in 2023). His will bequeathed property and money to his widow, siblings, children, grandchildren, the widow and heirs of Benjamin Cook, and the Friends Meeting House in
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After the war ended, Cuffe entered into a partnership with his brother-in-law, Michael Wainer, to build ships and establish a shipping business along the Atlantic Coast. He gradually built up capital and expanded to a fleet of ships. After using open boats, he commissioned the 14- or 15-ton
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After Cuffe's father died when the youth was thirteen, he and his older brother, John, inherited the family farm (their mother had life rights). They resided there with their mother and three younger sisters. The following year Cuffe signed on to the first of three whaling voyages to the
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Some years later, in 1813, Paul purchased from David Soule a roughly 4-acre property abutting his boatyard and home on the north and west. This was property of only a little over 4 acres that he identified as his homestead and divided among his wife and children when he died in 1817.
236:, to which the British had transported more than 1,000 former slaves originally from America. Some had been enslaved by American Patriots and had sought refuge and freedom behind British lines during the war. After the British were defeated, they took those former slaves first to
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about Sierra Leone to inform the general public of the conditions in the colony and his ideas about bringing progress there. In At home in 1813, Cuffe worked mainly on the rebuilding of the Westport Friends Meeting House and contributed roughly half the cost of that project. c.
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MacCarthy of Sierra Leone was already having trouble keeping the general population in order, and was not excited at the idea of more immigrants. In addition, the Militia Act, which had been imposed upon the colony, required all adult males to swear an oath of allegiance to
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Madison also questioned Cuffe about his time in Sierra Leone and conditions there. Eager to learn about Africa, Madison was interested in the possibility of expanding colonization there by free American blacks. The strained diplomatic situation with Britain erupted into the
397:, to end such taxation without representation, which had been an issue of colonists that led many to the Revolution. The petition was denied, but his suit contributed to the state legislature decision in 1783 to grant voting rights to all free male citizens of the state.
620:, using the two groups of settlers as laborers. They also demanded quit-rents from those settlers who received land distributions, a condition that John Clarkson was unaware of. The settlers refused to pay such rents and this became a continuing source of conflict.
357:'o'. In the national census of 1790, 1800 and 1810 his last name is recorded as "Cuff"; census takers sometimes wrote only how names sounded and are not required to meet the people whose names they're recording. Paul's mother, Ruth Moses, died on January 6, 1787.
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to help the fledgling efforts to improve Sierra Leone. Cuffe mulled over the logistics and chances of success for the movement before deciding in 1809 to join the project. On December 27, 1810, he left Philadelphia on his first expedition to Sierra Leone.
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from American port cities to Nova Scotia for resettlement. These people of color, mostly from the southern U.S. states, found Nova Scotia a very uncomfortable place, where they faced regular discrimination at the hands of the local white residents.
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having to pay high tariff duties as well. The African Institution never reimbursed Cuffe for the mission, and Cuffe had to deal with mounting economic issues. He knew he needed stronger financial backing before undertaking another such expedition.
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and the whaling industry, saying that these three areas would best facilitate the growth of the colony. Upon receiving this petition, the members of the Institution agreed with their findings. Cuffe and the black entrepreneurs together founded the
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on a small sailboat. After the war, he built a lucrative shipping business along the Atlantic Coast and in other parts of the world. He also built his own ships in a boatyard on the Westport River. In Westport, Massachusetts, he founded the first
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On his last trip in 1815–16, he transported nine families of free blacks from Massachusetts to Sierra Leone to assist and work with the former slaves and other local residents to develop their economy. Some historians relate Cuffe's work to the
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Coffe Slocum died in 1772, when Paul was 13. As their two eldest brothers by then had families of their own elsewhere, Paul and his brother John took over their father's farm operations. They also supported their mother and several sisters.
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The Paul Cuffe Symposium Committee Inaugurated the Paul Cuffe Heritage Trail celebrating Native American and African American Heritage from New Bedford to Westport on September 7, 2017, which honors Cuffee Slocum, Paul Cuffe, and Michael
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was the easiest and most realistic solution to the race problem in America. It was a means of providing an alternative for free blacks, rather than absorbing a large population of ex-slaves into the white community through emancipation.
