2493:
another party. This is due to the phenomenon of motivated reasoning, of which there are several types, including "cheerleading" and congenial inference. Motivated reasoning means that a partisan survey respondent may feel motivated to answer the survey in a way that they know is incorrect; when the respondent is uncertain of an answer, partisanship may also motivate them to guess or predict an answer that favorable to their party. Studies have found that offering a cash incentive for correct answers reduces partisan bias in responses by about 50%, from 12–15% to about 6%.
858:) began in 1952, an individual's partisan tendencies were typically determined by their voting behaviour. Since then, "partisan" has come to refer to an individual with a psychological identification with one or the other of the major parties. Depending on their political beliefs, candidates may join a party. As they build the framework for career advancement, parties are more often than not the preferred choice for candidates. There are many parties in a system, and candidates often join them instead of standing as an Independent if that is provided for.
2314:
2471:. Defending and substantiating the goals and tasks of the working class and the policies of the Communist Party, Marxist-Leninist theory mercilessly criticizes the exploiters' system, its politics, and its ideology. ... By contrast, the bourgeoisie, whose interests conflict with those of the majority, is forced to hide its self-seeking aspirations, to pretend that its economic and political aims are those of society as a whole, and to wrap itself in the toga of non-partisanship
2808:
2505:
2326:
784:
940:
2421:, to counter what he considered to be the futility of objectivity in political, economic analysis. Class interests and material conditions of existence determine ideology, and thus, in a Marxist-Leninist view, true objectivity (in terms of non-partisanship) is not possible in a society of antagonistic classes. Marxists, in Lenin's view, should openly acknowledge their partisanship on the side of proletarian revolution.
2338:
36:
2623:
910:
usually in the evening, over drinks, were far more productive. For
Johnson and Rayburn, it was shrewd politics to cooperate with Ike. Eisenhower was wildly popular in the country. ... By supporting a Republican president against the Old Guard of his own party, the Democrats hoped to share Ike's popularity.
909:
Ike, LBJ, and "Mr. Sam" did not trust one another completely and they did not see eye to eye on every issue, but they understood one another and had no difficulty working together. Eisenhower continued to meet regularly with the
Republican leadership. But his weekly sessions with Rayburn and Johnson,
2492:
Partisanship causes survey respondents to answer political surveys differently, even if the survey asks a question with an objective answer. People with strong partisan beliefs are 12% more likely to give an incorrect answer that benefits their preferred party than an incorrect answer that benefits
861:
In the U.S., politicians have generally been identified with a party. Many local elections in the U.S. (as for mayor) are "nonpartisan." A candidate may have a party affiliation but it is not listed on the ballot. Independents occasionally appear in significant contests but rarely win. At the
889:
campaigning distasteful and inappropriate, and he disliked the partisan aspects of campaigning." With little interest in routine partisanship, Eisenhower left much of the building and sustaining of the
Republican Party to his vice president,
1680:
1521:
852:
The term's meaning has changed dramatically over the last 60 years in the United States. Before the
American National Election Study (described in Angus Campbell et al., in
1675:
1670:
1665:
46:
2448:. However, Lenin's term has a normative element that was not present in prior descriptions of the phenomenon. In other words, Lenin insisted that partiinost'
2368:
2429:
is a universal and inevitable element of political and ideological life. Still, its presence is not always acknowledged or flatly denied by the ruling class.
1016:
2846:
2402:). It can be variously translated as party-mindedness, partisanship, or party spirit. The term can refer to both a philosophical position concerning the
2288:
2741:
Smirnov, G.L. Partiinost' Great Soviet
Encyclopedia. 3rd Edition. Eds. A. M. Prokhorov and M. Waxman. New York: Macmillan, 1973. Vol. 19, p. 296.
2109:
2207:
57:
2129:
2009:
1972:
1660:
1043:
2387:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
759:
2361:
1528:
2084:
1790:
844:, the term is used for persons who strongly support their party's policies and are reluctant to compromise with political opponents.
2484:
to refer to the concept of philosophical factionalism, which he defined broadly as the struggle between idealists and materialists.
