502:, Crete, and the adjacent islands are intermediates similar to the Italian sparrow. On Malta, sparrows resemble the Spanish sparrow, with urban birds behaving much like the house sparrow, and rural birds like the Spanish sparrow. The situation is complicated by house and Spanish sparrows which winter and migrate on Malta. A more complex situation occurs in parts of northern Africa, where a highly variable mixed, interbreeding population of house sparrows and Spanish sparrows occurs. This "hybrid swarm" shows a full range of characters from nearly pure house sparrows to nearly pure Spanish sparrows and everything between.
517:
increased urbanisation. Between 2000 and 2005, the
Italian sparrow's population in Italy declined by 27.1 percent, mirroring the declines of the house sparrow throughout Europe. From 1998 to 2008, urban populations declined by about 50 percent. A study of the Italian sparrow's status listed a large number of potential causes for the Italian sparrow's decline, including shortages of insect food, agricultural intensification, and reductions of green areas. The Italian sparrow is among the most common birds in Italian cities, but other species, including the
530:
94:
445:
42:
488:
69:
357:, nape and sides of head, and white cheeks. The male's upperparts are bright chestnut, and its underparts are pale grey, lacking the black streaking of the Spanish sparrow. The male has a black patch on its throat and chest, known as a bib or badge. This patch, like much of the male's plumage is dull in fresh non-breeding plumage and is brightened by wear and preening. The female is nearly identical to the female
2595:
2748:
2141:
333:. A DNA analysis by Glenn-Peter Sætre and colleagues published in 2011 indicated an origin of the Italian sparrow through hybridisation between the Spanish and house sparrows, and Sætre and colleagues argued that given its origins and the limited extent of hybridisation, the treatment as a distinct species was supported. The Italian sparrow is unofficially considered the
436:
changes in species-specific male plumage, suggesting that partial reproductive isolation based on plumage may also have developed between these two taxa. As a genetically distinct group that is reproductively isolated from the parental species, it must be recognised as a separate species, according to
Hermansen and colleagues.
326:
There has been much debate on the origins and taxonomic status of the
Italian sparrow, especially given its possible hybrid origin. Some have classified it as a subspecies of the house sparrow, a subspecies of the Spanish sparrow, or as a separate species, a treatment followed if only for convenience
435:
from both parent species. Additionally, it is now breeding beside the
Spanish sparrow without cross-breeding in areas where the species both occur. Although it hybridises with the house sparrow in a sparsely populated contact zone in the Alps, the contact zone is characterized by relatively abrupt
516:
The
Italian sparrow's breeding population is believed to comprise 5 to 10 million pairs, 750,000 to 900,000 of which are estimated to live in urban areas. It has a population density of 58 to 160 pairs per square kilometer. Up to the mid-1990s, its population increased steadily, probably due to
556:
Besides intergrading with the
Spanish and house sparrows, the Italian sparrow has been recorded hybridising with the Eurasian tree sparrow. The eggs of the Italian sparrow do not seem to differ from those of the house sparrow. Broods may contain two to eight eggs, with an average of about 5.2.
2004:
552:
It is mostly sedentary, but it wanders to some extent outside its breeding season. These wanderings are mostly local, but they may extend into southern France. Similarly, the house sparrow sometimes occurs as a winter visitor in northern Italy.
372:
18.6–21 millimetres (0.73–0.83 in), and wing lengths for males are 7.3–8.2 centimetres (2.9–3.2 in). The
Italian sparrow's weight varies seasonally from 30 grams (1.1 oz) in the winter to 26 grams (0.92 oz) in the summer.
565:
In most of its range, the
Italian sparrow is an abundant and familiar bird of houses. It has been one of the wild birds most commonly consumed as food in Italy. Portrayals of the Italian sparrow or one of its relatives have been found at
311:, a species of the Mediterranean and Central Asia closely related to the house sparrow. The Italian sparrow occurs in northern Italy and neighbouring regions, with intermediates with the house sparrow in a very narrow contact zone in the
1186:
Hermansen, Jo S.; Sæther, Stein A.; Elgvin, Tore O.; Borge, Thomas; Hjelle, Elin; Sætre, Glenn-Peter (September 2011). "Hybrid speciation in sparrows I: phenotypic intermediacy, genetic admixture and barriers to gene flow".
380:
of the
Italian sparrow are similar to those of both the Spanish sparrow and the house sparrow. Its vocalisations carry better in natural environments than those of the house sparrow. The male gives a
538:
388:. Male song patterns grade slowly into those of the Spanish sparrow across southern Italy, but in the area of overlap between the house and Italian sparrows, the two birds sound alike.