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encouraged American immigrants, believing they could help the country develop and gain recognition by the United States government (which did not happen until 1861, when the Southern politicians who controlled the government withdrew
458:— a 69-ton schooner launched in 1796 again from Cuffe's shipyard in Westport. In 1799 Cuffe added to his shipyard property, increasing it from 0.22 acres to 0.33 acres to provide more room for both his family home and the boatyard.
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During this time period, many African Americans became interested in emigrating to Africa, and some people believed this was the best solution to the problem of racial tension in American society. Cuffe was persuaded by Reverends
1249:, lately arrived at Liverpool, from Sierra Leone, is perhaps the first vessel that ever reached Europe, entirely owned and navigated by Negroes. Her master and all her crew are negroes, or the immediate descendants of negroes".
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about the colony. Cuffe also urged blacks to form Friendly Societies in these cities, communicate with each other, and correspond with the African Institution and with the Friendly Society in Sierra Leone. He printed a
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I have for these many years past felt a lively interest in their behalf, wishing that the inhabitants of the colony might become established in truth, and thereby be instrumental in its promotion amongst our African
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On February 25, 1783, Cuffe married the widow Alice Abel Pequit. Like Cuffe's mother, Alice was a Wampanoag woman. The couple settled first in an "Indian-style" house near Destruction Brook in Dartmouth and later in
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in 1789 was the 0.22-acre lot on the Acoaxet River where he first located his boatyard and then his home. He added to that lot in 1799 by acquiring a 0.11-acre abutting property on the south side of his boatyard.
229:. In 1813, he donated half the money for a new meeting house in Westport, and oversaw the construction. The building still survives. Few Americans of color were admitted to the Friends Meeting at that time.
386:. He was waylaid by pirates on this and several subsequent voyages. Finally, he made a trip to Nantucket that turned a profit. He reportedly continued to make these trips to Nantucket throughout the war.
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I further order that all land that I have bought belonging to the estate of Benjmin Cook late of Dartmouth deceased, be returned to the widow and the heirs, they paying what the land cost and interest.
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Henry Noble Sherwood, who wrote one of the first biographies about Paul Cuffe that is included in the references and further reading, summed up his life in the final paragraph of that work as follows:
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Cuffe sailed out of Westport on December 10, 1815, with thirty-eight free black colonists: eighteen adults and twenty children, ranging in age from eight months to sixty years old. The group included
756:. This may have been the first time an African American had been a guest in the White House. Deciding that Cuffe had not intentionally violated the embargo, Madison ordered his cargo returned to him.
884:, advocated relocating freed Blacks as a way of ridding the American South of "potentially troublesome agitators" who might disrupt their slave societies. Other Americans preferred the emigration to
576:, Sierra Leone. Some were African Americans who had been freed from slavery by escaping to British lines during the Revolutionary War and then evacuated from American upon the war's conclusion. The
995:, best remembered for the invention of "Temple's Toggle" or "Temple's blood" which was a harpoon toggle tip based upon Eskimo and Indian harpoon tips brought back to New England by Whalers in 1835
319:. In 1742, Slocum sold Kofi to his nephew, John Slocum, for 150 pounds. John apparently intended to free Kofi after he had gained his purchase price in labor, and manumitted him around 1745.
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Town of Westport, Ma. website. Historical documents. Digitized Paul Cuffe Manuscript Collection from both the New Bedford Free Public Library and the New Bedford Whaling Museum Library.
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heritage. The Ashanti form of slavery was different from American chattel slavery, in a number of ways. Ashanti slaves had legal rights, could own property, inherit property and marry.
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was acted on favorably in the Senate, but rejected in the House, that was dominated by representatives from the South. Like other merchants, he was forced to wait until the war ended.
1918:, in The African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, October 21, 1817, New-York, Reprinted for W. Alexander; sold also by Darton & Co., W. Phillips, and W. Darton, Jr., London, 1818.
