792:(vol 88. May 2005) 'In short, Gill argues that convict transportation to WA arrived in a disguised form and at an earlier time than is commonly thought. Between 1842 and 1852 Gill finds that 243 young British juvenile offenders were transported to WA even though officially they were described as 'apprentices' '
40:
between 1842 and 1852. Either before leaving
England or on arrival at their destination, they were pardoned on the conditions that they be "apprenticed" to local employers, and that they not return to England during the term of their sentence. In the ten years between 1842 and 1852 nearly 1500 boys
56:
received from the
Colonial Office a circular asking if the colony would be prepared to accept juvenile prisoners who had first been reformed in "penitentiaries especially adapted for the purpose of their education and reformation". After seeking comment from the
94:
Parkhurst apprentices were employed by a broad cross-section of
Western Australia's businessmen and officials, including many of the colony's ruling class. Among the long list of Parkhurst apprentice employers were
161:
in 1842 and 1843. These had not been invited to the convict-free colony, and were a great surprise when the first ship arrived. After the second ship, the colony successfully petitioned that no more would be sent.
72:", and most historians have maintained the distinction. An opposing view, held for example by Gill (2004), is that the Parkhurst apprentices were convicts, and that their apprenticeship constituted
58:
79:
John
Schoales jun. (c. 1810 – 10 April 1847), son of John Schoales QC of Dublin. was appointed Guardian of the apprentices. He determined the allowance they were paid, holding it in
61:, Hutt responded that "The Majority of the Community would not object to boys not above 15 years of age...." but that the labour market could not support more than 30 boys per year.
88:
596:
64:
Between 1842 and 1849, Western
Australia accepted 234 Parkhurst apprentices, all males aged between 10 and 21 years. As Western Australia was not then a
99:
860:
915:
119:
775:
1080:
1065:
830:
1095:
1075:
1015:
83:
until their 5-year indenture period was over. The
Parkhurst Visitors insisted that names of the boys not be published in the
1085:
925:
999:
985:
146:
1100:
837:
1070:
96:
50:
1090:
760:
Statham (1981), page 6" "... these boys had received conditional pardons prior to leaving
England..."
171:
111:
864:
41:
aged from twelve to eighteen were transported to
Australia and New Zealand from Parkhurst Prison.
978:
Forced labour for the west : Parkhurst convicts 'apprenticed' in
Western Australia 1842–1851
353:
318:
131:
115:
779:
145:
The assimilation of
Parkhurst apprentices played an important role in the later acceptance of
158:
107:
948:
1036:
891:
807:
123:
87:, in order that they were not discriminated against. Schoales was succeeded as Guardian by
33:
1026:
Why Convicts I: An economic analysis of colonial attitudes to the introduction of convicts
8:
450:
205:
84:
73:
1011:
995:
981:
921:
139:
887:"Memorial by the Colonists of South Australia against the Introduction of Convicts"
25:
751:
Gill (2004), page 1: "Once in the colony, they were pardoned on two conditions..."
135:
103:
174:
was also asked to accept Parkhurst Boys, but resisted and none was sent there.
127:
992:
Convict assignment in Western Australia: The Parkhurst 'Apprentices' 1842–1851
182:
List of ships that brought Parkhurst apprentices to Australia and New Zealand
1059:
1008:
Convict assignment in Western Australia the Parkhurst 'apprentices' 1842-1851
886:
802:
776:"| Book Review | Labour History, 88 | the History Cooperative"
29:
895:. Vol. VIII, no. 600. South Australia. 14 February 1845. p. 2
65:
68:, contemporary documents scrupulously avoided referring to the youths as "
1030:
Studies in Western Australian History IV: Convictism in Western Australia
37:
21:
917:
Inequality, Poverty, Education: A Political Economy of School Exclusion
80:
53:
157:
One hundred and twenty three Parkhurst apprentices were sent to the
69:
861:"CONVICTS SENT TO NEW ZEALAND! The Boys from Parkhurst Prison"
44:
913:
811:. No. 350. Western Australia. 14 April 1847. p. 2
32:, were sentenced to "transportation beyond the seas" and
1005:
994:. Blatellae Books, Maylands, Western Australia.
914:Francesca Ashurst; Couze Venn (7 February 2014).
1057:
858:
1010:, Carlisle, Western Australia Hesperian Press,
903:– via National Library of Australia.
819:– via National Library of Australia.
45:Parkhurst apprentices in Western Australia
949:"Parkhurst Boys – Thomas Arbuthnot 1847"
980:Maylands, W.A. : Blatellae Books,
59:Western Australian Agricultural Society
1058:
836:. Department of Industrial Relations,
769:Robbins, W.M. review of Gill's (2004)
1043:. Perth Dead Persons' Society. 2003
955:. Perth Dead Persons' Society. 2003
13:
1032:, University of Western Australia.