1100:
Allende, Luis M.; Rubio, Isabel; Ruíz-del-Valle, Valentin; Guillén, Jesus; Martínez-Laso, Jorge; Lowy, Ernesto; Varela, Pilar; Zamora, Jorge; Arnaiz-Villena, Antonio (August 2001).
505:
The
Italian sparrow is associated with human habitations, inhabiting towns, cities, and agricultural areas. In most cities in Italy, it shares the urban environment with the
414:, recognise it as a separate species, if only for convenience. Others, including many conservation groups, consider the Italian sparrow a simple hybrid and ignore it. The
1918:
Gragnaniello, S.; Fulgione, D.; Milone, M.; Soppelsa, O.; Cacace, P.; Ferrara, L. (June 2001). "Sparrows as Possible Heavy-Metal Biomonitors of Polluted Environments".
368:
The Italian sparrow is about the same size as the house sparrow at 14–16 centimetres (5.5–6.3 in) in length. The tail is 5.3–6 centimetres (2.1–2.4 in), the
460:
in 1881 as professing "'Conservative opinions'; for it keeps strictly within our current political frontiers". At the northernmost edge of its range in the southern
1737:
2583:
2615:
468:
trend with the Spanish sparrow, with birds increasing in their similarity to the Spanish sparrow in appearance and ecology further south, from around
315:, a slow gradation in appearance from the Italian to Spanish sparrows across central and southern Italy, and more birds of intermediate appearance in
2937:
3029:
1276:
1101:
1889:
879:
Summers-Smith, J. Denis (2009). "Family Passeridae (Old World Sparrows)". In del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Christie, David (eds.).
464:, there is a narrow hybrid zone about 20–30 km (12–20 mi) wide with the house sparrow. In southern Italy, there is a gradual
3004:
1649:
2885:
2561:
1728:
2911:
2576:
603:
545:
The Italian sparrow's behaviour is similar in many ways to that of the house sparrow. It is a social bird, which feeds mostly on
2041:
Catalogue of the collection of birds' eggs in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume V: Carinatæ (Passeriformes completed)
1676:
2122:
2103:
2067:
2014:
1982:
1659:
890:
2916:
2183:
2625:
1069:"Biological significance and conservation of biogeographical bird populations as shown by selected Mediterranean species"
1036:
2859:
2569:
880:
410:
329:
785:
3014:
456:, and small parts of France, Switzerland, Austria, and Slovenia. Its distribution was described by Italian zoologist
2942:
349:. The sexes differ in their plumage pattern, and slightly in length. The male has a head patterned like that of the
3034:
3024:
1611:
907:
2877:
2145:
2717:
1113:
640:
17:
1777:
Gustin, Marco; Sorace, Alberto; Cecere, Jacodo (2003). "Plumage and biometrics of two hybrids Italian sparrow
431:
in 2011 indicates that the Italian sparrow originated as a hybrid between house and Spanish sparrows. It has
1499:"Notes on the Birds observed at Pisa and in its Neighbourhood during the Winter, Spring, and Summer of 1864"
425:
A DNA analysis by Jo Hermansen, Glenn-Peter Sætre, and a group of other scientists from Norway published in
2452:
2358:
2338:
2035:
1648:
Massa, B.; Milone, M.; Groselj, P. (1997). "Italian Sparrow". In Hagemeijer, W. J. M.; Blair, M. J. (eds.).
2535:
384:
call like that of the Spanish sparrow to proclaim nest ownership, and a faster version of this as part of
2462:
617:
594:
2156:
2006:
Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palearctic
400:
status of the Italian sparrow has been a matter of debate. It has been variously regarded as a stable
2712:
2651:
2620:
2599:
1135:
1068:
2801:
2591:
2176:
93:
1576:
3019:
2692:
2545:
2540:
2467:
457:
361:, but it differs from the female Spanish sparrow in its lack of black streaks on the underparts.
240:
2151:
2929:
2810:
2763:
2687:
2642:
2515:
2497:
2487:
2383:
1282:
1130:
590:
1164:
974:
Stephan, B. (1986). "Die Evolutionstheorie und der taxonomische Status des Italiensperlings".
476:, where birds resemble pure Spanish sparrows. However, this trend may be superficial, and the
2676:
2656:
2373:
2348:
2343:
1897:
1318:
506:
205:
188:
2968:
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1927:
1470:
1198:
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753:
571:
300:
2161:
1099:
8:
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58:
1931:
1202:
1126:
757:
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1361:
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397:
214:
88:
73:
529:
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2492:
2192:
2118:
2099:
2063:
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2010:
1993:
1978:
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1189:
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886:
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626:
432:
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385:
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293:
155:
1498:
1241:
1226:
1160:
2838:
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2388:
2318:
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2196:
1955:
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1322:
1206:
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983:
761:
693:
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401:
296:
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1917:
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3009:
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2039:
465:
354:
350:
308:
2981:
2872:
2697:
2478:
2414:
2363:
2281:
2276:
2251:
2095:
546:
987:
905:
885:. Vol. 14: Bush-shrikes to Old World Sparrows. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions.
