178:
therefore been proposed. A virulence signal capable of binding to a pathogen receptor, in combination with a MAMP, has been proposed as one way to constitute a (pathogen-specific) PAMP. Plant immunology frequently treats the terms "PAMP" and "MAMP" interchangeably, considering their recognition to be the first step in plant immunity, PTI (PAMP-triggered immunity), a relatively weak immune response that occurs when the host plant does not also recognize pathogenic effectors that damage it or modulate its immune response.
118:, are considered to be the prototypical class of PAMPs. The lipid portion of LPS, lipid A, contains a diglycolamine backbone with multiple acyl chains. This is the conserved structural motif that is recognized by TLR4, particularly the TLR4-MD2 complex. Microbes have two main strategies in which they try to avoid the immune system, either by masking lipid A or directing their LPS towards an immunomodulatory receptor.
37:
Although the term "PAMP" is relatively new, the concept that molecules derived from microbes must be detected by receptors from multicellular organisms has been held for many decades, and references to an "endotoxin receptor" are found in much of the older literature. The recognition of PAMPs by the
177:
in 1989, PAMP was used to describe microbial components that would be considered foreign in a multicellular host. The term "PAMP" has been criticized on the grounds that most microbes, not only pathogens, express the molecules detected; the term microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP), has
896:
Dammermann W, Wollenberg L, Bentzien F, Lohse A, Lüth S (October 2013). "Toll like receptor 2 agonists lipoteichoic acid and peptidoglycan are able to enhance antigen specific IFNγ release in whole blood during recall antigen responses".
165:, are all recognized by a heterodimer of TLR2 and TLR1 or TLR6. However, LTAs result in a weaker pro-inflammatory response compared to lipopeptides, as they are only recognized by TLR2 instead of the heterodimer.
86:. The CpG motifs must be internalized in order to be recognized by TLR9. Viral glycoproteins, as seen in the viral-envelope, as well as fungal PAMPS on the cell surface or fungi are recognized by
1219:
Thoma-Uszynski S, Stenger S, Takeuchi O, Ochoa MT, Engele M, Sieling PA, et al. (February 2001). "Induction of direct antimicrobial activity through mammalian toll-like receptors".
193:. The mycobacterial wall is composed of lipids and polysaccharides and also contains high amounts of mycolic acid. Purified cell wall components of mycobacteria activate mainly
1075:
Rumbo M, Nempont C, Kraehenbuhl JP, Sirard JC (May 2006). "Mucosal interplay among commensal and pathogenic bacteria: lessons from flagellin and Toll-like receptor 5".
932:
Koropatnick TA, Engle JT, Apicella MA, Stabb EV, Goldman WE, McFall-Ngai MJ (November 2004). "Microbial factor-mediated development in a host-bacterial mutualism".
1332:
380:
124:(PG) is also found within the membrane walls of gram-negative bacteria and is recognized by TLR2, which is usually in a heterodimer of with
34:(PRRs) in both plants and animals. This allows the innate immune system to recognize pathogens and thus, protect the host from infection.
1325:
805:
788:
766:
356:
62:. Despite being a protein, its N- and C-terminal ends are highly conserved, due to its necessity for function of flagella.
228:
1318:
26:) are small molecular motifs conserved within a class of microbes, but not present in the host. They are recognized by
1664:
787:
Ahmad-Nejad, Parviz; Häcker, Hans; Rutz, Mark; Bauer, Stefan; Vabulas, Ramunas M; Wagner, Hermann (June 20, 2002).
1659:
1602:
584:
31:
789:"Bacterial CpG-DNA and lipopolysaccharides activate Toll-like receptors at distinct cellular compartments"
38:
PRRs triggers activation of several signaling cascades in the host immune cells like the stimulation of
1488:
211:
153:
302:
Ingle RA, Carstens M, Denby KJ (September 2006). "PAMP recognition and the plant-pathogen arms race".
1310:
1089:
983:
Ausubel FM (October 2005). "Are innate immune signaling pathways in plants and animals conserved?".