2706:
Smirnov, G.L. Partiinost' Great Soviet
Encyclopedia. 3rd Edition. Eds. A. M. Prokhorov and M. Waxman. New York: Macmillan, 1973.
2697:
Smirnov, G.L. Partiinost' Great Soviet
Encyclopedia. 3rd Edition. Eds. A. M. Prokhorov and M. Waxman. New York: Macmillan, 1973.
2004:
882:
812:
2283:
1932:
1516:
1185:
2354:
2214:
1692:
1613:
1548:
1063:
2134:
1962:
1927:
1867:
1608:
1553:
1538:
17:
2190:
2114:
2089:
1987:
1967:
764:
2649:
1942:
1937:
1922:
1887:
1785:
2594:
2480:
2221:
1982:
1957:
1952:
1830:
1818:
991:
75:
2024:
1947:
1805:
878:
769:
415:
2167:
2019:
1992:
1977:
1840:
1107:
2034:
1882:
1872:
1795:
1757:
1533:
2014:
1902:
1800:
974:
954:
923:
420:
2200:
2079:
2029:
1722:
1655:
1053:
1028:
805:
208:
897:
Eisenhower's largely nonpartisan stance allowed him to work smoothly with the
Democratic leader's Speaker
2851:
2104:
1897:
1576:
1243:
1122:
2856:
2558:
2231:
2139:
2124:
2094:
1907:
1633:
751:
2538:
2460:
1850:
732:
2826:
1423:
885:. According to David A. Crockett, "Much of Eisenhower's nonpartisan image was genuine, for he found
2074:
1845:
1543:
1145:
1073:
469:
400:
969:
50:
that states a
Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
2069:
2064:
2059:
1732:
1558:
1511:
1006:
798:
424:
894:. With Eisenhower uninvolved in party building, Nixon became the de facto national GOP leader."
2548:
2403:
2099:
1318:
1233:
1088:
660:
2639:
2586:
1263:
2528:
2425:
emphasis on the normative goal of objectivity is thus considered delusional. In this sense,
2119:
1742:
1378:
996:
986:
702:
641:
596:
559:
410:
395:
356:
184:
164:
53:
1288:
2391:
1813:
1737:
1707:
1438:
1078:
939:
931:
874:
697:
489:
296:
154:
134:
2830:
2821:
2782:
2765:
1403:
8:
2236:
2226:
1762:
1747:
1488:
1448:
1155:
826:
737:
727:
722:
707:
687:
544:
366:
351:
226:
174:
1413:
1767:
1727:
1603:
1328:
981:
854:
841:
692:
651:
586:
504:
316:
189:
119:
110:
1303:
2787:
2669:
2645:
2590:
2579:
2543:
2523:
1717:
1623:
1408:
1353:
1273:
1253:
1170:
1083:
1023:
1001:
509:
484:
129:
94:
1228:
2777:
2395:
2342:
2318:
2273:
1697:
1478:
1458:
1313:
1308:
1293:
964:
959:
886:
867:
646:
591:
573:
554:
539:
306:
241:
159:
2812:
2410:. The term may also mean the membership of a person in a certain political party.
2822:
Graphic showing Rise of
Partisanship in the US House of Representatives 1949–2011
2510:
2330:
2298:
2278:
1640:
1338:
1298:
1283:
1278:
1100:
1095:
1058:
1033:
837:
788:
717:
712:
632:
606:
601:
581:
519:
479:
474:
101:
1398:
2533:
2518:
2414:
2293:
2246:
2195:
1433:
1418:
1368:
1333:
1248:
1238:
1213:
1068:
902:
514:
464:
405:
271:
256:
2840:
2791:
1752:
1493:
1468:
1428:
1393:
1343:
1218:
1175:
1127:
1048:
891:
385:
301:
291:
1373:
2553:
2437:
2418:
2407:
2268:
1917:
1857:
1650:
1628:
1453:
1363:
1268:
1112:
620:
499:
459:
454:
390:
371:
236:
2673:
2261:
2251:
1912:
1892:
1712:
1702:
1618:
1473:
1383:
1358:
1323:
1258:
1117:
898:
494:
444:
380:
376:
346:
281:
216:
2807:
2504:
2325:
783:
2441:
2172:
2157:
1687:
1483:
1443:
1223:
863:
341:
276:
266:
2445:
2436:
was not a novel concept and had been described in different words by
2422:
2256:
2241:
1388:
1190:
1150:
678:
549:
321:
311:
231:
221:
2581:
The Opposition Presidency: Leadership and the Constraints of History
2162:
1645:
1463:
1165:
1160:
361:
286:
261:
251:
144:
2054:
1999:
1348:
1195:
246:
1180:
449:
2337:
1825:
2406:
and an official doctrine of public intellectual life in the
1877:
1862:
1835:
1011:
862:
presidential level, the best independent vote getters were
47:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
2467:
The Communist Party consistently upholds the principle of
2611:
Ike and Dick: Portrait of a Strange Political Marriage
2668:
Ed. C. D. Kering. New York: Herder and Herder, 1973.
