677:
663:
40:
229:) analysed each classical element in terms of the four basic qualities. Fire was both hot and dry, earth cold and dry, water cold and moist, and air hot and moist. He theorized that every metal was a combination of these four principles, two of them interior and two exterior. From this premise, it was reasoned that the transmutation of one metal into another could be effected by the rearrangement of its basic qualities. This change would be mediated by a substance, which came to be called
3191:
693:
less matured version of the red stone. Some ancient and medieval alchemical texts leave clues to the physical appearance of the stone of the philosophers, specifically the red stone. It is often said to be orange (saffron coloured) or red when ground to powder. Or in a solid form, an intermediate between red and purple, transparent and glass-like. The weight is spoken of as being heavier than gold, and it is soluble in any liquid, and incombustible in fire.
277:
716:
in a solar citrinity: then will the triangle be perfect, but this likewise must be changed into a circle, that is, into an invariable redness: By which operation the woman is converted into the man, and made one with him, and the senary the first number of the perfect completed by one, two, having returned again to an unit, in which is eternal rest and peace.
715:
In like manner the
Philosophers would have the quadrangle reduced into a triangle, that is, into body, Spirit, and Soul, which three do appear in three previous colors before redness, for example, the body or earth in the blackness of Saturn, the Spirit in a lunar whiteness, as water, the Soul or air
786:
The philosopher's stone is created by the alchemical method known as The Magnum Opus or The Great Work. Often expressed as a series of color changes or chemical processes, the instructions for creating the philosopher's stone are varied. When expressed in colours, the work may pass through phases of
692:
Descriptions of the philosopher's stone are numerous and various. According to alchemical texts, the stone of the philosophers came in two varieties, prepared by an almost identical method: white (for the purpose of making silver), and red (for the purpose of making gold), the white stone being a
519:
and prolong the life of any person who consumes a small part of the philosopher's stone diluted in wine. Other mentioned properties include: creation of perpetually burning lamps, transmutation of common crystals into precious stones and diamonds, reviving of dead plants, creation of flexible or
752:
alchemists may reject work on exoteric substances, instead directing their search for the philosopher's stone inward. Though esoteric and exoteric approaches are sometimes mixed, it is clear that some authors "are not concerned with material substances but are employing the language of exoteric
706:
Make of a man and woman a circle; then a quadrangle; out of this a triangle; make again a circle, and you will have the Stone of the Wise. Thus is made the stone, which thou canst not discover, unless you, through diligence, learn to understand this geometrical
261:(Ibn Sina), who discredited the theory of the transmutation of substances, stating, "Those of the chemical craft know well that no change can be effected in the different species of substances, though they can produce the appearance of such change."
507:). According to Hindu mythology, the Shyāmantaka Mani is a ruby, capable of preventing all natural calamities such as droughts, floods, etc. around its owner, as well as producing eight bhāras (≈170 pounds or 700 kilograms) of gold, every day.
139:, who acquired the knowledge of the stone directly from God. This knowledge was said to have been passed down through biblical patriarchs, giving them their longevity. The legend of the stone was also compared to the biblical history of the
768:, to provide a detailed analysis of the symbolic significance of alchemical work with the philosopher's stone. His analysis is based in part on a linguistic interpretation through Arabic equivalents of one of the terms for the stone (
188:
is also the name alchemists assign to the starting ingredient for the creation of the philosopher's stone. The importance of this philosophical first matter persisted throughout the history of alchemy. In the seventeenth century,
590:, Dominus philosophorum, Divine quintessence, Draco elixir, Filius ignis, Fimus, Folium, Frater, Granum, Granum frumenti, Haematites, Hepar, Herba, Herbalis, Lac, Melancholia, Ovum philosophorum, Panacea salutifera,
308:, which he thought to be an undiscovered element from which all other elements (earth, fire, water, air) were simply derivative forms. Paracelsus believed that this element was, in fact, the philosopher's stone.
825:
The philosopher's stone has been an inspiration, plot feature, or subject of innumerable artistic works: animations, comics, films, musical compositions, novels, and video games. Examples include
268:, is said to have discovered the philosopher's stone. Magnus does not confirm he discovered the stone in his writings, but he did record that he witnessed the creation of gold by "transmutation".
723:
uses the imagery of the
Christian passion, saying that it ascends "from the sepulcher of the Most Excellent King, shining and glorious, resuscitated from the dead and wearing a red diadem...".
443:
and his assembly upon one's deathbed. In
Tibetan Buddhist tradition the Chintamani is sometimes depicted as a luminous pearl and is in the possession of several different forms of the Buddha.
