509:
480:(CNU/ UNC). Biya was brought into the CNU Central Committee and Political Bureau and was elected as the vice-president of the CNU. On 11 December 1982, he was placed in charge of managing party affairs in Ahidjo's absence. During the first months after Biya's succession, he continued to show loyalty to Ahidjo, and Ahidjo continued to show support for Biya, but in 1983, a deep rift developed between the two. Ahidjo went into exile in France, and from there, he publicly accused Biya of abuse of power and paranoia about plots against him. After Ahidjo resigned as CNU leader, Biya took the helm of the party at an "extraordinary session" of the CNU party held on 14 September 1983.
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455:. After becoming director of the Cabinet of the minister of national education in January 1964 and secretary-general of the ministry of national education in July 1965, he was named director of the civil cabinet of the president in December 1967 and secretary-general of the presidency (while remaining director of the civil cabinet) in January 1968. He gained the rank of minister in August 1968 and the rank of minister of state in June 1970, while remaining secretary-general of the presidency. Following the creation of a
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729:, who had transferred their title to Nigeria upon its independence. As support for this argument it pointed to the Nigerian collection of taxes in the region, the widespread use of Nigerian passports by its residents, and other signs that the Nigerian state had been intimately involved in the governance of the peninsula. On 10 October 2002, after more than eight years of hearings and deliberations, the court ruled in favour of Cameroon, instructing Nigeria to withdraw immediately from the region.
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889:). He describes Cameroon's electoral process in these terms: "Every few years, Biya stages an election to justify his continuing reign, but these elections have no credibility. In fact, Biya is credited with a creative innovation in the world of phony elections. In 2004, annoyed by the criticisms of international vote-monitoring groups, he paid for his own set of international observers, six ex-U.S. congressmen, who certified his election as free and fair." In a 2005 interview
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was seen by many as an attempt to restore that group's supremacy. Biya, however, chose to emphasize national unity and did not focus blame on northern
Muslims. Ahidjo was widely believed to have orchestrated the coup attempt, and Biya is thought to have learned of the plot in advance and to have disbanded the Republican Guard in response, forcing the coup plotters to act earlier than they had planned, which may have been a crucial factor in the coup's failure.
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media. In
February 2008, he passed a bill that allows for having an additional term in office as president which was followed by civil unrests throughout the country. The main violent riots took place in the Western, English-speaking part of the country starting with a "strike" initiated by taxi drivers in Douala, allegedly causing more than 200 casualties in the end. In 2009, his holiday in France allegedly cost $ 40,000 a day spent on 43 hotel rooms.
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1038:, was arrested after reporting on social media that the Cameroonian military was behind the murder of an American missionary in the country, Charles Trumann, in October of that year. Mefo was charged with "publishing and propagating information that infringes on the territorial integrity of the Republic of Cameroon," but was released and charges were dropped on 12 November after her arrest was condemned by both local and international media groups.
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752:, which required Nigeria to withdraw its troops from Bakassi by 4 August 2008, and also required Cameroon to protect the rights of the Nigerian citizens who lived in Bakassi. The transfer of the territory to Cameroon proceeded peacefully under the agreement. The Cameroonian government now presents the dispute as a "misunderstanding", and its resolution as "a model of peaceful conflict resolution in Africa."
600:
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leader Edna Njilin of the
Cameroon People's Party spoke out against the enforced use of French in the classroom. In January 2017, the government ordered a suspension of Internet services in the Northwest and Southwest provinces. Criticism of the suspension and increased opposition led to resumption of services in late April.
398:. Opposition politicians and Western governments have alleged voting irregularities and fraud on each of these occasions. Multiple sources have provided evidence that he did not win the elections in 1992 and the political opposition along with others have alleged subsequent elections suffered from rampant fraud.
638:
was his nearest rival, polling 10%. Biya's opponents alleged wide-scale fraud in the election and procedural irregularities were noted by the French and US governments. In his victory speech, Biya promised to stimulate growth and create jobs with a programme of public works which would "transform our
595:
in late
February 2008. Nevertheless, on 10 April 2008, the National Assembly voted to change the Constitution to remove term limits. Given the RDPC's control of the National Assembly, the change was overwhelmingly approved, with 157 votes in favor and five opposed; the 15 deputies of the SDF chose to
590:
from running for president again in 2011; however, he sought to revise this, to allow him to run again. In his 2008 New Year's message, Biya expressed support for revising the
Constitution, saying that it was undemocratic to limit the people's choice. The proposed removal of term limits was among the
504:
on 6 April 1984, following his decision on the previous day to disband the
Republican Guard and disperse its members across the military. Estimates of the death toll ranged from 71 (according to the government) to about 1,000. Northern Muslims were the primary participants in this coup attempt, which
1204:
activist, publicly revealed her same-sex relationship with
Brazilian model Layyons Valença on 5 July 2024. She later stated that she hoped the post would change anti-LGBT laws in Cameroon. However, she deleted the post and broke up with Valença after explicit photos of them were released without her
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found a widespread pattern of villages throughout the
Southwest Region being burnt, including one video of men wearing government-issued BIR (Bataillon d'Intervention Rapide) equipment. The BIR is a special force body that reports directly to President Biya. The report also included a video of a man
911:
where the former director
Herbert Schott reportedly said he comes to work without being disturbed. These extended stays away from Cameroon – while sometimes as short as two weeks and sometimes as long as three months – are almost always referred to as "short stays" in the state-owned press and other
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in which 79 people died. Critics included government officials who remained anonymous, fearing a backlash. The
Anglophone protests in late 2016 were led by English-speaking lawyers in protest against the use of French in Cameroonian courts, which led to violent clashes with police. Opposition party
762:
established the Cameroon–Nigeria Mixed Commission to negotiate a smooth implementation of the International Court of Justice's 2002 ruling. The commission's responsibilities included demarcating the entirety of the Cameroon–Nigeria border, facilitating cross-border cooperation and troop withdrawals
724:
Biya, Abidjo's successor as president, filed suit at the International Court of Justice on 29 March 1994. Cameroon's claim to Bakassi was largely based on the Anglo-German agreement of 1913 and the 1975 Maroua Declaration. Nigeria, on the other hand, argued that the peninsula had been the territory
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and has largely bucked the trend toward democracy in Africa since the 1990s. Under the constitution, Biya has sweeping executive and legislative powers. He even has considerable authority over the judiciary; the courts can only review a law's constitutionality at his request. The RDPC continues to
767:
and had met 38 times by 2015. As of July 2019, 2,001 kilometres of boundary (out of an estimated 2,100 kilometres) had been surveyed and agreed to by both countries, including the border at Bakassi. In May 2007 in Abuja, the commission finalised the maritime boundary, but in 2015, the Cameroonian
776:
However, Cameroon–U.S. economic relations were at their highest ever level in 1982, when Ahidjo was replaced by his prime minister, Biya. Between 1982 and 1984, the U.S. overtook France as Cameroon's foremost export market, primarily due to its consumption of Cameroonian oil. Biya pursued a
1019:
By June 2017, protests in Cameroon's English-speaking provinces and cities led to police responding with force, with four protesters killed and more than 100 arrested. International criticism has been levied at the United States for their lack of response to the growing Cameroonian crisis.
366:
in the 1960s, as Secretary-General of the Presidency from 1968 to 1975 and then as prime minister. He succeeded Ahidjo as president upon the latter's surprise resignation in 1982 and consolidated power in a 1983–1984 staged attempted coup in which he eliminated all of his major rivals.
705:
Cameroon cut ties with Israel from 1973 to 1986 and was one of the first states to restore relations. The government of Cameroon uses Israeli armored vehicles, and Cameroon's Rapid Reaction Force, often shortened (by its French name) to BIR, is equipped and trained by Israel.
897:, argued that the reluctance of Biya to delegate responsibility seriously hampered the quality of governance, with trivial decisions often delayed until he got round to delivering them, and that there was too much government interference in the economy in general.
1301:
491:
In November 1983, Biya announced that the next presidential election would be held on 14 January 1984; it had been previously scheduled for 1985. He was the sole candidate in this election and won 99.98% of the vote. In February 1984, Ahidjo was put on trial
463:
on 30 June 1975. In June 1979, a new law designated the prime minister as the president's constitutional successor. Ahidjo unexpectedly announced his resignation on 4 November 1982, and Biya accordingly succeeded him as president of Cameroon on 6 November.
949:"), tracing Chantal Biya's rise from humble origins to become Paul Biya's First Lady. He was subsequently given a two-year prison term on charges of "insult to character" and organizing an "illegal demonstration" for attempting to hold a public reading.
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from the north, as his successor. Biya's father, who was a catechist, wanted him to join the clergy, but at the age of 16, while in Catholic school, he was expelled. After Biya became president, Ahidjo initially remained head of the ruling
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In March 2024, the NGO Human Rights Watch (HRW) denounced “intense repression” by the Cameroonian government against the opposition, after the government of Paul Biya declared the grouping of its main parties in two platforms “illegal”.
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Biya won the 2018 presidential election with 71.3% of the vote. The election was marred by violence and low voter turnout. As of 2022, he is the longest serving non-royal head of state, having been in power since 30 June 1975.
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diversification of Cameroonian foreign relations still more vigorously than Ahidjo had, describing his foreign policy in such terms as "diplomacy of development", "co-operation without frontiers", and "open door" diplomacy.
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1177:, who had been born in 1971 from a relationship between Biya and Jeanne-Irène's sister or niece. Franck Biya is seen as a possible successor of his father in the context of presidential elections scheduled for 2025.
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He has been consistently re-elected as the National President of the RDPC; he was re-elected at the party's second extraordinary congress on 7 July 2001 and its third extraordinary congress on 21 July 2006.
626:
In February 2008, riots broke out, calling for lower prices and the departure of Paul Biya as president. The demonstrators were severely repressed with reports of a hundred dead and thousands of arrests.
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forum of trying to assimilate former British Southern Cameroons into the majority Francophone system, formerly East Cameroon State but failed, due to identity differences, thus triggering the conflict.
1031:, was sentenced to 10 years' imprisonment by a military tribunal for failing to report acts of terrorism. The judgement was severely criticized by human rights groups including Amnesty International.
1969:"AGREEMENT TRANSFERRING AUTHORITY OVER BAKASSI PENINSULA FROM NIGERIA TO CAMEROON 'TRIUMPH FOR THE RULE OF LAW', SECRETARY-GENERAL SAYS IN MESSAGE FOR CEREMONY - Meetings Coverage and Press Releases"
1180:
Jeanne-Irène Biya died on 29 July 1992 after a short illness while Paul Biya was attending a conference abroad. Rumors have it that she and several people close to her did not die of natural causes.
3351:
3601:
3527:
2016:
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528:, which involved privatization, opening up to competition, and reducing social spending. Civil servants' salaries were reduced by 60%, and the informal sector increased very significantly.
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542:, held on 11 October 1992, with about 40% of the vote. There was no provision for a runoff; the opposition was unable to unite around a single candidate. The second placed candidate,
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1088:) were neglected by Biya's government, and excluded from power. During this time, Anglophone separatists claim that government forces murdered protestors en masse, and committed
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Students in Cameroon were granted 11 month visas to travel to Israel and learn about agriculture, while poultry farmers underwent training for poultry production in Israel.
352:
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prison where, under Biya's orders, he had been arbitrarily detained for 17 years under false claims of embezzlement because of supposed closeness to presidential candidate
961:. He was freed on 2 May 2011 when the London chapter of International PEN agreed to pay his fine in order that he might seek treatment for his worsening health condition.
702:
Cameroon voted against several anti-Israel UN resolutions, and was the only nation to join Israel in voting against the UN resolution "Assistance to Palestine Refugees".