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In 1787, Paul Cuffe and his brother-in-law, Michael Wainer (husband of Mary Slocum, his older sister and ten years older than Paul) built their first ship together, a 25-ton schooner
623:
These grievances led the Black Nova Scotians to launch a revolt in 1800, a revolt that was only suppressed by the arrival of a new group of settlers from Nova Scotia known as "
248:, who had agitated for a return to Africa, the British in 1792 offered the Nova Scotia blacks a chance to set up a colony of their own in Sierra Leone, where they resettled.
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in Sierra Leone. When Rotch returned to America and settled in New Bedford he potentially informed Paul Cuffe about these undertakings. Subsequently Cuffe wrote as follows:
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A devout Quaker, Cuffe joined the Westport Friends Meeting in 1808. He often spoke at the Sunday services at the Westport Meeting House and also at other Quaker meetings in
1038:(printed and sold by W. Alexander & Son; sold also by Harvey and Darton, W. Phillips, E. Fry, and W. Darton, London; R. Peart, Birmingham; D. F. Gardiner, Dublin, 1826)
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In 1773, the year after his father's death and again in 1775, Paul Cuffe sailed on whaling ships, getting a chance to learn navigation. In his journal, he identified as a
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of Massachusetts issued a proclamation honoring the 250th anniversary of the birthday of Paul Cuffe on January 17, 2009, by declaring it Paul Cuffe Day in Massachusetts.
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established an embargo on British goods, including goods from Sierra Leone. This affected U.S. transatlantic trade, as well as trade with Canada. When Cuffe reached
468:. At that time Cuffe was one of the most wealthy — if not the most wealthy — African American or Native American in the United States. His largest ship, the 268-ton
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1865:
Paul Cuffe website. "PaulCuffe.org" Compilation of articles, genealogy, ships built, timeline and other materials on Cuffee Slocum, Paul Cuffe, and Michael Wainer.
1993:
1844:" 1826. Printed and sold by Harvey and Dalton, W. Phillips, E. Fry, and W. Darton, London; R. Pearl, Birmingham; D. F. Gardiner, Dublin, 1826), pp. 31- 43.
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430:, where they raised their seven children: Naomi (born 1783), Mary (born 1785), Ruth (1788), Alice (1790), Paul Jr. (1792), Rhoda (1795), and William (1799).
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1960:
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Cole, David C., Richard Gifford, Betty F. Slade, Raymond Shaw. "Paul Cuffe: His Purpose, Partners and Properties." New Bedford, Spinner Publications, 2020.
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Attempts to settle American Blacks in other parts of the world had encountered many difficulties, including the British attempt to found a colony in
540:(free) their slaves after the Revolutionary War. As slavery continued after the Revolution, primarily in the South, prominent men such as Presidents
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struggled to establish a working economy and develop a government that could survive against outside pressures. After the financial collapse of the
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of Massachusetts issued a proclamation honoring the 200th anniversary of Paul Cuffe's death by making that date Paul Cuffe Day in Massachusetts.
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2067:
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The second wave of settlers in Sierra Leone consisted of some 1,200 free Blacks who, after England's defeat, had been transported by the
46:
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The Paul Cuffe Math-Science Technology Academy ES was established in 2003 in Chicago, Illinois, replacing the Cuffe Elementary School.
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New Bedford Registry of Deeds. Deeds and plans of the land transactions of Cuffee Slocum, Michael Wainer and sons, and Paul Cuffe.
1747:: a Public Symposium Saturday, September 16, 2017, held at the Westport Friends Meeting House and Westport Grange. Selected Papers:
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A final group of settlers that were deposited in Sierra Leone in the years after 1807 were the Africans who had been freed by the
2042:
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Cuffe's landholdings and those of Michael Wainer are described in the Cole, Gifford, Slade listed and linked in the references.
1901:
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The Massachusetts House and Senate issued citations on September 7, 2017, honoring the 200th anniversary of Paul Cuffe's death.
