1221:
buildings mean the condition of the Female
Factory site as a whole is reduced. The structures that remain from the Female Factory are three buildings (South-East and North-East Ranges and Penitentiary Sleeping Ward) along with some of the original enclosing walls. The original fabric of the three remaining buildings is in fair to good condition; however, these buildings have a number of recent additions to the original fabric which are intrusive. The South-East Range has a two storey sandstone addition to the eastern end of the building, one storey rendered addition to the western end of the building and intrusive additions on the northern and southern facades. The North-East Range has similar later additions. The two ranges can still be read as a pair. The Sleeping Ward has been refurbished internally, and an original upper floor was removed in 1880. Parts of the original Female Factory walls remain though much of the original extend has been removed. While later constructions had the potential to damage the site's archaeological potential, recent works uncovering original footings from the Female Factory suggest that the potential remains relatively unaffected.
1276:
Chapel, Laundry, Bethel House and the
Gatehouse), also known as the former Norma Parker Centre/Kamballa Site. This includes both the exterior and interior original fabric of the buildings and the curtilage they sit within, including but not limited to: the form of the South-West Range with its long, narrow, attic dormitory spaces; Female Factory, Orphan and Girls School site walls; enclosed courtyard and assembly spaces created by the South-West Range, Covered Way and fences; the Female Factory clock as used in Ward 1 of the Institute of Psychiatry; the relationship of the Orphan and Girls Schools with the wall of the Parramatta Female Factory, reinforcing the institutional qualities of the Schools; the perimeter wall of the Girls School, and the pairing of the Female Factory South-East and North-East Range. The values are not expressed in later intrusive additions to the original fabric.
981:
criminalised many girls' experiences of trauma and poverty, reflecting the penal philosophy consistent through the history of the institution. The other 14% of girls were committed due to 'offences', mainly stealing. There was little recognition that girls who were absconding and uncontrollable were often reacting to mistreatment at the hands of those around them, situations such as violent families, sexual abuse or poor treatment in the foster system. Around 5ā8% of girls were pregnant while in
Parramatta; any sexual history was considered sufficient to indicate delinquency regardless of the circumstances under which the girls experienced it. The Girls School brought together the histories on the site of the government's responsibility for women who had broken social conventions, in the Female Factory, as well as children who had come from unfit homes, as with the Orphan School.
1247:
Australia's welfare system for over 150 years, where those receiving social services were placed in 'care institutions' which provided government services in a residential setting. Through this period, the
Precinct was the site of the Parramatta Female Factory for women convicts, a Roman Catholic Orphan School for Catholic children, and finally the Parramatta Girls Industrial School, a home for girls seen as neglected or wayward, including children from the Stolen Generations. Together, these facilities provided shelter, education and oversight of thousands of women and children, but they were also often places of poor treatment and abuse. Women and children had a distinctive experience of institutionalisation, due to the particular moral judgment that was imposed on women and their children who lived in poverty or were considered to be outside social acceptability.
1268:
women and children, who they regarded as needing protection and control, through the use of institutions as a core element of the welfare system. In particular the
Precinct provides a record of the experiences of convict women, and of how women and children as a class had a distinct experience of "benevolent" institutions, where the purpose and promise of care was far from the reality. Women living without the oversight of a husband or family were subject to moral judgment. Authorities saw it as necessary to step in as decision-maker and moral guardian, both of the women and of their children, who were seen as vulnerable to the consequences of poor parenting. Parramatta Female Factory and Institutions Precinct demonstrates how institutionalisation allowed for this duality of care and control to be enacted in a carefully administered environment.
714:
they did, although some wages were kept until they left the factory. First Class women could also be assigned to work in private homes, although whether that was better than working in the factory would have varied in each occurrence. In the mid-1820s, these women were also given better food and clothes, as well as permission to attend Church and receive visitors. First Class women could also marry, the officially sanctioned means to escape the factory, replacing the oversight of colonial authorities with a husband. The factory acted as a marriage bureau where suitors undertook a three-day process to choose and woo their bride. Given the advantages to both bride and groom in marriage, pragmatism likely triumphed over romance. Despite this, husbands were known to return their wives to the factory if married life proved less than agreeable.
989:
on training the girls in domestic work ā cooking, cleaning, sewing and laundry. Much of the girls' training was to engage in the day-to-day labour of the school, including making and mending clothing, laundry and kitchen work, maintenance and cleaning. This work was similar to that undertaken by convicts in the Female
Factory. The domestic regime was meant to have a reformatory influence and mould the girls into useful candidates for domestic service placements and good citizens. The training of children in industrial schools filled the gap in the supply of domestic servants left by the end of convict transportation. As time progressed there were increasing attempts to include academic schooling as part of the girls training, such as in response to the Public Institution Act 1901, but such educational options remained limited.
1031:
self-worth as well as the community's recognition of their experiences. The surviving women often found difficulty in re-establishing relationships with their parents and forming healthy relationships with partners and/or children. The lack of meaningful training at
Parramatta led many to be ill-prepared for the outside world and they struggled to manage permanent employment. Indigenous women had to deal with a break with their communities that made cultural and family connections difficult, if not impossible, to re-establish. The combination led many to destructive behaviour and crime, and many survivors suffer from severe mental health concerns such as depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. In contrast, perpetrators largely avoided consequences for their actions.
1238:
especially as relating to their confinement and enclosure. The use of parts of the site as
Parramatta Lunatic Asylum and the later hospitals for over 150 years mean that newer buildings are spread throughout the site which somewhat reduced the ability to interpret the National Heritage values of the site, in particular of the Female Factory area, which has the greatest overlap with the Lunatic Asylum. The alterations to the site after the period of the Female Factory, including the demolition of the main building and newer constructions, make the interpretation of that period difficult. While this reduces the integrity of the value under criterion (a), the overall integrity remains fair. Overall the site satisfactorily expresses the National Heritage values identified.
1225:
Chapel, Bethel House, Laundry, Gatehouse and play sheds, as well as enclosing walls. Some additions were made during the period of the Girls School, including the
Hospital Wing, Industrial School building and additional cottages. Given the site's vacancy in the recent period, many of these buildings are in a relative poor external and internal condition. Some earlier buildings have undergone internal modification as a result of their continued used since being built in the 19th century. The Chapel and parts of the South-West Range were significantly damaged by fire in 2012 and have been sympathetically restored. Courtyards and open spaces from the Orphan and Girls School generally retain their original form, though may need some general gardening maintenance.
1040:
and humane institution for young female offenders in response to community concerns arising from the Girls School and other similar institutions across New South Wales. According to the
Government, Kamballa was meant to provide a similar function to Hay Girls Institution, for girls 15 to 18 with behavioural or emotional problems. However, the conditions were much improved from Hay, with fewer girls, a more relaxed atmosphere and no 'training' activities. Programs like periodic detention and work release accompanied extensive renovations to the buildings to better improve rehabilitation outcomes. In the early period of this institution, young boys were also incarcerated in part of the institution called 'Taldree' before being relocated.
1285:
convict women. In addition, there are few of these sites left. Nine of the 12 female factories which existed in colonial Australia are completely demolished. Places associated with the female experience of convictism are therefore rare. Parramatta Female Factory and Institutions Precinct demonstrates the nature of female convicts' experiences, and indicates social attitudes at the time to how these women should be managed. The existence of original buildings and walls on the Parramatta Female Factory site, their significance as a marker of the conditions and experiences of female convicts, and their national rarity mean the original Female Factory buildings are of outstanding value to the nation under this criterion.
658:, had authorised the construction of a new wing at the Female Factory but work had not started. Gipps was able to modify the proposal, incorporating the newest trend in British prisons, the American Separate System of solitary cells. His modifications included removing windows on the ground floor to increase punishment and reducing cell sizes, changes which horrified the British designers. Gipps was instructed to cut windows into the ground floor punishment cells. The three-storey cell block was built between 1838 an 1839 to the south of the original Female Factory complex. The increased punishment capacity at Parramatta meant that the government could end transportation of women to Moreton Bay (later
1062:
19th to late 20th century, some still occupied while others are vacant and dilapidated. Buildings remain on the site from the Female Factory, Roman Catholic Orphan School and Girls School, including the North-East and South-East Ranges, Sleeping Ward and some walls of the Female Factory, and from the Roman Catholic Orphan School and Girls School the Main Administration Building, Covered Way, South-West Range, Chapel, Laundry, Bethel House and the Gatehouse. The site also contained courtyard and assembly spaces associated with the Orphan and Girls Schools. Interspersed within these buildings are 19th century and more recent additions from the Parramatta Lunatic Asylum and its successors.
855:
of a large family". The creation of the Orphan School was partially a consequence of the colonial government's choices about how to manage mothers in poverty. Many of the mothers of children in the Orphan School were housed at the adjacent Female Factory, with high numbers of Irish women convicts. This is believed to be the reason why the Orphan School was moved from Waverley to Parramatta in 1844. This indicated the close link between the two institutions on the site. As convicts, mothers of the Female Factory were to have their children removed from their influence as unfit mothers, also allowing the women to be put to work in the Factory or out to service as part of the penal system.
1251:
children were frequently disregarded and dismissed while they were resident in institutions and afterwards. In light of the historical failure to recognise people's experiences, and the difficulty many former residents feel in telling their stories, the Precinct is able to present the experiences of these women and children in a way which allows the Australian community to recognise and witness the reality of institutionalisation. The Parramatta Female Factory and Institutions Precinct can act "as a bridge and a shared cultural space for witnessing nation-wide experiences of institutionalisation and incarceration" (Tumarkin 2016).
766:
of the Female Factory, remained at the institution until their retirement thirty years later. Their son remembered the big drains that ran from the old water mill past the Factory and into the river. The entrance to the river was a stone-covered drain, the top end of which was closed by a vertical grating but the lower end was open ā and at four feet high and three foot wide provided ample opportunity for adventurous boys to explore. It later became part of the sewerage system of the Hospital for the Insane. Sections of the mill race including the diversion have been uncovered through recent archaeological investigations.
926:"vigour" was held up as a contrast to the government's laxity and bias. She was particularly commended for the "very great importance" she attached to knowing each child as an individual. Nevertheless, the Royal Commission found that the Orphan School was underfunded, with the buildings in a dilapidated state, and recommended that big institutions should be phased out in the colony. The barrack system would be abolished and state-dependent children would be fostered by selected families who would be paid just enough money to cover the child's expenses. This new approach was known as the boarding-out system.
993:
poor conditions and treatment they experienced, including a riot on Christmas Day after a visit by the Minister for Education in 1941. For some girls, who had been committed from neglectful homes or a life on the streets, the school offered some security and protection. However, there were also instances of bullying and violence from other girls, as well as the punishment and abuse from staff. In 1961 the government turned the Hay Gaol into an Institution for Girls designed to hold the worst behaved girls from Parramatta, reminiscent of the separate solution for Third Class women in the Female Factory.
