52:(PIXE) are both sensitive only to the surface few microns of the sample because of the low energy (and consequent high absorption coefficient) of the Na K X-rays (1.05 keV). But, for example, the Na(p,p'Îł)Na reaction has a high and relatively well-known cross-section (see the IAEA "IBANDL" site) and is therefore frequently used for determining bulk sodium content of glasses, since the gamma energy (440 keV) is so high that there is effectively no absorption. The
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proton beam is directed onto a sample which may be tens of microns thick, and the fast protons may excite the target nuclei such that gamma rays are emitted. These may be used to characterise the sample. For example, sodium in glass is of great importance but can be hard to measure non
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Tighe, Meghanne; Jin, Yukun; Whitehead, Heather D.; Hayes, Kathleen; Lieberman, Marya; Pannu, Meeta; Plumlee, Megan H.; Peaslee, Graham F. (2021-12-10). "Screening for Per- and
Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Water with Particle Induced Gamma-Ray Emission Spectroscopy".
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Dimitriou, P.; Becker, H.-W.; Bogdanović-Radović, I.; Chiari, M.; Goncharov, A.; Jesus, A.P.; Kakuee, O.; Kiss, A.Z.; Lagoyannis, A.; Räisänen, J.; Strivay, D.; Zucchiatti, A. (2016).
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Ritter, Evelyn E.; Dickinson, Margaret E.; Harron, John P.; Lunderberg, David M.; DeYoung, Paul A.; Robel, Alix E.; Field, Jennifer A.; Peaslee, Graham F. (September 2017).
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Tokranov, Andrea K.; Nishizawa, Nicole; Amadei, Carlo
Alberto; Zenobio, Jenny E.; Pickard, Heidi M.; Allen, Joseph G.; Vecitis, Chad D.; Sunderland, Elsie M. (2019-01-08).
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