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had developed a flowchart (originally, diagram) to plan computer programs. His contemporary account was endorsed by IBM engineers and by
Goldstine's personal recollections. The original programming flowcharts of Goldstine and von Neumann can be found in their unpublished report, "Planning and coding
441:
Reversible flowcharts represent a paradigm in computing that focuses on the reversibility of computational processes. Unlike traditional computing models, where operations are often irreversible, reversible flowcharts ensure that any atomic computational step can be reversed. Reversible flowcharts
154:
A flowchart is described as "cross-functional" when the chart is divided into different vertical or horizontal parts, to describe the control of different organizational units. A symbol appearing in a particular part is within the control of that organizational unit. A cross-functional flowchart
428:...". More recently, Mark A. Fryman (2001) identified more differences: "Decision flowcharts, logic flowcharts, systems flowcharts, product flowcharts, and process flowcharts are just a few of the different types of flowcharts that are used in business and government".
1250:
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allows the author to correctly locate the responsibility for performing an action or making a decision, and to show the responsibility of each organizational unit for different parts of a single process.
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is used, which uses the common idioms of such languages without strictly adhering to the details of a particular one. Also, flowcharts are not well-suited for new programming techniques such as
376:
Sterneckert (2003) suggested that flowcharts can be modeled from the perspective of different user groups (such as managers, system analysts and clerks), and that there are four general types:
521:, oval or rounded (fillet) rectangle. They usually contain the word "Start" or "End", or another phrase signaling the start or end of a process, such as "submit inquiry" or "receive product".
830:, two or more processes continue as a single process, indicated by a bar with several incoming paths and one outgoing path. All processes must complete before the single process continues.
211:
Common alternative names include: flow chart, process flowchart, functional flowchart, process map, process chart, functional process chart, business process model, process model, process
555:
Shows a conditional operation that determines which one of the two paths the program will take. The operation is commonly a yes/no question or true/false test. Represented as a diamond (
593:
Indicating additional information about a step in the program. Represented as an open rectangle with a dashed or solid line connecting it to the corresponding symbol in the flowchart.
102:
The flowchart shows the steps as boxes of various kinds, and their order by connecting the boxes with arrows. This diagrammatic representation illustrates a solution model to a given
502:
Shows the process's order of operation. A line coming from one symbol and pointing at another. Arrowheads are added if the flow is not the standard top-to-bottom, left-to right.
285:, applied the flow process chart to information processing with his development of the multi-flow process chart, to present multiple documents and their relationships. In 1947,
135:
Flowcharts are used to design and document simple processes or programs. Like other types of diagrams, they help visualize the process. Two of the many benefits are flaws and
858:. Many software packages exist that can create flowcharts automatically, either directly from a programming language source code, or from a flowchart description language.
1467:"ISO 5807:1985: Information processing — Documentation symbols and conventions for data, program and system flowcharts, program network charts and system resources charts"
443:
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Any drawing program can be used to create flowchart diagrams, but these will have no underlying data model to share data with databases or other programs such as
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447:
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Information processing – Documentation symbols and conventions for data, program and system flowcharts, program network charts and system resources charts
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Pairs of labeled connectors replace long or confusing lines on a flowchart page. Represented by a small circle with a letter inside.
304:
of problems for an electronic computing instrument, Part II, Volume 1" (1947), which is reproduced in von
Neumann's collected works.
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258:
began to train business people in the use of some of the tools of industrial engineering at his Work
Simplification Conferences in
247:
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823:, the process creates one or more additional processes, indicated by a bar with one incoming path and two or more outgoing paths.
408:
However, there are some different classifications. For example, Andrew
Veronis (1978) named three basic types of flowcharts: the
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with the longest parallel side at the top, to represent an operation or adjustment to process that can only be made manually.
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structure of a flowchart is a flow graph, which abstracts away node types, their contents and other ancillary information.
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that use flowcharts to represent and execute programs. Generally these are used as teaching tools for beginner students.
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horizontal lines or a horizontal bar indicate the start or end of a section of processes that can be done independently:
1604:
158:
Flowcharts represent certain aspects of processes and are usually complemented by other types of diagram. For instance,
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adopted a symbol set derived from
Gilbreth's original work as the "ASME Standard: Operation and Flow Process Charts."
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2141:
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Indicates the process of inputting and outputting data, as in entering data or displaying results. Represented as a
475:, was published in 1985 and last reviewed in 2019. Generally, flowcharts flow from top to bottom and left to right.
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420:. That same year Marilyn Bohl (1978) stated "in practice, two kinds of flowcharts are used in solution planning:
405:
Notice that every type of flowchart focuses on some kind of control, rather than on the particular flow itself.