536:, carried primarily by Quakers, Methodists, and Baptists from New England to the American South, had motivated some owners to
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1935:
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New Bedford Free Public Library. Paul Cuffe Manuscript Collection. Original source materials of Cuffee Slocum and Paul Cuffe.
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of London reported that it was probably the first vessel to reach Europe that was "entirely owned and navigated by Negroes."
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It was the beginning of a long partnership between the two men and their families. Their next ship was the 40-ton schooner
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413:, in the new town of Westport which had been carved from Old Dartmouth. He continued to build ships for the next 25 years.
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after the Revolutionary War. Many of the African Institution's sponsors hoped to gain an economic return from the colony.
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middlemen, the first step in the Atlantic slave trade. On the West African coast he was traded to representatives of the
1760:
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In early 1817, Cuffe's health deteriorated. He never returned to Africa, and died in Westport on September 7, 1817. His
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The expedition cost Cuffe more than $ 4,000 (equivalent to $ 67,000 in 2023). Passengers' fares, plus a donation by
764:. Despite this, it has been suggested that Madison regarded Cuffe as the leading U.S. authority on Africa at that time.
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was seized by U.S. customs agents, along with all its goods. Officials would not release his cargo, so Cuffe went to
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as a mutual-aid merchant group dedicated to furthering prosperity and industry among the free peoples in the colony.
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In 1780, at the age of 21, Paul and his brother John Cuffe refused to pay taxes because free blacks did not have the
143:
1662:
962:
The New Bedford Whaling Museum opened the Captain Paul Cuffe Park at the corner of Water and Union Streets in 2018.
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612:, an ardent abolitionist, led the expedition of 15 ships from Nova Scotia to Freetown in the early months of 1792.
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Kofi took the last name of Slocum, his former owner. In 1746, he married Ruth Moses. She was a member of the
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the Wampanoag tribe likely lived, at least seasonally, on nearby islands in the Elizabeth chain and also on
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The Massachusetts State House and Senate issued citations on January 17, 2009, honoring Paul Cuffe's birth.
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1706:, a Public Symposium Saturday October 3, 2009, held at the New Bedford Whaling Museum. Selected Papers:
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acknowledgment of $ 439.62 advanced to them since they landed, to promote their comfort and advantage."
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London: Edmund Fry, Bishopsgate Street, 1840 from the Cornell University Library Digital Collections.
548:, both slave owners, believed the emigration of free Blacks to colonies either within or outside the
377:, he sailed on a whaler but it was captured by the British. He and the rest of the crew were held as
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1978:
1590:, Boston: A. J. Ward and Charles E. Hammett, Jr., 1898. p. 170, Greene, p. 307, and Thomas, p. 118.
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displayed by many members of the ACS, who included slaveholders. Certain co-founders, particularly
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at the end of 1814. After getting his finances in order, Cuffe prepared to return to Sierra Leone.
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162:, Cuffe became a successful merchant and sea captain. His mother, Ruth Moses, was a Wampanoag from
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Cuffe intended to return to Sierra Leone regularly, but in June 1812 the war started. As a Quaker
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A Discourse Delivered on the Death of Capt. Paul Cuffee before the New-York African Institution
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Captain Paul Cuffe's Logs and Letters, 1808-1817 A Black Quaker's " Voice from within the Veil"
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vol. 8, no. 2 (April 1923) pp. 230-232. ASALH website. Accessed on February 22, 2016 via JSTOR
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Envisioning Paul Cuffe: An overview of the images that have been used to represent Paul Cuffe
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Thou Art Often the Companion of my Mind: Cuffe, James Forten and the Portrait of a Friendship
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If Paul Cuffe Had Lived a Few Years Longer: Sierra Leone and Liberia, as They Might Have Been
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https://www.westport-ma.com/historical-documents/pages/cuffe-paul-personal-and-family-papers
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In Hope of Liberty: Culture, Community and Protest among Northern Free Blacks, 1700-1860.
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In Hope of Liberty: Culture, Community and Protest among Northern Free Blacks, 1700-1860
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believed that people of African descent were inferior to those of European descent. The
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Relations between the United States and Britain were strained and, as 1811 ended, the
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in 1807. These freed blacks came from various areas along the West African coast.