832:, in 1863 described the asylum as "a frightful old factory prison at Parramatta, with its doleful cells and its iron bar doors, even for women", although the Bishop went on to compliment the staff: "great cleanliness and order were evident in every part; no doubt the best is done for the patients, under the existing circumstances". The evolution of mental health care is reflected in the changing names of the Lunatic Asylum; it was renamed progressively the Hospital for the Insane in 1869, Parramatta Mental Hospital in 1915, Parramatta Psychiatric Centre and then finally the Cumberland Hospital in 1983.
335:
610:
lack of accommodation for female convicts, thus forcing them into prostitution to pay for private shelter. The problem grew with increased numbers of women sentenced into transportation. The upper floor of the first Parramatta Gaol was used from 1804 to provide a place of confinement and work for convict women spinning wool but they were rarely kept working beyond one o'clock and there were no cooking facilities. Because it provided employment for them, it became known as the Female Factory and this term continued to be used for all subsequent prisons for female convicts.
1272:
prejudices towards the women of the Female Factory, children of the Roman Catholic Orphan School and girls of the Industrial School, including Indigenous children of the Stolen Generations, showed a consistent theme of attempts at care limited by paternalism and poor treatment. The Precinct reveals the physical form which institutions took from the 19th to the 21st centuries. This in turn reflects the approaches to care that existed over the historical period, as well as providing a focal point for the stories of institutionalised women and children.
674:
births and 22 deaths within six months. The Board recommended a nursery for the children when they were weaned so their mothers could go out early on assignment. The matron tried to keep women occupied but there was not always enough wool for the textile operations. A new building for a weaving shop was being built in 1829 but not yet completed. Changes to the rules on eligibility for tickets of leave enabled 21 women who were old and infirm and not eligible for assignment to be discharged in the first of many attempts to reduce overcrowding.
2801:
697:, all mostly held for misdemeanors. As the report on gaols noted almost all females were not actual criminals but prisoners of the Crown who had been assigned as servants but were not being returned to the Government. They were sent to the gaols as a place of security until an opportunity offered of forwarding them to the Factory in Parramatta. Such numbers reinforce the view that the Factory was hopelessly inadequate in size for the role it was expected to play within the convict system.
643:
personality conflicts and monetary gain. The first superintendent, Francis Oakes, resigned following clashes with the local magistrate, Henry Douglas. Later, husband-wife or mother-son pairs became the norm, providing early Australian examples of middle-class women taking on authoritative positions in colonial society. This male-female collaboration was also temporarily mirrored in the formation of a Board of Management and Ladies' Committee in Governor Darling's colonial administration.
31:
872:
taught basic skills in order that they could later be apprenticed. For authorities, the entire process could then turn the children from burdens on the state who were at risk of turning to delinquency and crime due to their poor family circumstances, into workers providing an economic benefit to the colony and learning the moral value of industriousness. Religious instruction at the school was also considered a core part of saving children from the poor choices of their parents.
1337:
777:), but even the latter was already overcrowded less than a decade after its construction. Given that the Female Factory was both a penitentiary and a refuge, the factory was well-suited to transition its function to housing the mentally ill. The transition was progressive, and convict women and the destitute continued to be housed in the joint factory and asylum for a time, however by 1848 the Parramatta Female Factory had become the Parramatta Lunatic Asylum.
961:
the Girls School experienced widespread abuse, both mental, physical and sexual, as well as a lack of emotional support and care essential to childhood development. The severity of the conditions experienced by children in care has only recently started to be recognised by the broader community, including through the 2004 Senate Report Forgotten Australians: A report on Australians who experienced institutional or out-of-home care as children and the
717:'Second Class' convict women received less clothes and food, and could not be assigned or receive visitors. Colonial authorities designed these classes to protect convict women from the dangers of early colonial life and the presumed descent into moral depravity that these women would surely resort to for survival. For the convict women, this involuntary protection regulated their lives while not necessarily providing safety and security.
743:
the lifespan of the factory. In addition to the women, hundreds of children also lived at the factory with their mothers. An increase in numbers, combined with poor administration, meant sleeping quarters, and food and clothing allocations would have been strained to breaking point. Overcrowding was also evident in the hospital at the Parramatta Female Factory, although this would have been mirrored in the other early colonial hospitals.
342:
969:
Industrial School, to Parramatta Girls Training Home, then Parramatta Girls Training School. The function of the facility remained generally the same throughout these name changes. Girls were committed to the school for various reasons; they often came from other institutions, abusive homes, were designated by child welfare authorities to be 'neglected' or 'uncontrollable', and included Indigenous girls who were part of the
1002:
the buildings and most of the staff remained the same. These conditions continued throughout the life of the institution. The discharge of girls from the school was essentially at the discretion of the Superintendent. As Bonney Djuric notes, "release from Parramatta did not always bring the anticipated freedom that girls yearned for, as many returned even more damaged to the difficult situations they had come from".
1255:
of the Girls School, such as dormitories, assembly spaces, a chapel, and school and dining rooms. The remains of the Female Factory are rare in Australia, with few remnants of convict-era female factories left. Through this original fabric, the site demonstrates the distinctive experience of institutionalised women and children, who were subject to the system of care and control at the core of welfare institutions.
1304:
Factory site. This area contains known and likely areas of archaeological potential, especially the hidden, lost and discarded artefacts of convict women, in addition to the remaining three buildings (North-East and South-East Ranges and Sleep Ward), the physical remnants of demolished Female Factory Buildings including the North-West Range and potential remaining features such as wells and wall footings.
1671:
1617:
985:
institutions on the site such as the Female Factory. Welfare benefits were below the poverty line and families were scrutinised to determine whether they were morally deserving of assistance. Up to a quarter of girls at the school had been admitted more than once, after being released into dysfunctional family situations, or foster homes or domestic work where they were treated poorly.
836:
1955 and the Royal Commission of Callan Park Mental Hospital in 1961. What followed over the next several decades was the movement towards community outpatient treatment of mental illness and the subsequent decline in the need for inpatient treatment and residence. Reflecting this change, in 1995 the NSW Institute of Psychiatry moved into buildings formerly occupied by patients.
1053:(1906ā2004). Parker had previously lived at the Parramatta Girls School in 1943 as part of her work as a member of the Delinquency Committee of the Child Welfare Advisory Council. In 1984 major alterations were carried out to the main block of the Centre to upgrade fire egress. The Norma Parker Centre was closed on 24 February 2008 and has been largely vacant since.
781:
women were regarded as having a propensity towards insanity, and this was entrenched in the discourse of institutions. The observation that convict women had excitable tempers reflected a long standing belief that women's emotions were more easily disturbed, and the need for care and control of women in the form of an asylum also applied to mental institutions.
957:
convict women being regarded as a responsibility of government. Girls were taught domestic work in what was envisioned to be a school-like environment run by a former headmaster of Parramatta Public School. A high wall was built to prevent any escape by the girls, but the buildings themselves were not extensively modified, despite remaining in poor condition.
618:, investigating Macquarie's administration, was highly critical at the lack of priority given to the project but also critical that it was too elaborate, believing that a walled enclosure of a zero point six one hectares (one point five acres) at the old site with timber buildings for accommodation and a work room would have been sufficient.
752:
operation. 40 Soldiers with their officers were ordered to attend the constables to the factory. Anderson and I went before, Captain Westmacott gave directions for the soldiers ā the women had collected large heaps of stones and as soon as we entered the third class they threw a shower of stones as fast as they possibly could...
977:
late 19th century, this practice developed into a systematic and widespread attempt to assimilate Indigenous children into European society and to break their familial and cultural heritage. Parramatta Girls School was one of the institutions that Indigenous children were taken to after being removed from their parents.
639:
to the north-west of the main building and enclosed with a small yard. Later in the 1860s this building was modified and the first floor removed to make a ward "for imbeciles and idiots", but it survives as the most substantial remnant of the Female Factory (today this is referred to as Building 105).