839:
766:
737:
697:
2998:
2924:
2864:
2786:
2737:
2671:
2647:
2313:
2298:
2256:
2231:
1798:
1461:
1043:
705:
679:(Vieillot 1817): Speciation by stabilised hybridisation? A critical analysis"
358:
334:
304:
78:
1995:
A Handbook of European Birds for the Use of Field Naturalists and Collectors
2707:
2432:
2333:
2328:
2271:
1947:
1875:
1651:
The EBCC Atlas of European Breeding Birds: Their Distribution and Abundance
1218:
1152:
1106:) phylogeography and their relative abundance of nuclear mtDNA pseudogenes"
1776:
1483:
1144:
487:
2898:
2795:
2722:
444:
41:
2955:
2062:. Vol. I–II (Concise ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
1866:
1849:
1627:
1377:"Types of Birds in the Tring Museum. B. Types in the General Collection"
950:
923:
537:
408:
of either the house or Spanish sparrow. Many authorities, including the
2976:
2890:
2727:
2526:
1939:
415:
405:
252:
2903:
906:
Fulgione, D.; Esposito, A.; Rusch, C. E.; Milone, M. (December 2000).
418:
of Italian sparrows are distinct from those of the house sparrow, but
1894:
Pompeii and the Roman Villa: Art and Culture around the Bay of Naples
1577:"Breeding birds and territorial heterogeneity in Naples city (Italy)"
289:
145:
105:
2851:
2757:
1410:
Sultana, Joe (2007). "Ein neues Ereignis: Wandernde Weidensperlinge
2780:
2666:
2443:
1278:
On the origin of an avian species by means of natural hybridization
495:
362:
125:
1975:
Biology of the Ubiquitous House Sparrow: from Genes to Populations
2214:
1616:
spp.: da "problematici" a specie di interesse conservazionistico"
1574:
567:
453:
346:
50:
2747:
345:
The Italian sparrow is a small chunky bird, with grey and brown
2242:
2140:
510:
473:
469:
165:
115:
1674:
570:. Like the house sparrow, the Italian sparrow is considered a
541:
A fresco at Pompeii depicting an Italian sparrow or a relative
2846:
2206:
840:
Fulgione, D.; Rusch, C. E.; Esposito, A.; Milone, M. (1998).
499:
481:
320:
316:
1726:
452:
The Italian sparrow is found in northern and central Italy,
2191:
461:
312:
135:
1185:
842:"Dynamics of weight, fat and moult in the Italian Sparrow
738:"Abrasion of the status badge in the male Italian Sparrow
790:
Atti della Società dei Naturalisti e Matematici di Modena
1530:"Notes upon the Northern Limit of the Italian Sparrow (
404:
between the house sparrow and Spanish sparrow, or as a
1920:
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
735:
589:
675:"The taxonomic status of the Italian Sparrow –
2058:Snow, David; Perrins, Christopher M., eds. (1998).
1037:"Pending decisions with comments on their progress"
618:
10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T103819014A119356624.en
498:is occupied by Spanish sparrows, while sparrows on
2098:. Calton, Staffs, England: T. & A. D. Poyser.
2087:
2081:. New Naturalist (1st. ed.). London: Collins.
1647:
1575:Mirabella, P.; Fraissinet, M.; Milone, M. (1996).
976:Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin
643:(in Italian). Conca Ternana Oggi. 18 December 2022
299:Passeridae, found in Italy and other parts of the
1456:
1016:
1014:
1012:
2996:
719:
717:
715:
641:"Passero Italiano: L'uccello nazionale d'Italia"
303:. In appearance, it is intermediate between the
2152:Italian sparrow at the Internet Bird Collection
1496:
1301:
1299:
951:"Italian sparrow joins family as a new species"
422:suggest a close relation to the house sparrow.
1609:
1009:
786:"Elenco degli ucceli Modenese (Continuazione)"
2577:
2177:
2112:
2085:
2076:
2034:
1811:
1714:
1562:
1527:
1444:
1397:
1317:
1305:
1262:
1020:
878:
723:
712:
2002:
1296:
1281:. Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo. Archived from
827:
783:
560:
2057:
1003:
811:
809:
513:, it is replaced entirely by this species.