2341:
1685:
660:, one of the former colonial powers in Cameroon, which supplies it with weapons and trains its military forces. France is also the leading foreign investor in Cameroon.
3435:
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Individual sources testify that all of those sent to fight the secessionist militia are French speaking, thus widening the linguistic division between local residents.
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Biya initially took some steps to open up the regime, culminating in the decision to legalize opposition parties in 1990. According to official results, Biya won the
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boycott the vote in protest. The change also provided for the President to enjoy immunity from prosecution for his actions as president after leaving office.
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Biya makes relatively few public appearances, and is sometimes characterized as aloof. Since the early 1990s, he has faced his strongest opposition from the
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gave details of police raping students at a university. The National Commission for Human Rights and Freedoms embarked on a fact-finding mission in
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583:, officially taking 70.92 percent of the vote, although the opposition again alleged widespread fraud. Biya was sworn in on 3 November.
572:, which was boycotted by the main opposition parties, Biya was re-elected with 92.6 percent of the vote; he was sworn in on 3 November.
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when he studied there, but he later relinquished his French citizenship when he returned to Cameroon to serve in government positions.
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plot, along with two others; they were sentenced to death, although Biya commuted their sentences to life in prison. Biya survived a
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532:
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957:'s Writers in Prison Committee both protested his arrest and issued appeals on his behalf; Amnesty International also named him a
756:
535:, in Bamenda and Biya was unlawfully elected as its president. He was also re-elected as President of Cameroon on 24 April 1988.
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since 2005, Michel was released under Biya's personal decree but the Working Group's tripartite demands remain unfulfilled.
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1187:, who is 36 years his junior, on 23 April 1994, and has two more children with her : Paul Jr and Brenda Biya.
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The People's Republic established relations with Cameroon on 26 March 1971. In the 2000s, leading politicians paid
558:
3017:
792:. Between 2015 and 2020, about 300 U.S. military personnel were deployed in northern Cameroon to conduct regional
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550:(SDF), officially received about 36%. The results were strongly disputed by the opposition, which alleged fraud.
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government reported that "a few tens of kilometres remain a stumbling block" in finalising the land boundary.
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1986:
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1103:. Numerous civilians and activists have accused Biya's government forces of burning villages, raping women,
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country into a vast construction site". On 3 November 2011, he was sworn in for another term as president.
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348:
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Amin, Julius A. (March 2020). "Cameroon's relations toward Nigeria: a foreign policy of pragmatism".
1096:. Certain protestors had called upon Biya and the Cameroonian government to grant them independence.
845:
Although Biya made some efforts to open up the political environment, his regime still retains clear
780:
From around 2013, bilateral relations increasingly emphasised joint counterterrorism actions against
3949:"Cameroun : le coming out de Brenda Biya, fille du président, « tourne au vinaigre »"
2053:
1205:
consent on the Internet. She reportedly accused Valença of sharing the photos "for the attention of
451:
As a Chargé de Mission in post-independence 1960s Cameroon, Biya rose to prominence under President
6823:
5872:
5682:
4543:
2805:
Takaugang, J. (1993). "Continuity and Change in Cameroon's Foreign Policy in the Post-Ahidjo Era".
2276:"Fourth Committee Forwards 28 Drafts to General Assembly for Adoption, Concluding Work for Session"
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471:
from the southern region of Cameroon, it was considered surprising that he was chosen by Ahidjo, a
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In 2016, Cameroonians in the nation's capital city of Yaoundé criticized Biya's reaction to the
427:
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3715:"Forum de Paris sur la paix : Paul Biya explique la crise anglophone en cours au Cameroun"
2765:
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Konings, Piet (2005). "The Anglophone Cameroon-Nigeria Boundary: Opportunities and Conflicts".
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2912:"There Was Disparity Between Biya's Professed Policies And Reality -Former British Ambassador"
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to and from each country; these included President Biya's visit for a conference in 2006 and
344:
48:
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3313:"Michel Thierry Atangana : 'Je dois être réhabilité pour reprendre le cours de ma vie'"
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3528:"Human Rights Watch accuse à nouveau le Cameroun de Paul Biya de réprimer toute opposition"
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99:
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8:
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The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs
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Under his rule, the country adopted a structural adjustment plan submitted to it by the
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1800:"UK Home Office Immigration and Nationality Directorate Country Assessment – Cameroon"
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3436:"Analysis | Cameroon has been in crisis for six months. Here's what you need to know"
3230:"Français emprisonné 17 ans au Cameroun - Michel Thierry Atangana, le citoyen oublié"
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Grand Crosses Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
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3594:"Crimes against humanity and genocide in Southern Cameroons: Mechanisms for redress"
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2275:
2017:"Court declares Cameroon's Biya landslide poll winner, despite accusations of fraud"
1743:
Thomas Deltombe, Manuel Domergue, Jacob Tatsita, Kamerun !, La DĂ©couverte, 2019
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Cornwell, Richard (January 2006). "Nigeria and Camerron: Diplomacy in the Delta".
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dominate the National Assembly, which does little more than approve his policies.
712:
Israelis also trained personnel at six hospitals in Cameroon on how to combat the
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with 40% of the plural, single-ballot vote and was re-elected by large margins in
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7475:
7410:
7102:
7088:
7060:
7046:
6325:
6037:
6023:
5830:
5816:
5612:
5525:
5469:
5396:
5146:
5061:
4817:
4717:
4576:
4302:
3995:
3918:
3888:
3844:
3773:
3749:
3500:
3404:
3344:"Cameroonians are furious with their 'absent' president after a national tragedy"
3124:
3101:
2248:
2199:
2136:
1951:
1928:
1909:
1867:
1844:
1825:
1818:
1806:
1787:
1764:
1755:
John Mukum Mbaku, "Decolonization, Reunification and Federation in Cameroon", in
1722:
1692:
1271:
1240:
929:
763:
from Bakassi, and protecting the rights of locals. The commission was chaired by
468:
213:
6206:
5886:
4845:
4562:
4084:
3094:
1566:
1536:
1401:
362:
A native of Cameroon's south, Biya rose rapidly as a bureaucrat under President
7938:
7897:
7822:
7807:
7777:
7737:
7732:
7717:
7697:
7620:
7601:
7340:
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7144:
7004:
6913:
6396:
6202:
6100:
6086:
5783:
5555:
5368:
5241:
5032:
4902:
4660:
4259:
4187:
4168:
4140:
4062:
3919:"Brenda Biya: Cameroon president's daughter hopes to help change anti-gay laws"
1638:(three essays on Paul Biya's presidency with the following source information:
1195:
1108:
947:
The beauty of the banana republic: Chantal Biya, from the streets to the palace
938:
823:
789:
691:
604:
452:
363:
152:
123:
7983:
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3991:
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7852:
7832:
7792:
7707:
7466:
7382:
7214:
7172:
7130:
6871:
6712:
6684:
6617:
6603:
6547:
6533:
6461:
6424:
6339:
6169:
5639:
5497:
5454:
5325:
4788:
4741:
4463:
4346:
3260:"Cameroun: Selon Amnesty international, Michel Atangana prisonnier d'opinion"
3021:
1780:
1128:
1099:
Eventually, separatists declared independence in October 2017 under the name
1051:
1003:
993:
866:
553:
513:
456:
91:
2364:"Cameroon's Presidential Guard first known user of Israel Musketeer vehicle"
438:, where he graduated in 1961 with a higher education diploma in public law.
353:
longest consecutively serving current non-royal national leader in the world
351:
from 1975 to 1982. He is the second-longest-ruling president in Africa, the
7862:
7752:
7606:
7564:
7489:
7447:
7354:
7298:
7270:
7242:
7186:
7158:
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6726:
6561:
6491:
6353:
6283:
6223:
6198:
6190:
6175:
6058:
5943:
5696:
5654:
5564:
5540:
5353:
5297:
5269:
5056:
5012:
4960:
4888:
4774:
4703:
4486:
4371:
3889:"Brenda Biya: Cameroon president's daughter hints at same-sex relationship"
3655:"'This is a genocide': villages burn as war rages in blood-soaked Cameroon"
2617:
1370:
1206:
1184:
819:
635:
586:
After being re-elected in 2004, Biya was barred by a two-term limit in the
561:
543:
411:
267:
209:
111:
3624:"Southern Cameroonians agitate for independence from Republic of Cameroon"
1366:
1131:, responded by stating that anyone can use government equipment to commit
732:
Although Nigeria initially protested the decision, and although it caused
7988:
7933:
7913:
7847:
7812:
7391:
7368:
7326:
7307:
6934:
6894:
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6698:
6348:
6185:
6043:
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5597:
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5070:
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1174:
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973:
901:
745:
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713:
669:
407:
312:
298:
2818:
2487:"Cameroon /Israel Cooperation: Cameroonian students receive scholarship"
1233:
814:
8008:
7772:
7757:
7578:
7433:
7265:
7116:
7069:
6908:
6575:
6292:
6109:
6009:
6000:
5802:
5788:
5691:
5578:
5550:
5320:
5306:
5222:
5213:
5194:
5132:
5026:
4998:
4883:
4855:
4812:
4698:
4529:
2635:
1686:
African State and Society in the 1990s: Cameroon's Political Crossroads
1154:
1132:
1028:
920:
882:
865:, ranked Biya together with three other leaders in sub-Saharan Africa:
781:
759:
525:
2789:
2738:
969:
943:
La belle de la république bananière: Chantal Biya, de la rue au palais
423:
7503:
7461:
7251:
6880:
6640:
6505:
6486:
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6362:
6214:
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5250:
4869:
4341:
2626:
1374:
1100:
1035:
741:
673:
87:
57:
3685:"Cameroon from Biya - a mea culpa on the Angliphone Crisis in Paris"
2426:"Boko Haram Are Finally Losing. And That Makes Them Extra Dangerous"
2395:"On the border and in the crossfire: Cameroon's war with Boko Haram"
634:, Biya secured a sixth term in office, polling 77.9% of votes cast.
7762:
7517:
7335:
7223:
7209:
7167:
7041:
7027:
6985:
6957:
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6679:
6612:
6584:
6542:
6391:
6320:
6278:
6155:
6141:
6067:
5741:
5633:
5434:
5377:
5363:
5169:
5099:
4669:
4613:
4515:
4472:
4322:
4238:
4178:
4119:
3953:
3766:
Secrets d'Etoudi : voici les véritables parents de Franck Biya
3117:
2708:
United Nations Office for West Africa and the Sahel (9 July 2019).
2175:
1477:"Biya wins again in Cameroon as crackdown disrupts anglophone vote"
1119:
1093:
886:
870:
788:, alongside other regional security initiatives, especially in the
740:'s regime largely cooperated with the ruling. In June 2006, at the
419:
3466:"Cameroon Journalist Jailed for 10 Years Under Anti-terrorism Law"
3405:"Cameroon ends internet shutdown on orders of President Paul Biya"
1945:"Cameroun: adoption d'une révision constitutionnelle controversée"
599:
378:
in the early 1990s under serious pressure. He won the contentious
343:; 13 February 1933) is a Cameroonian politician who is the second
7615:
7321:
7279:
7181:
7139:
7097:
6763:
6626:
6556:
6500:
6253:
6081:
5995:
5895:
5881:
5853:
5811:
5797:
5755:
5705:
5677:
5663:
5649:
5592:
5391:
5348:
5127:
5042:
4984:
4926:
4897:
4783:
4655:
4571:
4501:
4430:
3859:"Cameroon's president's daughter, Brenda, reveals lesbian status"
3473:
3150:
1115:
to investigate allegations of human rights abuses in the region.