970:
165:
14:
1112:
852:
1028:in Stannage, C. T. (ed) (1981),
1006:Gill, A. W. (Andrew W.) (2016),
177:
1081:English prisoners and detainees
1066:Convictism in Western Australia
838:University of Western Australia
831:"Papers in Labour History No.6"
941:
907:
879:
823:
795:
763:
754:
745:
152:
1:
1096:Convictism in New South Wales
739:
147:convicts in Western Australia
51:Governor of Western Australia
1076:History of the Isle of Wight
920:. Springer. pp. 95–96.
729:
713:
667:
636:
620:
608:Tasmania and Norfolk Island
587:
571:
555:
539:
523:
507:
491:
475:
459:
441:
425:
409:
393:
377:
361:
343:
327:
309:
293:
277:
261:
245:
229:
213:
7:
1086:Juvenile prisons in England
10:
1117:
1037:"Parkhurst Boys 1842–1862"
859:Anthony G. Flude (2003).
187:
172:Colony of South Australia
89:Frederick Dirck Wittenoom
1024:Statham, Pamela (1981).
1101:Convictism in Tasmania
132:Stephen Stanley Parker
116:William Locke Brockman
112:Anthony O'Grady Lefroy
1071:Colony of New Zealand
1041:Convicts to Australia
990:Gill, Andrew (2004).
953:Convicts to Australia
159:Colony of New Zealand
108:George Fletcher Moore
18:Parkhurst apprentices
976:Gill, Andrew (1997)
892:The South Australian
782:on 29 September 2012
124:George Walpole Leake
138:Thomas Peel JR and
20:, juveniles from a
867:on 29 January 2016
771:Convict Assignment
733:Western Australia
717:Western Australia
640:Western Australia
624:Western Australia
591:Western Australia
495:Western Australia
445:Western Australia
413:Western Australia
331:Western Australia
297:Western Australia
249:Western Australia
217:Western Australia
85:Government Gazette
74:convict assignment
1021:(revised edition)
1017:978-0-85905-619-9
737:
736:
140:George Shenton Sr
36:to Australia and
1108:
1091:English children
1052:
1050:
1048:
1020:
965:
964:
962:
960:
945:
939:
938:
936:
934:
911:
905:
904:
902:
900:
883:
877:
876:
874:
872:
863:. Archived from
856:
850:
849:
847:
845:
835:
827:
821:
820:
818:
816:
799:
793:
791:
789:
787:
778:. Archived from
767:
761:
758:
752:
749:
354:Thomas Arbuthnot
185:
184:
91:(c. 1821–1863).
26:Parkhurst Prison
1116:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1056:
1055:
1046:
1044:
1035:
1018:
973:
971:Further reading
968:
958:
956:
947:
946:
942:
932:
930:
928:
912:
908:
898:
896:
885:
884:
880:
870:
868:
857:
853:
843:
841:
833:
829:
828:
824:
814:
812:
801:
800:
796:
785:
783:
774:
768:
764:
759:
755:
750:
746:
742:
375:September 1847
195:
180:
168:
166:South Australia
155:
136:Rosendo Salvado
104:Frederick Irwin
49:Early in 1839,
47:
12:
11:
5:
1114:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1054:
1053:
1033:
1022:
1016:
1003:
988:
972:
969:
967:
966:
940:
927:978-1137347015
926:
906:
878:
851:
822:
794:
762:
753:
743:
741:
738:
735:
734:
731:
728:
725:
719:
718:
715:
712:
711:February 1853
709:
703:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:Oriental Queen
688:
687:
684:
682:
679:
673:
672:
669:
666:
663:
657:
656:
653:
651:
650:December 1851
648:
642:
641:
638:
635:
632:
626:
625:
622:
619:
616:
610:
609:
606:
604:
601:
593:
592:
589:
586:
583:
577:
576:
573:
570:
569:November 1850
567:
561:
560:
557:
554:
551:
545:
544:
541:
538:
535:
529:
528:
525:
522:
519:
513:
512:
509:
506:
505:November 1849
503:
497:
496:
493:
490:
487:
481:
480:
477:
474:
471:
465:
464:
461:
458:
457:abt July 1849
455:
447:
446:
443:
440:
439:February 1849
437:
431:
430:
427:
424:
423:February 1849
421:
415:
414:
411:
408:
405:
399:
398:
395:
392:
389:
383:
382:
379:
376:
373:
367:
366:
363:
360:
357:
349:
348:
345:
342:
339:
333:
332:
329:
326:
323:
315:
314:
311:
308:
307:December 1845
305:
299:
298:
295:
292:
291:December 1844
289:
283:
282:
279:
276:
275:November 1843
273:
267:
266:
263:
260:
257:
251:
250:
247:
244:
241:
235:
234:
231:
228:
227:November 1842
225:
219:
218:
215:
212:
209:
201:
200:
197:
192:
189:
179:
176:
167:
164:
154:
151:
128:Walter Padbury
46:
43:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1113:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1001:
1000:0-9593472-6-7
997:
993:
989:
987:
986:0-9593472-5-9
983:
979:
975:
974:
954:
950:
944:
929:
923:
919:
918:
910:
894:
893:
888:
882:
866:
862:
855:
839:
832:
826:
810:
809:
804:
803:"Advertising"
798:
781:
777:
772:
766:
757:
748:
744:
732:
727:January 1862
726:
724:
721:
720:
716:
710:
708:
705:
704:
700:
698:
696:October 1852
695:
693:
690:
689:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
674:
670:
664:
662:
659:
658:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
643:
639:
634:October 1851
633:
631:
628:
627:
623:
617:
615:
612:
611:
607:
605:
602:
600:
599:
598:Lady Kennaway
595:
594:
590:
584:
582:
579:
578:
574:
568:
566:
563:
562:
558:
553:October 1850
552:
550:
547:
546:
542:
536:
534:
531:
530:
526:
520:
518:
515:
514:
510:
504:
502:
499:
498:
494:
489:October 1849
488:
486:
483:
482:
478:
472:
470:
467:
466:
462:
456:
454:
453:
449:
448:
444:
438:
436:
433:
432:
428:
422:
420:
417:
416:
412:
406:
404:
401:
400:
396:
391:January 1848
390:
388:
385:
384:
380:
374:
372:
369:
368:
364:
358:
356:
355:
351:
350:
346:
341:October 1846
340:
338:
335:
334:
330:
325:January 1846
324:
322:
321:
317:
316:
312:
306:
304:
301:
300:
296:
290:
288:
285:
284:
280:
274:
272:
269:
268:
264:
259:October 1843
258:
256:
253:
252:
248:
243:October 1843
242:
240:
237:
236:
232:
226:
224:
221:
220:
216:
210:
208:
207:
203:
202:
198:
193:
190:
186:
183:
178:List of ships
175:
173:
163:
160:
150:
148:
143:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
100:Andrew Clarke
98:
92:
90:
86:
82:
77:
75:
71:
67:
62:
60:
55:
52:
42:
39:
35:
31:
30:Isle of Wight
27:
23:
19:
1045:. Retrieved
1040:
1029:
1025:
1007:
991:
977:
957:. Retrieved
952:
943:
931:. Retrieved
916:
909:
897:. Retrieved
890:
881:
869:. Retrieved
865:the original
854:
842:. Retrieved
825:
813:. Retrieved
808:The Inquirer
806:
797:
786:22 September
784:. Retrieved
780:the original
770:
765:
756:
747:
722:
706:
691:
681:August 1852
676:
660:
645:
629:
613:
597:
580:
564:
548:
537:August 1850
532:
516:
500:
484:
473:August 1849
468:
451:
434:
418:
402:
386:
371:Joseph Somes
370:
352:
336:
319:
302:
286:
281:New Zealand
270:
254:
238:
233:New Zealand
222:
211:August 1842
206:Simon Taylor
204:
196:apprentices
181:
169:
156:
144:
120:Thomas Brown
93:
78:
66:penal colony
63:
48:
24:attached to
17:
15:
1047:18 December
959:18 December
899:15 November
840:. p. 3
665:March 1852
533:Maria Somes
407:March 1848
153:New Zealand
38:New Zealand
34:transported
22:reformatory
1060:Categories
933:9 February
871:9 February
740:References
677:Equestrian
618:June 1851
521:July 1850
320:Cumberland
303:Strathedin
723:Lincelles
701:Tasmania
686:Tasmania
671:Tasmania
655:Tasmania
603:May 1851
585:May 1851
575:Tasmania
559:Tasmania
543:Tasmania
527:Tasmania
511:Tasmania
479:Victoria
463:Tasmania
429:Victoria
397:Victoria
381:Victoria
365:Victoria
359:May 1847
347:Victoria
313:Tasmania
265:Tasmania
223:St George
194:Parkhurst
54:John Hutt
707:Dudbrook
614:Pyrenees
517:Blenheim
501:Adelaide
469:Randolph
337:Maitland
271:Mandarin
255:Mandarin
239:Shepherd
191:Arrival
97:Governor
70:convicts
844:6 April
815:6 April
661:Fairlie
646:Aboukir
581:Mermaid
452:Hashemy
287:Halifax
199:Colony
28:on the
1014:
998:
984:
924:
630:Minden
565:Rodney
403:Orient
387:Marion
834:(PDF)
435:Ameer
188:Ship
81:trust
1049:2006
1012:ISBN
996:ISBN
982:ISBN
961:2006
935:2016
922:ISBN
901:2016
873:2016
846:2019
817:2019
788:2010
549:Nile
485:Mary
419:Eden
394:125
170:The
16:The
773:at
668:30
637:30
621:29
588:43
572:40
556:30
540:30
524:85
508:30
492:53
476:85
460:29
442:50
426:62
410:51
378:84
362:89
344:70
328:16
310:74
294:18
278:31
262:51
246:28
230:92
214:18
1062::
1039:.
951:.
889:.
805:.
730:1
714:1
149:.
142:.
134:,
130:,
126:,
122:,
118:,
114:,
110:,
106:,
102:,
76:.
1051:.
1002:.
963:.
937:.
875:.
848:.
790:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.