439:
2584:
2570:
2184:
2170:
1847:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1181:
1179:
1177:
67:
40:
2090:The Sparrows: a Study of the Genus Passer
1991:
1896:. National Gallery of Art. Archived from
1865:
1750:
1274:
1256:
1134:
815:
765:
616:
2023:
2009:. Vol. 8. Oxford University Press.
2003:Cramp, S.; Perrins, C. M., eds. (1994).
1972:
1835:
1823:
1466:"Ornithological Explorations in Algeria"
1239:
806:
779:
777:
668:
666:
664:
662:
660:
658:
536:
528:
486:
443:
323:, and other parts of the Mediterranean.
2048:
1727:Gustin, Marco; Sorace, Alberto (2002).
1677:"Urban Ornithological Atlases in Italy"
1598:
1432:
1409:
1374:
1343:
1323:"A Note on the Breeding Birds of Crete"
1174:
1031:
1029:
973:
912:, a species of probable hybrid origins"
604:The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
14:
2997:
1729:"Autumn movements of Italian Sparrows
1675:Fraissinet, Maurizio; Dinetti, Marco.
999:
997:
944:
942:
940:
874:
872:
870:
672:
2762:
2761:
2565:
2165:
1066:
774:
655:
2878:3d740ed2-23f4-47ce-9c17-4387e2fe88e1
2626:Tomb of the Unknown Soldier of Italy
1854:Proceedings of the Nutrition Society
1026:
3030:Taxa named by Louis Pierre Vieillot
2060:The Birds of the Western Palearctic
1977:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1890:"Garden with colonnade (peristyle)"
1346:"Notes on the Ornithology of Malta"
994:
937:
867:
24:
2621:History of the Altare della Patria
1550:10.1111/j.1474-919x.1887.tb06627.x
1515:10.1111/j.1474-919x.1865.tb05751.x
1362:10.1111/j.1474-919x.1917.tb00557.x
882:Handbook of the Birds of the World
478:Handbook of the Birds of the World
411:Handbook of the Birds of the World
330:Handbook of the Birds of the World
25:
3046:
2133:
1654:. London: T. & A. D. Poyser.
736:Bogliani, G.; Brangi, A. (1990).
480:recognises birds from Sicily and
3005:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
2746:
2616:Architectural and artistic works
2593:
2139:
2113:Summers-Smith, J. Denis (1992).
2086:Summers-Smith, J. Denis (1988).
2077:Summers-Smith, J. Denis (1963).
2024:Jourdain, Francis C. R. (1906).
1242:"Notes on the Avifauna of Italy"
1240:Giglioli, Henry Hillyer (1881).
1211:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05183.x
948:
92:
1911:
1882:
1841:
1829:
1817:
1805:
1770:
1720:
1708:
1668:
1641:
1568:
1556:
1521:
1490:
1450:
1438:
1426:
1403:
1391:
1368:
1337:
1311:
1268:
1233:
1102:"The Old World sparrows (genus
1093:
1060:
967:
899:
2718:Presidential standard of Italy
1114:Journal of Molecular Evolution
833:
821:
729:
633:
583:
340:
263:(Temminck, 1820) Schegel, 1844
13:
1:
2157:Italian sparrow vocalisations
2044:. London: Taylor and Francis.
1998:. London: Gurney and Jackson.
1848:Meiklejohn, M. F. M. (1962).
1752:10.1080/03078698.2002.9674270
577:
2453:Yellow-throated bush sparrow
2359:Southern grey-headed sparrow
2339:Northern grey-headed sparrow
1416:Ornithologische Mitteilungen
1275:Hermansen, Jo Skeie (2009).
922:(2): 107–112. Archived from
908:"Song clinal variability in
524:
260:Passer domesticus cisalpinus
7:
2463:Yellow-spotted bush sparrow
391:
327:by authorities such as the
10:
3051:
2027:The Eggs of European Birds
1850:"Wild birds as human food"
1042:. AERC TAC. Archived from
611:: e.T103819014A119356624.
365:is occasionally recorded.
2770:
2744:
2713:National colours of Italy
2652:Flags of Napoleonic Italy
2606:
2600:National symbols of Italy
2524:
2506:
2476:
2441:
2423:
2404:
2240:
2222:
2204:
1992:Backhouse, James (1890).
1973:Anderson, Ted R. (2006).
988:10.1515/9783112567302-003
844:Passer domesticus italiae
767:10.1080/00063659009477057
698:10.11646/zootaxa.1325.1.8
561:Relationships with humans
220:
213:
194:
187:
89:Scientific classification
87:
65:
56:
48:
39:
34:
3015:Birds of Southern Europe
1497:Giglioli, Henry (1865).