1254:
The Precinct has retained buildings and spaces demonstrating the range of institutions on the site. These include original accommodation buildings and walls from the convict-era female factory, the original building of the Orphan School, and a number of buildings, walls and courtyards which were part
1216:
The condition of buildings and other fabric in the Parramatta Female Factory and Institutions Precinct varies due to factors such as age and use of the buildings. Parts of the site have a relatively high level of intactness with their "original" layout, while other parts of the site are significantly
1039:
The phasing out of Parramatta Girls School did not completely abolish the need in the authorities' eyes for a place of detention for disruptive girls. When the Girls School was closed in 1974 a smaller facility was opened on the site named Kamballa. Kamballa was designed to provide a more reformative
916:
The greatest care is taken to keep the children healthy, and they all appear to be so; but the task must be a difficult one, for the accommodation at this place is in many respects most wretched. The dormitories are all too small. Some of them are crowded to such an extent that the beds are literally
819:
Conversely, other patients would have had more positive experiences, especially compared to their treatment in society at the time. Even in the early stages of the Asylum, some patients were allowed to freely access the grounds. Patients were kept occupied through work, including in the Asylum's farm
815:
became Inspector General for all lunatic asylums in New South Wales. His term in office saw a major program of new building, changes to layout and replacement of earlier structures. The site was also expanded to take in land further north. Subsequent developments in the twentieth century were largely
761:
The end of transportation of convicts to New South Wales in 1840 did not immediately cause the closure of the Parramatta Female Factory and in fact led to an increase in numbers, as other female factories were closed down and women were relocated to Parramatta. However, continued poor administration,
738:
The Female Factory also included a hospital. The hospital could be accessed not only by factory women but also, for most of its lifespan, by all colonial women. The most common conditions included dysentery, eye infections, fungal infections, diarrhoea and fever. The hospital was also the place where
713:
Within the Parramatta Female Factory, convict women were separated into classes depending on factors such as their conduct and recidivism. The system was devised by colonial authorities to reward good behaviour and punish bad behaviour. Convict women in the 'First Class' could earn money for the work
638:
The desire to classify and segregate the women led to their division into three classes and construction of a penitentiary enclosure to accommodate 60 women of the third or penal class, in 1826. A two-storey building, probably designed by William Buchanan, was erected for the worst class of prisoners
634:
Bigge's report included recommendations for managing the Factory, suggesting a married women rather than a married man would be a more appropriate manager and she could live in a house within view of the factory (but not within it). Separation of newly arrived women from those sent to the factory for
561:
British settlement of Parramatta from 1788 began the marginalisation of the Burramatta people from their lands, as occurred with other peoples throughout the Sydney Basin. Contact between the Burramatta and British was limited at first, but gradually some trade took place. Violence became more common
2805:
1258:
The site also has significant archaeological potential in the form of remnants of the Female Factory, both of buildings previously on the site and artefacts associated with its day-to-day functions. This archaeological evidence has the potential to contribute to understanding of the lives of convict
1017:
When I got to Parramatta I was told that they break my spirit at that time I didn't know what they meant... a Mr Gordon punched me in the face several times, my nose bled I was made to scrub large areas of cement with a toothbrush even in the middle of winter with nothing under my knees and my knees
956:
in Sydney Harbour that were being closed down. The Girls School was designed to hold 'neglected' and 'wayward' girls. The New South Wales government saw it as its responsibility to play the role of caregiver and authoritarian in the lives of vulnerable girls, perpetuating an attitude that began with
795:
The conversion to the Parramatta Lunatic Asylum occurred during the slow transition of the submergence of mental illness inside criminality and poverty towards the identification and treatment of mental illness as a distinct medical condition. Parramatta was slow to transition its approaches, as the
765:
By 1847 there were only 124 women and 48 children left inside ā fourteen percent of the numbers of five years previous. Half these women were under sentence for crimes committed in the colony. A new superintendent and matron were appointed. Edwin Statham and his wife, appointed in the closing months
751:
I told you when I was in Sydney on Tuesday that I expected the women in the Factory would excite a riot again. They began on Wednesday night to be very troublesome and this morning they struck work. This was also the day for their hair to be cut. They one and all are determined not to submit to this
742:
The model of female factory administration was often superseded by the reality of overcrowding and poor rations. Designed for 300 women, after the 1820s the number of women greatly exceeded this. Estimates are difficult to confirm, but it is likely that numbers varied between 400 and 1200 women over
669:
The report of the Board of Management of the Female Factory for the first half of 1829 reported that there were 209 women in the First class; 142 in the Second; 162 in the Third or Penal class which included free women under sentence; 27 in hospital, making a total of 540 women and 61 children ā 601
665:
By 1830 the Female Factory was one of a number of institutions where convicts were employed, although it was the only one for women. It was staffed by a matron, storekeeper, clerk, four assistants to matron, a portress, gate keeper and constable and seven monitresses. Dissatisfaction with rations in
609:
The practical difficulties of establishing a colonial settlement in NSW meant that accommodation for convicts was a much lower priority than essential works such as those relating to food production and transport. Principal Chaplain the Rev.Samuel Marsden had expressed concern over many years at the
537:
Prior to their dispossession and displacement, the Burramatta travelled seasonally across their land in groups of between 30 and 60 people with the Parramatta River being an important source of food, including eel, from which Burramatta (and later Parramatta) are etymologically derived ('place where
1065:
While in a broader institutional parkland setting, the Precinct's buildings are relatively close and many areas have been paved or otherwise surfaced for the recent uses of the area. Some greenery and flora remains, particularly bordering the Parramatta River. The purposeful layout of former Female
1061:
The Parramatta Female Factory and Institutions Precinct is located within the grounds of the Cumberland Hospital and former Norma Parker Centre, bordered on the southern side by the upper reaches of the Parramatta River. The Precinct is approximately 7 hectares and contains buildings from the early
1001:
recommending a number of positive improvements, such as better child guidance and educational opportunities. The New South Wales Government responded to the review by changing the name of the school from the Parramatta Girls Training Home to the Parramatta Girls Training School, but apart from this
988:
Throughout its history, the Girls School functioned as a mix of a training school, for girls committed for welfare reasons, and a reformatory for girls with 'criminal' history. However, overcrowding at the school meant these lines were often blurred. Once in the school, there was a particular focus
968:
Over 30,000 girls were housed at the Parramatta Industrial School during its lifetime, holding approximately 180 girls at a time between the ages of 8 and 18, usually for a period of six months to three years. From 1886 to 1974 the school went through a number of name changes, from Parramatta Girls
960:
Despite the intentions to create an educational, reformatory environment, what transpired over the next nearly hundred years at the Parramatta Girls Industrial School was a form of care emblematic of the treatment of children in institutions across Australia into the late 20th century. Residents of
879:
The report particularly criticised the poorly funded Roman Catholic orphan school, including sub-standard nutrition, lack of dining utensils, poor and few items of clothing, inadequate sanitation and bedding, non-existent education and overcrowding. The children were locked in at night, potentially
866:
The new Orphan School adjoining the Factory is rapidly progressing, and will be ready for the roof in about six or eight weeks. It consists of four storeys, the lowest being intended as a storeroom of fifty feet, and the horizontal dimensions are about 56 x 22 feet... The school is to be walled in,
854:
The term 'orphan' can be misleading as many of the children placed into colonial and later 'orphanages' still had parents alive. Children were eligible for admission where they were "orphans of one or both parents; living with vicious and immoral parents or guardians; as might relieve the distress
835:
Reforms, constructions and staff changes followed many instances of public discussion, scandal and debate. However, the most significant change occurred following the broader public debates and government inquiries into mental health treatment in the 1950s and 1960s, including the Stoller Report in
704:
The 1841 census detailed 1339 people living at the factory ā including 1168 women. It was more seriously overcrowded after the convict system ended than at its height. At its worst in the early 1840s it had 1339 people (1841), 1203 in 1842. In the summer of 1843 100 women rioted. They complained to
700:
The end of transportation from Britain in 1840 coincided with an economic depression that reduced employment prospects for assigned female servants. The factory was their only refuge. Those returned to the Government by masters who no longer needed them joined those unable to be assigned because of
646:
This two-person administration system continually ran into problems. The managers Elizabeth and John Fulloon were accused of fraternisation, neglect and maladministration. Matron Ann Gordon was dismissed for her husband's fraternisation and the convict women's immoral behaviour, and a Mrs Leach and
582:
who would later be instrumental in the establishment of the Parramatta Female Factory. Marsden, a pastor, magistrate and farmer, had previously supervised the construction of the Government Mill, close to what is now the Norma Parker Centre, with mill races extending north-west, through Smith's and
1303:
The potential archaeological site covers the area which is encompassed by the Parramatta River, River Road, Eastern Circuit, Greenup Drive and Fleet Street, cutting west from Fleet Street back to the Parramatta River along the southern boundary of Lot 3 DP808446, which reflects the original Female
1284:
The Parramatta Female Factory is a rare surviving example of its type in Australia. Female factories are rare sites; while there are a variation of sites associated with male convicts, such as gaols, probation stations, mines and convict-built infrastructure, there were fewer sites associated with
1224:
Buildings and other fabric from the Roman Catholic Orphan School remain relatively intact given that the site's later functions required similar buildings so fewer alterations and/or demolitions occurred. Buildings that remain from that era include the Main Building, Covered Way, South-West Range,
1220:
The condition of the Female Factory buildings is variable. The main building from the Female Factory era was demolished following the site's conversion to a lunatic asylum, as were many other outbuildings. The demolition, as well as the replacement with Parramatta Lunatic Asylum and later hospital
992:
Girls were punished for any perceived misbehaviour, even for minor misdemeanours. Punishments included beatings, harsh cleaning duties, 'standing out', where girls were required to stand at attention for hours on end, and segregation and isolation. Riots were a regular response by the girls to the
929:
The continued chronic underfunding combined with the broader reform movement for boarding out children led to a stark reduction in numbers in the early 1880s at the Roman Catholic Orphan School. There were over 300 children at the start of 1880 but this had reduced to 193 by the end of 1883 and by
925:
to examine child welfare institutions in New South Wales. The commissioners praised the matron, Sister Magdalene Adamson, for achieving outstanding levels of internal management and acknowledged a proficiency in teaching equal to "the ordinary unsectarian schools of the colony". Her administrative
871:
The school employed a matron, surgeon, master/boys' teacher, assistant matron/girls' teacher and female servants with annual funding provided by the colonial administration. Initially, the Sisters of Charity visited the Orphanage and gave support on a voluntary basis, until 1849. The children were
807:
Compounding matters, staff were relatively poorly paid, expected to work long hours with little leave and often slept in the dormitories with the patients. The Asylum was also frequently overcrowded, despite numerous expansions and constructions. These constructions also included the demolition of
780:
The existence of a Lunatic Asylum on the site was a continuum of the institutional history of the Female Factory, but also retained a connection to the gendered nature of the institutions on the site. Despite the fact that more men than women were committed to asylums in the Australasian colonies,
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The women had to stay in the factory and nurse their children until they were three years old when the children were transferred to the orphan schools. The authorities believed that many mistreated their baby so they can get out of the Factory when it died, an observation seemingly supported by 24
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4,800, increased by AĀ£1,200 for perimeter wall and flood protection measures. Proximity to the river was important because of the intended occupation of the women in spinning flax and bleaching linen, though Bigge doubted that this was sufficient reason to build so close to the river and within 27
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in 1797. Pemulwuy was wounded in this confrontation but later escaped from hospital to continue to be a leading figure in Indigenous resistance until being killed in 1802. Dispossession, disease and displacement led to widespread disruption of the lives of Burramatta people and their culture along
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The Parramatta Female Factory and Institutions Precinct has outstanding potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the lives of convict women in early colonial Australia, in particular their lives in institutions. The remnant built fabric relating to the Parramatta
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The Parramatta Female Factory and Institutions Precinct is outstanding in its capacity to tell the stories of women and children in institutions over the course of Australian history. The Precinct demonstrates how colonial and state governments chose to address the perceived problem of vulnerable
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As many of the buildings from the Roman Catholic Orphan School and Girls School remain, the integrity of the proposed heritage values under criterion (a) is relatively high. Observers are able to interpret aspects of the lives of institutionalised children and those suffering from mental illness,
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Items of state significance within Cumberland Hospital are: Ward 1; Ward 1 Day Room; Accommodation Block for Wards 2 and 3; Ward 4 West Range; Ward 4 North Range; former Ward 5 South Range; Kitchen Block; former Day Room for Wards 4 and 5; Cricket Shelter; Administration Building; Wistaria House,
980:
Around 86% of the girls in the school were committed on the basis of a complaint ā the majority of complaints consist of "neglected", but also included "uncontrollable", "absconding" and "breach of probation". The committal of girls to the school by the government, on charges such as "neglected",
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An average of 7ā10% of the girls were Indigenous or of Indigenous descent. The Stolen Generations arose from the forcible separation of Indigenous children from their families and communities since the very first days of the European occupation of Australia by governments and missionaries. In the
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In the latter years of the Female Factory, shortly before the establishment of the Lunatic Asylum, a Roman Catholic Orphan School was established on the site to the south of the original Female Factory area. It was one of many orphanages established in the colonies; in Sydney, the Female Orphans'
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Between 1815 and 1835, annual feasts were held in Parramatta between indigenous people and prominent British settlers, including New South Wales Governors. These feasts would have almost definitely included Burramatta and other Darug people. At some of these meetings, Governor Macquarie presented
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Institutionalisation was progressively abandoned as a widespread model of care in the 1960s and 1970s in Australia, and the Apology to Forgotten Australians in 2009 highlighted the trauma experienced by children in institutions throughout Australia. The experiences of institutionalised women and
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Imperfect and inconsistent British records suggest surviving Burramatta people still living around Parramatta up until the mid-1840s. Despite the British settlement, Darug and other indigenous people still reside in Parramatta today, with Western Sydney more broadly having the largest indigenous
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This value is expressed in the remaining physical fabric of the Parramatta Female Factory (North-East and South-East Ranges, Penitentiary Sleeping Ward and remaining walls) and Roman Catholic Orphan School and Girls Industrial School (Main Administration Building, Covered Way, South-West Range,
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The long-term psychological and physical effect of the institution on the girls has only recently been recognised by the broader community. As girls and in adulthood the women who lived in the school were commonly disbelieved and disregarded when trying to tell their stories, impacting on their
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The theoretical purpose of the orphan school was overwhelmed by its continued underfunding. Following a visit in 1855 by the new Governor, William Denison, a government report found severe faults in both Roman Catholic and Protestant orphan schools, remarking that the "utter inefficiency of the
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Housing the criminally insane darkened the operations and reputation of the asylum. The second superintendent, Dr Richard Greenup (1852ā1866), was stabbed in the abdomen by criminally insane patient James Cameron, and died two days later. Tragically, Greenup had been passionate in improving the
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The site is occupied by a number of institutions namely Cumberland Hospital (Eastern Campus), the former Parramatta Mental Hospital, the former Asylum for the Insane. The main entrance to the complex is from Fleet Street. This forms the eastern boundary of the Hospital. Fleet Street in turn is
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Cumberland District Hospital Group is located on and divided by the Parramatta River at North Parramatta. It is part of a larger institutional grouping set in a park-like setting by the river. It adjoins Parramatta Correctional Centre (former Parramatta Gaol/Jail) and the Norma Parker Centre /
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The legacy of penal approaches to caring for women and children, initiated in the Female Factory, persisted throughout the life of the Precinct in the way in which children's lives were regulated in the Orphan and Girls Schools. Over one hundred and fifty years the experiences, treatment and
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The Parramatta Female Factory and Institutions Precinct is an outstanding example of a place which demonstrates Australia's social welfare history, especially regarding the institutionalisation of women and children over the 19th and 20th centuries. Institutionalisation was a core element of
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announced his intention to try a water mill at Parramatta. The site selected was the eastern bank of the river, near the Norma Parker Centre, where flat river stones formed a natural weir and causeway. Work digging the race and mill dam started in 1799. The mill took years to build. The Rev.
