544:, containing 136 patterns for using information and communication to promote sustainability, democracy and positive social change, was published in 2008 along with a website containing even more patterns. The deck "Group Works: A Pattern Language for Bringing Life to Meetings and Other Gatherings" was published in 2011. The idea of a pattern language has also been applied in
427:: Observe that most people consider chocolate to be the best part of the chocolate chip cookie. Also observe that too much chocolate may prevent the cookie from holding together, decreasing its appeal. Since you are cooking in small batches, cost is not a consideration. Therefore, use the maximum amount of chocolate chips that results in a really sturdy cookie.
180:, etc.) is left to the discretion of the designer, depending on the problem. This explicitly lets a designer explore a design, starting from some small part. When this happens, it's common for a designer to realize that the problem is actually part of a larger solution. At this point, the design almost always becomes a better design.
188:
concerned, empowered users, as a powerful way to form very workable large-scale initial solutions, maximizing the utility of a design, and minimizing the design rework. The desire to empower users of architecture was, in fact, what led
Alexander to undertake a pattern language project for architecture in the first place.
169:
problems resulting from the larger solution. Occasionally, the smaller problems have no solution, and a different larger solution must be selected. Eventually all of the remaining design problems are small enough or routine enough to be solved by improvisation by the builders, and the "design" is done.
281:
Alexander uses a special text layout to mark the different sections of his patterns. For instance, the problem statement and the solution statement are printed in bold font, the latter is always preceded by the "Therefore:" keyword. Some authors instead use explicit labels, which creates some degree
218:
Patterns can also vary in how far they are proven in the real world. Alexander gives each pattern a rating by zero, one or two stars, indicating how well they are proven in real-world examples. It is generally claimed that all patterns need at least some existing real-world examples. It is, however,
143:
This simplifies the design work because designers can start the process from any part of the problem they understand and work toward the unknown parts. At the same time, if the pattern language has worked well for many projects, there is reason to believe that even a designer who does not completely
373:
by helping to coordinate actions for diverse people and communities who are working together on significant shared problems. Alexander's specifications for using pattern languages as well as creating new ones remain influential, and his books are referenced for style by experts in unrelated fields.
254:
Usually a pattern contains a rationale referring to some given values. For
Christopher Alexander, it is most important to think about the people who will come in contact with a piece of architecture. One of his key values is making these people feel more alive. He talks about the "quality without a
241:
For instance, there could be a pattern suggesting a wireless telephone. The forces would be the need to communicate, and the need to get other things done at the same time (cooking, inspecting the bookshelf). A very specific pattern would be just "WIRELESS TELEPHONE". More general patterns would be
196:
An important aspect of design patterns is to identify and document the key ideas that make a good system different from a poor system (that may be a house, a computer program or an object of daily use), and to assist in the design of future systems. The idea expressed in a pattern should be general
127:
that describes how the solution solves a problem or produces a benefit. So, if the benefit is unneeded, the solution is not used. Perhaps that part of the design can be left empty to save money or other resources; if people do not need to wait to enter a room, a simple doorway can replace a waiting
258:
More generally, we could say that a good system should be accepted, welcomed and happily embraced as an enrichment of daily life by those who are meant to use it, or – even better – by all people it affects. For instance, when discussing a street café, Alexander discusses the possible desires of a
485:
is a careful description of a perennial solution to a recurring problem within a building context, describing one of the configurations that brings life to a building. Each pattern describes a problem that occurs over and over again in our environment, and then describes the core solution to that
310:
Even without the pattern description, these links, along with meaningful names, carry a message: When building a place outside where people can spend time ("PUBLIC OUTDOOR ROOM"), consider to surround it by stairs where people can sit ("STAIR SEATS"). If you are planning an office ("WORKSHOPS AND
187:
The most difficult part of having an outside expert apply a pattern language is in fact to get a reliable, complete list of the problems to be solved. Of course, the people most familiar with the problems are the people that need a design. So, Alexander famously advocated on-site improvisation by
168:
useful, design patterns must be related to each other in position and utility order to form a pattern language. Christopher
Alexander's work describes a process of decomposition, in which the designer has a problem (perhaps a commercial assignment), selects a solution, then discovers new, smaller
47:
A pattern language can also be an attempt to express the deeper wisdom of what brings aliveness within a particular field of human endeavor, through a set of interconnected patterns. Aliveness is one placeholder term for "the quality that has no name": a sense of wholeness, spirit, or grace, that
277:
Christopher
Alexander's patterns, for instance, each consist of a short name, a rating (up to two '*' symbols), a sensitizing picture, the context description, the problem statement, a longer part of text with examples and explanations, a solution statement, a sketch and further references. This
214:
Still, the problems and solutions described in a pattern can vary in their level of abstraction and generality on the one side, and specificity on the other side. In the end this depends on the author's preferences. However, even a very abstract pattern will usually contain examples that are, by