828:Cramp & Perrins 1994
440:Distribution and habitat
3035:Controversial bird taxa
3025:Birds described in 1817
2693:Il Canto degli Italiani
2541:Rufous-necked snowfinch
2468:Yellow-throated sparrow
2049:Roberts, E. I. (1954).
2030:. London: R. H. Porter.
1738:Ringing & Migration
1626:: 61–68. Archived from
1610:Dinetti, Marco (2008).
1004:Snow & Perrins 1998
509:, and in some parts of
458:Enrico Hillyer Giglioli
2643:Festa della Repubblica
2536:Père David's snowfinch
2516:White-rumped snowfinch
2498:Black-winged snowfinch
2488:White-winged snowfinch
2384:Arabian golden sparrow
1528:Wallis, H. M. (1887).
591:BirdLife International
542:
534:
492:
449:
2677:Tricolour Flag Museum
2657:List of Italian flags
2374:Eurasian tree sparrow
2349:Parrot-billed sparrow
2115:In Search of Sparrows
1484:10.5962/bhl.part.1696
1412:Passer hispaniolensis
1145:10.1007/s002390010202
1067:Massa, Bruno (2006).
784:Picaglia, L. (1889).
673:Töpfer, Till (2006).
540:
532:
507:Eurasian tree sparrow
490:
484:as Italian sparrows.
447:
284:), also known as the
2873:Fauna Europaea (new)
2546:Blanford's snowfinch
2395:Passer predomesticus
2379:Sudan golden sparrow
2288:Plain-backed sparrow
2148:at Wikimedia Commons
2036:Ogilvie-Grant, W. R.
1471:Novitates Zoologicae
1381:Novitates Zoologicae
1375:Hartert, E. (1919).
1344:Despott, G. (2008).
682:(PDF, abstract only)
572:biological indicator
301:Mediterranean region
2611:Altare della Patria
2309:Abd al-Kuri sparrow
2284:or cinnamon sparrow
1932:2001BuECT..66..719G
1867:10.1079/PNS19620014
1785:in central Italy".
1690:(2). Archived from
1447:, pp. 126, 166
1203:2011MolEc..20.3812H
1127:2001JMolE..53..144A
758:1990BirdS..37..195B
521:, are more common.
237:Fringilla cisalpina
59:Conservation status
2662:Sala del Tricolore
2458:Sahel bush sparrow
2344:Swainson's sparrow
2193:Old World sparrows
2117:. London: Poyser.
2051:The Birds of Malta
1940:10.1007/s001280068
1812:Ogilvie-Grant 1912
1715:Summers-Smith 1963
1581:Acta Ornithologica
1563:Summers-Smith 1992
1445:Summers-Smith 1988
1435:, pp. 150–152
1398:Summers-Smith 1988
1306:Summers-Smith 1992
1265:, pp. 122–126
1263:Summers-Smith 1988
1023:, pp. 162–163
1021:Summers-Smith 1988
850:Acta Ornithologica
726:, pp. 164–165
724:Summers-Smith 1988
543:
535:
519:European goldfinch
493:
450:
353:, with a chestnut
2992:
2991:
2964:Open Tree of Life
2764:Taxon identifiers
2755:
2754:
2559:
2558:
2493:Tibetan snowfinch
2369:Zarudny's sparrow
2324:Shelley's sparrow
2144:Media related to
2124:978-0-85661-073-8
2105:978-0-85661-048-6
2094:. illustrated by
2079:The House Sparrow
2069:978-0-19-854099-1
2053:. Progress Press.
2016:978-0-19-854679-5
1984:978-0-19-530411-4
1733:in central Italy"
1661:978-0-85661-091-2
1319:Meinertzhagen, R.
1252:(XVIII): 181–222.
1197:(18): 3812–3822.
1190:Molecular Ecology
892:978-84-96553-50-7
448:Female in Tuscany
433:mitochondrial DNA
428:Molecular Ecology
420:mitochondrial DNA
386:courtship display
286:cisalpine sparrow
272:
271:
264:
256:
251:(Temminck, 1820)
248:Pyrgita cisalpina
244:
233:
229:Fringilla italiae
82:
16:(Redirected from
3042:
2985:
2984:
2972:
2971:
2959:
2958:
2946:
2945:
2933:
2932:
2920:
2919:
2907:
2906:
2894:
2893:
2881:
2880:
2868:
2867:
2855:
2854:
2842:
2841:
2829:
2828:
2819:
2818:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2759:
2758:
2750:
2683:Frecce Tricolori
2633:Cockade of Italy
2598:
2597:
2596:
2586:
2579:
2572:
2563:
2562:
2551:Afghan snowfinch
2389:Chestnut sparrow
2319:Kordofan sparrow
2294:Dead Sea sparrow
2186:
2179:
2172:
2163:
2162:
2143:
2128:
2109:
2093:
2082:
2073:
2054:
2045:
2031:
2020:
1999:
1988:
1960:
1959:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1869:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1759:on 15 March 2010
1755:. Archived from
1754:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1696:
1684:Bird Census News
1681:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1607:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1407:
1401:
1400:, pp. 35–36
1395:
1389:
1388:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1315:
1309:
1308:, pp. 22–23
1303:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1183:
1172:
1171:
1170:on 21 July 2011.