79:
1668:
1426:
253:
Tang, Daolin; Kang, Rui; Coyne, Carolyn B.; Zeh, Herbert J.; Lotze, Michael T. (September 2012).
1761:
1690:
1408:
1344:
1269:"Glycans in the immune system and The Altered Glycan Theory of Autoimmunity: a critical review"
1084:
478:"Glycans in the immune system and The Altered Glycan Theory of Autoimmunity: a critical review"
144:
115:
1178:
Quesniaux V, Fremond C, Jacobs M, Parida S, Nicolle D, Yeremeev V, et al. (August 2004).
1637:
1493:
1471:
600:
148:
1267:
Maverakis E, Kim K, Shimoda M, Gershwin ME, Patel F, Wilken R, et al. (February 2015).
476:
Maverakis E, Kim K, Shimoda M, Gershwin ME, Patel F, Wilken R, et al. (February 2015).
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8:
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762:
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671:
640:"Sweeten PAMPs: Role of Sugar Complexed PAMPs in Innate Immunity and Vaccine Biology"
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266:
58:. Flagellin is also another PAMP that is recognized via the constant domain, D1 by
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1597:
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186:
121:
111:
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201:. Lipomannan and lipoarabinomannan are strong immunomodulatory lipoglycans.
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63:
50:
A vast array of different types of molecules can serve as PAMPs, including
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806:
10.1002/1521-4141(200207)32:7<1958::AID-IMMU1958>3.0.CO;2-U
315:
216:
190:
39:
1740:
1445:
1340:
1180:"Toll-like receptor pathways in the immune responses to mycobacteria"
107:
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1515:
1503:
1461:
1415:
1379:
996:
1218:
525:
Akira, Shizuo; Uematsu, Satoshi; Takeuchi, Osamu (February 2006).
1735:
1549:
1398:
1369:
895:
162:
1028:"Innate and acquired plasticity of the intestinal immune system"
1707:
1695:
1440:
1391:
836:
Silhavy, Thomas J.; Kahne, Daniel; Walker, Suzanne (May 2010).
51:
1074:
931:
745:
Silva-Gomes, Sandro; Decout, Alexiane; Nigou, Jérôme (2014),
255:"PAMPs and DAMPs: signal 0s that spur autophagy and immunity"
206:
158:
71:
67:
1177:
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475:
202:
198:
194:
83:
75:
1025:
786:
638:
Mahla RS, Reddy MC, Prasad DV, Kumar H (September 2013).
744:
637:
583:
Janeway, Charles A.; Medzhitov, Ruslan (April 2002).
393:
524:
434:
1026:Didierlaurent A, Simonet M, Sirard JC (June 2005).
835:
688:
301:
209:can recognize cell wall lipoprotein antigens from
189:are intracellular bacteria which survive in host
1753:
747:"Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)"
582:
435:Akira S, Uematsu S, Takeuchi O (February 2006).
252:
891:
889:
215:, which also induce production of cytokines by
394:Pichlmair A, Reis e Sousa C (September 2007).
219:. TLR9 can be activated by mycobacterial DNA.
1326:
348:Review of medical microbiology and immunology
886:
682:
295:
469:
1333:
1319:
1128:
842:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
695:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
689:Silhavy TJ, Kahne D, Walker S (May 2010).
527:"Pathogen Recognition and Innate Immunity"
437:"Pathogen recognition and innate immunity"
379:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1292:
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869:
804:
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753:, Basel: Springer Basel, pp. 1–16,
601:10.1146/annurev.immunol.20.083001.084359
344:
982:
1754:
20:Pathogen-associated molecular patterns
1314:
751:Encyclopedia of Inflammatory Diseases
740:
738:
736:
734:
151:(sBLP), a phenol soluble factor from
1129:Jones JD, Dangl JL (November 2006).