1080:. Protestors complained that Anglophone regions in Cameroon (the
853:
620:
483:
1353:
Gros, Jean-Germain (July 1995). "The Hard Lessons of Cameroon".
686:
Cameroon was one of 53 countries that, in June 2020, backed the
7629:
7587:
7573:
7363:
7195:
7111:
7013:
6999:
6971:
6943:
6570:
6514:
6433:
6405:
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6127:
6095:
6053:
5953:
5937:
5867:
5825:
5769:
5534:
5292:
5155:
5141:
4940:
4826:
4726:
4444:
1210:
1163:
908:
657:
2943:"Cameroun: Herbert Schott – Paul Biya est un sacré personnage"
7545:
7419:
7293:
7237:
7153:
7125:
7083:
6749:
6735:
6721:
6528:
6376:
5981:
5923:
5607:
5520:
5406:
5236:
5208:
5084:
4911:
4797:
4769:
4712:
4683:
4627:
4458:
3787:"Cameroon: Is Franck Biya the president's son and successor?"
1142:
472:
431:
3813:"Cameroon Groups Call for President's Son to Succeed Father"
2455:
Freudenthal, Emmanuel; van der Weide, Youri (23 June 2020).
2244:"The 53 countries supporting China's crackdown on Hong Kong"
1903:"President Biya is sworn in for another seven-year mandate."
1758:
The Leadership Challenge in Africa: Cameroon Under Paul Biya
7531:
7055:
6665:
6598:
6306:
5334:
5278:
5264:
5113:
4840:
4557:
3173:"Urgent Action:CAMEROONIAN WRITER HELD IN HARSH CONDITIONS"
1768:(2004), ed. John Mukum Mbaku and Joseph Takougang, page 34.
1388:
Huband, Mark (January 1993). "Cameroon: A flawed victory".
1201:
1112:
497:
3018:"Anatomie eines Aufstandes: Dunkle Krawalle – Der Freitag"
370:
Biya introduced political reforms within the context of a
3984:
1987:"Cameroonian president wins vote, extending 29-year-rule"
1598:"Paul Biya: A Psychopath responsible for enormous damage"
1507:"Cameroonian President Paul Biya Marks 40 Years in Power"
3143:"CAMEROON: Author jailed for insulting President's wife"
2775:
United Nations Office for West Africa and the Sahel 2019
2454:
4412:
3742:
Africa's Media, Democracy and the Politics of Belonging
1886:"Cameroon's Supreme Court confirms Biya's re-election"
1158:
Biya's son Franck Emmanuel Olivier Biya, September 2020
4233:
3562:
Leroy, Aliaume; Freudenthal, Emmanuel (25 June 2018).
2677:
1107:
of civilians, and acts of genocide. A petition to the
2076:"Cameroon: Biya sworn in for sixth presidential term"
1324:"Elections. La fraude "made in Cameroon" fait fureur"
1135:, and said that Biya's government would investigate.
861:"Tyrants, the World's 20 Worst Living Dictators", by
487:
Ahidjo in July 1982, three months before he resigned.
6810:
3501:"Cameroon drops fake news charges against Mimi Mefo"
3203:"Cameroun: L'Ă©crivain Bertrand Teyou Sort De Prison"
2046:"Cameroon's Biya promises youth jobs after poll win"
1646:(May 2018, author Catherine Victoria Donaldson) and
1173:, who did not have any children, though she adopted
1034:
On 7 November 2018, another Cameroonian journalist,
1023:
In April 2017, a Cameroonian journalist working for
3127:. Parade.com (2011-10-20). Retrieved on 2011-11-08.
3070:"Cameroon | Amnesty International Report 2009"
2457:"Making a killing: Israeli mercenaries in Cameroon"
2302:"Israel, Cameroon Restore Ties After 13-Year Break"
1716:"Tales of Ex-Leader's Role In Revolt Stun Cameroon"
3838:A Review of Notable Political Rumors from Cameroon
2875:
2689:
2137:"Cameroon's President Paul Biya wins seventh term"
2107:"Cameroon's Paul Biya wins seventh term in office"
2105:Blaise, Eyong; Adebayo, Bukola (22 October 2018).
1234:Profile of Biya at Cameroonian presidency web site
1123:being tortured by men appearing to be Cameroonian
900:Biya regularly spends extended periods of time in
374:in the 1980s, later accepting the introduction of
347:since 6 November 1982, having previously been the
8050:Cameroon People's Democratic Movement politicians
7678:Chairpersons of the Organisation of African Unity
4114:
3564:"Witnessing Cameroon's descent towards civil war"
2710:"A Success in the Resolution of Boundary Dispute"
2180:Institute of International Politics and Economics
2165:
1922:"Cameroun: Paul Biya va modifier la Constitution"
1861:"Paul Biya réélu sans surprise à la tête du RDPC"
1630:Eigo, Tim; Donaldson, Catherine Victoria (2018).
446:
8031:
3561:
1475:Maclean, Ruth; Kiven, Brenda (22 October 2018).
1446:"Cameroon election deeply flawed, says US envoy"
1265:Biography at 2004 presidential election web site
830:in New York with Biya and his wife Chantal, 2009
3375:"Cameroon goes offline after Anglophone revolt"
2959:. fr.allafrica.com. 30 October 2007 (in French)
2739:Presidency of the Republic of Cameroon (2015).
2213:"Chinese Foreign Minister Due In Cameroon Soon"
2193:Backgrounder: Relations between China, Cameroon
2159:
1068:During 2016 and 2017, under Paul Biya's reign,
3752:, p. 213, Zed Books, 2005. In: books.google.de
3282:"University of Minnesota Human Rights Library"
2878:Tyrants: the World's 20 Worst Living Dictators
2235:
934:Top 20 list of "The World's Worst Dictators".
794:intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance
7662:
6796:
4398:
4219:
4100:
2970:"Le Chef de l'Etat en séjour privé en Europe"
2172:The Chronicle of International Events in 1971
2104:
1629:
3205:. camerpress.net. 2 May 2011. Archived from
2873:
2186:
1474:
1060:Biya and his wife Chantal at the opening of
3342:Atabong, Amindeh Blaise (25 October 2016).
2790:Presidency of the Republic of Cameroon 2015
2538:Leichman, Abigaiel Klein (6 October 2014).
826:pose for a photo during a reception at the
799:
441:
422:. He studied at the Lycée General Leclerc,
401:
7669:
7655:
6803:
6789:
4405:
4391:
4226:
4212:
4107:
4093:
2540:"Israeli aid on way to fight Ebola spread"
2040:
2038:
1882:
1880:
531:In 1985, the CNU was transformed into the
31:
3525:
3044:"Dissent violently repressed in Cameroon"
2804:
2625:
2513:"Israel To Help the Industry in Cameroon"
3856:
3805:
3072:. Report2009.amnesty.org. Archived from
2683:
2648:
2537:
1751:
1749:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1683:Milton H. Krieger and Joseph Takougang,
1595:
1153:
1141:On 14 November 2019, Biya admitted in a
1055:
1002:
914:
852:
813:
598:
579:Biya won another seven-year term in the
552:
507:
482:
309:National School of Administration, Paris
6755:Tuimalealiʻifano Vaʻaletoʻa Sualauvi II
3341:
3310:
3020:(in German). Freitag.de. Archived from
2603:
2423:
2035:
1877:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
410:, Paul Biya was born in the village of
144:30 June 1975 – 6 November 1982
8032:
3292:from the original on 10 September 2015
3227:
3137:
3135:
3133:
2976:from the original on 30 September 2011
2837:"Cameroon: Key Issues and U.S. Policy"
2835:Husted, Tomás F. (22 September 2021).
2834:
2424:Youssef, Nancy A. (25 February 2015).
2392:
2241:
1898:
1896:
1625:
1623:
1387:
1283:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1045:
540:first multiparty presidential election
436:Institut des hautes Ă©tudes d'Outre-Mer
7650:
6784:
4386:
4207:
4088:
3776:, 24. March 2022. In: camerounweb.com
3760:
3758:
3665:from the original on 7 September 2024
3652:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3433:
3372:
3354:from the original on 15 November 2017
2830:
2828:
2800:
2798:
2714:The Cameroon–Nigeria Mixed Commission
2571:The Journal of Modern African Studies
2550:from the original on 24 December 2018
2519:from the original on 10 December 2017
2436:from the original on 24 December 2018
2405:from the original on 24 December 2018
2374:from the original on 24 December 2018
2344:from the original on 24 December 2018
2314:from the original on 7 September 2024
2202:People's Daily Online, March 23, 2010
1776:
1774:
1746:
1732:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1577:from the original on 7 September 2024
1547:from the original on 7 September 2024
1487:from the original on 7 September 2024
1456:from the original on 23 February 2023
1426:from the original on 7 September 2024
1304:from the original on 7 September 2024
1162:Biya became a naturalized citizen of
755:At the request of Biya and Obasanjo,
683:visited Cameroon on 12 January 2014.
581:11 October 2004 presidential election
533:Cameroon People's Democratic Movement
313:Institute of Political Studies, Paris
280:
3695:from the original on 12 January 2021
3574:from the original on 4 November 2020
3498:
3480:from the original on 16 October 2017
3446:from the original on 28 October 2020
3311:Olivier, Mathieu (21 October 2015).
2695:
2568:
2467:from the original on 20 January 2022
2282:from the original on 20 January 2022
2278:. United Nations. 14 November 2013.
2256:from the original on 12 January 2022
2147:from the original on 9 November 2020
1696:(2000), Westview Press, pages 65–74.
1517:from the original on 5 December 2023
1352:
1249:
1209:followers and even extort money" on
1127:. Biya's Minister of Communication,
1076:in the area of the formerly British
998:Working Group on Arbitrary Detention
842:in the western part of the country.
646:
256:
8065:People from South Region (Cameroon)
4414:Current heads of state of republics
3857:Akhimien, Nosakhale (5 July 2024).
3130:
3095:"Cameroon defends Biya hotel bills"
2845:U.S. Congressional Research Service
2741:Nigeria: Our Neighbour, Our Partner
2117:from the original on 7 October 2022
1893:
1620:
1334:from the original on 19 August 2019
1222:
13:
4283:
4149:
4052:as Prime Minister of West Cameroon
4018:as Prime Minister of East Cameroon
3755:
3546:
3534:from the original on 23 March 2024
3507:from the original on 18 April 2022
3240:from the original on 28 April 2023
3165:
2940:
2922:from the original on 15 April 2022
2909:
2855:from the original on 20 March 2023
2825:
2795:
2753:from the original on 18 March 2024
2168:Hronika međunarodnih događaja 1971
1912:, Cameroonian government website].
1771:
1699:
1666:
1654:from the original on 29 March 2024
1602:www.cameroonintelligencereport.com
893:, a retired member of the British
632:October 2011 presidential election
570:October 1997 presidential election
496:for alleged involvement in a 1983
14:
8091:
6382:Transitional Presidential Council
3976:
3961:from the original on 13 July 2024
3929:from the original on 13 July 2024
3819:from the original on 28 June 2024
3634:from the original on 28 June 2017
3604:from the original on 22 July 2017
3434:Morse, Yonatan L. (2 June 2017).
3373:Monks, Kieron (3 February 2017).
3323:from the original on 4 April 2016
3228:Desnos, Marie (22 October 2015).
2882:. Regan Press. pp. 286–290.