2754:
Ed. C. D. Kering. New York: Herder and Herder, 1973.
2732:
Ed. C. D. Kering. New York: Herder and Herder, 1973.
2719:
Ed. C. D. Kering. New York: Herder and Herder, 1973.
2688:
Ed. C. D. Kering. New York: Herder and Herder, 1973.
2500:
2750:Joravsky, D. and C. Koblernicz. "Party-Mindedness"
2728:Joravsky, D. and C. Koblernicz. "Party-Mindedness"
2715:Joravsky, D. and C. Koblernicz. "Party-Mindedness"
2684:Joravsky, D. and C. Koblernicz. "Party-Mindedness"
2664:Joravsky, D. and C. Koblernicz. "Party-Mindedness"
2578:
27:Committed supporter of a political party or belief
2637:
2576:
2838:
2764:Bullock, John G.; Lenz, Gabriel (May 11, 2019).
877:was nonpartisan until 1952, when he joined the
2625:The encyclopedia of American political history
2362:
2130:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
806:
2394:. In Chinese, it is translated as Dangxing (
2763:
2847:Political terminology of the United States
2369:
2355:
1529:Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR
813:
799:
2781:
2752:Marxism and Communism in Western Society.
2730:Marxism and Communism in Western Society.
2717:Marxism and Communism in Western Society.
2686:Marxism and Communism in Western Society.
2666:Marxism and Communism in Western Society.
2452:be publicly expressed whenever possible.
2386:is a transliteration of the Russian term
2085:Communist Party of the Russian Federation
76:Learn how and when to remove this message
2110:Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party
14:
2839:
2191:All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
1517:Dialectical and Historical Materialism
1186:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
2783:10.1146/annurev-polisci-051117-050904
1693:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution
1614:Industrialization in the Soviet Union
1549:Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung
1017:Intensification of the class struggle
2135:Sandinista National Liberation Front
1609:Collectivization in the Soviet Union
29:
2622:Paul Finkelman, Peter Wallenstein,
2090:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
914:
24:
2770:Annual Review of Political Science
2289:State ideology of the Soviet Union
1522:The History of the Communist Party
25:
2868:
2801:
2481:Materialism and Empirio-criticism
2459:can be found in its entry in the
2222:Criticism of communist party rule
1554:President Ho Chi Minh's Testament
992:Commanding heights of the economy
901:in the House and Majority Leader
2806:
2503:
2336:
2324:
2312:
2115:Lao People's Revolutionary Party
1539:Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism
1524:of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)
938:
905:in the Senate. Jean Smith says:
847:
782:
34:
2827:Do politics make us irrational?
2757:
2744:
2735:
2722:
1108:Theory of the productive forces
2709:
2700:
2691:
2678:
2658:
2631:
2616:
2603:
2570:
1534:A Critique of Soviet Economics
13:
1:
2811:The dictionary definition of
2644:. Random House. p. 648.
975:Soviet-type economic planning
955:Administrative-command system
2585:. Texas A&M UP. p.