739:
states that 'it was indispensable that every substance accessible... should be observed and examined'. Alchemists once thought a key component in the creation of the stone was a mythical
1651:
Philologia sacra : qua totius Vet. et Novi
Testamenti Scripturae tum stylus et litteratura, tum sensus et genuinae interpretationis ratio et doctrina libris V expenditur ac traditur
1902:
247:, red sulfur) made from a legendary stone—the philosopher's stone. The elixir powder came to be regarded as a crucial component of transmutation by later Arab alchemists.
1936:
753:
alchemy for the sole purpose of expressing theological, philosophical, or mystical beliefs and aspirations". New interpretations continue to be developed around
435:
of
Chintamani, Buddhist tradition maintains that one attains the Wisdom of Buddhas, is able to understand the truth of the Buddhas, and turns afflictions into
1061:
2353:
325:
The smattering I have of the
Philosophers stone, (which is something more than the perfect exaltation of gold) hath taught me a great deale of Divinity.
341:
appears to be a symbolic instruction manual for concocting a philosopher's stone. Called the "wordless book", it was a collection of 15 illustrations.
711:
He further describes in greater detail the metaphysical nature of the meaning of the emblem as a divine union of feminine and masculine principles:
2963:
479:(1275–1296) wrote a commentary with 17 references to the philosopher's stone that explicitly transmutes base metal into gold. The seventh-century
598:, Philosophic mercury, Pyrites, Radices arboris solares, Regina, Rex regum, Sal metallorum, Salvator terrenus, Talcum, Thesaurus, Ventus hermetis
2740:
72:
into gold or silver; it was also known as "the tincture" and "the powder". Alchemists additionally believed that it could be used to make an
731:
The various names and attributes assigned to the philosopher's stone have led to long-standing speculation on its composition and source.
827:
1844:
2775:
112:
The earliest known written mention of the philosopher's stone is about 4000 years ago in an ancient stone carving, then again in the
1899:
1027:
696:
Alchemical authors sometimes suggest that the stone's descriptors are metaphorical. The appearance is expressed geometrically in
210:
31:
91:. The philosopher's stone was the central symbol of the mystical terminology of alchemy, symbolizing perfection at its finest,
1933:
2015:
1838:
1388:
1225:
1190:
1155:
1607:
1554:
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candidates have been found in metals, plants, rocks, chemical compounds, and bodily products such as hair, urine, and eggs.
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Written by an unknown German sage, about 200 years ago, and called the Book of Alze, but now published for the first time.
44:
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The most commonly mentioned properties are the ability to transmute base metals into gold or silver, and the ability to
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The theoretical roots outlining the stone's creation can be traced to Greek philosophy. Alchemists later used the
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213:
were fascinated by the concept of metal transmutation and attempted to carry out the process. The eighth-century
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17:
1896:
The
National Standard Encyclopedia: A Dictionary of Literature, the Sciences and the Arts, for Popular Use
1721:
Line 744 in Thomas Norton's The
Ordinal of Alchemy by John Rediry. The Early English Text Society no. 272.
803:. When expressed as a series of chemical processes it often includes seven or twelve stages concluding in
604:, and the Christ and the Stone were indeed taken as identical in a mystical sense. The name of "Stone" or
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3002:
2895:
2881:
2819:
2076:
1968:
843:
2048:
2043:
676:
3235:
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2638:
2532:
2462:
833:
624:
619:(One-horned is God, Christ the rock to us, Jesus the cornerstone to us, Christ the man of men to us.)
257:
on whether the transmutation of substances was possible. A leading opponent was the
Persian polymath
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2995:
2333:
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885:
804:
459:
2180:
617:
Unicornis est Deus, nobis petra
Christus, nobis lapis angularis Jesus, nobis hominum homo Christus
2940:
2598:
2338:
2249:
1266:
Hellas im Islam: Interdisziplinare Studien zur Ikonographie, Wissenschaft und Religionsgeschichte
627:
Ordinal, "oure delycious stone". The stone was frequently praised and referred to in such terms.
1264:
Strohmaier, Gotthard (2003). "Umara ibn Hamza, Constantine V, and the invention of the elixir".
321:(1643) identified the religious aspect of the quest for the philosopher's Stone when declaring:
3250:
2452:
1093:
969:
49:
1496:
760:
The transmutation mediated by the stone has also been interpreted as a psychological process.
468:, originally written in the tenth century AD, contains a story about the philosopher's stone.
193:
writes, "the first matter of the stone is the very same with the first matter of all things."