1032:Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences
578:
576:
574:
572:
570:
13:
1259:
731:
181:
66:variants normally associated with
14:
1773:
567:
899:Journal of Immunological Methods
271:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2012.01146.x
1212:
1171:
1122:
1068:
1019:
976:
925:
829:
780:
396:"Innate recognition of viruses"
70:, such as double-stranded RNA (
45:
1660:Immunoglobulin class switching
793:European Journal of Immunology
759:10.1007/978-3-0348-0620-6_35-1
631:
518:
428:
387:
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246:
1:
1241:10.1126/science.291.5508.1544
1099:10.1016/j.febslet.2006.04.036
838:"The bacterial cell envelope"
749:, in Parnham, Michael (ed.),
691:"The bacterial cell envelope"
239:
32:pattern recognition receptors
1197:10.1016/j.micinf.2004.04.016
413:10.1016/j.immuni.2007.08.012
16:Pattern of the immune system
7:
854:10.1101/cshperspect.a000414
707:10.1101/cshperspect.a000414
589:Annual Review of Immunology
585:"Innate Immune Recognition"
351:(14th ed.). New York.
222:
42:(IFNs) or other cytokines.
10:
1778:
1489:Polyclonal B cell response
1285:10.1016/j.jaut.2014.12.002
1119:(Free full text available)
544:10.1016/j.cell.2006.02.015
494:10.1016/j.jaut.2014.12.002
454:10.1016/j.cell.2006.02.015
212:Mycobacterium tuberculosis
168:
154:Staphylococcus epidermidis
1723:
1681:
1623:
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1454:
1362:
1355:
1131:"The plant immune system"
1044:10.1007/s00018-005-5032-4
911:10.1016/j.jim.2013.08.004
82:motifs are recognized by
657:10.3389/fimmu.2013.00248
1273:Journal of Autoimmunity
954:10.1126/science.1102218
644:Frontiers in Immunology
482:Journal of Autoimmunity
1603:Tolerance in pregnancy
1345:adaptive immune system
1184:Microbes and Infection
149:bacterial lipoproteins
145:gram-positive bacteria
136:Gram-positive bacteria
116:gram-negative bacteria
106:(LPSs), also known as
98:Gram-negative bacteria
1638:Somatic hypermutation
1472:Polyclonal antibodies
1467:Monoclonal antibodies
259:Immunological Reviews
157:, and a component of
74:), are recognized by
1655:Junctional diversity
1423:Antigen presentation
205:with association of
173:First introduced by
1650:V(D)J recombination
1633:Affinity maturation
1385:Antigenic variation
1233:2001Sci...291.1544T
1227:(5508): 1544–1547.
1156:10.1038/nature05286
1147:2006Natur.444..323J
946:2004Sci...306.1186K
940:(5699): 1186–1188.
345:Levinson W (2016).
110:, are found on the
104:lipopolysaccharides
28:toll-like receptors
316:10.1002/bies.20457
1749:
1748:
1677:
1676:
1427:professional APCs
1141:(7117): 323–329.
1083:(12): 2976–2984.
1038:(12): 1285–1287.
985:Nature Immunology
768:978-3-0348-0620-6
358:978-0-07-184574-8
234:Tissue remodeling
141:Lipoteichoic acid
78:and unmethylated
30:(TLRs) and other
1769:
1643:Clonal selection
1615:Immune privilege
1610:Immunodeficiency
1565:Cross-reactivity
1555:Hypersensitivity
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905:(1–2): 107–115.
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799:(7): 1819–2094.
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1598:Clonal deletion
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1260:Further reading
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1190:(10): 946–959.
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1090:10.1.1.320.8479
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991:(10): 973–979.
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182:In mycobacteria
175:Charles Janeway
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100:
56:glycoconjugates
48:
17:
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5:
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1625:Immunogenetics
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1570:Co-stimulation
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1511:Immune complex
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1409:Conformational
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997:10.1038/ni1253
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848:(5): a000414.
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701:(5): a000414.
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630:
595:(1): 197–216.
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537:(4): 783–801.
517:
468:
447:(4): 783–801.
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406:(3): 370–383.
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310:(9): 880–889.
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265:(1): 158–175.
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112:cell membranes
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1593:Clonal anergy
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142:
133:
131:
127:
123:
122:Peptidoglycan
119:
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113:
109:
105:
95:
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89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
43:
41:
35:
33:
29:
25:
21:
1560:Inflammation
1545:Alloimmunity
1540:Autoimmunity
1525:Immunity vs.