2489:. 3 November 2014. Archived from
2052:. 25 October 2011. Archived from
1997:from the original on 4 March 2016
1847:, Camerounlink.net, 21 July 2007
1287:Paul Biya: les secrets du pouvoir
1007:Bayero Fadil with Paul Biya, 2020
986:United States Department of State
964:In February 2014, French citizen
927:In 2009, Biya was ranked 19th in
619:which formally put an end to the
7628:
7614:
7600:
7586:
7572:
7558:
7544:
7530:
7516:
7502:
7488:
7474:
7460:
7446:
7432:
7418:
7404:
7390:
7376:
7362:
7348:
7334:
7320:
7306:
7292:
7278:
7264:
7250:
7236:
7222:
7208:
7194:
7180:
7166:
7152:
7138:
7124:
7110:
7096:
7082:
7068:
7054:
7040:
7026:
7012:
6998:
6984:
6970:
6956:
6942:
6928:
6907:
6893:
6879:
6865:
6812:Commonwealth heads of government
6762:
6748:
6734:
6720:
6706:
6692:
6678:
6664:
6639:
6625:
6611:
6597:
6583:
6569:
6555:
6541:
6527:
6513:
6499:
6485:
6460:
6446:
6432:
6418:
6404:
6390:
6375:
6361:
6347:
6333:
6319:
6305:
6291:
6277:
6252:
6238:
6222:
6184:
6168:
6154:
6140:
6126:
6108:
6094:
6080:
6066:
6052:
6036:
6022:
6008:
5994:
5980:
5966:
5952:
5936:
5922:
5908:
5894:
5880:
5866:
5852:
5838:
5824:
5810:
5796:
5782:
5768:
5754:
5740:
5718:
5704:
5690:
5676:
5662:
5648:
5632:
5606:
5591:
5577:
5563:
5549:
5533:
5519:
5505:
5491:
5477:
5463:
5447:
5433:
5419:
5405:
5390:
5376:
5362:
5347:
5333:
5319:
5305:
5291:
5277:
5263:
5249:
5235:
5221:
5207:
5193:
5168:
5154:
5140:
5126:
5112:
5098:
5090:Transitional Sovereignty Council
5083:
5069:
5055:
5041:
5025:
5011:
4997:
4983:
4969:
4953:
4939:
4925:
4910:
4896:
4882:
4868:
4854:
4839:
4825:
4811:
4796:
4782:
4768:
4754:
4740:
4725:
4711:
4697:
4682:
4668:
4654:
4640:
4626:
4612:
4598:
4584:
4570:
4556:
4542:
4528:
4514:
4500:
4485:
4471:
4457:
4443:
4429:
3899:from the original on 9 July 2024
3869:from the original on 8 July 2024
3793:from the original on 6 June 2021
3415:from the original on 7 July 2022
3385:from the original on 6 July 2017
2720:from the original on 18 May 2024
2219:. 5 January 2015. Archived from
2086:from the original on 7 July 2022
1608:from the original on 21 May 2024
1290:(in French). KARTHALA Editions.
1149:
771:
341:Paul Barthélemy Biya'a bi Mvondo
322:
194:Paul Barthélemy Biya'a bi Mvondo
16:President of Cameroon since 1982
4296:West Cameroon (1961–1972)
4253:East Cameroon (1960–1972)
4162:West Cameroon (1961–1972)
4134:East Cameroon (1960–1972)
3941:
3911:
3881:
3850:
3831:
3779:
3733:
3707:
3677:
3646:
3616:
3586:
3519:
3492:
3458:
3427:
3397:
3366:
3335:
3304:
3274:
3252:
3221:
3195:
3183:from the original on 4 May 2020
3149:. 25 March 2011. Archived from
3111:
3088:
3062:
3036:
3010:
2988:
2962:
2934:
2903:
2867:
2732:
2701:
2642:
2597:
2562:
2531:
2505:
2479:
2448:
2417:
2393:Hilsum, Lindsey (13 May 2015).
2386:
2356:
2326:
2294:
2268:
2205:
2166:Milutin Tomanović, ed. (1972).
2129:
2098:
2068:
2009:
1979:
1961:
1938:
1915:
1854:
1831:
1812:
1793:
1648:Encyclopedia of World Biography
1589:
1559:
1529:
1499:
1416:"Cameroon poll marred by fraud"
688:Hong Kong national security law
611:On 12 June 2006, he signed the
276:
252:
3059:. amnesty.org. 29 January 2009
1468:
1438:
1408:
1381:
1346:
1316:
1277:
968:was released from a makeshift
676:'s visit to Cameroon in 2007.
447:Rise to prominence and forward
255: 1961; died
1:
4647:Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo
2663:10.1080/10246029.2006.9627621
2338:Embassy Of Israel In Cameroon
1790:, African Elections Database.
1642:(May 2018, author Tim Eigo),
1284:Emvana, Michel Roger (2005).
1216:
875:Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo
847:authoritarian characteristics
734:significant unrest in Bakassi
3653:Zongo, Peter (30 May 2018).
2996:"Le Président est de retour"
2874:Wallechinsky, David (2006).
2544:ISRAEL21c: Uncovering Israel
2242:Lawler, Dave (2 July 2020).
1931:, Panapress, 2 January 2008
1640:Contemporary Black Biography
786:Islamic State in West Africa
591:grievances expressed during
7:
8075:Prime ministers of Cameroon
8055:Cameroonian Roman Catholics
6411:Andrés Manuel López Obrador
6029:Gordana Siljanovska-Davkova
3118:The World's Worst Dictators
2334:"Israel-Cameroon Relations"
2174:] (in Serbo-Croatian).
1828:, ANB-BIA, 3 November 1997.
1819:"Cameroun. Biya reinstalle"
1025:Radio France Internationale
1013:country's worst train crash
923:greets President Biya, 2014
748:, the countries signed the
656:His regime is supported by
522:International Monetary Fund
10:
8096:
4026:Prime Minister of Cameroon
1729:, 15 April 1984, page A01.
1644:Newsmakers 2006 Cumulation
1118:A June 2018 report by the
1049:
803:
719:
623:peninsula border dispute.
461:Prime Minister of Cameroon
380:1992 presidential election
349:prime minister of Cameroon
132:prime minister of Cameroon
7906:
7688:
6859:
6818:
6655:
6520:Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
6476:
6268:
6211:Élisabeth Baume-Schneider
5623:
5184:
4549:Faustin-Archange Touadéra
4420:
4321:
4295:
4281:
4252:
4177:
4161:
4147:
4133:
4076:
4067:
4059:
4042:
4032:
4023:
4008:
4003:
3100:27 September 2021 at the
2910:Kometa, Georgiana Magho.
2583:10.1017/S0022278X19000545
1866:21 September 2008 at the
1270:30 September 2007 at the
838:population of the former
697:
679:Chinese foreign minister
651:
603:Biya with U.S. president
512:Biya with U.S. president
330:
318:
304:
293:
231:
221:
189:
184:
180:
168:
158:
148:
137:
129:
117:
77:
65:
54:
46:
42:
30:
23:
5873:Katerina Sakellaropoulou
5683:Alexander Van der Bellen
3957:. France. 11 July 2024.
3748:7 September 2024 at the
3104:, BBC, 3 September 2009
2916:Up Station Mountain Club
1908:25 November 2009 at the
1786:3 September 2011 at the
1763:7 September 2024 at the
1691:12 December 2023 at the
941:published a book titled
806:Human rights in Cameroon
800:Opposition and criticism
663:
615:with Nigerian president
442:Presidency: 1982–present
402:Early life and education
6073:Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa
5859:Frank-Walter Steinmeier
3123:24 October 2011 at the
2651:African Security Review
2198:16 October 2012 at the
1870:, rfi.fr, 22 July 2006
1843:8 February 2012 at the
1838:"21 ANS DE TĂ‚TONNEMENT"
1805:22 October 2006 at the
1090:crimes against humanity
1074:Anglophone Cameroonians
966:Michel Thierry Atangana
548:Social Democratic Front
478:Cameroon National Union
426:, and in France at the
8070:Presidents of Cameroon
5484:Tharman Shanmugaratnam
4861:Mohamed Ould Ghazouani
4289:
4275:Simon Pierre Tchoungui
4270:Vincent de Paul Ahanda
4155:
4012:Simon Pierre Tchoungui
2941:Belibi, Jean Francis.
1721:19 August 2017 at the
1159:
1105:extrajudicial killings
1065:
1008:
982:prisoner of conscience
959:prisoner of conscience
924:
919:US Secretary of State
858:
831:
608:
565:
517:
488:
6298:Rodrigo Chaves Robles
5987:Myriam Spiteri Debono
5775:Nikos Christodoulides
5570:Serdar Berdimuhamedow
5383:Ukhnaagiin KhĂĽrelsĂĽkh
5312:Kassym-Jomart Tokayev
5048:Hassan Sheikh Mohamud
4990:Bassirou Diomaye Faye
4917:Abdourahamane Tchiani
4875:Prithvirajsing Roopun
4507:Évariste Ndayishimiye
4287:
4153:
4070:President of Cameroon
3863:Premium Times Nigeria
3843:28 March 2024 at the
3772:28 March 2024 at the
3739:Francis B. Nyamnjoh:
3689:panafricanvisions.com
3598:Cameroon Concord News
3264:www.cameroon-info.net
3177:Amnesty International
1954:, AFP, 10 April 2008
1781:Elections in Cameroon
1367:10.1353/jod.1995.0048
1328:www.cameroonvoice.com
1157:
1059:
1006:
990:Amnesty International
951:Amnesty International
918:
856:
817:
804:Further information:
746:Long Island, New York
602:
556:
511:
502:military coup attempt
486:
345:president of Cameroon
49:President of Cameroon
6245:Recep Tayyip ErdoÄźan
5845:Salome Zourabichvili
5711:Alexander Lukashenko
5512:Ranil Wickremesinghe
5200:Mohammed Shahabuddin
4747:Umaro Sissoco EmbalĂł
4633:Abdel Fattah el-Sisi
4605:Denis Sassou Nguesso
4436:Abdelmadjid Tebboune
4357:Peter Mafany Musonge
4325:(1975–present)
4323:Republic of Cameroon
4313:Salomon Tandeng Muna
4181:(1975–present)
4179:Republic of Cameroon
4046:Salomon Tandeng Muna
3719:Investir au Cameroun
3691:. 14 November 2019.
2618:10.1093/afraf/adi004
1927:5 March 2013 at the
1888:Agence France Presse
1824:4 March 2016 at the
1714:Jonathan C. Randal,
1355:Journal of Democracy
1239:15 June 2013 at the
1169:In 1961, he married
1070:large scale protests
810:Politics of Cameroon
757:UN Secretary-General
428:Lycée Louis-le-Grand
357:oldest head of state
164:Position established
100:Peter Mafany Musonge
6769:Nikenike Vurobaravu
6741:Surangel Whipps Jr.
6259:Volodymyr Zelenskyy
6195:Karin Keller-Sutter
5669:Vahagn Khachaturyan
5340:Thongloun Sisoulith
5105:Samia Suluhu Hassan
5076:Salva Kiir Mayardit
4619:IsmaĂŻl Omar Guelleh
4337:Bello Bouba Maigari
4036:Bello Bouba Maigari
3440:The Washington Post
2998:(in French). Prc.cm
2493:on 24 December 2018
2143:. 22 October 2018.
2082:. 3 November 2011.
2056:on 25 February 2016
1993:. 22 October 2010.
1950:22 May 2011 at the
1727:The Washington Post
1452:. 20 October 2011.
1330:. 29 October 2012.