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Many girls were from sole parent families, and their "neglect" was a consequence of the poverty their mothers experienced due to a lack of assistance from the social security system ā it was not uncommon for girls in the home to have female ancestors who themselves had been residents of the
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Work inside the factory for all classes largely revolved around the making of cloth and linen. Other women worked on the operation of the factory itself, including in cooking and washing; some of these services were extended to the public. In addition, women could work do other work such as
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Refusal to remain in their masters' service earned hard labour at the Factory for Sarah Brown, Mary Lee, Catherine Kiernan and Mary Draper. Margaret Donnolly and Johanna Lawson for escaping from the Factory and stealing clothes while at large. Ann Hayes were sentenced by the Sydney Bench of
642:
Once built, the Parramatta Female Factory had to be administered in a manner that improved convict women's industriousness and morality. Throughout the operation of the Parramatta Female Factory, administration often failed to meet high expectations, as moral purpose came into conflict with
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Macquarie announced in March 1818 that accommodation for female convicts would be built. With the foundation stone laid in July work commenced, being undertaken by Parramatta contractors Watkins & Payten. The Factory covered four acres (1.6ha) with the main building three storeys high.
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In 1980 Kamballa's main building was transferred to the Department of Corrective Services, and became the Norma Parker Centre. The Centre was part of the corrections system, and functioned as a women's prison until 2008. The centre was named after the acclaimed social worker and educator,
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The first known British use of the area now known as the Parramatta Female Factory and Institutions Precinct was a land grant to former convict Charles Smith in 1792, who farmed wheat, maize and pigs for approximately a decade. Sometime in the early 1800s Smith sold his land to Reverend
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Female Factory is significant and further archaeological study of the area has the potential for finds of equal significance within the original boundaries of the Female Factory site, both of built fabric and of artefacts which reveal information about the daily lives of convict women.
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The complex sits in generous grounds which are both carefully designed, laid out and richly planted with ornamental species, both native and exotic, some representative and some rare. The palette of plants reflects those both in fashion and distributed by Charles Moore, Director of the
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Asylum was established in 1801 and Boys' Orphanage in 1819. The Roman Catholic Orphan School was originally established in Waverley in 1836 following agitation from the Catholic community that Catholic-born children were being housed in the Protestant-run Female and Boys Orphanages.
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The frequent riots at the institution throughout its operation gave government authorities and the wider community evidence of what was going on behind closed doors. However, it took a sustained campaign in the 1960s and 1970s by the Women's Liberation Movement, including
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now Marsden's land grant. The Government Mill was eventually finished but was never as successful as was initially hoped and was eventually sold and dismantled due to financial insolvency. Marsden himself also built a competing Mill on land acquired from Smith.
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Instead of the exhuberant vivacity usually displayed by children just escaped from the confinements of school, we saw in general sluggishness. They stood or sat basking in the sun, instead of entering with spirit into the games common among boys of their
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The complex contains a rare and substantially intact, 1860sā1920s major public (designed) landscape with a large and remarkable diverse plant collection including particularly notable collections of mature palms, conifers and Australian rainforest trees.
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In contrast, the 'Third Class' was created to protect the colony from the convict women rather than the other way round. The women of the Third Class had committed crimes in the colony or broke the factory's rules. Annette Salt details several examples:
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The Girls School was run by the New South Wales Government, and there were regular concerns with the management of the site throughout its history. Official reviews into the school occurred between 1889 and 1961, with one significant review in 1945 by
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catastrophic in case of fire. The girls' education was substituted for laundry and other domestic work needed to keep the institution running. Boys were made to do heavy labour. The psychological impacts were immediate, with the report noting that:
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disorder and an increased demand for female labour in the colony led to a dramatic decrease in numbers in the factory by the mid-1840s. The high cost of the factory's operation meant that it was now seen as an untenable drain on colonial resources.
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The overall integrity of the place is relatively high given the setting and retention of many buildings and fabric from key phases of the Parramatta Female Factory and Institutions Precinct with the noticeable exception of the Female Factory.
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Factory, Lunatic Asylum, Roman Catholic Orphan School and Girls Industrial School have been impacted from late 20th century constructions and other additions when the design focus on confinement and isolation was no longer emphasised.
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needlework or hat-making. The workers of the Female Factory were susceptible to the supply and demand of labour in the fledgling colony and often went without work when the production costs were too high or their labour not in demand.
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Throughout its operation, like other asylums and mental hospitals, Parramatta was often the subject of criticism and reform movements as government and societal attitudes towards the treatment of mental illness evolved. The visiting
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Order was not always maintained at the Parramatta Female Factory with several recorded instances of riots. In 1833, mass hair-cutting, despised by convict women, seemed to have precipitated a riot, as described by Reverend Marsden:
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the Governor of maladministration, inadequate food and overcrowded facilities. Corrupt staff were dismissed, and new policies introduced to give the women tickets of leave so they could leave the factory and work for themselves.
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much of the former Female Factory. These factors combined with societal attitudes towards the mentally ill led to mistreatment of patients by some staff, although successive superintendents often sought to curb such behaviour.
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For most of the factory period, Third Class women were given less food and fewer clothes than other women, and were in the worst of the accommodation. Their labour was often harder and they could keep none of their wages.
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The main building is a three storey stone building designed by Henry Ginn in the late nineteenth century additions were made to this building and a series of wings and walkways added to the rear forming enclosed informal
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packed together; so that it is impossible to pass between them. The boys have a good school room, but the girls are so crowded that they have scarcely room to move. The nuns are as badly off for room as the children.
525:
The Burramatta people have lived on the upper reaches of the Parramatta River, including the land of the Parramatta Female Factory and Institutions Precinct, for at least 60,000 years. The Burramatta are part of the
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punishment was essential and he recommended that a new range of sleeping rooms and work rooms be built. Sewing clothing and making straw hats should be added to the spinning and carding work to occupy their time.
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The new building, intended for 300 women, was built "at the extremity of a large, uninclosed tract of sterile ground" adjoining the river, which in flood came close to the wall of the new Factory. The cost was
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used to bleed and some times I would pass out with exhaustion. ... he was a brutal man and within that week I had seen him bash and kick a girl that he had been molesting to try and induce a miscarriage...
965:, established in 2013. These reports, largely instigated by the courage of survivors to tell their stories, provide detailed descriptions of the suffering faced by young girls at the Industrial School.
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While female factories were in decline, the demand for lunatic asylums was increasing. The mentally ill in New South Wales had been held in Castle Hill (closed in 1825), Liverpool and a new asylum at
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The term 'school' is also potentially misleading as while children did receive some education, the building itself was reminiscent of the adjacent Female Factory, in that it had a custodial design.
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ill health or nursing children and those kept in the punishment divisions of the factory. Previously time at the factory had been for many a transitory experience, now it had become a destination.
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Conflict between the Darug clan and the British settlers escalated in the 1790s. This included several clashes close to the Parramatta settlement, most famously between an Indigenous group led by
1299:
The place has outstanding heritage value to the nation because of the place's potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Australia's natural or cultural history.
534:
and nearby areas of the Blue Mountains. The Darug consists of coastal, hinterland and mountain groups of which the Burramatta form a border grouping between coastal and hinterland communities.
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in January 1788. Governor Phillip, acutely aware of the agricultural deficiencies of the area surrounding Sydney Cove and seeking to achieve self-sufficiency for the colony, explored parts of
207:
Parramatta Female Factory and Institutions Precinct; Parramatta Female Factory; Parramatta Lunatic Asylum; Roman Catholic Orphan School; Parramatta Girls Industrial School; Norma Parker Centre
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1827 led to a revolt among the women, who broke out and raided the bakers, gin shops and butchers in Parramatta. Such unrest usually coincided with overcrowding and declining conditions.
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Girls were treated far worse than boys... it was because of entrenched Victorian attitudes to fallen women and the view that girls were inherently more difficult to reform than boys...
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This value is expressed in the remaining physical fabric of the Parramatta Female Factory, being the North-East and South-East Ranges, Penitentiary Sleeping Ward and remaining walls.
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The treatment of these girls reflected societal attitudes that had progressed little from the treatment of convict women at the Female Factory. The Senate Report heard evidence that:
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The Norma Parker Centre consisted of three separate accommodation areas: Winmill Cottage, Morgan House, and a section located above the facility's offices for women on Work Release.