290:
When design is done by a team, pattern names will form a vocabulary they can share. This makes it necessary for pattern names to be easy to remember and highly descriptive. Some examples from
Alexander's works are WINDOW PLACE (helps define where windows should go in a room) and A PLACE TO WAIT
222:
The patterns in
Alexander's book also vary in their level of scale – some describing how to build a town or neighbourhood, others dealing with individual buildings and the interior of rooms. Alexander sees the low-scale artifacts as constructive elements of the large-scale world, so they can be
262:
The same thinking can be applied to technical devices such as telephones and cars, to social structures like a team working on a project, or to the user interface of a computer program. The qualities of a software system, for instance, could be rated by observing whether users spend their time
131:
In the language description, grammar and syntax cross index (often with a literal alphabetic index of pattern names) to other named solutions, so the designer can quickly think from one solution to related, needed solutions, and document them in a logical way. In
Christopher Alexander's book
85:
such as "door" or "partnership" are versatile ideals of design, either as found in experience or for use as components in practice, explicitly described as holistic resolutions of the forces in recurrent contexts and circumstances, whether in architecture, medicine, software development or
343:
Alexander encouraged people who used his system to expand his language with patterns of their own. In order to enable this, his books do not focus strictly on architecture or civil engineering; he also explains the general method of pattern languages. The original concept for the book
144:
understand the design problem at first will complete the design process, and the result will be usable. For example, skiers coming inside must shed snow and store equipment. The messy snow and boot cleaners should stay outside. The equipment needs care, so the racks should be inside.
120:, a description that shows where the solution fits in a larger, more comprehensive or more abstract design. This automatically links the solution into a web of other needed solutions. For example, rooms have ways to get light, and ways to get people in and out.
200:
The range of situations in which the problems and solutions addressed in a pattern apply is called its context. An important part in each pattern is to describe this context. Examples can further illustrate how the pattern applies to very different situation.
348:
was that it would be published in the form of a 3-ring binder, so that pages could easily be added later; this proved impractical in publishing. The pattern language approach has been used to document expertise in diverse fields. Some examples are
245:
Though quite unspecific in its context, the forces in the "SECONDARY ACTIVITY" pattern are very similar to those in "WIRELESS TELEPHONE". Thus, the competing forces can be seen as part of the essence of a design concept expressed in a pattern.
183:
In the language, therefore, each pattern has to indicate its relationships to other patterns and to the language as a whole. This gives the designer using the language a great deal of guidance about the related problems that must be solved.
307:. A pattern that is linked to in the "references" usually addresses a problem of lower scale, that is suggested as a part of the higher-scale problem. For instance, the "PUBLIC OUTDOOR ROOM" pattern has a reference to "STAIR SEATS".
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or other sequential set of steps to be followed, with only one correct path from start to finish, is also not a pattern language. However, the process of designing a new recipe might benefit from the use of a pattern language.
299:
A pattern language, as conceived by
Alexander, contains links from one pattern to another, so when trying to apply one pattern in a project, a designer is pushed to other patterns that are considered helpful in its context.
311:
OFFICES"), consider to arrange workspaces in small groups ("SMALL WORKING GROUPS"). Alexander argues that the connections in the network can be considered even more meaningful than the text of the patterns themselves.
453:
of buildings and towns and how they should be solved. The solutions proposed in the book include suggestions ranging from how cities and towns should be structured to where windows should be placed in a room.
385:
symbol collection are not pattern languages. They could more closely be compared to an alphabet: their symbols could be used to document a pattern language, but they are not a language by themselves. A
274:
Usually the author of a pattern language or collection chooses a generic structure for all the patterns it contains, breaking each into generic sections like context, problem statement, solution etc.
62:
When a designer designs something – whether a house, computer program, or lamp – they must make many decisions about how to solve problems. A single problem is documented with its typical place (the
242:"WIRELESS DEVICE" or "SECONDARY ACTIVITY", suggesting that a secondary activity (such as talking on the phone, or inspecting the pockets of your jeans) should not interfere with other activities.
235:
A pattern must characterize the problems that it is meant to solve, the context or situation where these problems arise, and the conditions under which the proposed solutions can be recommended.
78:. Each pattern has a name, a descriptive entry, and some cross-references, much like a dictionary entry. A documented pattern should explain why that solution is good in the pattern's contexts.
48:
while of varying form, is precise and empirically verifiable. Alexander claims that ordinary people can use this design approach to successfully solve very large, complex design problems.
671:
PURPLSOC meeting on the many open scientific questions, e.g. regarding the theoretical background of patterns and the practical implementation of pattern methods in research and teaching.
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arguing that there are deep relationships between wikis and pattern languages, and that wikis "were in fact developed as tools to facilitate efficient sharing and modifying of patterns".