1046:Anglophone Cameroon
828:Metropolitan Museum
765:Mohamed Ibn Chambas
750:Greentree Agreement
613:Greentree Agreement
459:in 1972, he became
414:in what is now the
376:multiparty politics
175:Bello Bouba Maigari
84:Bello Bouba Maigari
8080:Sciences Po alumni
6671:Wiliame Katonivere
6453:Christine Kangaloo
6230:Vadim Krasnoselsky
5915:Michael D. Higgins
5584:Shavkat Mirziyoyev
5412:Ram Chandra Poudel
5284:Abdul Latif Rashid
5175:Emmerson Mnangagwa
5161:Hakainde Hichilema
4308:Augustine Ngom Jua
4290:
4156:
4004:Political offices
3209:on 1 December 2011
2310:. 27 August 1986.
2217:CameroonOnline.org
1890:, 25 October 2004.
1183:Paul Biya married
1160:
1133:false flag attacks
1078:Southern Cameroons
1066:
1009:
978:political prisoner
937:In November 2010,
925:
895:Diplomatic Service
885:of Swaziland (now
863:David Wallechinsky
859:
840:Southern Cameroons
832:
609:
566:
559:Secretary of State
546:of the opposition
518:
489:
467:Because Biya is a
434:, going on to the
8027:
8026:
7644:
7643:
6840:Patricia Scotland
6835:Secretary-General
6778:
6777:
6312:Miguel DĂaz-Canel
6161:Nataša Pirc Musar
5929:Sergio Mattarella
5901:Halla TĂłmasdĂłttir
5729:Željka Cvijanović
4761:Alassane Ouattara
4478:Mokgweetsi Masisi
4380:
4379:
4352:Simon Achidi Achu
4201:
4200:
4083:
4082:
4055:
4033:Succeeded by
4021:
3815:. 30 April 2021.
3789:. 31 March 2021.
3476:. 24 April 2017.
3411:. 21 April 2017.
3270:on 22 March 2016.
3179:. 12 April 2011.
3147:International PEN
3076:on 8 October 2011
2461:African Arguments
2307:Los Angeles Times
2223:on 6 January 2015
2023:. 21 October 2011
1596:IsongAsu (2021).
1371:Project MUSE
1297:978-2-84586-684-3
1185:Chantal Vigouroux
1171:Jeanne-Irène Biya
1064:on 9 January 2022
955:International PEN
891:William Quantrill
879:Equatorial Guinea
857:Paul Biya in 2014
738:Olusegun Obasanjo
725:of the chiefs of
647:Foreign relations
617:Olusegun Obasanjo
588:1996 Constitution
564:in September 2002
334:
333:
268:Chantal Vigouroux
241:Jeanne-Irène Biya
96:Simon Achidi Achu
8087:
7671:
7664:
7657:
7648:
7647:
7637:
7633:
7632:
7623:
7619:
7618:
7609:
7605:
7604:
7595:
7591:
7590:
7581:
7577:
7576:
7567:
7563:
7562:
7553:
7549:
7548:
7539:
7535:
7534:
7525:
7521:
7520:
7511:
7507:
7506:
7497:
7493:
7492:
7483:
7479:
7478:
7469:
7465:
7464:
7455:
7451:
7450:
7441:
7437:
7436:
7427:
7423:
7422:
7413:
7409:
7408:
7399:
7395:
7394:
7385:
7381:
7380:
7371:
7367:
7366:
7357:
7353:
7352:
7343:
7339:
7338:
7329:
7325:
7324:
7315:
7311:
7310:
7301:
7297:
7296:
7287:
7283:
7282:
7273:
7269:
7268:
7259:
7255:
7254:
7245:
7241:
7240:
7231:
7227:
7226:
7217:
7213:
7212:
7203:
7199:
7198:
7189:
7185:
7184:
7175:
7171:
7170:
7161:
7157:
7156:
7147:
7143:
7142:
7133:
7129:
7128:
7119:
7115:
7114:
7105:
7101:
7100:
7091:
7087:
7086:
7077:
7073:
7072:
7063:
7059:
7058:
7049:
7045:
7044:
7035:
7031:
7030:
7021:
7017:
7016:
7007:
7003:
7002:
6993:
6989:
6988:
6979:
6975:
6974:
6965:
6961:
6960:
6951:
6947:
6946:
6937:
6933:
6932:
6923:
6922:
6912:
6911:
6902:
6898:
6897:
6888:
6884:
6883:
6874:
6870:
6869:
6805:
6798:
6791:
6782:
6781:
6771:
6767:
6766:
6757:
6753:
6752:
6743:
6739:
6738:
6729:
6725:
6724:
6715:
6711:
6710:
6701:
6697:
6696:
6687:
6683:
6682:
6673:
6669:
6668:
6648:
6644:
6643:
6634:
6632:Luis Lacalle Pou
6630:
6629:
6620:
6616:
6615:
6606:
6602:
6601:
6592:
6588:
6587:
6578:
6574:
6573:
6564:
6560:
6559:
6550:
6546:
6545:
6536:
6532:
6531:
6522:
6518:
6517:
6508:
6504:
6503:
6494:
6490:
6489:
6469:
6465:
6464:
6455:
6451:
6450:
6441:
6439:José Raúl Mulino
6437:
6436:
6427:
6423:
6422:
6413:
6409:
6408:
6399:
6395:
6394:
6385:
6380:
6379:
6370:
6368:Bernardo Arévalo
6366:
6365:
6356:
6352:
6351:
6342:
6338:
6337:
6328:
6324:
6323:
6314:
6310:
6309:
6300:
6296:
6295:
6286:
6282:
6281:
6261:
6257:
6256:
6247:
6243:
6242:
6233:
6227:
6226:
6217:
6189:
6188:
6179:
6173:
6172:
6163:
6159:
6158:
6149:
6147:Peter Pellegrini
6145:
6144:
6135:
6133:Aleksandar Vučić
6131:
6130:
6121:
6119:Milena Gasperoni
6115:Alessandro Rossi
6113:
6112:
6103:
6099:
6098:
6089:
6085:
6084:
6075:
6071:
6070:
6061:
6057:
6056:
6047:
6041:
6040:
6031:
6027:
6026:
6017:
6013:
6012:
6003:
5999:
5998:
5989:
5985:
5984:
5975:
5971:
5970:
5961:
5959:Edgars Rinkēvičs
5957:
5956:
5947:
5941:
5940:
5931:
5927:
5926:
5917:
5913:
5912:
5903:
5899:
5898:
5889:
5885:
5884:
5875:
5871:
5870:
5861:
5857:
5856:
5847:
5843:
5842:
5833:
5829:
5828:
5819:
5815:
5814:
5805:
5801:
5800:
5791:
5787:
5786:
5777:
5773:
5772:
5763:
5759:
5758:
5749:
5745:
5744:
5735:
5723:
5722:
5713:
5709:
5708:
5699:
5695:
5694:
5685:
5681:
5680:
5671:
5667:
5666:
5657:
5653:
5652:
5643:
5637:
5636:
5616:
5611:
5610:
5601:
5596:
5595:
5586:
5582:
5581:
5572:
5568:
5567:
5558:
5554:
5553:
5544:
5538:
5537:
5528:
5524:
5523:
5514:
5510:
5509:
5500:
5496:
5495:
5486:
5482:
5481:
5472:
5468:
5467:
5458:
5452:
5451:
5442:
5440:Asif Ali Zardari
5438:
5437:
5428:
5424:
5423:
5414:
5410:
5409:
5400:
5395:
5394:
5385:
5381:
5380:
5371:
5367:
5366:
5357:
5352:
5351:
5342:
5338:
5337:
5328:
5324:
5323:
5314:
5310:
5309:
5300:
5296:
5295:
5286:
5282:
5281:
5272:
5268:
5267:
5258:
5254:
5253:
5244:
5240:
5239:
5230:
5228:José Ramos-Horta
5226:
5225:
5216:
5212:
5211:
5202:
5198:
5197:
5177:
5173:
5172:
5163:
5159:
5158:
5149:
5145:
5144:
5135:
5131:
5130:
5121:
5119:Faure Gnassingbé
5117:
5116:
5107:
5103:
5102:
5093:
5088:
5087:
5078:
5074:
5073:
5064:
5060:
5059:
5050:
5046:
5045:
5036:
5030:
5029:
5020:
5018:Julius Maada Bio
5016:
5015:
5006:
5004:Wavel Ramkalawan
5002:
5001:
4992:
4988:
4987:
4978:
4976:Carlos Vila Nova
4974:
4973:
4964:
4958:
4957:
4948:
4944:
4943:
4934:
4930:
4929:
4920:
4915:
4914:
4905:
4901:
4900:
4891:
4887:
4886:
4877:
4873:
4872:
4863:
4859:
4858:
4849:
4844:
4843:
4834:
4832:Lazarus Chakwera
4830:
4829:
4820:
4816:
4815:
4806:
4803:Mohamed al-Menfi
4801:
4800:
4791:
4787:
4786:
4777:
4773:
4772:
4763:
4759:
4758:
4749:
4745:
4744:
4735:
4732:Mamady Doumbouya
4730:
4729:
4720:
4716:
4715:
4706:
4702:
4701:
4692:
4687:
4686:
4677:
4675:Sahle-Work Zewde
4673:
4672:
4663:
4659:
4658:
4649:
4645:
4644:
4635:
4631:
4630:
4621:
4617:
4616:
4607:
4603:
4602:
4593:
4591:FĂ©lix Tshisekedi
4589:
4588:
4579:
4575:
4574:
4565:
4561:
4560:
4551:
4547:
4546:
4537:
4535:José Maria Neves
4533:
4532:
4523:
4519:
4518:
4509:
4505:
4504:
4495:
4490:
4489:
4480:
4476:
4475:
4466:
4462:
4461:
4452:
4448:
4447:
4438:
4434:
4433:
4407:
4400:
4393:
4384:
4383:
4288:Flag of Cameroon
4247:
4228:
4221:
4214:
4205:
4204:
4154:Flag of Cameroon
4128:
4109:
4102:
4095:
4086:
4085:
4060:Preceded by
4049:
4043:Preceded by
4015:
4009:Preceded by
4001:
4000:
3988:
3987:
3985:Official website
3971:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3945:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3915:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3874:
3854:
3848:
3835:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3809:
3803:
3802:
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3798:
3783:
3777:
3762:
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3737:
3731:
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3728:
3726:
3711:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3700:
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3675:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3650:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3620:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3590:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3559:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3451:
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3425:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3266:. Archived from
3256:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3153:on 23 April 2011
3139:
3128:
3115:
3109:
3107:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3066:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3050:on 17 March 2011
3046:. Archived from
3040:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3024:on 4 August 2012
3014:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3003:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2966:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2945:. Archived from
2938:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2881:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2854:
2841:
2832:
2823:
2822:
2813:(1/2): 135–153.
2802:
2793:
2787:
2778:
2772:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2752:
2745:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2705:
2699:
2693:
2687:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2629:
2612:(415): 275–301.
2601:
2595:
2594:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2515:. 25 June 2008.