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The female convict factories of New South Wales and Van Dieman's land: an examination of their role in the control, punishment and reformation of prisoners between 1804 and 1854
2499:"Parramatta North Urban Renewal and Rezoning: Baseline Assessment of Social Significance of Cumberland East Precinct and Sports and Leisure Precinct and Interpretive Framework"
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The place has outstanding heritage value to the nation because of the place's possession of uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of Australia's natural or cultural history.
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Cumberland District Hospital Group; Wistaria House Gardens; Cumberland Hospital; Mill; Female Factory; Lunatic Asylum; Psychiatric Hospital; Parramatta North Historic Sites
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Buildings 105A & 105B, Cumberland Hospital, Fleet Street, N. Parramatta NSW ā Report on the Archaeological Monitoring Programme for the excavation of a drainage trench
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Two large lawn areas form the heart of the site and its northern part, formerly the timber Male Wards (demolished except for the large Kitchen Block) and later chapel.
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This value is expressed by the remnant built fabric and archaeological evidence found within the place relating to the original area of Parramatta Female Factory.
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modified from their original state. Generally the Precinct is in good condition able to demonstrate to a good capacity the National Heritage values of the place.
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908:, in 1871 found that the buildings were "destitute of colour" and in a "disreputable state" and looking like a "half-gaol, half-lunatic asylum". A report in the
511:, and Alexander Dolliss, master boat builder, to assist in that year. They found the earlier construction poor and had to rebuild it. It finally opened in 1804.
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Data Centre, Cumberland Hospital, Fleet Street, N Parramatta N.S.W.: Proposed Electrical Sub-Station, Generator and Cable Trenches. Permit Exemption Application
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1106:) on the Riverside Drive lawn that were c.40m tall in 1991. There is a rich array of conifers, such as Canary Island pines, more-rarely seen Indian chir pines (
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The place has outstanding heritage value to the nation because of the place's importance in the course, or pattern, of Australia's natural or cultural history.
948:(also known as the Parramatta Girls Home) was established on the grounds of the former Roman Catholic Orphan School to replace similar girls' institutions at
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on 14 November 2017, and its constituent parts (with separate listings for what was then the Cumberland Hospital and Norma Parker Centre) were added to the
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912:, 3 December 1866, spoke of the difficulty of caring for the children in such conditions. It noted that there were now seven Sisters at the Orphan School:
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the end of 1885, only 63 children remained. The Orphan School was closed in 1886 with the remaining children relocated to the St Vincent's Home in Manly.
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in the 19th century. The range of shrubs and climbers also reflects the richness and variety of 19th and early 20th century garden design and array.
662:). It had been the destiny of nearly 300 females who had been transported for colonial crimes. Women with colonial sentences now came to Parramatta.
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and nearby rivers, finding Parramatta the most suitable local for agricultural settlement, where he established a settlement in November 1788.
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stockade, convict huts and areas for farm cropping and gardens slightly south and west of the subject area (in what would be the Government or
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established in the Governor's domain, beautification of the grounds, and recreational activities that included dances and eventually cinema.
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Institutional use of the site commenced in February 1821 with the transfer of 112 women from the old factory above the gaol to the new.
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Conservation Management Plan & Archaeological Management Plan ā Cumberland Hospital East Campus & Wisteria Gardens Parramatta
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individuals in facilities designed for only 232. Of these women, only 133 women in the First class were eligible for assignment.
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from 1821 to 1848. After its closure, the main factory buildings became the basis for the Parramatta Lunatic Asylum (now the
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breast plates to prominent indigenous men (or at least those the Governor believed or wanted to be prominent), including to
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navigated the Parramatta River and reached the site of (later) Parramatta, he established a new settlement including a
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2778:"Parramatta North Historic Sites Consolidated Conservation Management Plan: Part BāNorma Parker Centre/Kamballa Site"
2391:"Parramatta North Historic Sites Consolidated Conservation Management Plan: Part BāNorma Parker Centre/Kamballa Site"
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Aboriginal people occupied and used the area for its rich resources ā in game, fish, timber, plant foods and fibres.
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395:(1887ā1974), the "Kamballa" and "Taldree" welfare institutions (1974ā1980), and the Norma Parker Centre (1980ā2008).
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designated asylum for the criminally insane and 'incurable' cases. Other asylums, particularly Gladesville and the
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Mr Clapham clashed even before they left England and did not stop until they were dismissed by Governor Gipps.
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and Sandstone group soils. The topography is one of alluvial flats (flood plain) dropping away at the river.
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Report on Archaeological Monitoring Programme on Site A, Cumberland Hospital Eastern Campus, Parramatta NSW
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women, providing a perspective on their experiences which is not accessible from existing written sources.
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Magistrates to twelve months' hard labour at the Factory for prostitution and being 'a pest to society'.
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was given authority to improve the separation of prisoners, especially the penal class. His predecessor
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2528:'Heritage Precinct sold for just $ 1 ā land transferred to UrbanGrowth as apartment development looms'
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with the rest of the Darug clan, contributing to the decline in armed resistance in the early 1800s.
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Establishments, as now conducted, to produce any good effect upon the Children maintained in them".
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387:), while another section of the site was used for a series of other significant institutions: the
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published by the State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) 2018 under
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published by the State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) 2018 under
2537:"Parramatta North Urban Renewal: Aboriginal Archaeological & Cultural Heritage Assessment"
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was superintendent of public works at Parramatta and supervised its construction until 1803.
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Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under
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Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under
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Perumal, Murphy Alessi; Higginbotham, Edward; Britton, Geoffrey; Kass, Terry (April 2010).
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as the British settlement grew larger and both groups clashed over resources and control.
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The girls suffered from mental, physical and sexual abuse, as their testimony described:
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There are significant plantings, particularly mature trees such as Norfolk Island pine (
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Royal Commission into Institutional Responses into Child Sexual Abuse 2014, pp. 28ā32.
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There were 1315 women imprisoned in Sydney Gaol in 1830, 33 at Parramatta Gaol, 87 at
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Royal Commission into Institutional Responses into Child Sexual Abuse 2014, pp. 8ā9.
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Horticultural Flora of South-Eastern Australia ā Ferns, Conifers & their allies
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Heritage Group, Design Services, Department of Public Works & Services (2000).
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Despite this, in the successive years little changed. A visit by another Governor,
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Gardens and Siteworks; Sandstone Perimeter and Courtyard Block Walling and Ha Ha.
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Sydney's Aboriginal Past: Investigating the Archaeological and Historical Records
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Royal Commission into Institutional Responses into Child Sexual Abuse 2014, p. 7.
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Kamballa (former Roman Catholic Orphan School and former Parramatta Girls Home).
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conditions for patients, including lessening confinement and other restrictions.
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901:) to take residence at the orphanage as matron, sub-matron and girls' teacher.
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2459:'Repair and restoration works start on heritage buildings in North Parramatta'
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Department of Corrective Services: Interim Heritage and Conservation Register
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Department of Corrective Service: Interim Heritage and Conservation Register
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1318:
1050:
922:
651:
403:
341:
122:
4921:
4559:
4309:
4166:
4105:
4100:
4080:
4024:
4009:
4004:
3994:
3754:
3601:
3550:
3525:
3520:
2873:
2604:
551:
547:
546:
The British settlement of Parramatta began soon after the arrival of the
349:
Location of Parramatta Female Factory and Institutions Precinct in Sydney
3410:
1122:), as well as South Pacific Island conifers, e.g. Norfolk Island pines (
591:
with an inscription "Boongaree ā Chief of the Broken Bay tribe ā 1815".
4834:
4397:
4342:
4060:
3462:
2744:
1507:"Parramatta Female Factory and Institutions Precinct (Place ID 106234)"
1342:
1150:
sp.) occur along with less-rare palms such as the uncommon jelly palm (
615:
368:
2719:
2708:
4690:
4407:
4176:
3989:
2640:
2631:
2622:
1183:
490:
Early attempts at mechanised flour milling were unsuccessful in both
431:
1336:
4786:
3278:
2889:
2844:
2821:
963:
Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse
659:
588:
566:
1142:) are notable. Rarities such as the endangered Chilean wine palm (
2717:
2614:
Heritage Group, NSW Dept. of Public Works & Services (1997).
1706:"The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples of Parramatta"
1167:
933:
2876:
Women Transported ā Life in Australia's Convict Female Factories
2516:
2894:
2649:
1147:
491:
379:, Australia. The site was used as the historically significant
2584:
North Parramatta Government Sites Conservation Management Plan
1130:) grace the grounds. Rainforest fig trees such as Hill's fig (
800:(established in 1885), were more advanced in their treatment.
3389:
2762:
2753:
2519:
North Parramatta Government Sites Landscape Conservation Plan
1670:
1616:
867:
the outhouses being ranged round the limits of the enclosure.
527:
520:
2684:
1110:), NSW and Qld. rainforest plants such as firewheel trees (
839:
465:
2934:
1027:, for the institution to be closed down in the mid-1970s.
921:
In 1873 a Royal Commission was established by the Premier
1102:
There are 5 large specimens of Canary Island pine trees (
897:
asked three Sisters of the Good Shepherd (later known as
434:
structures were completed during the nineteenth century.
1766:
Kass et al 1996, p 61; Casey & Lowe 2014, pp. 41ā42.
784:
756:
598:
2874:
Hendriksen, Gay; Liston, Carol; Cowley, Trudy (2008).
2572:
1146:) of which there are five on site and pony tail palm (
41:
watercolour painting of the Parramatta Female Factory
2496:
1332:
2616:
Norma Parker Centre, Parramatta ā Conservation Plan
1166:) grows outside the Main Administration building's
1154:), more commonly-met Californian desert fan palms (
1034:
361:
Parramatta Female Factory and Institutions Precinct
24:
Parramatta Female Factory and Institutions Precinct
2900:Parramatta Female Factory Action Group Inc website
2605:Heritage Group, NSW Dept. of Public Works (1991).
1043:
507:brought from Norfolk Island a convict millwright,
5073:
2745:Schwager, Brooks & Partners Pty Ltd (1992).
816:to the north of the former Female Factory site.
2711:Roman Catholic Orphan School Conservation Study
2709:NSW Dept. of Public Works and Services (1985).
2534:
2450:Roman Catholic Orphan School Conservation Study
2420:
2411:
2161:
2159:
1949:
1832:
1796:
1787:
1700:
1698:
1696:
2848:This Knowledge article contains material from
2825:This Knowledge article contains material from
2641:Higginbotham, Edward & Associates (1997).
2632:Higginbotham, Edward & Associates (2006).
2623:Higginbotham, Edward & Associates (2010).