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The Struggle for Respect: Paul Cuffe and his Nova Scotian Friends in Sierra Leone
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https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CREC-2009-01-16/pdf/CREC-2009-01-16-pt1-PgE108.pdf
989:, the first African-American captain to sail a whaleship, with an all-black crew
819:, was losing money in the ship's operations. Fortunately the war ended with the
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From March 1807 on, Cuffe was encouraged by Quaker and abolitionist friends in
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By 1800 he had enough capital to build and hold a half-interest in the 162-ton
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inserted extended remarks titled "Paul Cuffe: Voting Rights Pioneer" into the
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that was built in their own boatyard on the Acoaxet River. They then sold the
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At that time Kofi was working as a paid laborer for Holder Slocum, the son of
2006:
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Paul Cuffe: A Study of His Life and the Status of His Legacy in Old Dartmouth
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409:. In 1789 he and Wainer set up their own shipyard on the east bank of the
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for Providence Youth was established in 2001 in Providence, Rhode Island.
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http://paulcuffe.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/New-Revelations-FINAL.pdf
345:. In 1766 Coffe and Ruth bought a 116-acre (0.47 km) farm in nearby
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sponsored 400 people, mostly the "Black Poor" of London, to resettle in
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Early Recollections of Newport, Rhode Island from the year 1793 to 1811
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Early Recollections of Newport, Rhode Island from the year 1793 to 1811
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Biographical Sketches and Interesting Anecdotes of Persons of Colour,
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The war caused Cuffe to lose ships and he suffered financially. The
315:, where he was purchased by Ebenezer Slocum, a Quaker farm owner in
1183:
1036:
Biographical sketches and interesting anecdotes of persons of color
796:
768:
689:
573:
523:
406:
327:
210:
167:
134:(January 17, 1759 – September 7, 1817) was an African American and
1615:(2). The University of Chicago Press (published April 1923): 232.
720:
1731:
http://paulcuffe.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Lowther_Kevin.pdf
1469:
1090:(Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1988), pp 3-4.
1064:(Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1988), pp 4-5.
653:
1924:
741:, to appeal. He was able to meet with Secretary of the Treasury
513:
youngest son, William, along with money to build a house on it.
1886:
Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1988, pp 4-5.
877:
876:(ACS), formed for this purpose. Cuffe was alarmed at the overt
697:
462:
370:
187:
40:
1077:(Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1988), pg 3
708:
At the invitation of the African Institution, Cuffe sailed to
1930:(in German). Vol. 31. Nordhausen: Bautz. cols. 303–308.
1922:
Claus Bernet (2010). "Paul Cuffe". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.).
1893:, University of Illinois Press, 1986, republished in 1988 as
885:
808:
1970:
1280:
Maya Jasanoff, American Loyalists in the Revolutionary World
1833:
Horton, James Oliver and Lois E. Horton (5 December 1996).
473:
289:
206:, Cuffe delivered goods to Nantucket by slipping through a
45:
Captain Paul Cuffee engraving, 1812, from a drawing by Dr.
1967:
and New Bedford Whaling Museum, New Bedford, Massachusetts
393:
in Massachusetts. In 1780, they petitioned the council of
303:
At around 10 years old Kofi was either seized or sold to
1721:
Paul Cuffe’s Social Networks and Entrepreneurial Success
1697:
All the Symposium Papers from the paulcuffe.org website.
472:, was built in 1806, and his favorite ship, the 109-ton
1952:
1795:. Boston, MA: University of Massachusetts Boston, 2004.
1783:, Boston: A. J. Ward and Charles E. Hammett, Jr., 1898.
1673:
In the possession of Brock N. Cordeiro of Dartmouth, MA
232:
Cuffe became involved in the British effort to found a
1926:
Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL)
1828:
The American Promise: A History of the United States
1403:
1401:
608:, a young naval officer, and the younger brother of
1751:Cole, David C., Gifford, Richard, and Slade, Betty
1312:"A Gastronomic Tour through Black History/BHM 2012"
496:
190:owner, John Slocum. His parents married in 1747 in
1923:
1895:Paul Cuffe: Black Entrepreneur and Pan-Africanist.