2509:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2209:
2203:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2042:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1965:
1959:
1957:
1942:
1936:
1934:
1919:
1913:
1900:
1891:
1884:
1875:
1873:
1858:
1852:
1850:
1835:
1829:
1816:
1810:
1797:
1791:
1778:
1769:
1753:
1744:
1741:
1730:
1712:
1697:
1681:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1636:encyclopedia.com
1627:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1281:
1275:
1262:
1247:
1245:
1231:
1200:, who is also a
1199:
1086:Southwest Region
1082:Northwest Region
1072:broke out among
906:InterContinental
742:Greentree estate
593:violent protests
372:one-party system
326:
284:
282:
278:
260:
258:
254:
207:
204:13 February 1933
203:
201:
185:Personal details
171:
161:
142:
120:
80:
70:
35:
21:
20:
8095:
8094:
8090:
8089:
8088:
8086:
8085:
8084:
8030:
8029:
8028:
8023:
7902:
7690:
7689:Organisation of
7684:
7675:
7645:
7640:
7627:
7626:
7613:
7612:
7599:
7598:
7585:
7584:
7571:
7570:
7557:
7556:
7543:
7542:
7529:
7528:
7515:
7514:
7501:
7500:
7487:
7486:
7473:
7472:
7459:
7458:
7445:
7444:
7431:
7430:
7417:
7416:
7403:
7402:
7389:
7388:
7375:
7374:
7361:
7360:
7347:
7346:
7333:
7332:
7319:
7318:
7305:
7304:
7291:
7290:
7277:
7276:
7263:
7262:
7249:
7248:
7235:
7234:
7221:
7220:
7207:
7206:
7193:
7192:
7179:
7178:
7165:
7164:
7151:
7150:
7137:
7136:
7123:
7122:
7109:
7108:
7095:
7094:
7081:
7080:
7067:
7066:
7053:
7052:
7039:
7038:
7025:
7024:
7019:Christodoulides
7011:
7010:
6997:
6996:
6983:
6982:
6969:
6968:
6955:
6954:
6941:
6940:
6927:
6926:
6916:
6906:
6905:
6892:
6891:
6878:
6877:
6864:
6863:
6855:
6846:Chair-in-Office
6814:
6809:
6779:
6774:
6761:
6760:
6747:
6746:
6733:
6732:
6719:
6718:
6705:
6704:
6691:
6690:
6677:
6676:
6663:
6662:
6651:
6638:
6637:
6624:
6623:
6610:
6609:
6596:
6595:
6582:
6581:
6568:
6567:
6554:
6553:
6540:
6539:
6526:
6525:
6512:
6511:
6498:
6497:
6484:
6483:
6472:
6459:
6458:
6445:
6444:
6431:
6430:
6417:
6416:
6403:
6402:
6389:
6388:
6374:
6373:
6360:
6359:
6346:
6345:
6332:
6331:
6326:Sylvanie Burton
6318:
6317:
6304:
6303:
6290:
6289:
6276:
6275:
6264:
6251:
6250:
6237:
6236:
6221:
6220:
6183:
6182:
6167:
6166:
6153:
6152:
6139:
6138:
6125:
6124:
6107:
6106:
6093:
6092:
6079:
6078:
6065:
6064:
6051:
6050:
6035:
6034:
6021:
6020:
6015:Jakov Milatović
6007:
6006:
5993:
5992:
5979:
5978:
5973:Gitanas NausÄ—da
5965:
5964:
5951:
5950:
5935:
5934:
5921:
5920:
5907:
5906:
5893:
5892:
5879:
5878:
5865:
5864:
5851:
5850:
5837:
5836:
5831:Emmanuel Macron
5823:
5822:
5817:Alexander Stubb
5809:
5808:
5795:
5794:
5781:
5780:
5767:
5766:
5761:Zoran Milanović
5753:
5752:
5739:
5738:
5725:Denis Bećirović
5717:
5716:
5703:
5702:
5689:
5688:
5675:
5674:
5661:
5660:
5647:
5646:
5631:
5630:
5619:
5613:Rashad al-Alimi
5605:
5604:
5590:
5589:
5576:
5575:
5562:
5561:
5548:
5547:
5532:
5531:
5526:Bashar al-Assad
5518:
5517:
5504:
5503:
5490:
5489:
5476:
5475:
5470:Bongbong Marcos
5462:
5461:
5446:
5445:
5432:
5431:
5418:
5417:
5404:
5403:
5397:Min Aung Hlaing
5389:
5388:
5375:
5374:
5361:
5360:
5346:
5345:
5332:
5331:
5318:
5317:
5304:
5303:
5290:
5289:
5276:
5275:
5262:
5261:
5248:
5247:
5234:
5233:
5220:
5219:
5206:
5205:
5192:
5191:
5180:
5167:
5166:
5153:
5152:
5147:Yoweri Museveni
5139:
5138:
5125:
5124:
5111:
5110:
5097:
5096:
5082:
5081:
5068:
5067:
5062:Cyril Ramaphosa
5054:
5053:
5040:
5039:
5024:
5023:
5010:
5009:
4996:
4995:
4982:
4981:
4968:
4967:
4952:
4951:
4938:
4937:
4924:
4923:
4909:
4908:
4895:
4894:
4881:
4880:
4867:
4866:
4853:
4852:
4838:
4837:
4824:
4823:
4818:Andry Rajoelina
4810:
4809:
4795:
4794:
4781:
4780:
4767:
4766:
4753:
4752:
4739:
4738:
4724:
4723:
4718:Nana Akufo-Addo
4710:
4709:
4696:
4695:
4681:
4680:
4667:
4666:
4653:
4652:
4639:
4638:
4625:
4624:
4611:
4610:
4597:
4596:
4583:
4582:
4577:Azali Assoumani
4569:
4568:
4555:
4554:
4541:
4540:
4527:
4526:
4513:
4512:
4499:
4498:
4484:
4483:
4470:
4469:
4456:
4455:
4442:
4441:
4428:
4427:
4416:
4411:
4381:
4376:
4317:
4303:John Ngu Foncha
4291:
4279:
4248:
4241:
4235:Prime ministers
4232:
4202:
4197:
4173:
4157:
4145:
4129:
4122:
4113:
4073:
4065:
4048:
4038:
4029:
4014:
3996:World Statesmen
3983:
3982:
3979:
3974:
3964:
3962:
3947:
3946:
3942:
3932:
3930:
3917:
3916:
3912:
3902:
3900:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3872:
3870:
3855:
3851:
3845:Wayback Machine
3836:
3832:
3822:
3820:
3811:
3810:
3806:
3796:
3794:
3785:
3784:
3780:
3774:Wayback Machine
3763:
3756:
3750:Wayback Machine
3738:
3734:
3724:
3722:
3713:
3712:
3708:
3698:
3696:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3668:
3666:
3651:
3647:
3637:
3635:
3630:. 26 May 2017.
3622:
3621:
3617:
3607:
3605:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3577:
3575:
3560:
3547:
3537:
3535:
3526:Le Monde, AFP.
3524:
3520:
3510:
3508:
3497:
3493:
3483:
3481:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3449:
3447:
3432:
3428:
3418:
3416:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3388:
3386:
3371:
3367:
3357:
3355:
3340:
3336:
3326:
3324:
3309:
3305:
3295:
3293:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3243:
3241:
3226:
3222:
3212:
3210:
3201:
3200:
3196:
3186:
3184:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3156:
3154:
3141:
3140:
3131:
3125:Wayback Machine
3116:
3112:
3105:
3102:Wayback Machine
3093:
3089:
3079:
3077:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3053:
3051:
3042:
3041:
3037:
3027:
3025:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3001:
2999:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2979:
2977:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2952:
2950:
2949:on 29 June 2011
2939:
2935:
2925:
2923:
2908:
2904:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2872:
2868:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2839:
2833:
2826:
2803:
2796:
2788:
2781:
2773:
2766:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2743:
2737:
2733:
2723:
2721:
2706:
2702:
2694:
2690:
2682:
2678:
2647:
2643:
2606:African Affairs
2602:
2598:
2567:
2563:
2553:
2551:
2536:
2532:
2522:
2520:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2496:
2494:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2470:
2468:
2453:
2449:
2439:
2437:
2430:The Daily Beast
2422:
2418:
2408:
2406:
2391:
2387:
2377:
2375:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2347:
2345:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2317:
2315:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2285:
2283:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2259:
2257:
2240:
2236:
2226:
2224:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2200:Wayback Machine
2191:
2187:
2182:. p. 2598.
2164:
2160:
2150:
2148:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2120:
2118:
2103:
2099:
2089:
2087:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2059:
2057:
2044:
2043:
2036:
2026:
2024:
2021:Washington Post
2015:
2014:
2010:
2000:
1998:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1952:Wayback Machine
1943:
1939:
1932:
1929:Wayback Machine
1920:
1916:
1910:Wayback Machine
1901:
1894:
1885:
1878:
1871:
1868:Wayback Machine
1859:
1855:
1848:
1845:Wayback Machine
1836:
1832:
1826:Wayback Machine
1817:
1813:
1807:Wayback Machine
1798:
1794:
1788:Wayback Machine
1779:
1772:
1765:Wayback Machine
1754:
1747:
1742:
1733:
1723:Wayback Machine
1713:
1700:
1693:Wayback Machine
1682:
1667:
1657:
1655:
1628:
1621:
1611:
1609:
1594:
1590:
1580:
1578:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1550:
1548:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1520:
1518:
1511:www.voanews.com
1505:
1504:
1500:
1490:
1488:
1473:
1469:
1459:
1457:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1429:
1427:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1386:
1382:
1351:
1347:
1337:
1335:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1307:
1305:
1298:
1282:
1278:
1272:Wayback Machine
1263:
1250:
1243:
1241:Wayback Machine
1232:
1223:
1219:
1193:
1152:
1054:
1048:
996:, and the U.N.
976:. Considered a
930:Parade Magazine
822:and First Lady
812:
802:
774:
722:
700:
666:
654:
649:
449:
444:
404:
359:in the world.
311:
289:
286:
274:
270:
262:
250:
246:
243:
222:Political party
216:
214:French Cameroon
208:
205:
199:
197:
196:
195:
169:
159:
143:
138:
118:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
78:
73:6 November 1982
72:
66:
61:
38:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8093:
8083:
8082:
8077:
8072:
8067:
8062:
8057:
8052:
8047:
8042:
8025:
8024:
8022:
8021:
8016:
8011:
8006:
8001:
7996:
7991:
7986:
7981:
7976:
7971:
7966:
7961:
7956:
7951:
7946:
7941:
7936:
7931:
7926:
7921:
7916:
7910:
7908:
7904:
7903:
7901:
7900:
7895:
7890:
7885:
7880:
7875:
7870:
7865:
7860:
7855:
7850:
7845:
7840:
7835:
7830:
7825:
7820:
7815:
7810:
7805:
7800:
7795:
7790:
7785:
7780:
7775:
7770:
7765:
7760:
7755:
7750:
7745:
7740:
7735:
7730:
7725:
7720:
7715:
7710:
7705:
7700:
7694:
7692:
7686:
7685:
7674:
7673:
7666:
7659:
7651:
7642:
7641:
7639:
7638:
7624:
7610:
7596:
7582:
7568:
7554:
7540:
7526:
7512:
7509:Wickremesinghe
7498:
7484:
7470:
7456:
7442:
7428:
7414:
7400:
7386:
7372:
7358:
7344:
7330:
7316:
7302:
7288:
7274:
7260:
7246:
7232:
7218:
7204:
7190:
7176:
7162:
7148:
7134:
7120:
7106:
7092:
7078:
7064:
7050:
7036:
7022:
7008:
6994:
6980:
6966:
6952:
6938:
6924:
6903:
6889:
6875:
6860:
6857:
6856:
6854:
6853:
6842:
6831:
6819:
6816:
6815:
6808:
6807:
6800:
6793:
6785:
6776:
6775:
6773:
6772:
6758:
6744:
6730:
6716:
6702:
6688:
6674:
6659:
6657:
6653:
6652:
6650:
6649:
6646:Nicolás Maduro
6635:
6621:
6607:
6593:
6579:
6565:
6551:
6537:
6523:
6509:
6495:
6480:
6478:
6474:
6473:
6471:
6470:
6456:
6442:
6428:
6414:
6400:
6397:Xiomara Castro
6386:
6371:
6357:
6343:
6329:
6315:
6301:
6287:
6272:
6270:
6266:
6265:
6263:
6262:
6248:
6234:
6218:
6203:Ignazio Cassis
6180:
6164:
6150:
6136:
6122:
6104:
6101:Vladimir Putin
6090:
6087:Klaus Iohannis
6076:
6062:
6048:
6032:
6018:
6004:
5990:
5976:
5962:
5948:
5932:
5918:
5904:
5890:
5876:
5862:
5848:
5834:
5820:
5806:
5792:
5778:
5764:
5750:
5736:
5714:
5700:
5686:
5672:
5658:
5644:
5627:
5625:
5621:
5620:
5618:
5617:
5602:
5587:
5573:
5559:
5556:Emomali Rahmon
5545:
5529:
5515:
5501:
5487:
5473:
5459:
5443:
5429:
5415:
5401:
5386:
5372:
5369:Mohamed Muizzu
5358:
5343:
5329:
5315:
5301:
5287:
5273:
5259:
5245:
5242:Droupadi Murmu
5231:
5217:
5203:
5188:
5186:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5178:
5164:
5150:
5136:
5122:
5108:
5094:
5079:
5065:
5051:
5037:
5033:Muse Bihi Abdi
5021:
5007:
4993:
4979:
4965:
4949:
4935:
4921:
4906:
4903:Nangolo Mbumba
4892:
4878:
4864:
4850:
4835:
4821:
4807:
4792:
4778:
4764:
4750:
4736:
4721:
4707:
4693:
4678:
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4661:Isaias Afwerki
4650:
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4622:
4608:
4594:
4580:
4566:
4552:
4538:
4524:
4510:
4496:
4492:Ibrahim Traoré
4481:
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4418:
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4409:
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4305:
4299:
4297:
4293:
4292:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4265:Charles Assalé
4262:
4260:Ahmadou Ahidjo
4256:
4254:
4250:
4249:
4231:
4230:
4223:
4216:
4208:
4199:
4198:
4196:
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4188:Ahmadou Ahidjo
4184:
4182:
4175:
4174:
4172:
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4169:Ahmadou Ahidjo
4165:
4163:
4159:
4158:
4148:
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4141:Ahmadou Ahidjo
4137:
4135:
4131:
4130:
4112:
4111:
4104:
4097:
4089:
4081:
4080:
4075:
4066:
4063:Ahmadou Ahidjo
4061:
4057:
4056:
4044:
4040:
4039:
4034:
4031:
4022:
4010:
4006:
4005:
3999:
3998:
3989:
3978:
3977:External links
3975:
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1361:(3): 112–127.