2607:Wistaria House and Gardens ā Conservation Plan
1684:
934:Parramatta Girls Industrial School (1886ā1974)
398:Designed under the influence and direction of
3426:
2920:
2693:. National Foundation for Australian Women /
2465:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
889:In 1859, in hope of improving the situation,
708:
2596:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2156:
1991:Smith 1999, p. 10; State Records of NSW 2016
1693:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1114:), (some rainforest conifers such as Bunya (
650:Shortly before leaving for Britain in 1837,
2559:. Perth: Chargan My Book Publisher Pty Ltd.
2517:Britton, Geoffrey; Morris, Colleen (1999).
1176:
1069:
18:Historic site in New South Wales, Australia
3433:
3419:
2927:
2913:
2895:Parramatta Female Factory Precinct website
2720:"Parramatta Female Factory Memory Project"
2718:Parramatta Female Factory Project (2013).
2554:
29:
3440:
2878:. Parramatta: Parramatta Heritage Centre.
2772:Tanner Kibble Denton Architects Pty Ltd;
2658:
2385:Tanner Kibble Denton Architects Pty Ltd;
2362:
2360:
2036:Australian Psychiatric Care Database 2011
1964:Kass et al 1996, p. 136; Smith 1999, p. 4
1630:
1530:
1134:var. Hillii), Port Jackson or rusty fig (
541:
4536:The Romantic Story of Margaret Catchpole
3093:Metropolitan Remand and Reception Centre
2650:Jackson Teece Chesterman Willis (1996).
2525:
2456:
1657:Department of Planning & Environment
1603:Department of Planning & Environment
1158:) and locally native cabbage tree palm (
840:Roman Catholic Orphan School (1844ā1886)
569:and a settler force following a raid on
5097:New South Wales State Heritage Register
4632:The Last Confession of Alexander Pearce
2854:New South Wales State Heritage Register
2831:New South Wales State Heritage Register
2735:
2685:Land, Clare; Henningham, Nikki (2002).
1652:New South Wales State Heritage Register
1598:New South Wales State Heritage Register
443:New South Wales State Heritage Register
5092:Buildings and structures in Parramatta
5074:
2763:State Projects Heritage Group (1995).
2754:State Projects Heritage Group (1995).
2487:
2478:
2357:
1645:
1591:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
906:Somerset Lowry-Corry, 4th Earl Belmore
4707:The Incredible Journey of Mary Bryant
3414:
3375:Department of Communities and Justice
2908:
2652:Cumberland Hospital ā Tree Assessment
2563:
2481:Final Piece of Walking Track Finished
1505:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1307:
785:Parramatta Lunatic Asylum (1848ā1983)
757:From Female Factory to Lunatic Asylum
599:Parramatta Female Factory (1821ā1848)
514:
215:National heritage (conservation area)
2747:Department of Health ā s170 Register
1593:"Cumberland District Hospital Group"
1095:(1848ā96), via the State Nursery at
2472:University of New South Wales Press
1928:Hendriksen & Liston 2012, p. 23
1874:Hendriksen & Liston 2012, p. 45
1241:
798:Callan Park Hospital for the Insane
457:in a transitional area between the
13:
2867:
2827:Cumberland District Hospital Group
2666:Australian Dictionary of Biography
2108:Currey 1972; Ramsland 1986, p. 149
1647:"Norma Parker Correctional Centre"
1356:
1170:on the site's north-western edge.
946:Parramatta Girls Industrial School
14:
5123:
5102:Australian National Heritage List
2883:
2687:"Parker, Norma Alice (1906ā2004)"
439:Australian National Heritage List
258:New South Wales Heritage Register
197:Australian National Heritage List
4779:For the Term of His Natural Life
4699:For the Term of His Natural Life
4576:For the Term of His Natural Life
4480:For the Term of His Natural Life
2850:Norma Parker Correctional Centre
2843:
2820:
2804: This article incorporates
2799:
2669:. National Centre of Biography,
1669:
1615:
1335:
1208:) and others, including shrubs.
1079:accessed from O'Connell Street.
1035:Kamballa and Taldree (1974ā1980)
631:on the other side of the river.
340:
333:
5112:Historic precincts in Australia
2691:The Australian Women's Register
2573:Heritage Division, OEH (1995).
2442:
2429:
2378:
2369:
2348:
2339:
2330:
2321:
2312:
2303:
2294:
2285:
2276:
2267:
2258:
2249:
2240:
2231:
2222:
2213:
2204:
2195:
2186:
2177:
2168:
2147:
2138:
2129:
2120:
2111:
2102:
2093:
2084:
2075:
2066:
2057:
2048:
2039:
2030:
2021:
2012:
2003:
1994:
1985:
1976:
1967:
1958:
1940:
1931:
1922:
1913:
1904:
1895:
1886:
1877:
1868:
1859:
1850:
1841:
1823:
1814:
1805:
1778:
1769:
1760:
1044:Norma Parker Centre (1980ā2008)
2792:
2671:Australian National University
1751:
1742:
1733:
1724:
1056:
464:The Burramuttagal clan of the
437:The precinct was added to the
1:
5087:Convictism in New South Wales
4867:Parrot and Olivier in America
2497:Betteridge, Margaret (2014).
1349:
1162:). New Zealand cabbage tree (
899:Sisters of the Good Samaritan
35:
5107:Women's prisons in Australia
4981:Darlington Probation Station
4976:Commissariat Store, Brisbane
4496:It Is Never Too Late to Mend
4207:Thomas Griffiths Wainewright
2852:, entry number 00811 in the
2829:, entry number 00820 in the
2490:Gadiel's Fight for the Gals'
1512:Australian Heritage Database
1228:
1211:
846:Roman Catholic Orphan School
389:Roman Catholic Orphan School
7:
4747:It's Never Too Late to Mend
4741:Journals of the First Fleet
2375:Land & Henningham 2002.
2354:Betteridge 2014, pp. 34ā35.
1328:
453:The site is located on the
10:
5128:
5082:History of New South Wales
5051:The Old Windmill, Brisbane
5011:Kingston and Arthur's Vale
3737:Anti-Transportation League
3402:List of Australian prisons
2863:, accessed on 2 June 2018.
2840:, accessed on 2 June 2018.
2318:Senate Report 2004, p. 55.
2282:Djuric 2011, pp. 152, 153.
2117:Ramsland 1986, pp. 150ā151
1206:Citharexylon quadrangulare
937:
843:
788:
739:factory women gave birth.
709:Life in the Female Factory
602:
518:
448:
276:State heritage (landscape)
5026:Parramatta Female Factory
4944:
4904:
4877:
4733:
4658:
4471:
4427:
4420:
4318:
4292:
4251:
4225:
4154:
4059:
4038:
3952:
3917:
3904:
3793:
3745:
3594:
3501:
3448:
3398:
3362:
3212:
3191:
3141:
2973:Compulsory Drug Treatment
2950:
2943:
2890:The Female Factory Online
2810:Commonwealth of Australia
2255:Djuric 2011, pp. 160ā167.
2210:Djuric 2011, pp 145, 146.
826:Catholic Bishop of Hobart
605:Parramatta Female Factory
595:population in Australia.
381:Parramatta Female Factory
375:local government area of
328:
324:
320:
312:
304:
296:
288:
280:
272:
264:
255:
251:
243:
235:
227:
219:
211:
203:
194:
190:
180:
156:
110:
102:
65:
46:
28:
23:
3370:Australian Defence Force
2575:Hard Copy file S95/292/5
2535:Comber, Jillian (2015).
2457:Adoranti, Kylie (2016).
2300:Find and Connect, 2016a.
2246:Djuric 2011, pp. 70, 71.
2237:Find and Connect, 2016b.
2081:Ramsland 1986, pp. 54ā55
1177:Norma Parker Centre site
1070:Cumberland Hospital site
813:Frederick Norton Manning
494:and Parramatta. In 1800
430:, and Classical Revival
416:Frederick Norton Manning
139:Frederick Norton Manning
4991:Experiment Farm Cottage
4966:Cascades Female Factory
4512:The Life of Rufus Dawes
4455:Jim Jones at Botany Bay
4363:Laurence Hynes Halloran
3659:Norfolk Island mutinies
2935:Places of detention in
2736:Spencer, Roger (1995).
2695:University of Melbourne
2526:Bosworth, Tony (2017).
2174:Kass et al 1996, p. 233
1937:Kass et al 1996, p. 135
1919:Salt 1984, pp. 111, 113
1710:Parramatta City Council
1138:) and Moreton Bay fig (
627:metres (30 yd) of
4795:Bring Larks and Heroes
4675:The Devil Makes Sunday
4667:The Devil Makes Sunday
4435:Transportation ballads
2661:"Pemulwuy (1750ā1802)"
2564:Heath, Laurel (1978).
2466:Attenbrow, V. (2002).
2417:Britton et al, 1999, 3
1982:Garton 1988, pp. 21ā23
1901:Salt 1984, pp. 102ā109
1784:Attenbrow 2002, p. 61.
1739:Kass et al 1996, p. 9.
1124:Araucaria heterophylla
1120:Araucaria cunninghamii
1093:Botanic Gardens Sydney
1020:
1011:
919:
887:
869:
754:
728:
542:Early colonial history
185:NSW Ministry of Health
157:Architectural style(s)
4528:One Hundred Years Ago
4378:William Smith O'Brien
3629:Castle Hill Rebellion
3442:Convicts in Australia
2291:Djuric 2011, pp. 116.
2165:Ramsland 1986, p. 200
2144:Ramsland 1986, p. 154
2126:Ramsland 1986, p. 151
1973:Coleborne 2010, p. 38
1517:Australian Government
1202:Jacaranda mimosifolia
1015:
1007:
940:Parramatta Girls Home
914:
882:
864:
749:
723:
538:the eels lie down').
412:Walter Liberty Vernon
393:Parramatta Girls Home
367:conservation site in
133:Walter Liberty Vernon
5021:Old Government House
4917:Port Jackson Painter
4843:Gould's Book of Fish
4520:The Mark of the Lash
4488:The Assigned Servant
4243:Kevin Izod O'Doherty
4192:William Buelow Gould
3725:Cooking Pot Uprising
3641:Capture of the brig
3478:History of Australia
2812:available under the
2542:. Comber Consultants
2366:Djuric 2011, p. 135.
2309:Djuric 2011, p. 155.
2264:Djuric 2011, p. 172.
2228:Djuric 2011, p. 148.
2219:Djuric 2011, p. 104.
2201:Djuric 2011, p. 143.
2192:Djuric 2011, p. 140.
2153:Walsh 2001, pp 98ā99
2090:Walsh 2001, pp 84ā85
2072:Ramsland 1986, p. 54
2063:Ramsland 1986, p. 57
1910:Salt 1984, pp. 50ā53
1892:Salt 1984, pp. 86ā87
1883:Salt 1984, pp. 87ā88
1865:Salt 1984, pp. 80ā81
1856:Salt 1984, pp. 71ā73
1847:Salt 1984, pp. 70ā74
1829:Salt 1984, pp. 57ā61
1775:Coomber 2014, p. 27.