238:
Often these problems arise from a conflict of different interests or "forces". A pattern emerges as a dialogue that will then help to balance the forces and finally make a decision.
204:
For instance, Alexander's pattern "A PLACE TO WAIT" addresses bus stops in the same way as waiting rooms in a surgery, while still proposing helpful and constructive solutions. The
314:
The links in
Alexander's book clearly result in a hierarchic network. Alexander draws a parallel to the hierarchy of a grammar – that is one argument for him to speak of a pattern
1049:
Christopher
Alexander, Sara Ishikawa, Murray Silverstein (1974). 'A Collection of Patterns which Generate Multi-Service Centres' in Declan and Margrit Kennedy (eds.):
494:
is a network of patterns that call upon one another. Patterns help us remember insights and knowledge about design and can be used in combination to create solutions.
321:
The idea of linking is generally accepted among pattern authors, though the semantic rationale behind the links may vary. Some authors, however, like Gamma et al. in
34:, each of which describes a problem and the core of a solution that can be used in many ways within a specific field of expertise. The term was coined by architect
327:, make only little use of pattern linking – possibly because it did not make that much sense for their collection of patterns. In such a case we would speak of a
266:
By focusing on the impacts on human life, we can identify patterns that are independent from changing technology, and thus find "timeless quality" (Alexander).
303:
In Alexander's book, such links are collected in the "references" part, and echoed in the linked pattern's "context" part – thus the overall structure is a
86:
governance, etc. Patterns might be invented or found and studied, such as the naturally occurring patterns of design that characterize human environments.
857:
Cloutier, Robert J.; Muller, Gerrit; Verma, Dinesh; Nilchiani, Roshanak; Hole, Eirik; Bone, Mary (March 2010). "The concept of reference architectures".
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that was written by Christopher Alexander and five colleagues at the Center for Environmental Structure in Berkeley, California in the late 1970s. While
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101:– but a pattern language applies to some complex activity other than communication. In pattern languages for design, the parts break down in this way:
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goes into more depth about the motivation and purpose of the work. The following definitions of "pattern" and "pattern language" are paraphrased from
540:
and William Kuechler with 66 patterns; the second revised and expanded edition of this book has been published in 2015 with 84 patterns. The book
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1152:
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contains 253 "patterns" from the first pattern, "Independent Regions" (the most general) to the last, "Things from Your Life", Alexander's book
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618:
369:, social action patterns, and group facilitation patterns. The pattern language approach has also been recommended as a way to promote
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have been used to document good practices in teaching. Since at least the mid-2000s, the idea of pattern language was introduced into
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621: – classification of buildings and urban places, according to their characteristics and association with different categories
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enough to be applied in very different systems within its context, but still specific enough to give constructive guidance.
113:. So, for example, the language for architecture describes items like: settlements, buildings, rooms, windows, latches, etc.
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by Gamma et al. proposes solutions that are independent of the programming language, and the program's application domain.
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problem, in such a way that you can use the solution a million times over, without ever doing it the same way twice."
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Guiding Patterns of Naturally Occurring Design: Elements. PURPLSOC 2015 proceedings, July 3-5 2015 Krems, Austria
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Proceedings of the 20th Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs, October 23–26, 2013, Monticello, Illinois
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Christopher Alexander's idea has been adopted in other disciplines, often much more heavily than the original
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This article is about the structured design approach by architect Christopher Alexander. For other uses, see
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Cloutier, Robert J.; Verma, Dinesh (June 2007). "Applying the concept of patterns to systems architecture".
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Portland Urban Architecture Research Laboratory Symposium 2009, presentation by 4 of 6 original authors of
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445:, an architect and author, coined the term pattern language. He used it to refer to common problems of the
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The framework and philosophy of the "pattern language" approach was initially popularized in the book
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The web of relationships in the index of the language provides many paths through the design process.
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Edible Forest Gardens, Volume II: Ecological Design And Practice for Temperate-Climate Permaculture
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For additional discussion of motivation and rationale as well as examples and experiments, see:
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Andy Dearden, Janet Finlay (January 2006). "Pattern Languages in HCI: A critical review".
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Pattern Theory: Introduction and Perspectives on the Tracks of Christopher Alexander
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801:"Analysis of design: an exploration of patterns and pattern languages for pedagogy"
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Group Works: A Pattern Language for Bringing Life to Meetings and Other Gatherings
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136:, the patterns are in decreasing order by size, with a separate alphabetic index.
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780:. Portland Urban Architecture Research Laboratory Conference, Portland, OR, 2009
771:"Choosing success: pattern languages as critical enablers of civic intelligence"
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409:: You are baking chocolate chip cookies in small batches for family and friends
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Use of patterns for scenario development for large scale aerospace projects
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conceivable to document yet unimplemented ideas in a pattern-like format.