1169:
1163:. Archived from
1138:
1110:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1087:
1073:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1048:
1041:
1033:
1024:
1018:
1007:
1001:
992:
991:
971:
965:
964:
962:
961:
949:Gill, Victoria.
946:
935:
934:
932:
931:
903:
897:
896:
876:
865:
864:
862:
861:
837:
831:
825:
819:
818:, pp. 83–84
813:
804:
803:
801:
800:
781:
772:
771:
769:
733:
727:
721:
710:
709:
683:
670:
653:
652:
650:
648:
637:
631:
630:
620:
587:
262:
250:
239:
231:
200:
97:
96:
76:
71:
70:
44:
35:Italian sparrow
32:
31:
21:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3039:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2980:
2975:
2967:
2962:
2954:
2951:Observation.org
2949:
2941:
2936:
2928:
2923:
2915:
2910:
2902:
2897:
2889:
2884:
2876:
2871:
2863:
2858:
2850:
2845:
2837:
2832:
2824:
2822:
2814:
2809:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2766:
2756:
2751:
2742:
2738:Strawberry tree
2733:Stella d'Italia
2703:Italian sparrow
2638:Emblem of Italy
2602:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2560:
2555:
2520:
2502:
2472:
2437:
2419:
2408:
2400:
2354:Swahili sparrow
2304:Socotra sparrow
2290:or Pegu sparrow
2267:Italian sparrow
2262:Spanish sparrow
2236:
2218:
2200:
2190:
2136:
2131:
2125:
2106:
2070:
2017:
1985:
1963:
1916:
1912:
1903:
1901:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1846:
1842:
1834:
1830:
1822:
1818:
1810:
1806:
1783:Passer montanus
1781:X tree sparrow
1775:
1771:
1762:
1760:
1725:
1721:
1713:
1709:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1679:
1673:
1669:
1662:
1646:
1642:
1633:
1631:
1608:
1599:
1590:
1588:
1573:
1569:
1561:
1557:
1526:
1522:
1495:
1491:
1455:
1451:
1443:
1439:
1431:
1427:
1408:
1404:
1396:
1392:
1373:
1369:
1342:
1338:
1316:
1312:
1304:
1297:
1288:
1286:
1273:
1269:
1261:
1257:
1238:
1234:
1184:
1175:
1167:
1136:10.1.1.520.4878
1108:
1098:
1094:
1085:
1083:
1071:
1065:
1061:
1052:
1050:
1049:on 20 July 2011
1046:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1027:
1019:
1010:
1002:
995:
972:
968:
959:
957:
947:
938:
929:
927:
904:
900:
893:
877:
868:
859:
857:
838:
834:
826:
822:
814:
807:
798:
796:
782:
775:
734:
730:
722:
713:
681:
671:
656:
646:
644:
639:
638:
634:
588:
584:
580:
563:
527:
442:
394:
351:Spanish sparrow
343:
309:Spanish sparrow
276:Italian sparrow
268:
267:
224:
209:
202:
196:
183:
180:P. italiae
91:
83:
72:
68:
61:
28:
27:Species of bird
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3048:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3020:Fauna of Italy
3017:
3012:
3007:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2982:Passer-italiae
2973:
2960:
2947:
2934:
2921:
2908:
2895:
2882:
2869:
2856:
2843:
2830:
2820:
2807:
2802:Passer italiae
2792:
2776:
2774:
2772:Passer italiae
2768:
2767:
2753:
2752:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2698:Italia turrita
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2589:
2588:
2581:
2574:
2566:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2532:
2530:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2512:
2510:
2508:Onychostruthus
2504:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2484:
2482:
2479:Montifringilla
2474:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2449:
2447:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2429:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2415:Pale rockfinch
2411:
2409:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2364:Desert sparrow
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2285:
2282:Russet sparrow
2279:
2277:Somali sparrow
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2252:Saxaul sparrow
2248:
2246:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2228:
2226:
2224:Hypocryptadius
2220:
2219:
2212:
2210:
2202:
2201:
2189:
2188:
2181:
2174:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2146:Passer italiae
2135:
2134:External links
2132:
2130:
2129:
2123:
2110:
2104:
2096:Robert Gillmor
2083:
2074:
2068:
2055:
2046:
2032:
2021:
2015:
2000:
1989:
1983:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1961:
1926:(6): 719–726.