1156:Washingtonia robusta
1128:Araucaria columnaris
1112:Stenocarpus sinuatus
895:Archbishop of Sydney
629:Old Government House
530:clan who occupy the
316:Watkins & Payten
308:Landscape ā Cultural
5046:Ross Female Factory
4819:Remembering Babylon
4624:Journey Among Women
4353:Elizabeth Callaghan
4238:William Henry Groom
4136:John Boyle O'Reilly
3380:GEO Group Australia
3113:Silverwater Women's
2555:Djuric, B. (2011).
2488:Bartok, Di (2010).
2479:Bartok, Di (2011).
2273:Djuric 2011, p. 70.
1730:Comber 2014, p. 18.
1198:Araucaria bidwillii
1164:Cordyline australis
1160:Livistona australis
1126:) and Cook's pine (
1116:Araucaria bidwillii
791:Cumberland Hospital
385:Cumberland Hospital
83: /
5006:Hyde Park Barracks
4932:Twenty Dollar Note
4894:Our Country's Good
4827:The Potato Factory
4803:A Fringe of Leaves
4763:Great Expectations
4592:Red Sky at Morning
4544:Sentenced for Life
4403:Elizabeth Thackery
4264:Margaret Catchpole
3985:William Hutchinson
3931:Arthur Bowes Smyth
3674:Bathurst Rebellion
3192:Federal facilities
3103:Outer Metropolitan
2659:Kohen, J. (2005).
2426:Spencer, 1995, 250
2327:Senate 2004, p. 56
2099:Djuric 2011, p. 13
2054:Djuric 2011, p. 17
1317:is a 1937 film by
1308:In Popular Culture
1118:) and hoop pines (
999:Mary Tenison Woods
971:Stolen Generations
616:Commissioner Bigge
515:Indigenous history
428:Victorian Georgian
418:, Henry Ginn, and
373:City of Parramatta
300:Historic Landscape
289:Reference no.
228:Reference no.
169:Victorian Georgian
55:City of Parramatta
5069:
5068:
4956:Brickendon Estate
4940:
4939:
4927:Sydney punchbowls
4640:Van Diemen's Land
4462:Van Diemen's Land
4416:
4415:
4338:James Bloodsworth
4121:Lawrence Kavenagh
3785:Western Australia
3586:Western Australia
3556:Macquarie Harbour
3408:
3407:
3385:MTC-Broadspectrum
3213:Closed facilities
3187:
3186:
3018:Forensic Hospital
2776:(17 March 2017).
2389:(17 March 2017).
2135:Walsh 2001, p. 88
2045:Smith 1999, p. 39
2027:Smith 1999, p. 12
2018:Smith 1999, p. 14
2009:Smith 1999, p. 13
1955:DPWS, 2000, 60ā62
1946:Salt 1984, p. 121
1194:Araucaria excelsa
1140:Ficus macrophylla
1104:Pinus canariensis
891:John Bede Polding
860:The Sydney Herald
830:Dr Robert Willson
483:'s Domain, later
445:on 2 April 1999.
391:(1841ā1886), the
357:
356:
173:Classical Revival
87:33.8009Ā°S 151.0Ā°E
5119:
5001:Great North Road
4996:Fremantle Prison
4851:The Secret River
4723:The Secret River
4683:Against the Wind
4425:
4424:
4373:JĆørgen JĆørgensen
4284:John Acton Wroth
4279:James Hardy Vaux
4146:William Westwood
4141:Alexander Pearce
4071:Charlotte Badger
4051:Francis Greenway
3943:D'Arcy Wentworth
3915:
3914:
3911:
3906:Notable convicts
3468:Female factories
3435:
3428:
3421:
3412:
3411:
2948:
2947:
2944:State facilities
2929:
2922:
2915:
2906:
2905:
2879:
2847:
2824:
2803:
2788:
2782:
2768:
2759:
2750:
2741:
2732:
2723:
2714:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2655:
2646:
2637:
2628:
2619:
2610:
2601:
2595:
2587:
2578:
2569:
2560:
2557:Abandon All Hope
2551:
2549:
2547:
2541:
2531:
2522:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2503:
2493:
2484:
2475:
2462:
2453:
2436:
2433:
2427:
2424:
2418:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2402:
2400:
2395:
2382:
2376:
2373:
2367:
2364:
2355:
2352:
2346:
2343:
2337:
2334:
2328:
2325:
2319:
2316:
2310:
2307:
2301:
2298:
2292:
2289:
2283:
2280:
2274:
2271:
2265:
2262:
2256:
2253:
2247:
2244:
2238:
2235:
2229:
2226:
2220:
2217:
2211:
2208:
2202:
2199:
2193:
2190:
2184:
2181:
2175:
2172:
2166:
2163:
2154:
2151:
2145:
2142:
2136:
2133:
2127:
2124:
2118:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2091:
2088:
2082:
2079:
2073:
2070:
2064:
2061:
2055:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2028:
2025:
2019:
2016:
2010:
2007:
2001:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1974:
1971:
1965:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1929:
1926:
1920:
1917:
1911:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1893:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1875:
1872:
1866:
1863:
1857:
1854:
1848:
1845:
1839:
1838:DPWS, 2000, 58ā9
1836:
1830:
1827:
1821:
1820:Salt 1984, p. 59
1818:
1812:
1811:Salt 1984, p. 56
1809:
1803:
1800:
1794:
1791:
1785:
1782:
1776:
1773:
1767:
1764:
1758:
1755:
1749:
1746:
1740:
1737:
1731:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1702:
1691:
1690:DPWS, 2000, 48ā9
1688:
1682:
1673:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1643:
1628:
1619:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1589:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1503:
1345:
1340:
1339:
1242:Heritage listing
1144:Jubaea chilensis
1136:Ficus rubiginosa
1132:Ficus microcarpa
1108:Pinus roxburghii
532:Cumberland Plain
473:Governor Phillip
459:Wianamatta Shale
455:Parramatta River
408:William Buchanan
400:Francis Greenway
344:
343:
337:
223:14 November 2017
141:
128:William Buchanan
118:Francis Greenway
98:
97:
95:
94:
93:
88:
84:
81:
80:
79:
76:
40:
37:
33:
21:
20:
5127:
5126:
5122:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5117:
5116:
5072:
5071:
5070:
5065:
5061:Woolmers Estate
5036:Richmond Bridge
4961:Cadmans Cottage
4947:
4936:
4912:Charlotte Medal
4900:
4873:
4755:The Broad Arrow
4729:
4654:
4648:The Nightingale
4600:Under Capricorn
4568:The Tenth Straw
4504:The Lady Outlaw
4467:
4421:Popular culture
4412:
4358:Margaret Dawson
4328:Esther Abrahams
4320:
4314:
4288:
4247:
4221:
4150:
4091:William Buckley
4063:
4055:
4046:James Blackburn
4034:
3948:
3937:William Redfern
3909:
3908:
3900:
3798:
3789:
3770:New South Wales
3741:
3590:
3576:Saltwater River
3511:Cockatoo Island
3497:
3444:
3439:
3409:
3404:
3394:
3358:
3208:
3183:
3137:
3088:Mid North Coast
2939:
2937:New South Wales
2933:
2886:
2870:
2868:Further reading
2795:
2785:UrbanGrowth NSW
2780:
2774:UrbanGrowth NSW
2699:
2697:
2675:
2673:
2589:
2588:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2448:
2445:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2421:
2416:
2412:
2405:UrbanGrowth NSW
2398:
2396:
2393:
2387:UrbanGrowth NSW
2383:
2379:
2374:
2370:
2365:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2326:
2322:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2259:
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2250:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2157:
2152:
2148:
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2139:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1914:
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1900:
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1590:
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1521:
1519:
1504:
1357:
1352:
1341:
1334:
1331:
1310:
1244:
1231:
1214:
1204:), fiddlewood (
1196:), Bunya pine (
1179:
1072:
1059:
1046:
1037:
954:Cockatoo Island
942:
936:
862:described how:
848:
842:
793:
787:
759:
711:
656:Governor Bourke
607:
601:
544:
523:
517:
509:Nathaniel Lucas
496:Governor Hunter
485:Parramatta Park
451:
422:, the imposing
377:New South Wales
365:heritage-listed
353:
352:
351:
350:
347:
346:
345:
260:
199:
176:
152:
137:
92:-33.8009; 151.0
91:
89:
85:
82:
77:
74:
72:
70:
69:
59:New South Wales
42:
38:
19:
12:
11:
5:
5125:
5115:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5063:
5058:
5056:Vaucluse House
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4986:Elizabeth Farm
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4952:
4950:
4942:
4941:
4938:
4937:
4935:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4908:
4906:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4898:
4890:
4886:The Transports
4881:
4879:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4871:
4863:
4859:The Lieutenant
4855:
4847:
4839:
4831:
4823:
4815:
4807:
4799:
4791:
4783:
4775:
4771:The Wild Goose
4767:
4759:
4751:
4743:
4737:
4735:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4727:
4719:
4711:
4703:
4695:
4687:
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4662:
4660:
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4655:
4653:
4652:
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4636:
4628:
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4604:
4596:
4588:
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4548:
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4451:
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4431:
4429:
4422:
4418:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4393:Joseph Potaski
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4324:
4322:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4296:
4294:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4269:Frank the Poet
4266:
4261:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4233:William Cuffay
4229:
4227:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4219:
4214:
4212:Thomas Watling
4209:
4204:
4202:Charles Rodius
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4172:Richard Browne
4169:
4164:
4162:Joseph Backler
4158:
4156:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4111:William Chopin
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4086:William Bryant
4083:
4078:
4073:
4067:
4065:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4048:
4042:
4040:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4015:Robert Sidaway
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3956:
3954:
3950:
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3902:
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3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3846:Eardley-Wilmot
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3802:
3800:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3775:Norfolk Island
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3751:
3749:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3734:
3731:Catalpa rescue
3728:
3722:
3713:
3704:
3695:
3686:
3677:
3671:
3662:
3656:
3647:
3638:
3632:
3626:
3617:
3611:
3605:
3598:
3596:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3583:
3581:Sullivans Cove
3578:
3573:
3566:Norfolk Island
3563:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3507:
3505:
3503:Penal colonies
3499:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3449:
3446:
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3423:
3415:
3406:
3405:
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3396:
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3387:
3382:
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3366:
3364:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3338:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3322:
3319:
3318:Silverton Gaol
3316:
3315:Port Macquarie
3313:
3308:
3303:
3300:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3281:
3276:
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3268:
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3209:
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3143:
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3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
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3080:
3075:
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3015:
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2995:
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2932:
2931:
2924:
2917:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2885:
2884:External links
2882:
2881:
2880:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2864:
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2794:
2791:
2790:
2789:
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2284:
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2110:
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2083:
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2020:
2011:
2002:
1993:
1984:
1975:
1966:
1957:
1948:
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1930:
1921:
1912:
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1894:
1885:
1876:
1867:
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1849:
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1831:
1822:
1813:
1804:
1802:DPWS, 2000, 58
1795:
1793:DPWS, 2000, 57
1786:
1777:
1768:
1759:
1757:Yarwood, 1967.
