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objects on the ground (such as buildings), or in space (for planetary probes, or for spacecraft using relay satellites). The longest duration ground pass will be experienced by an observer directly on the
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systems, may be designed so that a minimum subset of the constellation is always visible from any point on the Earth, thereby providing continuous
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17:
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175:, a spacecraft must reflect sunlight towards the observer; thus, naked-eye observations are generally restricted to
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only offer short-duration ground passes (although longer contacts may be made via relay satellite networks such as
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orbit may be continuously visible from a single ground station, whereas satellites in
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produce predictions of passes for known satellites. In order to be observed with the
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372:
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217:, the time elapsed between observations of the same point on Earth by a satellite
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89:(LOS). The point at which a spacecraft comes closest to a ground observer is the
81:, or relay satellite, or for visual sighting. The beginning of a pass is termed
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1250:
1143:
1074:
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1049:
1027:
1017:
913:
903:
852:
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410:
271:
Introduction to satellite constellations: Orbital types, uses and related facts
130:
123:
74:
27:
Event during which a spacecraft can be viewed from a specified ground location
1318:
1211:
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hours, during which the spacecraft is in sunlight but the observer is not. A
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1203:
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occurs when sunlight is reflected by flat surfaces on the spacecraft. The
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The timing and duration of passes depends on the characteristics of the
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211:, the path on the surface of the Earth directly below a satellite
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Satellite
Personal Communications for Future-generation Systems
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196:
138:
122:
is greatest toward the start and end of a ground pass, as is
102:
187:, the largest artificial satellite of Earth, has a maximum
303:
Del Re, Encrico; Pierucci, Laura, eds. (6 December 2012).
935:
340:
Mobile
Satellite Communications: Principles and Trends
374:
370:
1316:
302:
492:
371:Montenbruck, Oliver; Eberhard, Gill (2012).
343:(Second ed.). Wiley. pp. 106–107.
156:
105:a satellite occupies, as well as the ground
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364:
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398:
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298:
296:
29:
984:Effect of spaceflight on the human body
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1317:
1006:Psychological and sociological effects
263:
261:
238:
236:
96:
480:
432:"ISS Information - Heavens-above.com"
293:
246:. Northern Lights Software Associates
49:, May 18, 2010 (five-minute exposure)
267:
258:
233:
85:(AOS); the end of a pass is termed
24:
715:Weather and environment monitoring
445:
407:"How to Spot and Track Satellites"
405:Dickinson, David (July 11, 2013).
25:
1341:
163:List of satellite pass predictors
1298:
1288:
1287:
45:over Tampa, Florida, on mission
759:Space launch market competition
506:
337:Richharia, Madhavendra (2014).
126:for Earth-orbiting satellites.
996:Health threat from cosmic rays
424:
13:
1:
227:
7:
1112:Self-replicating spacecraft
948:International Space Station
202:
195:, brighter than the planet
185:International Space Station
73:communication with a given
61:) is the period in which a
36:International Space Station
10:
1346:
626:Space Liability Convention
167:A number of web-based and
160:
1282:
1249:
1202:
1154:
1040:
989:Space adaptation syndrome
976:
881:
801:
792:
680:
514:
461:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
377:. Springer. p. 229.
268:Wood, Lloyd (July 2006).
157:Prediction and visibility
69:, and thus available for
1330:Spacecraft communication
722:Communications satellite
453:"HORIZONS Web Interface"
309:. Springer. p. 19.
215:Satellite revisit period
143:Satellite constellations
91:time of closest approach
1226:reusable launch systems
843:Extravehicular activity
754:Commercial use of space
658:Militarisation of space
631:Registration Convention
547:Accidents and incidents
1274:Mission control center
1236:Non-rocket spacelaunch
670:Billionaire space race
50:
1124:Spacecraft propulsion
574:European Space Agency
457:Solar System Dynamics
83:acquisition of signal
33:
749:Satellite navigation
147:satellite navigation
34:Visible pass of the
1134:Electric propulsion
821:Life-support system
705:Imagery and mapping
665:Private spaceflight
244:"AOS, TCA, and LOS"
169:mobile applications
145:, such as those of
97:Timing and duration
1087:Robotic spacecraft
1013:Space and survival
868:Space colonization
764:Space architecture
616:Outer Space Treaty
221:Satellite watching
189:apparent magnitude
118:of the satellite.