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1109:United Nations
1050:Main article:
1047:
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939:Bertrand Teyou
824:Michelle Obama
801:
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790:Gulf of Guinea
773:
770:
721:
718:
699:
696:
692:United Nations
665:
662:
653:
650:
648:
645:
605:George W. Bush
557:Biya and U.S.
453:Ahmadou Ahidjo
448:
445:
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364:Ahmadou Ahidjo
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124:Ahmadou Ahidjo
121:
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79:Prime Minister
75:
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68:Assumed office
63:
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55:
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8045:Living people
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7907:African Union
7905:
7899:
7896:
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7889:
7886:
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7709:
7706:
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7701:
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7695:
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7691:African Unity
7687:
7683:
7682:African Union
7679:
7672:
7667:
7665:
7660:
7658:
7653:
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7649:
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7230:
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6992:
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6765:
6759:
6756:
6751:
6745:
6742:
6737:
6731:
6728:
6723:
6717:
6714:
6713:Wesley Simina
6709:
6703:
6700:
6695:
6689:
6686:
6685:Taneti Maamau
6681:
6675:
6672:
6667:
6661:
6660:
6658:
6654:
6647:
6642:
6636:
6633:
6628:
6622:
6619:
6618:Chan Santokhi
6614:
6608:
6605:
6604:Dina Boluarte
6600:
6594:
6591:
6590:Santiago Peña
6586:
6580:
6577:
6572:
6566:
6563:
6558:
6552:
6549:
6548:Gustavo Petro
6544:
6538:
6535:
6534:Gabriel Boric
6530:
6524:
6521:
6516:
6510:
6507:
6502:
6496:
6493:
6488:
6482:
6481:
6479:
6477:South America
6475:
6468:
6463:
6457:
6454:
6449:
6443:
6440:
6435:
6429:
6426:
6425:Daniel Ortega
6421:
6415:
6412:
6407:
6401:
6398:
6393:
6387:
6383:
6378:
6372:
6369:
6364:
6358:
6355:
6350:
6344:
6341:
6340:Luis Abinader
6336:
6330:
6327:
6322:
6316:
6313:
6308:
6302:
6299:
6294:
6288:
6285:
6280:
6274:
6273:
6271:
6269:North America
6267:
6260:
6255:
6249:
6246:
6241:
6235:
6232:
6231:
6225:
6219:
6216:
6212:
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6077:
6074:
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6055:
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6045:
6039:
6033:
6030:
6025:
6019:
6016:
6011:
6005:
6002:
5997:
5991:
5988:
5983:
5977:
5974:
5969:
5963:
5960:
5955:
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5933:
5930:
5925:
5919:
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5905:
5902:
5897:
5891:
5888:
5883:
5877:
5874:
5869:
5863:
5860:
5855:
5849:
5846:
5841:
5835:
5832:
5827:
5821:
5818:
5813:
5807:
5804:
5799:
5793:
5790:
5785:
5779:
5776:
5771:
5765:
5762:
5757:
5751:
5748:
5743:
5737:
5734:
5733:Željko Komšić
5730:
5726:
5721:
5715:
5712:
5707:
5701:
5698:
5693:
5687:
5684:
5679:
5673:
5670:
5665:
5659:
5656:
5651:
5645:
5642:
5641:
5640:Aslan Bzhania
5635:
5629:
5628:
5626:
5622:
5614:
5609:
5603:
5599:
5594:
5588:
5585:
5580:
5574:
5571:
5566:
5560:
5557:
5552:
5546:
5543:
5542:
5536:
5530:
5527:
5522:
5516:
5513:
5508:
5502:
5499:
5498:Yoon Suk Yeol
5494:
5488:
5485:
5480:
5474:
5471:
5466:
5460:
5457:
5456:
5455:Mahmoud Abbas
5450:
5444:
5441:
5436:
5430:
5427:
5422:
5416:
5413:
5408:
5402:
5398:
5393:
5387:
5384:
5379:
5373:
5370:
5365:
5359:
5355:
5350:
5344:
5341:
5336:
5330:
5327:
5326:Sadyr Japarov
5322:
5316:
5313:
5308:
5302:
5299:
5294:
5288:
5285:
5280:
5274:
5271:
5266:
5260:
5257:
5252:
5246:
5243:
5238:
5232:
5229:
5224:
5218:
5215:
5210:
5204:
5201:
5196:
5190:
5189:
5187:
5183:
5176:
5171:
5165:
5162:
5157:
5151:
5148:
5143:
5137:
5134:
5129:
5123:
5120:
5115:
5109:
5106:
5101:
5095:
5091:
5086:
5080:
5077:
5072:
5066:
5063:
5058:
5052:
5049:
5044:
5038:
5035:
5034:
5028:
5022:
5019:
5014:
5008:
5005:
5000:
4994:
4991:
4986:
4980:
4977:
4972:
4966:
4963:
4962:
4956:
4950:
4947:
4942:
4936:
4933:
4928:
4922:
4918:
4913:
4907:
4904:
4899:
4893:
4890:
4885:
4879:
4876:
4871:
4865:
4862:
4857:
4851:
4847:
4842:
4836:
4833:
4828:
4822:
4819:
4814:
4808:
4804:
4799:
4793:
4790:
4789:Joseph Boakai
4785:
4779:
4776:
4771:
4765:
4762:
4757:
4751:
4748:
4743:
4737:
4733:
4728:
4722:
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4714:
4708:
4705:
4700:
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4685:
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4609:
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4573:
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4525:
4522:
4517:
4511:
4508:
4503:
4497:
4493:
4488:
4482:
4479:
4474:
4468:
4465:
4464:Patrice Talon
4460:
4454:
4451:
4450:João Lourenço
4446:
4440:
4437:
4432:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4408:
4403:
4401:
4396:
4394:
4389:
4388:
4385:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4367:Philémon Yang
4365:
4363:
4362:EphraĂŻm Inoni
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4347:Sadou Hayatou
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4320:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4294:
4286:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4251:
4245:
4240:
4236:
4229:
4224:
4222:
4217:
4215:
4210:
4209:
4206:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4176:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4160:
4152:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4126:
4121:
4117:
4110:
4105:
4103:
4098:
4096:
4091:
4090:
4087:
4079:
4074:1982–present
4072:
4071:
4064:
4058:
4054:
4053:
4047:
4041:
4037:
4028:
4027:
4020:
4019:
4013:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3993:
3990:
3986:
3981:
3980:
3960:
3956:
3955:
3950:
3944:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3914:
3898:
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3868:
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3860:
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3808:
3792:
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3599:
3595:
3589:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3533:
3530:(in French).
3529:
3522:
3506:
3502:
3495:
3479:
3475:
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3467:
3461:
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3406:
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3384:
3380:
3376:
3369:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3338:
3322:
3319:(in French).
3318:
3317:Jeune Afrique
3314:
3307:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3277:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3255:
3239:
3236:(in French).
3235:
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2917:
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2906:
2891:
2889:9780060590048
2885:
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2786:
2784:
2776:
2771:
2769:
2749:
2742:
2735:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2704:
2698:, p. 14.
2697:
2692:
2686:, p. 54.
2685:
2684:Cornwell 2006
2680:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
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2637:
2633:
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2169:
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2138:
2132:
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2112:
2108:
2101:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2039:
2022:
2018:
2012:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1941:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1918:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1899:
1897:
1889:
1883:
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1869:
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1447:
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1395:
1391:
1390:Africa Report
1384:
1376:
1372:
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515:
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510:
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465:
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6727:David Adeang
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6354:Nayib Bukele
6284:Sandra Mason
6228:
6207:Albert Rösti
6199:Guy Parmelin
6191:Viola Amherd
6176:Alan Gagloev
6174:
6059:Andrzej Duda
6042:
5944:Vjosa Osmani
5942:
5887:Tamás Sulyok
5697:Ilham Aliyev
5655:Bajram Begaj
5638:
5541:Lai Ching-te
5539:
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5298:Isaac Herzog
5270:Ali Khamenei
5031:
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4959:
4889:Filipe Nyusi
4846:Assimi GoĂŻta
4775:William Ruto
4704:Adama Barrow
4689:Brice Oligui
4563:Mahamat DĂ©by
4520:
4372:Joseph Ngute
4331:
4192:
4077:
4068:
4051:
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4024:
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3892:
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3807:
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3723:. Retrieved
3718:
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3688:
3679:
3667:. Retrieved
3659:The Guardian
3658:
3648:
3636:. Retrieved
3627:
3618:
3606:. Retrieved
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3576:. Retrieved
3567:
3536:. Retrieved
3521:
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3448:. Retrieved
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3429:
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3387:. Retrieved
3378:
3368:
3356:. Retrieved
3347:
3337:
3325:. Retrieved
3316:
3306:
3294:. Retrieved
3286:www1.umn.edu
3285:
3276:
3268:the original
3263:
3254:
3242:. Retrieved
3233:
3223:
3211:. Retrieved
3207:the original
3197:
3185:. Retrieved
3167:
3155:. Retrieved
3151:the original
3113:
3090:
3078:. Retrieved
3074:the original
3064:
3052:. Retrieved
3048:the original
3038:
3026:. Retrieved
3022:the original
3012:
3000:. Retrieved
2990:
2978:. Retrieved
2964:
2951:. Retrieved
2947:the original
2936:
2924:. Retrieved
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2905:
2893:. Retrieved
2877:
2869:
2857:. Retrieved
2843:
2810:
2806:
2755:. Retrieved
2734:
2722:. Retrieved
2713:
2703:
2691:
2679:
2657:(4): 48–55.