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2754:
2603:
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2200:
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1821:
919:
781:
720:
428:
96:
662:
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2386:
2284:
2279:
2126:
1522:
902:
808:
578:, Atramentum, Autumnus, Basilicus, Brutorum cor, Bufo, Capillus, Capistrum auri, Carbones,
532:
Numerous synonyms were used to make oblique reference to the stone, such as "white stone" (
451:
117:
2052:
1597:
490:
explains man's path to immortal divinity. In verse 2709 he declares that the name of God,
8:
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839:
595:
92:
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3030:
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2224:
1343:
1306:
924:
516:
454:. In Hindu tradition it is often depicted as a fabulous jewel in the possession of the
165:
39:
1019:
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3092:
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2134:
2115:
2095:
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2011:
1986:
1925:
1834:
1655:
1546:
1536:
1502:
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1394:
1384:
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1231:
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1161:
1151:
1097:
736:
583:
378:
285:
281:
181:
151:
140:
69:
95:, and heavenly bliss. Efforts to discover the philosopher's stone were known as the
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3194:
2846:
2813:
2714:
2684:
2558:
2548:
2527:
2411:
2406:
2361:
2302:
2193:
2111:
Paracelsus: An Introduction to Philosophical Medicine in the Era of the Renaissance
1360:
1335:
1298:
880:
866:
792:
740:
698:
668:
394:
218:
202:
1870:
Prophecy, alchemy, and the end of time: John of Rupescissa in the late Middle Ages
3260:
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1940:
1917:
1906:
1601:
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1049:
960:
681:
413:
265:
243:
is derived). It was often considered to exist as a dry red powder (also known as
684:, emblem associated with the 'Great Work' of obtaining the Philosopher's stone (
3107:
3097:
2949:
2800:
2563:
1326:
980:
914:
861:
857:
386:
317:
73:
2593:
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1165:
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1659:
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176:
128:
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623:
In some texts, it is simply called "stone", or our stone, or in the case of
2832:
2633:
2588:
2583:
2568:
2512:
2497:
2457:
2105:
2078:
The Philosophers' Stone: Alchemical Imagination and the Soul's Logical Life
293:
251:
77:
1378:
642:
from which the Latin derives, both employ the plural form of the word for
575:
209:, early medieval alchemists built upon the work of Zosimos. Byzantine and
3087:
3009:
2860:
2839:
2522:
2517:
2482:
2312:
1498:
Beyond price: pearls and pearl-fishing: origins to the Age of Discoveries
1083:
996:
939:
895:
761:
749:
609:
476:
417:
409:
337:
156:
81:
1289:
Ragai, Jehane (1992). "The Philosopher's Stone: Alchemy and Chemistry".
540:
of Revelation 2:17 which was taken as a symbol of the glory of heaven),
3102:
2768:
2679:
2623:
2431:
2426:
2416:
2317:
1865:
796:
521:
498:
354:
297:
65:
1324:
Holmyard, E. J. (1924). "Maslama al-Majriti and the Rutbatu'l-Hakim".
1310:
1145:
3122:
2502:
2401:
2391:
2376:
2366:
2259:
1833:. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. p. Emblem XXI.
1649:
1215:
1180:
890:
547:
483:
369:
350:
206:
144:
2185:
1461:
565:, and numerous oblique, mystical or mythological references such as
3152:
2608:
2421:
2381:
2343:
1339:
1302:
754:
746:
732:
579:
571:
440:
364:
360:
305:
258:
30:
This article is about the legendary substance. For other uses, see
1182:
The alchemy reader : from Hermes Trismegistus to Isaac Newton
3077:
3072:
2307:
2274:
2216:
788:
600:. Many of the medieval allegories of Christ were adopted for the
591:
542:
494:
is an alchemical vehicle that turns the body into immortal gold.
480:
432:
421:
276:
264:
According to legend, the 13th-century scientist and philosopher,
254:
88:
61:
2008:
Gothic Novel 1790–1830 : Plot Summaries and Index to Motifs
455:
3147:
2244:
800:
587:
472:
471:
A great Hindu sage wrote about the spiritual accomplishment of
447:
239:
214:
551:
Visita Interiora Terrae Rectificando Invenies Occultum Lapidem
3142:
3082:
909:
769:
491:
436:
425:
222:
171:
161:
2155:
Chapter IX: "The Philosopher's Stone and the Elixir of Life"
1953:
The alchemy reader: from Hermes Trismegistus to Isaac Newton
1598:"IX - A very brief tract concerning the philosophical stone"
1217:
Dictionary of Alchemy From Maria Prophetessa to Isaac Newton
1089:
Freemasonry and Catholicism: an exposition and Investigation
1131:
A History of Science in Society: from philosophy to utility
567:
136:
1810:
Charles John Samuel Thompson. Alchemy and Alchemists. p.70
990:
1760:
A Tract of Great Price Concerning the Philosophical Stone
335:
A mystical text published in the 17th century called the
87:
For many centuries, it was the most sought-after goal in
1054:"A history of magic: Secrets of the Philosopher's Stone"
608:
itself is informed by early Christian allegory, such as
174:, the four elements are derived from a common source or
302:
Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim
1147:
The Jewish Alchemists : A History and Source Book
284:(17th century) illustrating the interplay of the four
439:. It is said to allow one to see the Holy Retinue of
271:
2094:. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Publishing Group, USA.