1884:Paul Cuffe: Black Entrepreneur and Pan-Africanist,
712:to secure further aid for the colony, arriving in
382:with a friend as crew in 1779 to deliver cargo to
1981:. Note this website spells Cuffee with two "e's".
1822:Paul Cuffee: Black America and the African Return
1398:
1123:Paul Cuffee: Black America and the African Return
1088:Paul Cuffe: Black Entrepreneur and Pan-Africanist
1075:Paul Cuffe: Black Entrepreneur and Pan-Africanist
1062:Paul Cuffe: Black Entrepreneur and Pan-Africanist
1015:. Washington: Howard University Press, 1996. p.xi
528:In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, most
479:the following year. In 1811, when Cuffe took the
263:" movement being promoted by the newly organized
2004:
1463:
1205:
1203:
560:1732 map of Sierra Leone and the coast of Guinea
524:Prior settlements of free blacks in Sierra Leone
1853:The Colored Patriots of the American Revolution
721:Embargo, President Madison, and the War of 1812
1846:https://books.google.com/books?id=vQ2qZk0hdlsC
654:Cuffe's first venture to Sierra Leone, in 1811
292:) Slocum and his wife Ruth Moses. Kofi was an
19:For the Episcopalian Reverend missionary, see
1911:]. Washington: Howard University Press, 1996.
1200:
182:about 1720. In the mid-1740s, his father was
2058:People of the American colonization movement
2023:African Americans in the American Revolution
1921:
1872:." New Bedford, Mass.: by the author, 1969.
1704:Exploring Paul Cuffe: The Man and his Legacy
1652:https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2713613.pdf
1125:(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1972), p. 17.
280:Paul Cuffe was born on January 17, 1759, on
174:captured as a child in West Africa and sold
2053:African-American repatriation organizations
1302:(Trenton: Africa World Press, 1993), p. 48.
1300:Back to Africa: George Ross and the Maroons
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1667:
588:, offered emigration to a larger group of
39:
1879:. Vol 8, No 2, April 1923, PP. 153-232.
1628:
872:to provide information and advice to the
752:. Madison warmly welcomed Cuffe into the
1745:Cuffe 1759-1817: Following His Footsteps
1480:. Oxford University Press. p. 186.
1080:
1043:
555:
326:Nation, and had been born and raised on
1824:. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1972.
1646:Cuffe, Paul. "The Will of Paul Cuffe."
1040:, pp. 31–43 (accessed on Google Books).
1027:
811:and never returned home. John James of
2005:
1875:Sherwood, Henry Noble. "Paul Cuffe."
1870:aul Cuffe, the Black Yankee, 1759-1817
1807:We Won't Pay!: A Tax Resistance Reader
1699:http://paulcuffe.org/symposium-papers/
1511:, vol. 8, no. 2 (April 1923), p. 198-9
1163:We Won't Pay!: A Tax Resistance Reader
1067:
888:. The Haitian government of President
420:
1774:Memoir of Paul Cuffe A Man of Colour.
1681:
1679:
1599:
1507:Sherwood, Henry Noble. "Paul Cuffe",
1103:, vol. 8, no. 2 (April 1923), p. 155.
1013:Captain Paul Cuffe's Logs and Letters
646:that they captured after the British
2108:People from Dartmouth, Massachusetts
1451:, New York: Atheneum, 1942), p. 307.
1359:Thomas, pp. 53-54, and Harris p. 55.
923:
807:was declared not seaworthy while in
584:, a second group, the newly-created
360:
288:. He was the youngest son of Coffe (
2073:American people of Ghanaian descent
971:Paul Cuffee Maritime Charter School
904:
13:
2068:American people of Ashanti descent
1691:
1676:
373:). In 1776 after the start of the
14:
2134:
1945:
1897:Comprehensive book on Paul Cuffe.