51:
18:Pass (spaceflight)
1312:
1311:
1259:Flight controller
1036:
1035:
794:Human spaceflight
769:Space exploration
695:Earth observation
16:(Redirected from
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1302:
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1001:Space psychology
826:Animals in space
799:
798:
779:Space technology
621:Rescue Agreement
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124:Doppler shifting
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1217:Escape velocity
1198:
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1117:Space telescope
1070:Reentry capsule
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848:Overview effect
831:Bioastronautics
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434:. Heavens-above
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181:satellite flare
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135:low Earth orbit
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1177:Geosynchronous
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1065:Orbital module
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1050:Launch vehicle
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1028:Space sexology
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1018:Space medicine
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774:Space research
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579:European Union
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411:Universe Today
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384:978-3642583513
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350:978-1118810064
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316:978-1447101314
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281:Summer Session
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161:Main article:
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131:geosynchronous
129:Satellites in
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87:loss of signal
75:ground station
40:Space Shuttle
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1023:Space nursing
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863:Space tourism
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648:Space command
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604:United States
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522:Astrodynamics
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71:line-of-sight
68:
67:local horizon
65:is above the
64:
60:
56:
48:
44:
43:
37:
32:
19:
1268:
1204:Space launch
1189:Interstellar
1155:Destinations
924:Apollo–Soyuz
873:Space diving
858:Space toilet
682:Applications
599:Soviet Union
559:Space policy
554:Space launch
464:. Retrieved
456:
447:
436:. Retrieved
426:
414:. Retrieved
400:
388:. Retrieved
373:
366:
354:. Retrieved
339:
332:
320:. Retrieved
305:
283:. Retrieved
270:
248:. Retrieved
223:, as a hobby
209:Ground track
166:
128:
116:ground track
100:
90:
86:
82:
58:
55:orbital pass
54:
52:
41:
1162:Sub-orbital
1097:Space probe
963:New Shepard
941:Shuttle–Mir
700:Archaeology
653:Space force
636:Moon Treaty
508:Spaceflight
416:17 November
390:17 November
356:17 November
322:17 November
285:17 November
250:17 November
57:(or simply
1319:Categories
1231:Launch pad
1222:Expendable
1172:Geocentric
1139:Solar sail
1082:Spaceplane
1042:Spacecraft
836:Space suit
814:commercial
742:Television
537:Space Race
438:2007-12-22
228:References
107:topography
63:spacecraft
1241:Spaceport
1092:Satellite
809:Astronaut
737:Telephone
690:Astronomy
611:Space law
564:Australia
173:naked eye
120:Path loss
111:occulting
1293:Category
958:Tiangong
953:Shenzhou
882:Programs
727:Internet
532:Timeline
203:See also
177:twilight
151:coverage
109:and any
79:receiver
42:Atlantis
1167:Orbital
968:Artemis
899:Voskhod
894:Mercury
802:General
542:Records
527:History
515:General
466:13 July
93:(TCA).
47:STS-132
1304:Portal
1297:
1286:
1102:Lander
1055:Rocket
919:Skylab
914:Apollo
904:Gemini
889:Vostok
594:Russia
381:
347:
313:
1107:Rover
909:Soyuz
732:Radio
589:Japan
584:India
569:China
275:(PDF)
197:Venus
139:TDRSS
103:orbit
1269:Pass
1224:and
468:2016
418:2015
392:2015
379:ISBN
358:2015
345:ISBN
324:2015
311:ISBN
287:2015
252:2015
193:–5.9
59:pass
38:and
936:Mir
279:ISU
191:of
141:).
53:An
1321::
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455:.
409:.
295:^
277:.
260:^
235:^
199:.
153:.
77:,
500:e
493:t
486:v
470:.
441:.
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394:.
360:.
326:.
289:.
254:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