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106:. Flowcharts are used in analyzing, designing, documenting or managing a process or program in various fields.
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Shows named process which is defined elsewhere. Represented as a rectangle with double-struck vertical edges.
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in the presentation "Process Charts: First Steps in
Finding the One Best Way to do Work", to members of the
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In addition, many diagram techniques are similar to flowcharts but carry a different name, such as
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diagram, business flow diagram. The terms "flowchart" and "flow chart" are used interchangeably.
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Represents a set of operations that changes value, form, or location of data. Represented as a
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is represented by two horizontal lines at the beginning or ending of simultaneous operations
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Bohl, Rynn: "Tools for
Structured and Object-Oriented Design", Prentice Hall, 2007.
884:
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350:
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195:
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59:
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Visual programming, programming by example, and program visualization: a taxonomy.
757:, with the top irregularly sloping up from left to right, like the side view of a
342:
Nevertheless, flowcharts were still used in the early 21st century for describing
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A labeled connector for use when the target is on another page. Represented as a
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Indicates the beginning and ending of a program or sub-process. Represented as a
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780:, originally used for steps like setting a switch or initializing a routine.
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198:, which is a type of flowchart, is just one of many different diagram types.
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72:
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A simple flowchart representing a process for dealing with a non-functioning
1387:
Discovering
Computers, Complete: Your Interactive Guide to the Digital World
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Reasoning with
Diagrams: Decision-Making and Problem-Solving with Diagrams
1466:
657:
The ANSI/ISO standards include symbols beyond the basic shapes. Some are:
139:
may become apparent. Flowcharts typically use the following main symbols:
3811:
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2999:
1971:
855:
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Multiple documents represented as a stack of rectangles with wavy bases.
365:
332:
324:
194:, a standard concept-modeling notation used in software development, the
175:
95:. A flowchart can also be defined as a diagrammatic representation of an
467:(ANSI) set standards for flowcharts and their symbols in the 1960s. The
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2006:
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Yokoyama, Tetsuo; Axelsen, Holger Bock; Glück, Robert (January 2016).
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1469:. International Organization for Standardization. February 1985
909:
565:
354:
234:
The first structured method for documenting process flow, the "
205:
1382:
471:(ISO) adopted the ANSI symbols in 1970. The current standard,
311:, but its popularity decreased in the 1970s, when interactive
281:, another 1944 graduate, Director of Formcraft Engineering at
3791:
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2712:
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where he developed their
Deliberate Methods Change Program.
3438:
3301:
3294:
2960:
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2505:
2116:
286:
250:
in 1921. The Gilbreths' tools quickly found their way into
1443:
Fundamentals of Engineering Programming with C and Fortran
3925:
3615:
2667:
1042:
Gilbreth, Frank Bunker; Gilbreth, Lillian Moller (1921).
369:
383:, showing controls over a document-flow through a system
254:
curricula. In the early 1930s, an industrial engineer,
1630:: Diagrams for the chemical and petrochemical industry
323:, since algorithms can be expressed more concisely as
1536:
Embedded Microcomputer Systems: Real Time Interfacing
1378:
1376:
1374:
357:
can be considered to be extensions of the flowchart.
1705:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
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1360:
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1356:
1354:
1291:
1533:
450:and energy-efficient reversible computing systems.
401:, showing the controls in a program within a system
307:The flowchart became a popular tool for describing
1168:
1132:
395:, showing controls at a physical or resource level
1609:. International Organization for Standardization.
1590:" ACM SIGCHI Bulletin. Vol. 17. No. 4. ACM, 1986.
1561:
1351:
131:The loop will cause five asterisks to be printed.
4006:
1657:." (1963); with introduction by Edward Heiliger.
1294:"Fundamentals of reversible flowchart languages"
1120:. The University of Illinois Press. p. 112.
1095:ASME standard; operation and flow process charts
1093:American Society of Mechanical Engineers (1947)
1041:
1026:SEVOCAB: Software Systems Engineering Vocabulary
1436:
389:, showing controls over a data-flow in a system
248:American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
54:"Flow chart" redirects here. For the poem, see
1557:
1555:
1513:"What do the different flowchart shapes mean?"
1445:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 32–36.
469:International Organization for Standardization
208:are an alternative notation for process flow.
1691:
1432:
99:, a step-by-step approach to solving a task.
51:Diagram that represents a workflow or process
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1619:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1552:
1527:
1065:. American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
150:A decision is usually denoted by a diamond.
15:
1698:
1684:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1207:. Vol. 5. Macmillan. pp. 80–151.
16:
1566:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 68–69.
1409:
1383:Gary B. Shelly; Misty E. Vermaat (2011).