974:
637:
497:
Another depiction of the philosopher's stone is the
475:
using the metaphor of the philosopher's stone. Sant
1735:
1595:
631:
45:
The Alchymist, in Search of the Philosopher's Stone
1752:
953:
1740:, see the pages referenced in the index, p. 278).
856:The philosopher's stone is an important motif in
3207:
2964:Suspicions about the Hidden Realities of the Air
520:malleable glass, and the creation of a clone or
2176:"The Stone of The Philosophers" by Edward Kelly
1985:. London, UK: Octagon Press. pp. 192–205.
446:Within Hinduism, it is connected with the gods
420:. It is also seen carried upon the back of the
160:, and Creation stories presented in texts like
127:). Alchemical writers assign a longer history.
2741:Book of the Silvery Water and the Starry Earth
1687:Lexikon alchemistisch-pharmazeutischer Symbole
1521:
1268:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 147–150.
502:
250:In the 11th century, there was a debate among
2201:
2005:
1819:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1411:The Major Works ed C.A. Patrides Penguin 1977
1259:
1257:
757:, chemical, and esoteric schools of thought.
377:. It is also referred to as Paras/Parasmani (
359:The equivalent of the philosopher's stone in
288:of matter symbolizing the philosopher's stone
170:as analogies for their process. According to
2372:pseudo-Apollonius of Tyana (Balīnūs/Balīnās)
2181:MSS 95, Item 18 Lapis philosophorum at OPenn
2133:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
2081:. Doctoral dissertation. Pittsburgh, Penn.:
1701:Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum
1376:
772:) as well as for sulfur, salt, and mercury.
900:
344:
135:(1620) claim that its history goes back to
2488:John of Rupescissa (Jean de Roquetaillade)
2208:
2194:
1778:
1749:John Read "From Alchemy to Chemistry" p.29
1569:
1263:
1254:
630:It may be noted that the Latin expression
143:and the rejected cornerstone described in
2776:Chymical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreutz
2114:. Basel, Switzerland: Karger Publishers.
1911:
1684:
574:, Aqua benedicta, Aqua volans per aeram,
2125:
1955:Cambridge University Press. 2003. p. 16.
1922:A Dictionary of the History of Medicine.
1888:
1872:. Columbia University Press, 2009. p.118
1731:
1323:
1026:. Encyclopedia Britannica. 13 May 2024.
828:Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone
814:
675:
661:
275:
38:
1974:
1826:: A Digital Edition of Michael Maier's
1788:. (unknown date, possibly 16th century)
1647:
1082:
14:
3208:
2564:George Starkey (Eirenaeus Philalethes)
1631:
1494:
1377:Franklyn, Julian; Budd, F. E. (2001).
1178:
1128:
646:. Thus a literal translation would be
2644:Thomas Vaughan (Eugenius Philalethes)
2215:
2189:
2061:The Encyclopedia of Magic and Alchemy
1820:Nummedal, Tara; Bilak, Donna (2020).
1288:
1143:
1048:
959:Also spelled "philosophers' stone". (
2010:. The University Press of Kentucky.
1980:
1847:from the original on 15 October 2022
1584:The Book of the Revelation of Hermes
1459:
1291:Alif: Journal of Comparative Poetics
1213:
1064:from the original on 20 October 2020
570:, Aer, Animal, Alkahest, Antidotus,
32:Philosopher's Stone (disambiguation)
2795:De consideratione quintae essentiae
2157:. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications.
1799:A Brief Guide to the Celestial Ruby
964:
666:Philosopher's stone as pictured in
24:
2036:
1666:from the original on 16 March 2023
1557:from the original on 16 March 2023
1533:State University of New York Press
1501:. American Philosophical Society.
1242:from the original on 16 March 2023
726:
458:king or as on the forehead of the
424:(wind horse) which is depicted on
272:Renaissance to early modern period
25:
3272:
2169:
1610:from the original on 16 June 2022
1606:. Vol. 1. pp. 259–270.