1910:
1881:
1840:
1828:
1816:
1804:
1793:(3): 375–376.
1779:Passer italiae
1769:
1731:Passer italiae
1719:
1707:
1667:
1660:
1640:
1597:
1567:
1555:
1544:(4): 454–455.
1532:Passer italiae
1520:
1505:. New Series.
1489:
1458:Rothschild, W.
1449:
1437:
1425:
1402:
1390:
1367:
1356:(3): 281–349.
1336:
1310:
1295:
1267:
1255:
1232:
1173:
1121:(2): 144–154.
1092:
1059:
1025:
1008:
1006:, p. 1509
993:
966:
936:
910:Passer italiae
898:
891:
866:
832:
820:
816:Backhouse 1890
805:
792:(in Italian).
773:
752:(3): 195–198.
740:Passer italiae
728:
711:
677:Passer italiae
654:
632:
597:Passer italiae
581:
579:
576:
574:of pollution.
562:
559:
526:
523:
441:
438:
393:
390:
342:
339:
281:Passer italiae
270:
269:
266:
265:
257:
245:
234:
232:Vieillot, 1817
225:
222:
221:
218:
217:
211:
210:
203:
198:Passer italiae
192:
191:
185:
184:
177:
175:
171:
170:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
85:
84:
66:
63:
62:
57:
54:
53:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
18:Passer italiae
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3047:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2983:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2808:
2803:
2797:
2793:
2788:
2782:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2749:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2672:Tricolour Day
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2648:Flag of Italy
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2605:
2601:
2587:
2582:
2580:
2575:
2573:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2314:Kenya sparrow
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2299:Great sparrow
2297:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2257:House sparrow
2255:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2233:
2232:Cinnamon ibon
2230:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2199:: Passeridae)
2198:
2194:
2187:
2182:
2180:
2175:
2173:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2126:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2091:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2022:
2018:
2012:
2008:
2007:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1964:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1914:
1900:on 2010-06-02
1899:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1844:
1838:, p. 161
1837:
1836:Anderson 2006
1832:
1825:
1824:Jourdain 1906
1820:
1814:, p. 205
1813:
1808:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1773:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1732:
1723:
1717:, p. 117
1716:
1711:
1697:on 2015-09-23
1693:
1689:
1685:
1678:
1671:
1663:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1644:
1630:on 2010-05-05
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1615:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1571:
1564:
1559:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1533:
1524:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1493:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1453:
1446:
1441:
1434:
1429:
1421:
1418:(in German).
1417:
1413:
1406:
1399:
1394:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1371:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1340:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1314:
1307:
1302:
1300:
1285:on 2011-07-18
1284:
1280:
1279:
1271:
1264:
1259:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1236:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1107:
1105:
1096:
1081:
1077:
1070:
1063:
1045:
1038:
1032:
1030:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1005:
1000:
998:
989:
985:
981:
978:(in German).
977:
970:
956:
952:
945:
943:
941:
926:on 2010-05-07
925:
921:
917:
913:
911:
902:
894:
888:
884:
883:
875:
873:
871:
855:
851:
847:
845:
836:
830:, p. 319
829:
824:
817:
812:
810:
795:
791:
787:
780:
778:
768:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
741:
732:
725:
720:
718:
716:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
680:
678:
669:
667:
665:
663:
661:
659:
642:
636:
628:
624:
619:
614:
610:
606:
605:
600:
598:
592:
586:
582:
575:
573:
569:
558:
554:
550:
549:and insects.
548:
539:
531:
522:
520:
514:
512:
508:
503:
501:
497:
491:Male in Crete
489:
485:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
446:
437:
434:
430:
429:
423:
421:
417:
413:
412:
407:
403:
399:
389:
387:
383:
379:
378:vocalisations
374:
371:
366:
364:
360:
359:house sparrow
356:
352:
348:
338:
336:
335:national bird
332:
331:
324:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
305:house sparrow
302:
298:
295:
291:
287:
283:
282:
277:
261:
258:
254:
249:
246:
242:
238:
235:
230:
227:
226:
219:
216:
212:
207:
201:
199:
193:
190:
189:Binomial name
186:
182:
181:
176:
173:
172:
169:
168:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
147:
146:Passeriformes
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
127:
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
95:
90:
86:
80:
75:
64:
60:
55:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2771:
2708:Italian wolf
2702:
2688:Goddess Roma
2525:
2507:
2477:
2442:
2433:Rock sparrow
2424:
2405:
2393:
2334:Cape sparrow
2329:Iago sparrow
2272:Sind sparrow
2266:
2241:
2223:
2213:
2205:
2114:
2089:
2078:
2059:
2050:
2040:
2026:
2005:
1994:
1974:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1902:. Retrieved
1898:the original
1893:
1884:
1857:
1853:
1843:
1831:
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2899:iNaturalist
2796:Wikispecies
2723:Rosso corsa
1966:Works cited
1612:"I passeri
1478:: 456–550.