1342:
1324:
1309:
1225:
1223:
1163:
1602:
1247:Microprocessors: Design and Applications
838:
364:
113:
66:
24:This is an accepted version of this page
1481:
1175:. Princeton University Press. pp.
1171:The Computer from Pascal to Von Neumann
1110:
843:A screenshot of the flowchart software
834:
446:, and are a theoretical foundation for
14:
4007:
1538:. Cengage Learning. pp. 131–132.
1507:
1505:
1503:
1220:
1074:
786:
317:third-generation programming languages
1679:
1672:: An IBM manual from 1969 (5 MB; PDF)
1130:
465:American National Standards Institute
129:for(i=0;i<5;i++) printf("*");
1199:
1117:Calculating Instruments and Machines
873:
164:seven basic tools of quality control
162:defined the flowchart as one of the
1500:
1494:Flowcharting Techniques GC20-8152-1
1075:Graham, Ben S. Jr. (10 June 1996).
1019:
952:
878:
861:There are several applications and
127:, representing the following code:
48:
1596:
1081:Keynote Address at Workflow Canada
969:Data and information visualization
703:Single documents represented as a
453:
269:Art Spinanger, a 1944 graduate of
147:, is denoted by a rectangular box.
143:A process step, usually called an
49:
4056:
1661:
458:
448:structured reversible programming
442:are shown to be as expressive as
273:'s class, took the tools back to
3989:
3988:
1205:John von Neumann Collected Works
766:
743:
724:
712:
693:
674:
652:
628:
613:
598:
583:
564:
545:
526:
507:
492:
4015:Algorithm description languages
1580:
1459:
1325:Krakovsky, Marina (June 2021).
1318:
1285:
1276:Quality and Process Improvement
1268:
1255:
1239:
1496:. IBM. March 1970. p. 10.
1211:
1193:
1157:
1124:
1104:
1087:
1068:
1035:
773:Preparation or Initialization
13:
1:
1391:. Cengage Learning. pp.
1013:
920:Functional flow block diagram
1534:Jonathan W. Valvano (2011).
1298:Theoretical Computer Science
1231:Critical Incident Management
989:Recursive transition network
959:Augmented transition network
863:visual programming languages
776:Represented by an elongated
283:Standard Register Industrial
7:
1648:Techniques of flow-charting
1646:, and Edward M. Heiliger. "
1229:Alan B. Sterneckert (2003)
868:
109:
58:. For the music group, see
10:
4063:
1562:Robbie T. Nakatsu (2009).
688:symbolizing a disk drive.
444:reversible Turing machines
346:. Some techniques such as
229:
202:Nassi-Shneiderman diagrams
53:
3984:
3908:
3634:
2786:
1735:
1717:
1331:Communications of the ACM
1311:10.1016/j.tcs.2015.07.046
1139:. The MIT Press. p.
1032:. Retrieved 31 July 2008.
994:Unified Modeling Language
925:Nassi–Shneiderman diagram
699:
1437:Harley R. Myler (1998).
964:Business process mapping
360:
319:became common tools for
184:cause-and-effect diagram
31:latest accepted revision
4045:Technical communication
1669:Flowcharting Techniques
1640:of withdrawn standards)
1263:A Guide for Programmers
1131:Bashe, Charles (1986).
295:in 1949 explained that
1274:Mark A. Fryman (2001)
1245:Andrew Veronis (1978)
847:
684:Data represented by a
681:Data File or Database
373:
252:industrial engineering
132:
76:
4040:Quality control tools
1644:Schultheiss, Louis A.
1135:IBM's Early Computers
842:
590:Annotation (Comment)
499:Flowline (Arrowhead)
372:flowcharting template
368:
337:recursive programming
238:", was introduced by
117:
70:
4025:Computer programming
1261:Marilyn Bohl (1978)
979:Process architecture
974:Interactive EasyFlow
945:Why-because analysis
905:Deployment flowchart
890:Control-flow diagram
835:Diagramming software
321:computer programming
4020:American inventions
1097:. New York, 1947. (
1077:"People come first"
940:Warnier/Orr diagram
787:Parallel processing
635:Off-page Connector
605:Predefined Process
381:Document flowcharts
344:computer algorithms
309:computer algorithms
21:Page version status
4035:Modeling languages
1711:by standard number
1653:2021-07-14 at the
1634:ECMA 4: Flowcharts
895:Control-flow graph
852:project management
848:
707:with a wavy base.
620:On-page Connector
426:program flowcharts
418:detailed flowchart
374:
313:computer terminals
275:Procter and Gamble
236:flow process chart
133:
87:that represents a
77:
27:
4002:
4001:
1725:ISO romanizations
1603:ISO 5807 (1985).