1800:The Negro in Colonial New England
1445:The Negro in Colonial New England
929:On January 16, 2009, Congressman
1837:Oxford University Press. p. 186.
826:
703:Friendly Society of Sierra Leone
497:Property purchases by Paul Cuffe
1656:
1640:
1593:
1580:
1571:
1559:
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1514:
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1176:
1155:
1146:
1137:
1128:
952:On September 7, 2017, Governor
454:to finance construction of the
2043:African-American abolitionists
1754:New Revelations from Old Deeds
1449:Studies in American Negro Life
1289:Cole, The Struggle for Respect
1115:
1106:
1093:
1018:
1005:
854:
815:, his managing partner in the
1:
1253:(London), 2 August 1811, p. 3
999:
874:American Colonization Society
395:Bristol County, Massachusetts
275:
265:American Colonization Society
2103:People from Cuttyhunk Island
1994:Works by or about Paul Cuffe
1609:The Journal of Negro History
835:and his family from Boston.
733:in April 1812, his ship the
648:abolition of the slave trade
631:after the conclusion of the
405:, and then an 18- to 20-ton
270:
7:
2118:Sierra Leone Creole history
2048:African-American Christians
1685:Westport Historical Society
1011:Wiggins, Rosalind Cobb ed.
980:
433:
10:
2139:
2078:American people in whaling
1798:Greene, Lorenzo Johnston.
1443:Greene, Lorenzo Johnston.
592:who had been resettled in
227:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
18:
778:Meanwhile, Cuffe visited
568:. Beginning in 1787, the
251:At the urging of leading
117:
109:
101:
79:
54:
38:
28:
2063:American pan-Africanists
1979:Providence, Rhode Island
1907:Wiggins, Rosalind Cobb.
1877:Journal of Negro History
1648:Journal of Negro History
1602:"The Will of Paul Cuffe"
1509:Journal of Negro History
1314:, Blog, 26 February 2012
1101:Journal of Negro History
790:, speaking to groups of
659:the first settlement of
417:family ships went down.
317:Dartmouth, Massachusetts
1958:Captain Paul Cuffe Park
1099:Sherwood, Henry Noble,
428:Westport, Massachusetts
240:and London. Prodded by
2088:American tax resisters
1914:Williams, Jr., Peter,
1271:Thomas, pp. 32-33, 51.
670:
561:
534:Second Great Awakening
234:colony in Sierra Leone
105:Westport Meeting House
2098:Converts to Quakerism
1868:Salvador, George. "P
1830:, 1998 (p. 286).
1600:Cuffe, Paul (1923) .
1470:James Oliver Horton;
665:
559:
313:Newport, Rhode Island
309:Royal African Company
253:British abolitionists
2113:Quaker abolitionists
2038:19th-century Quakers
2033:18th-century Quakers
1805:Gross, David (ed.),
1779:Channing, George A.
1586:Channing, George A.
1529:Thomas, pp. 101–102.
1161:Gross, David (ed.),
936:Congressional Record
582:Sierra Leone Company
570:Sierra Leone Company
16:American businessman
1985:Works by Paul Cuffe
1951:Paul Cuffe website
1891:Rise to Be a People
1820:Harris, Sheldon H.
1789:Cordeiro, Brock N.
1474:(5 December 1996).
1112:Wiggins, throughout
661:blacks from Britain
586:African Institution
421:Marriage and family
216:racially integrated
49:of Bristol, England
1971:Paul Cuffee School
1963:2019-04-19 at the
1889:Thomas, Lamont D.
1882:Thomas, Lamont D.
1726:Lowther, Kevin G,
1566:Providence Gazette
1425:Thomas, pp. 77-81.
1416:Thomas, pp. 84-90.
1407:Thomas, pp. 82-83.
1395:Harris, pp. 58-60.
1386:Thomas, pp. 72-73.
1368:Thomas, pp. 57-64.
1086:Thomas, Lamont D.
1073:Thomas, Lamont D.
1060:Thomas, Lamont D.
840:William Rotch, Jr.