1462:Hartert, E.
1422:(1): 30–32.
1414:in Malta".
692:: 117–145.
472:to western
416:chromosomes
341:Description
2999:Categories
2977:Xeno-canto
2728:Savoy blue
2527:Pyrgilauda
2406:Carpospiza
1904:2010-04-20
1763:2010-04-20
1745:(1): 1–4.
1701:2010-04-27
1634:2010-04-20
1591:2010-04-22
1587:(1): 25–31
1387:: 123–178.
1289:2010-10-23
1086:2010-05-03
1053:2010-08-21
960:2011-09-19
930:2010-04-20
860:2010-04-22
799:2010-04-20
746:Bird Study
578:References
406:subspecies
337:of Italy.
307:, and the
156:Passeridae
74:Vulnerable
2930:103819014
2816:103819014
1860:: 80–83.
1799:0002-4619
1509:: 50–63.
1131:CiteSeerX
706:1175-5334
647:22 August
627:240327457
525:Behaviour
398:taxonomic
290:passerine
174:Species:
112:Kingdom:
106:Eukaryota
2811:BirdLife
2781:Wikidata
2667:Scudetto
2444:Gymnoris
2425:Petronia
2038:(1912).
1948:11353373
1876:14472204
1620:Avocetta
1538:The Ibis
1503:The Ibis
1464:(1911).
1350:The Ibis
1327:The Ibis
1321:(1921).
1246:The Ibis
1227:24177994
1219:21771138
1161:21782750
1153:11479685
1076:Avocetta
955:BBC News
916:Avocetta
593:(2017).
496:Sardinia
392:Taxonomy
363:Albinism
241:Temminck
215:Synonyms
206:Vieillot
152:Family:
126:Chordata
122:Phylum:
116:Animalia
102:Domain:
79:IUCN 3.1
49:Male in
2943:1069440
2891:8426551
2852:itaspa1
2826:itaspa1
2787:Q937933
2215:Species
1956:8789890
1928:Bibcode
1199:Bibcode
1123:Bibcode
856:: 93–98
754:Bibcode
686:Zootaxa
568:Pompeii
454:Corsica
347:plumage
294:sparrow
288:, is a
208:, 1817)
162:Genus:
142:Order:
132:Class:
77: (
51:Tuscany
3010:Passer
2969:995847
2917:916930
2904:201233
2865:101277
2243:Passer
2197:family
2121:
2102:
2066:
2013:
1981:
1954:
1946:
1874:
1797:
1787:Alauda
1658:
1614:Passer
1352:. 10.
1329:. 11.
1225:
1217:
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1151:
1133:
1104:Passer
1082:: 5–14
889:
704:
625:
511:Naples
474:Sicily
470:Naples
466:clinal
402:hybrid
382:chreep
370:tarsus
297:family
255:, 1830
243:, 1820
167:Passer
2860:EUNIS
2847:eBird
2839:4DXXX
2823:BOW:
2207:Genus
1952:S2CID
1695:(PDF)
1680:(PDF)
1540:. 5.
1248:. 4.
1223:S2CID
1168:(PDF)
1157:S2CID
1109:(PDF)
1072:(PDF)
1047:(PDF)
1040:(PDF)
623:S2CID
547:seeds
500:Malta
482:Crete
355:crown
321:Crete
317:Malta
253:Gould
2956:1627
2938:NCBI
2925:IUCN
2912:ITIS
2886:GBIF
2119:ISBN
2100:ISBN
2064:ISBN
2011:ISBN
1979:ISBN
1944:PMID
1872:PMID
1795:ISSN
1656:ISBN
1385:XXVI
1215:PMID
1149:PMID
887:ISBN
794:VIII
702:ISSN
690:1325
649:2024
609:2017
533:Eggs
462:Alps
396:The
376:The
313:Alps
274:The
223:List
136:Aves
2834:CoL
1936:doi
1862:doi
1747:doi
1546:doi
1511:doi
1480:doi
1358:doi
1207:doi
1141:doi
984:doi
762:doi
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