1573:978-0-470-40072-2
1545:978-1-111-42625-5
1515:. RFF Electronics
1452:978-0-521-62950-8
1402:978-1-111-53032-7
1327:"Taking the heat"
1165:Goldstine, Herman
1010:
1009:
900:Data flow diagram
784:
783:
734:Represented by a
731:Manual operation
650:
649:
436:activity diagrams
422:system flowcharts
414:general flowchart
399:Program flowchart
393:System flowcharts
351:activity diagrams
256:Allan H. Mogensen
56:Flow Chart (poem)
39:10 September 2024
18:
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1591:
1586:Myers, Brad A. "
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1456:
1439:"2.3 Flowcharts"
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811:Parallel Mode
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794:Parallel Mode
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750:Manual input
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3847:27000 series
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1517:. Retrieved
1493:
1471:. Retrieved
1461:
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1337:(6): 18–20.
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1058:. Retrieved
1051:the original
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910:Drakon-chart
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669:Description
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213:flow diagram
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172:Pareto chart
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80:
78:
64:
38:
29:This is the
23:
3635:20000–29999
2787:10000–19999
856:spreadsheet
854:systems or
845:Flowgorithm
333:pseudo-code
325:source code
260:Lake Placid
176:check sheet
137:bottlenecks
4009:Categories
3414:16949 (TS)
3011:11941 (TR)
1709:standards
1304:: 87–115.
1060:2016-05-06
1030:Flow chart
1014:References
984:Pseudocode
807:concurrent
640:home plate
416:, and the
186:, and the
3369:15926 WIP
2733:9592/9593
2658:9000/9001
2546:8805/8806
1628:ISO 10628
1615:cite book
736:trapezoid
705:rectangle
700:Document
552:Decision
538:rectangle
514:Terminal
329:languages
217:work flow
168:histogram
97:algorithm
81:flowchart
4030:Diagrams
3994:Category
1719:List of
1651:Archived
1265:. p. 65.
1203:(1963).
1167:(1972).
1114:(1949).
1028:. Term:
1000:Workflow
935:Swimlane
915:Flow map
869:See also
803:parallel
759:keyboard
686:cylinder
644:pentagon
642:-shaped
576:rhomboid
533:Process
473:ISO 5807
331:. Often
327:in such
271:Mogensen
264:New York
145:activity
124:for loop
110:Overview
89:workflow
35:reviewed
3895:29199-2
3767:23094-2
3762:23094-1
3752:23090-3
3621:19794-5
3616:19775-1
3404:16612-2
3394:16355-1
3083:13406-2
3041:12234-2
2809:10118-3
1519:23 July
1473:23 July
1177:266–267
778:hexagon
557:rhombus
519:stadium
230:History
120:C-style
104:problem
93:process
85:diagram
3909:30000+
2748:9797-1
2556:8820-5
2501:8501-1
2057:1073-2
2052:1073-1
1736:1–9999
1570:
1542:
1449:
1399:
1395:–693.
1280:p. 169
1251:p. 111
1235:p. 126
1183:
1147:
1005:
663:Shape
412:, the
3976:80000
3971:56000
3966:55000
3961:50001
3956:45001
3951:42010
3946:40500
3941:39075
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3931:37001
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3921:31000
3916:30170
3900:29500
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3707:22275
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3642:20000
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3611:19770
3606:19757
3601:19752
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3046:12620
3036:12207
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3026:12052
3021:12006
3016:11992
3006:11941
2996:11940
2991:11898
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2966:11783
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2956:11404
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2946:11172
2941:11170
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2829:10179
2824:10165
2819:10161
2814:10160
2804:10116
2799:10007
2794:10006
1054:(PDF)
1047:(PDF)
996:(UML)
826:At a
817:At a
666:Name
484:Name
361:Types
240:Frank
224:graph
2874:-238
2778:9995
2773:9985
2768:9984
2763:9945
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2097:2015
2092:2014
2087:1989
2082:1745
2077:1629
2072:1538
2067:1413
2062:1155
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2037:1000
1860:68-1
1638:list
1621:link
1568:ISBN
1540:ISBN
1521:2017
1475:2017
1447:ISBN
1397:ISBN
1181:ISBN
1145:ISBN
828:join
820:fork
805:and
801:For
463:The
424:and
353:and
315:and
299:and
287:ASME
242:and
204:and
73:lamp
3208:-20
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3198:-14
3193:-12
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2017:860
2012:843
2007:838
2002:764
1997:732
1992:704
1987:690
1982:668
1977:657
1972:646
1940:639
1935:519
1930:518
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1920:361
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