2080:Communist Party of Kampuchea
1723:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
1054:Proletarian internationalism
7:
2641:Eisenhower in War and Peace
2496:
2487:
2105:Indochinese Communist Party
1123:Wars of national liberation
836:is a committed member of a
765:Political parties by region
555:Party convention/conference
10:
2873:
2766:"Partisan Bias in Surveys"
2638:Jean Edward Smith (2012).
2577:David A. Crockett (2002).
2559:Cook Partisan Voting Index
2232:Marxist schools of thought
2125:Party of Labour of Albania
2095:Communist Party of Vietnam
824:
752:Lists of political parties
2539:Partisan (disambiguation)
2478:is also used by Lenin in
2461:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
2399:
760:Ruling parties by country
733:National unity government
2564:
2075:Communist Party of India
1074:Socialism in one country
1029:Marxist–Leninist atheism
825:Not to be confused with
770:Banned political parties
470:Leader of the Opposition
438:Leaders and organization
401:Parliamentary opposition
2417:in 1895, responding to
2413:The term was coined by
2284:State ideology of China
2210:under communist regimes
2208:Crimes against humanity
2168:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism
2140:Workers' Party of Korea
2070:Communist Party of Cuba
2065:Chinese Communist Party
1733:Portuguese Colonial War
1559:The Governance of China
1512:Foundations of Leninism
1059:Protracted people's war
1007:Dialectical materialism
2549:Political polarization
2473:
2455:A clear expression of
2404:sociology of knowledge
2100:French Communist Party
2010:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1319:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
1234:Khorloogiin Choibalsan
912:
866:in 1992 and 1996, and
56:by rewriting it in an
2833:talk by Jay Van Bavel
2529:Negative partisanship
2465:
2120:Nepal Communist Party
1743:Nicaraguan Revolution
1379:Mengistu Haile Mariam
997:Democratic centralism
987:Collective leadership
907:
703:Confidence and supply
560:Leadership convention
411:Official party status
367:Entrepreneurial party
2343:Socialism portal
2319:Communism portal
1738:Black power movement
1708:Non-Aligned Movement
1079:Socialist patriotism
875:Dwight D. Eisenhower
708:Consensus government
698:Coalition government
490:Parliamentary leader
297:Classical radicalism
18:Partisan (political)
2331:Politics portal
2237:National Bolshevism
2227:Cult of personality
1763:Revolutions of 1989
1758:Naxalite insurgency
1748:Cultural Revolution
1634:Great Patriotic War
1489:Wojciech Jaruzelski
1449:Nur Muhammad Taraki
1156:Ho Chi Minh Thought
842:multi-party systems
827:Partisan (military)
789:Politics portal
738:Rotation government
728:Minority government
723:Majority government
688:Parliamentary group
545:Leadership election
227:Christian democracy
2852:Soviet phraseology
1768:Nepalese Civil War
1728:Great Leap Forward
1656:Chinese Revolution
1329:Kaysone Phomvihane
1044:People's democracy
982:Collective farming
855:The American Voter
693:Divided government
587:Crossing the floor
533:Internal elections
505:Party spokesperson
416:Single-issue party
111:Political Spectrum
58:encyclopedic style
45:is written like a
2857:Political parties
2544:Political faction
2524:Macropartisanship
2379:
2378:
1718:Sino-Soviet split
1624:Spanish Civil War
1544:Guerrilla Warfare
1506:Theoretical works
1424:Władysław Gomułka
1404:Nicolae Ceaușescu
1354:Nikos Zachariadis
1274:Nikita Khrushchev
1254:Palmiro Togliatti
1024:Labor aristocracy
1002:Dialectical logic
883:elected president
823:
822:
669:
668:
485:Political faction
198:
197:
86:
85:
78:
16:(Redirected from
2864:
2810:
2796:
2795:
2785:
2761:
2755:
2748:
2742:
2739:
2733:
2726:
2720:
2713:
2707:
2704:
2698:
2695:
2689:
2682:
2676:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2635:
2629:
2620:
2614:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2584:
2574:
2513:
2508:
2507:
2401:
2392:Marxism–Leninism
2371:
2364:
2357:
2341:
2340:
2329:
2328:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2274:State capitalism
1698:De-Stalinization
1479:Gennady Zyuganov
1459:Rohana Wijeweera
1314:Klement Gottwald
1309:Valko Chervenkov
1294:Lazar Kaganovich
970:Central planning
965:Anti-revisionism
960:Anti-imperialism
942:
932:Marxism–Leninism
919:
918:
915:Marxism–Leninism
879:Republican Party
868:John B. Anderson
815:
808:
801:
787:
786:
626:
625:
592:Party discipline
574:Party discipline
540:Primary election
396:Opposition party
307:Social democracy
242:Environmentalism
116:
115:
90:
89:
81:
74:
70:
67:
61:
38:
37:
30:
21:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2837:
2836:
2804:
2799:
2762:
2758:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2727:
2723:
2714:
2710:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2683:
2679:
2663:
2659:
2652:
2636:
2632:
2621:
2617:
2609:Jeffrey Frank,
2608:
2604:
2597:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2511:Politics portal
2509:
2502:
2499:
2490:
2432:Descriptively,
2375:
2335:
2323:
2313:
2311:
2304:
2303:
2299:Totalitarianism
2279:State socialism
2209:
2186:
2178:
2177:
2153:
2145:
2144:
2050:
2042:
2041:
1781:
1773:
1772:
1641:Greek Civil War
1572:
1564:
1563:
1523:
1507:
1499:
1498:
1439:Mathieu Kérékou
1339:Leonid Brezhnev
1304:Bolesław Bierut
1299:Georgi Dimitrov
1284:Josip Broz Tito
1279:Walter Ulbricht
1209:
1201:
1200:
1141:
1133:
1132:
1034:One-party state
1019:under socialism
1018:
950:
917:
850:
838:political party
830:
819:
781:
776:
775:
774:
754:
744:
743:
742:
718:Hung parliament
713:Grand coalition
682:
681:between parties
671:
670:
665:
656:
637:
623:
613:
612:
611:
607:Party switching
602:Party-line vote
582:Conscience vote
576:
566:
565:
564:
534:
526:
525:
524:
480:Minority leader
475:Majority leader
439:
431:
430:
429:
362:Catch-all party
336:
328:
327:
326:
211:
200:
199:
194:
169:
139:
113:
95:Politics series
82:
71:
65:
62:
54:help improve it
51:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2870:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2835:
2834:
2824:
2817:at Wiktionary
2803:
2802:External links
2800:
2798:
2797:
2776:(1): 325–342.
2756:
2743:
2734:
2721:
2708:
2699:
2690:
2677:
2657:
2651:978-0679644293
2650:
2630:
2615:
2602:
2595:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2519:Bipartisanship
2515:
2514:
2498:
2495:
2489:
2486:
2415:Vladimir Lenin
2390:originated in
2377:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2366:
2359:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2333:
2321:
2306:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2294:Third-Worldism
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2254:
2249:
2247:Post-communism
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2196:Anti-communism
2193:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2154:
2152:Related topics
2151:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2002:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1841:Czechoslovakia
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1519:
1514:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1434:Thomas Sankara
1431:
1426:
1421:
1419:Erich Honecker
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1369:Agostinho Neto
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1334:Khalid Bakdash
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1264:Võ Nguyên Giáp
1261:
1256:
1251:
1249:Maurice Thorez
1246:
1241:
1239:Ehmetjan Qasim
1236:
1231:
1229:Ernst Thälmann
1226:
1221:
1216:
1214:Vladimir Lenin
1210:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1076:
1071:
1069:Social fascism
1066:
1064:Self-criticism
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
978:
977:
967:
962:
957:
951:
948:
947:
944:
943:
935:
934:
928:
927:
916:
913:
903:Lyndon Johnson
849:
846:
821:
820:
818:
817:
810:
803:
795:
792:
791:
778:
777:
773:
772:
767:
762:
756:
755:
750:
749:
746:
745:
741:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
684:
683:
677:
676:
673:
672:
667:
666:
664:
663:
657:
655:
654:
649:
644:
642:Dominant-party
638:
636:
635:
629:
624:
619:
618:
615:
614:
610:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
578:
577:
572:
571:
568:
567:
563:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
536:
535:
532:
531:
528:
527:
523:
522:
517:
515:Shadow cabinet
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
465:Lead candidate
462:
457:
452:
447:
441:
440:
437:
436:
433:
432:
428:
427:
418:
413:
408:
406:Party of power
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
338:
337:
334:
333:
330:
329:
325:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
272:Libertarianism
269:
264:
259:
257:Green politics
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
213:
212:
206:
205:
202:
201:
196:
195:
193:
192:
187:
181:
178:
177:
171:
170:
168:
167:
162:
160:Radical Centre
157:
151:
148:
147:
141:
140:
138:
137:
132:
126:
123:
122:
114:
109:
108:
105:
104:
102:Party politics
98:
97:
84:
83:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2869:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2809:
2793:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2760:
2753:
2747:
2738:
2731:
2725:
2718:
2712:
2703:
2694:
2687:
2681:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2661:
2653:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2634:
2628:
2627:(2001) p. 271
2626:
2619:
2612:
2606:
2598:
2596:9781585441570
2592:
2588:
2583:
2582:
2573:
2569:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2506:
2501:
2494:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2470:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2372:
2367:
2365:
2360:
2358:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2320:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2216:
2215:Mass killings
2213:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2201:Mass killings
2199:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2049:Organizations
2046:
2045:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1753:Prague Spring
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1495:
1494:Todor Zhivkov
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1469:Harry Pollitt
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1429:Samora Machel
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1394:Hardial Bains
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1344:Deng Xiaoping
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1289:Mátyás Rákosi
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1219:Joseph Stalin
1217:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1176:Khrushchevism
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1129:
1128:Unified power
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1049:Popular front
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
976:
973:
972:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
952:
946:
945:
941:
937:
936:
933:
930:
929:
925:
921:
920:
911:
906:
904:
900:
895:
893:
892:Richard Nixon
888:
884:
880:
876:
871:
869:
865:
859:
857:
856:
848:United States
845:
843:
839:
835:
828:
816:
811:
809:
804:
802:
797:
796:
794:
793:
790:
785:
780:
779:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
757:
753:
748:
747:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
685:
680:
675:
674:
662:
659:
658:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
639:
634:
631:
630:
628:
627:
622:
621:Party systems
617:
616:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
579:
575:
570:
569:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
537:
530:
529:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
442:
435:
434:
426:
425:International
422:
421:Transnational
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
339:
332:
331:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
302:Republicanism
300:
298:
295:
293:
292:Progressivism
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
214:
210:
204:
203:
191:
188:
186:
183:
182:
180:
179:
176:
173:
172:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
152:
150:
149:
146:
143:
142:
136:
133:
131:
128:
127:
125:
124:
121:
118:
117:
112:
107:
106:
103:
100:
99:
96:
92:
91:
88:
80:
77:
69:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
32:
31:
19:
2813:
2805:
2773:
2769:
2759:
2751:
2746:
2737:
2729:
2724:
2716:
2711:
2702:
2693:
2685:
2680:
2665:
2660:
2640:
2633:
2624:
2618:
2610:
2605:
2580:
2572:
2554:Sectarianism
2491:
2479:
2475:
2474:
2468:
2466:
2456:
2454:
2449:
2438:Thrasymachus
2433:
2431:
2426:
2419:Peter Struve
2412:
2408:Soviet Union
2382:
2381:
2380:
2269:Second World
1983:Turkmenistan
1918:Soviet Union
1858:East Germany
1681:2002–present
1651:Eastern Bloc
1629:World War II
1577:Soviet Union
1454:Alfonso Cano
1409:Gustáv Husák
1399:Sanzō Nosaka
1364:Fidel Castro
1269:Earl Browder
1113:Third Period
1038:
908:
896:
872:
860:
853:
851:
833:
831:
661:Non-partisan
500:Party leader
460:Frontbencher
455:Caucus chair
391:Ruling party
372:Ethnic party
352:Cartel party
237:Conservatism
185:Centre-Right
165:Centre-Right
93:Part of the
87:
72:
63:
44:
2534:Nonpartisan
2476:Partiinost'
2469:partiinost'
2457:partiinost'
2434:partiinost'
2427:partiinost'
2388:партийность
2383:Partiinost'
2252:Red fascism
1913:South Yemen
1893:North Korea
1786:Afghanistan
1713:Vietnam War
1703:Warsaw Pact
1619:Great Purge
1604:Great Break
1474:Harpal Brar
1414:János Kádár
1384:Kim Il Sung
1359:Che Guevara
1324:Enver Hoxha
1259:Ho Chi Minh
1118:Vanguardism
1039:Partiinost'
899:Sam Rayburn
652:Multi-party
495:Party chair
445:Backbencher
381:Minor party
377:Major party
357:Competitive
347:Elite party
282:Nationalism
217:Agrarianism
155:Centre-Left
135:Centre-Left
66:August 2018
2841:Categories
2442:Xenophanes
2173:Trotskyism
2158:Bolshevism
2025:Montenegro
2005:Yugoslavia
1993:Uzbekistan
1978:Tajikistan
1953:Kyrgyzstan
1948:Kazakhstan
1928:Azerbaijan
1888:Mozambique
1780:By country
1688:Korean War
1484:Xi Jinping
1444:Siad Barre
1374:Lúcio Lara
1224:Mao Zedong
873:President
864:Ross Perot
679:Coalitions
597:Party line
386:Mass party
342:Bloc party
317:Syncretism
277:Monarchism
267:Liberalism
209:Ideologies
175:Right-Wing
2792:1094-2939
2674:906319417
2446:Karl Marx
2423:Bourgeois
2257:Red Scare
2242:New class
2060:Comintern
2020:Macedonia
1963:Lithuania
1810:Cambodia
1676:1989–2002
1671:1976–1989
1666:1949–1976
1597:1982–1991
1592:1964–1982
1587:1953–1964
1582:1927–1953
1389:Chin Peng
1244:José Díaz
1191:Stalinism
1151:Guevarism
1146:Castroism
1101:Socialist
870:in 1980.
647:Two-party
633:One-party
550:Open list
510:Secretary
322:Third Way
312:Socialism
232:Communism
222:Anarchism
190:Far-Right
120:Left-Wing
2814:partisan
2497:See also
2488:Research
2185:See also
2163:Leninism
2035:Slovenia
1933:Byelarus
1883:Mongolia
1863:Ethiopia
1851:Slovakia
1806:Bulgaria
1646:Cold War
1464:Gus Hall
1171:Kádárism
1166:Husakism
1161:Hoxhaism
1140:Variants
1089:Yugoslav
949:Concepts
924:a series
922:Part of
887:Truman's
881:and was
834:partisan
287:Populism
262:Islamism
252:Feminism
130:Far-Left
2396:Chinese
2055:Comecon
2015:Croatia
2000:Vietnam
1988:Ukraine
1968:Moldova
1943:Georgia
1938:Estonia
1923:Armenia
1908:Somalia
1903:Romania
1873:Hungary
1868:Grenada
1846:Czechia
1819:1979–92
1814:1975–79
1791:Albania
1571:History
1349:Pol Pot
1196:Titoism
247:Fascism
52:Please
2831:TED-Ed
2790:
2672:
2648:
2613:(2013)
2593:
2450:should
2444:, and
2398::
2262:Second
2030:Serbia
1973:Russia
1958:Latvia
1898:Poland
1796:Angola
1208:People
1181:Maoism
1084:Soviet
450:Caucus
207:Major
145:Centre
2565:Notes
1831:Congo
1826:China
1801:Benin
1661:China
1096:State
840:. In
335:Types
2829:– a
2788:ISSN
2670:OCLC
2646:ISBN
2591:ISBN
1878:Laos
1836:Cuba
1012:Foco
520:Whip
2778:doi
2587:139
2843::
2786:.
2774:22
2772:.
2768:.
2589:.
2463::
2440:,
2400:党性
926:on
832:A
423:/
379:/
2794:.
2780::
2654:.
2599:.
2370:e
2363:t
2356:v
829:.
814:e
807:t
800:v
79:)
73:(
68:)
64:(
60:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.