2654:
2650:
2644:
2609:
2605:
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2570:
2564:
2552:. Retrieved
2543:
2533:
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2507:
2495:. Retrieved
2491:the original
2481:
2469:. Retrieved
2460:
2450:
2438:. Retrieved
2429:
2419:
2407:. Retrieved
2399:The Guardian
2398:
2388:
2376:. Retrieved
2367:
2358:
2346:. Retrieved
2337:
2328:
2316:. Retrieved
2305:
2296:
2284:. Retrieved
2270:
2258:. Retrieved
2247:
2237:
2225:. Retrieved
2221:the original
2216:
2207:
2188:
2171:
2167:
2161:
2149:. Retrieved
2140:
2131:
2119:. Retrieved
2110:
2100:
2088:. Retrieved
2079:
2070:
2058:. Retrieved
2054:the original
2049:
2025:. Retrieved
2020:
2011:
1999:. Retrieved
1990:
1981:
1972:
1963:
1940:
1917:
1887:
1856:
1833:
1814:
1809:, UNHCR.org.
1795:
1756:
1726:
1684:
1656:. Retrieved
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1610:. Retrieved
1601:
1591:
1579:. Retrieved
1570:
1561:
1549:. Retrieved
1540:
1531:
1519:. Retrieved
1510:
1501:
1489:. Retrieved
1481:The Guardian
1480:
1470:
1458:. Retrieved
1449:
1440:
1428:. Retrieved
1419:
1410:
1393:
1389:
1383:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1336:. Retrieved
1327:
1318:
1306:. Retrieved
1286:
1279:
1207:social media
1189:
1182:
1179:
1168:
1161:
1140:
1137:
1117:
1098:
1092:, including
1067:
1040:
1033:
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1018:
1010:
963:
946:
942:
936:
928:
926:
899:
860:
844:
833:
820:Barack Obama
779:
775:
754:
731:
723:
711:
708:
704:
701:
685:
678:
670:state visits
667:
655:
641:
636:John Fru Ndi
629:
625:
610:
585:
578:
574:
567:
562:Colin Powell
544:John Fru Ndi
537:
530:
519:
493:
490:
466:
450:
416:South Region
405:
369:
361:
340:
336:
335:
170:Succeeded by
139:
112:Joseph Ngute
67:
56:
37:Biya in 2022
18:
8040:1933 births
7964:Hailemariam
6851:Paul Kagame
6829:Charles III
6699:Hilda Heine
6044:Ersin Tatar
5747:Rumen Radev
5426:Kim Jong Un
5256:Joko Widodo
4946:Paul Kagame
4932:Bola Tinubu
3923:www.bbc.com
3721:(in French)
3669:8 September
3578:8 September
3511:15 November
3234:Paris Match
3106:(in French)
2953:1 September
2577:(1): 1–22.
1956:(in French)
1933:(in French)
1872:(in French)
1849:(in French)
1632:"Paul Biya"
1581:22 November
1567:"Biography"
1551:22 November
1537:"Biography"
1308:18 November
1244:(in French)
1194: [
1191:Brenda Biya
1175:Franck Biya
974:Titus Edzoa
945:(English: "
902:Switzerland
883:King Mswati
727:Old Calabar
714:Ebola virus
494:in absentia
406:Ethnically
160:Preceded by
119:Preceded by
8034:Categories
8004:Tshisekedi
7969:Abdel Aziz
7883:Bouteflika
7728:Boumédiène
7537:Gnassingbé
7439:Ramkalawan
7089:Akufo-Addo
6576:Irfaan Ali
6001:Maia Sandu
5803:Alar Karis
5789:Petr Pavel
5214:Xi Jinping
5133:Kais Saied
4116:Presidents
4030:1975–1982
3699:28 January
3499:BBC News.
3244:16 October
3080:6 November
3054:2010-12-04
3028:6 November
3002:6 November
2980:6 November
2972:. Prc.cm.
2746:(Report).
2151:28 October
2121:16 October
2090:4 November
2060:4 November
2027:4 November
2001:4 November
1973:www.un.org
1571:www.prc.cm
1541:www.prc.cm
1420:Al Jazeera
1217:References
1029:Ahmed Abba
921:John Kerry
836:Anglophone
782:Boko Haram
760:Kofi Annan
526:World Bank
524:(IMF) and
200:1933-02-13
8019:Ghazouani
8014:Assoumani
7999:Ramaphosa
7949:Mutharika
7898:Mwanawasa
7843:Babangida
7768:Ramgoolam
7748:Hassan II
7635:Hichilema
7495:Ramaphosa
7411:Gonsalves
6506:Luis Arce
6467:Joe Biden
6215:Beat Jans
4521:Paul Biya
4342:Luc Ayang
4332:Paul Biya
4193:Paul Biya
4078:Incumbent
3847:(english)
2696:Amin 2020
2671:144062623
2627:1887/3500
2591:214047726
2471:4 October
2318:15 August
2227:5 January
1521:26 August
1450:France 24
1402:195170870
1396:(1): 41.
1125:gendarmes
1101:Ambazonia
1036:Mimi Mefo
674:Hu Jintao
412:Mvomeka'a
337:Paul Biya
319:Signature
305:Education
210:Mvomeka'a
149:President
140:In office
88:Luc Ayang
58:Incumbent
25:Paul Biya
7924:Obasanjo
7919:Chissano
7878:Compaoré
7838:Museveni
7803:Mengistu
7718:Selassie
7698:Selassie
7680:and the
7593:Museveni
7551:Sovaleni
7425:Mataʻafa
7257:Jugnauth
7201:Chakwera
7187:Matekane
7103:Mitchell
6886:Albanese
4239:Cameroon
4120:Cameroon
3992:Cameroon
3959:Archived
3954:Le Monde
3927:Archived
3897:Archived
3867:Archived
3841:Archived
3817:Archived
3791:Archived
3770:Archived
3746:Archived
3693:Archived
3663:Archived
3632:Archived
3602:Archived
3572:Archived
3568:BBC News
3538:23 March
3532:Archived
3505:Archived
3478:Archived
3444:Archived
3413:Archived
3409:BBC News
3383:Archived
3352:Archived
3327:12 April
3321:Archived
3296:12 April
3290:Archived
3238:Archived
3187:21 April
3181:Archived
3157:21 April
3121:Archived
3098:Archived
2974:Archived
2920:Archived
2895:31 March
2850:Archived
2819:45341604
2757:23 April
2748:Archived
2724:23 April
2718:Archived
2548:Archived
2517:Archived
2465:Archived
2434:Archived
2403:Archived
2372:Archived
2342:Archived
2312:Archived
2280:Archived
2254:Archived
2196:Archived
2176:Belgrade
2145:Archived
2141:BBC News
2115:Archived
2084:Archived
2080:BBC News
1995:Archived
1948:Archived
1925:Archived
1906:Archived
1864:Archived
1841:Archived
1822:Archived
1803:Archived
1784:Archived
1761:Archived
1719:Archived
1689:Archived
1658:29 March
1652:Archived
1606:Archived
1575:Archived
1545:Archived
1515:Archived
1485:Archived
1454:Archived
1424:Archived
1398:ProQuest
1332:Archived
1302:Archived
1268:Archived
1237:Archived
1120:BBC News
1094:genocide
1084:and the
1062:CAN 2021
887:Eswatini
871:Zimbabwe
469:Catholic
420:Cameroon
355:and the
294:Children
212:, Ntem,
7944:Gaddafi
7939:Kikwete
7929:Nguesso
7893:Chiluba
7888:Eyadéma
7858:Ben Ali
7853:Mubarak
7833:Mubarak
7818:Nguesso
7808:Nyerere
7793:Stevens
7788:Senghor
7783:Tolbert
7778:Nimeiry
7708:Nkrumah
7607:Starmer
7341:Shehbaz
7145:Holness
7047:Dlamini
7033:Skerrit
7005:Trudeau
6977:Bolkiah
6949:Briceño
6935:Mottley
6656:Oceania
3965:13 July
3933:13 July
3893:BBC.com
3823:28 June
3797:28 June
3725:11 July
3638:28 June
3628:Tribune
3608:28 June
3484:28 June
3474:Reuters
3450:28 June
3419:28 June
3389:28 June
3358:28 June
2926:25 June
2636:3518445
2050:Reuters
1338:11 July
984:by the
970:Yaoundé
720:Nigeria
690:at the
681:Wang Yi
630:In the
621:Bakassi
607:in 2003
568:In the
516:in 1986
424:Yaoundé
285:
273:
261:
249:
245:
232:Spouses
7989:Kagame
7974:Mugabe
7954:Obiang
7934:Kufuor
7873:Mugabe
7828:Traoré
7823:Kaunda
7743:Daddah
7738:Kaunda
7733:Ahidjo
7723:Mobutu
7713:Ankrah
7703:Nasser
7621:Salwai
7565:Rowley
7481:Manele
7397:Pierre
7369:Kagame
7355:Marape
7327:Tinubu
7299:Adeang
7285:Mbumba
7229:Muizzu
7173:Maamau
7075:Barrow
7061:Rabuka
6963:Masisi
6919:Acting
6872:Browne
6213:, and
5731:, and
5624:Europe
5598:Tô Lâm
4421:Africa
3903:8 July
3873:8 July
3348:Quartz
2886:
2859:4 June
2817:
2669:
2634:
2589:
2554:4 June
2523:4 June
2497:4 June
2440:4 June
2409:4 June
2378:4 June
2348:4 June
2286:4 June
2260:3 July
1612:21 May
1491:28 May
1460:28 May
1430:28 May
1400:
1373:
1294:
1211:TikTok
1164:France
909:Geneva
881:, and
698:Israel
658:France
652:France
473:Muslim
394:, and
339:(born
299:Franck
279:
7984:Condé
7914:Mbeki
7863:Meles
7848:Diouf
7813:Diouf
7773:Bongo
7758:Barre
7753:Gowon
7523:Samia
7313:Luxon
7271:Nyusi
7243:Abela
7215:Anwar
6914:Yunus
6900:Davis
3213:5 May
2853:(PDF)
2840:(PDF)
2815:JSTOR
2751:(PDF)
2744:(PDF)
2667:S2CID
2632:JSTOR
2587:S2CID
2249:Axios
2170:[
1375:16689
1202:LGBTQ
1198:]
1143:Paris
664:China
432:Paris
283:)
275:(
271:
259:)
251:(
247:
71:
8009:Sall
7994:Sisi
7979:DĂ©by
7959:Boni
7868:Biya
7763:Amin
7467:Wong
7383:Drew
7159:Ruto
7131:Modi
6991:Biya
6824:Head
6117:and
5185:Asia
4244:list
4125:list
3967:2024
3935:2024
3905:2024
3875:2024
3825:2024
3799:2024
3727:2024
3701:2020
3671:2021
3640:2017
3610:2017
3580:2021
3540:2024
3513:2018
3486:2017
3452:2017
3421:2017
3391:2017
3360:2017
3329:2016
3298:2016
3246:2022
3215:2011
3189:2011
3159:2011
3082:2011
3030:2011
3004:2011
2982:2011
2955:2016
2928:2019
2897:2023
2884:ISBN
2861:2023
2759:2024
2726:2024
2556:2023
2525:2023
2499:2023
2473:2021
2442:2023
2411:2023
2380:2023
2350:2023
2320:2024
2288:2023
2262:2020
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