1477:Autoantibody
1375:Superantigen
1276:
1272:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1187:
1183:
1173:
1138:
1134:
1124:
1080:
1077:FEBS Letters
1076:
1070:
1035:
1031:
1021:
988:
984:
978:
937:
933:
927:
902:
898:
845:
841:
831:
796:
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772:, retrieved
750:
698:
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534:
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389:
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340:
307:
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297:
262:
258:
248:
210:
187:Mycobacteria
185:
172:
152:
139:
120:
101:
64:Nucleic acid
49:
46:Common PAMPs
36:
23:
19:
18:
1683:Lymphocytes
1342:Lymphocytic
488:(6): 1–13.
217:macrophages
191:macrophages
143:(LTA) from
40:interferons
1724:Substances
1588:Peripheral
1576:Inaction:
1455:Antibodies
1436:Macrophage
1349:complement
774:2023-03-10
240:References
108:endotoxins
102:Bacterial
1741:Cytolysin
1731:Cytokines
1578:Tolerance
1527:tolerance
1446:Immunogen
1085:CiteSeerX
862:1943-0264
609:0732-0582
375:cite book
367:951918628
304:BioEssays
197:and also
1756:Category
1691:Cellular
1535:Immunity
1533:Action:
1516:Paratope
1504:Idiotype
1494:Allotype
1462:Antibody
1416:Mimotope
1380:Allergen
1363:Antigens
1356:Lymphoid
1303:25578468
1279:: 1–13.
1249:11222859
1206:15310472
1165:17108957
1115:14300007
1107:16650409
1062:15971103
1005:16177805
970:41603462
962:15539604
919:23954282
880:20452953
823:31631310
815:12115616
725:20452953
676:24032031
625:39036433
617:11861602
561:14357403
553:16497588
512:25578468
463:16497588
422:17892846
400:Immunity
332:26861625
324:16937346
289:22889221
223:See also
1736:Opsonin
1715:NK cell
1703:Humoral
1583:Central
1550:Allergy
1499:Isotype
1399:Epitope
1370:Antigen
1294:4340844
1229:Bibcode
1221:Science
1143:Bibcode
1053:1865479
1013:7451505
942:Bibcode
934:Science
871:2857177
716:2857177
667:3759294
650:: 248.
503:4340844
280:3662247
169:History
163:zymosan
68:viruses
52:glycans
1708:B cell
1696:T cell
1441:B cell
1404:Linear
1392:Hapten
1301:
1291:
1247:
1204:
1163:
1135:Nature
1113:
1105:
1087:
1060:
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1011:
1003:
968:
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510:
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322:
287:
277:
1111:S2CID
1009:S2CID
966:S2CID
819:S2CID
621:S2CID
557:S2CID
328:S2CID
159:yeast
72:dsRNA
24:PAMPs
1347:and
1299:PMID
1245:PMID
1202:PMID
1161:PMID
1103:PMID
1058:PMID
1001:PMID
958:PMID
915:PMID
876:PMID
858:ISSN
811:PMID
763:ISBN
721:PMID
672:PMID
613:PMID
605:ISSN
549:PMID
531:Cell
508:PMID
459:PMID
441:Cell
418:PMID
381:link
363:OCLC
353:ISBN
320:PMID
285:PMID
229:DAMP
207:TLR1
203:TLR2
199:TLR4
195:TLR2
130:TLR6
126:TLR1
92:TLR4
90:and
88:TLR2
84:TLR9
76:TLR3
60:TLR5
54:and
1669:HLA
1665:MHC
1289:PMC
1281:doi
1237:doi
1225:291
1192:doi
1151:doi
1139:444
1095:doi
1081:580
1048:PMC
1040:doi
993:doi
950:doi
938:306
907:doi
903:396
866:PMC
850:doi
801:doi
755:doi
711:PMC
703:doi
662:PMC
652:doi
597:doi
539:doi
535:124
498:PMC
490:doi
449:doi
445:124
408:doi
312:doi
275:PMC
267:doi
263:249
128:or
114:of
80:CpG
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