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structure and layout is sometimes referred to as the "Alexandrian form".
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Liberating Voices: A Pattern Language for Communication Revolution
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Liberating Voices: A Pattern Language for Communication Revolution
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Design Science Research Methods and Patterns, 2nd Edition
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Journal of Computers in Mathematics and Science Teaching
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Aggregation in an associative network (pattern language)
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relationships to each other in order to make a spoken
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Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1067:A Pattern Language: Towns, Buildings, Construction
694:A Pattern Language: Towns, Buildings, Construction
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259:guest, but also mentions people who just walk by.
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895:, Auerbach Publications, October 2007, 248 pages
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377:It is important to note that notations such as
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604: – Approximate method for doing something
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598: – Movement in contemporary architecture
516:in software engineering and, more generally,
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975:(2005). "A Forest Garden Pattern Language".
893:Design Science Research Methods and Patterns
1214:Liberating Voices! Pattern Language Project
1181:, by the Center for Environmental Structure
433:: NutRatio or CookingTime or FreezingMethod
89:Like all languages, a pattern language has
1216:— Short versions of patterns available in
726:Alexander, Christopher, The Oregon Project
619:Typology (urban planning and architecture)
615: – Interdisciplinary study of systems
518:architectural patterns in computer science
215:nature, absolutely concrete and specific.
16:Method of describing good design practices
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263:enjoying or struggling with the system.
1053:Architects Year Book 14, Elek, London.
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504:application of patterns to architecture
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1210:– A set of team communication patterns
1147:A Pattern Language for Pattern Writing
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497:
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1204:– A pattern language of group process
172:The actual organizational structure (
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919:"Liberating Voices Pattern Language"
575: – Chinese traditional practice
250:Patterns contain their own rationale
30:is an organized and coherent set of
1158:Lean Startup Business Model Pattern
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512:. Examples since the 1990s include
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415:: SugarRatio, FlourRatio, EggRatio
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904:Vaishnavi. V.K. and Kuechler, W.
891:Vaishnavi, V.K. and Kuechler, W.
799:Fincher, Sally (September 1999).
38:and popularized by his 1977 book
21:Pattern language (disambiguation)
1167:Patterns for Effective Use Cases
1149:by Gerard Meszaros and Jim Doble
1089:. USA: Oxford University Press.
944:"Group Pattern Language Project"
1197:The Portland Pattern Repository
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105:The language description – the
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74:. Each such entry is a single
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413:Consider these patterns first
148:Many patterns form a language
1087:The Timeless Way of Building
979:. White River Junction, VT:
908:, CRC Press, 2015, 415 pages
645:The Timeless Way of Building
534:Design science (methodology)
470:The Timeless Way of Building
270:Generic structure and layout
192:Design problems in a context
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1163:What Is a Quality Use Case?
647:. Oxford University Press.
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522:interaction design patterns
395:Simple example of a pattern
359:interaction design patterns
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1173:Online pattern collections
1021:. PLoP '13. Corryton, TN:
1013:"Wiki as pattern language"
738:Human Computer Interaction
596:Complementary architecture
558:, coauthored a paper with
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1141:About patterns in general
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355:computer science patterns
1256:Knowledge representation
1119:Leitner, Helmut (2015):
981:Chelsea Green Publishing
524:. Since the late 1990s,
514:software design patterns
506:as depicted in the book
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1072:Oxford University Press
1025:. pp. 32:1–32:14.
923:publicsphereproject.org
778:publicsphereproject.org
700:Oxford University Press
586: – Design approach
116:Each solution includes
81:Elemental or universal
1085:Alexander, C. (1979).
1064:Alexander, C. (1977).
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351:architectural patterns
123:The solution includes
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443:Christopher Alexander
36:Christopher Alexander
1241:Architectural theory
1100:Schuler, D. (2008).
530:systems architecture
526:pedagogical patterns
403:: ChocolateChipRatio
363:pedagogical patterns
206:"Gang-of-Four" book
1179:patternlanguage.com
1009:Mehaffy, Michael W.
983:. pp. 63–139.
859:Systems Engineering
824:Systems Engineering
498:Application domains
231:Balancing of forces
1208:The Core Protocols
1193:– Patterns for HCI
1023:The Hillside Group
948:groupworksdeck.org
769:Schuler, Douglas.
756:A Pattern Language
579:Method engineering
554:, the inventor of
509:A Pattern Language
475:A Pattern Language
465:A Pattern Language
460:A Pattern Language
371:civic intelligence
346:A Pattern Language
225:hierarchic network
134:A Pattern Language
52:What is a pattern?
41:A Pattern Language
1114:978-0-262-69366-0
1095:978-0-19-502402-9
1080:978-0-19-501919-3
871:10.1002/sys.20129
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156:must have
107:vocabulary
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316:language
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774:(PDF)
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