640:British Royal Navy
562:
170:and his father an
152:multiracial family
1989:Project Gutenberg
1937:978-3-88309-544-8
1850:Nell, William C.
1770:Armistead, Wilson
1487:978-0-19-988079-9
1245:Quote: "The brig
1121:Harris, Sheldon.
924:Legacy and honors
890:Jean-Pierre Boyer
633:Second Maroon War
618:plantation system
401:closed-deck ship
375:Revolutionary War
361:Time as a mariner
343:Martha's Vineyard
204:Revolutionary War
125:
124:
113:Alice Abel Pequit
83:September 7, 1817
2130:
2123:Wampanoag people
2083:American Quakers
1998:Internet Archive
1941:
1929:
1840:Mott, Abigail. "
1718:Kilson, Marion,
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1568:, June 22, 1816.
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905:Death and legacy
739:Washington, D.C.
542:Thomas Jefferson
379:prisoners of war
282:Cuttyhunk Island
156:Cuttyhunk Island
130:, also known as
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69:Cuttyhunk Island
65:January 17, 1759
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2093:Anglican saints
2003:
2002:
1965:Wayback Machine
1948:
1938:
1809:, pp. 115-117,
1709:Cole, David C.
1694:
1692:Further reading
1689:
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1621:10.2307/2713613
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1577:Thomas, p. 111.
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1556:Thomas, p. 104.
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1547:Thomas, p. 103.
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1460:Thomas, p. 100.
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857:
829:
821:Treaty of Ghent
743:Albert Gallatin
727:U.S. government
723:
656:
610:Thomas Clarkson
590:Black Loyalists
578:Freetown colony
530:White Americans
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499:
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311:and shipped to
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242:Black Loyalists
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1946:External links
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176:into slavery
144:abolitionist
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85:(1817-09-07)
23:(1754–1812).
2018:1817 deaths
2013:1759 births
1184:"Biography"
899:Confederacy
855:Later years
792:free blacks
762:War of 1812
754:White House
644:slave ships
594:Nova Scotia
238:Nova Scotia
200:West Indies
132:Paul Cuffee
33:Paul Cuffee
21:Paul Cuffee
2007:Categories
1193:2022-03-06
1188:Paul Cuffe
1000:References
911:last words
882:Henry Clay
601:Royal Navy
276:Early life
184:manumitted
128:Paul Cuffe
61:1759-01-17
1251:The Times
1247:Traveller
942:Governor
845:the Crown
780:Baltimore
747:President
735:Traveller
714:Liverpool
678:Baltimore
668:brethren.
490:The Times
485:Liverpool
481:Traveller
477:Traveller
384:Nantucket
347:Dartmouth
324:Wampanoag
296:slave of
271:Biography
192:Dartmouth
136:Wampanoag
47:John Pole
1961:Archived
1493:27 April
981:See also
895:en masse
797:pamphlet
788:New York
769:pacifist
690:Freetown
574:Freetown
440:Sunfish.
434:Shipping
407:schooner
403:Box Iron
367:marineer
328:Cape Cod
244:such as
211:blockade
168:Cape Cod
118:Children
91:Westport
1996:at the
1856:, 1855.
1630:2713613
966:Wainer.
731:Newport
710:Britain
629:Jamaica
625:maroons
538:manumit
452:Sunfish
371:mariner
294:Ashanti
208:British
186:by his
180:Newport
172:Ashanti
164:Harwich
150:into a
146:. Born
30:Captain
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878:racism
786:, and
698:tariff
680:, and
463:barque
456:Ranger
188:Quaker
140:whaler
110:Spouse
1625:JSTOR
1605:(PDF)
886:Haiti
817:Alpha
809:Chile
642:from
483:into
470:Alpha
305:Fanti
1932:ISBN
1811:ISBN
1495:2013
1482:ISBN
1167:ISBN
969:The
868:and
805:Hero
745:and
544:and
474:brig
466:Hero
450:and
448:Mary
444:Mary
298:Akan
290:Kofi
148:free
142:and
80:Died
55:Born
1987:at
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178:in
154:on
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