1750:
1741:
1732:
1723:
1692:
1683:
1629:
1529:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1330:
1327:
1325:as an inmate.
1309:
1306:
1243:
1240:
1230:
1227:
1213:
1210:
1200:), jacaranda (
1178:
1175:
1152:Butia capitata
1071:
1068:
1058:
1055:
1045:
1042:
1036:
1033:
1025:Bessie Guthrie
938:Main article:
935:
932:
844:Main article:
841:
838:
789:Main article:
786:
783:
758:
755:
710:
707:
652:Governor Gipps
603:Main article:
600:
597:
580:Samuel Marsden
556:Sydney Harbour
543:
540:
519:Main article:
516:
513:
501:Samuel Marsden
450:
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5052:
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5044:
5042:
5041:Richmond Gaol
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5016:Lennox Bridge
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
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4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4949:
4948:Convict Sites
4943:
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4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4909:
4907:
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4824:
4821:
4820:
4816:
4813:
4812:
4811:The Playmaker
4808:
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4796:
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4789:
4788:
4784:
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4780:
4776:
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4709:
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4609:
4605:
4602:
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4597:
4594:
4593:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4584:To New Shores
4581:
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4569:
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4426:
4423:
4419:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4388:Isaac Nichols
4386:
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4364:
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4285:
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4270:
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4265:
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4259:Denis Cashman
4257:
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4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4224:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4197:Joseph Lycett
4195:
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4127:
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4119:
4117:
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4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4076:Matthew Brady
4074:
4072:
4069:
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4066:
4062:
4058:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4037:
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4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
4000:Solomon Levey
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3980:William Field
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3970:Daniel Cooper
3968:
3966:
3965:Daniel Connor
3963:
3961:
3960:Enoch Barratt
3958:
3957:
3955:
3953:Entrepreneurs
3951:
3945:
3944:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3928:
3926:
3925:William Bland
3923:
3922:
3920:
3916:
3913:
3910:and personnel
3907:
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3889:
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2015:
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2000:Phillips 1972
1997:
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1320:
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505:Governor King
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420:Charles Moore
417:
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265:Official name
263:
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204:Official name
202:
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155:
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148:Charles Moore
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4616:Adam's Woman
4614:
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4558:
4550:
4542:
4534:
4526:
4518:
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4502:
4494:
4486:
4478:
4383:Robert Palin
4368:Mark Jeffrey
4333:John Baughan
4305:James Meehan
4274:Henry Savery
4182:Edmund Edgar
4126:John Mitchel
4116:Michael Howe
4096:Moondyne Joe
4064:and escapees
4030:Samuel Terry
4020:James Squire
3941:
3929:
3760:Second Fleet
3717:
3708:
3699:
3689:
3680:
3665:
3650:
3642:
3620:
3608:Second Fleet
3536:Maria Island
3463:Emancipation
3253:Darlinghurst
3159:Frank Baxter
2998:Dawn de Loas
2875:
2814:CC BY 3.0 AU
2798:
2783:– via
2764:
2755:
2746:
2737:
2728:
2710:
2698:. Retrieved
2690:
2674:. Retrieved
2664:
2651:
2642:
2633:
2624:
2615:
2606:
2583:
2574:
2565:
2556:
2544:. Retrieved
2527:
2518:
2506:. Retrieved
2489:
2480:
2467:
2458:
2449:
2443:Bibliography
2431:
2422:
2413:
2403:– via
2397:. Retrieved
2380:
2371:
2350:
2341:
2332:
2323:
2314:
2305:
2296:
2287:
2278:
2269:
2260:
2251:
2242:
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2215:
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2197:
2188:
2179:
2170:
2149:
2140:
2131:
2122:
2113:
2104:
2095:
2086:
2077:
2068:
2059:
2050:
2041:
2032:
2023:
2014:
2005:
1996:
1987:
1978:
1969:
1960:
1951:
1942:
1933:
1924:
1915:
1906:
1897:
1888:
1879:
1870:
1861:
1852:
1843:
1834:
1825:
1816:
1807:
1798:
1789:
1780:
1771:
1762:
1753:
1748:Kohen, 2005.
1744:
1735:
1726:
1714:. Retrieved
1686:
1661:. Retrieved
1650:
1607:. Retrieved
1596:
1520:. Retrieved
1510:
1319:Douglas Sirk
1312:
1311:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1270:
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1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1236:
1232:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1191:
1188:
1180:
1172:
1101:
1097:Campbelltown
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1064:
1060:
1051:Norma Parker
1047:
1038:
1029:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
967:
959:
943:
928:
923:Henry Parkes
920:
915:
909:
903:
888:
883:
878:
874:
870:
865:
859:
857:
853:
849:
834:
822:
818:
810:
806:
802:
794:
779:
775:Tarban Creek
768:
764:
760:
750:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
724:
719:
716:
712:
703:
699:
676:
672:
668:
664:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
620:
612:
608:
593:
585:
576:
564:
560:
545:
536:
524:
489:
470:
463:
452:
436:
424:Old Colonial
404:James Barnet
397:
360:
358:
284:2 April 1999
239:Listed place
164:Old Colonial
123:James Barnet
15:
5031:Port Arthur
4922:Rajah Quilt
4560:Transported
4448:Moreton Bay
4348:John Cadman
4310:Joseph Wild
4300:John Baxter
4252:Chroniclers
4226:Politicians
4217:James Walsh
4167:Thomas Bock
4131:Thomas Muir
4106:Martin Cash
4101:John Caesar
4081:Mary Bryant
4061:Bushrangers
4025:John Tawell
4010:Mary Reibey
4005:Simeon Lord
3995:Henry Kable
3975:John Davies
3799:commandants
3765:Third Fleet
3755:First Fleet
3661:(1826ā1846)
3614:Third Fleet
3602:First Fleet
3551:Risdon Cove
3541:Port Arthur
3526:Moreton Bay
3521:Sydney Cove
3488:New Holland
3332:Wagga Wagga
3294:Laurel Hill
3249:Cootamundra
3058:Kirkconnell
3048:John Morony
2983:Broken Hill
2793:Attribution
2700:26 November
2676:23 November
2546:23 November
2508:26 November
1716:23 November
1057:Description
910:Sydney Mail
771:Gladesville
552:Sydney Cove
548:First Fleet
90: /
78:151Ā°00ā²00ā³E
66:Coordinates
61:, Australia
39: 1826
5076:Categories
4971:Coal Mines
4946:Australian
4835:Jack Maggs
4734:Literature
4659:Television
4608:Botany Bay
4441:Botany Bay
4398:James Ruse
4343:Billy Blue
4039:Architects
3700:George III
3621:Lady Shore
3453:Assignment
3400:See also:
3343:Wollongong
3311:Parramatta
3284:Juniperina
3257:Deniliquin
3243:Condobolin
3199:Holsworthy
3133:Wellington
3118:St Heliers
3023:Glen Innes
3013:Emu Plains
2978:Brewarrina
2504:. MUSEcape
2470:. Sydney:
1350:References
1343:Law portal
1184:courtyards
571:Toongabbie
477:Government
369:Parramatta
281:Designated
220:Designated
144:Henry Ginn
75:33Ā°48ā²03ā³S
51:Parramatta
4691:Sara Dane
4408:Mary Wade
4293:Explorers
4187:John Eyre
4177:Knud Bull
3990:Mary Hyde
3881:Macquarie
3795:Governors
3690:Frederick
3531:Redcliffe
3482:1788ā1850
3363:Operators
3336:Wentworth
3325:Trial Bay
3237:Braidwood
3225:Balranald
3204:Villawood
3142:Juveniles
3078:Mary Wade
3073:Macquarie
3038:Illawarra
3008:Dillwynia
3003:Shortland
2858:CC-BY 4.0
2835:CC-BY 4.0
2592:cite book
2435:TKD 2014.
2399:27 August
1676:CC-BY 4.0
1622:CC-BY 4.0
1522:25 August
1321:starring
1229:Integrity
1212:Condition
950:Newcastle
811:In 1872,
687:Newcastle
679:Liverpool
432:sandstone
371:, in the
292:820 / 811
111:Architect
4787:Moondyne
4715:Banished
4552:Moondyne
4321:convicts
3918:Surgeons
3886:Paterson
3866:Johnston
3851:Franklin
3821:Brisbane
3780:Tasmania
3546:Richmond
3516:Rosehill
3329:Tuncurry
3306:Narrabri
3298:Maitland
3275:Grenfell
3266:Pinchgut
3222:Armidale
3179:Riverina
3128:Tamworth
3068:Long Bay
3028:Goulburn
2988:Cessnock
2968:Clarence
2958:Bathurst
2816:licence.
2808: by
1659:. H00811
1605:. H00820
1329:See also
695:Bathurst
693:, 52 at
689:, 21 at
685:, 91 at
681:, 84 at
660:Brisbane
589:Bungaree
567:Pemulwuy
481:Governor
313:Builders
305:Category
247:Historic
244:Category
47:Location
4155:Artists
3891:Phillip
3841:Denison
3831:Darling
3826:Collins
3570:History
3560:History
3473:Freedom
3346:Wyalong
3340:Windsor
3291:Kempsey
3288:Keelong
3271:Grafton
3240:Burrowa
3234:Bombala
3231:Biloela
3164:Kariong
3123:Tabulam
3108:Parklea
3063:Lithgow
3043:Ivanhoe
2963:Berrima
2861:licence
2838:licence
2452:. 1985.
1679:licence
1625:licence
1168:portico
691:Penrith
683:Windsor
449:History
4897:(1988)
4889:(1977)
4870:(2010)
4862:(2008)
4854:(2005)
4846:(2001)
4838:(1997)
4830:(1995)
4822:(1993)
4814:(1987)
4806:(1973)
4798:(1967)
4790:(1879)
4782:(1872)
4774:(1867)
4766:(1861)
4758:(1859)
4750:(1856)
4726:(2015)
4718:(2015)
4710:(2005)
4702:(1983)
4694:(1982)
4686:(1978)
4678:(1962)
4670:(1961)
4651:(2017)
4643:(2009)
4635:(2008)
4627:(1977)
4619:(1970)
4611:(1953)
4603:(1949)
4595:(1944)
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