1110:from the original on 10 July 2006
3190:
3189:
2762:Buch der heiligen Dreifaltigkeit
1830:(1618) with Scholarly Commentary
1706:
1420:Dujols, Pierre, alias Magophon,
1030:from the original on 17 May 2024
821:Alchemy in art and entertainment
180:(first matter), associated with
2729:Liber de compositione alchemiae
2453:(pseudo-)Arnaldus de Villa Nova
2412:pseudo-Khālid ibn Yazīd (Calid)
2260:Hermes Trismegistus (legendary)
1999:
1958:
1945:
1875:
1859:
1813:
1804:
1791:
1765:
1743:
1724:
1715:
1693:
1678:
1641:
1625:
1589:
1515:
1488:
1453:
1448:Commentaires sur le Mutus Liber
1440:
1427:
1424:, Paris, Editions Nourry, 1914.
1414:
1405:
1370:
1354:
1317:
1282:
1144:Patai, Raphael (14 July 2014).
764:devotes a chapter of his book,
304:) believed in the existence of
237:in Arabic (from which the word
2978:Twelve Keys of Basil Valentine
1207:
1185:. Cambridge University Press.
1172:
1150:. Princeton University Press.
1137:
1133:. University of Toronto Press.
1129:Ede, Andrew; Cormack, Lesley.
1122:
1076:
1042:
1012:
686:Twelve Keys of Basil Valentine
196:
27:Legendary alchemical substance
13:
1:
3045:Theatrum chemicum Britannicum
1885:London: G. Bell. 1957. p. 29.
1005:
657:
510:
121:
64:substance capable of turning
2147:Thompson, C. J. S. (2002) .
1596:Arthur Edward Waite (1893).
1435:L'Alchimie et son livre muet
1383:. London: Electric Book Co.
946:
930:Synthesis of precious metals
311:The English philosopher Sir
131:and the anonymous author of
107:
7:
3017:Deutsches Theatrum Chemicum
3003:Bibliotheca chemica curiosa
2064:. New York: Facts on File.
1736:
1179:Linden, Stanton J. (2010).
997:chrysopoeia and argyropoeia
975:
873:
775:
638:
632:
612:(4th century), who stated,
315:in his spiritual testament
10:
3277:
2896:Rosary of the Philosophers
2882:Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis
2821:Liber Hermetis de alchemia
1969:Courier Dover Publications
1786:On the Philosopher's Stone
1771:John Frederick Helvetius.
1632:Paracelsus, Theophrastus.
818:
779:
348:
102:
29:
3185:
3065:
2987:
2706:
2697:
2657:
2559:pseudo-Bernard of Treviso
2541:
2440:
2392:Ibn Umayl (Senior Zadith)
2362:Abū Bakr al-Rāzī (Rhazes)
2352:
2326:
2293:
2232:
2223:
2058:Guiley, Rosemary (2006).
1883:From Alchemy to Chemistry
1730:As used, for example, by
1654:. J. Fred. Gleditschius.
1582:Theophrastus Paracelsus.
1528:The Concise Yoga Vasistha
1463:Symbols of sacred science
1422:Hypotypose du Mutus Liber
517:heal all forms of illness
503:
398:
390:
382:
2407:Jābir ibn Ḥayyān (Geber)
2240:Agathodaemon (legendary)
2075:Marlan, Stanton (2014).
1905:27 November 2019 at the
886:Biological transmutation
636:, as well as the Arabic
527:
345:In Buddhism and Hinduism
3241:Mythological substances
2599:Jan Baptist van Helmont
2339:Stephanus of Alexandria
2091:The Basics of Chemistry
2088:Myers, Richard (2003).
2044:Encyclopædia Britannica
1797:Eirenaeus Philalethes.
1703:. t. XVIII. p. 24.
1648:Salomon, Glass (1743).
1634:Of the Nature of Things
1437:, Paris, Pauvert, 1967.
1214:Mark, Haeffner (2015).
280:The Squared Circle: an
2432:al-Zahrāwī (Abulcasis)
2150:Alchemy and Alchemists
2131:The Secrets of Alchemy
2006:Tracy, Ann B. (2015).
1981:Shah, Idries (1977) .
1709:Roots of Consciousness
1685:Schneider, W. (1962).
1495:Donkin, R. A. (1998).
1450:, Paris, Le lien, 1967
1380:A Survey of the occult
1365:The Making of Humanity
1220:. Aeon Books Limited.
1094:Rosicrucian Fellowship
984:
901:
718:
709:
689:
673:
621:
536:, identified with the
404:In Mahayana Buddhism,
333:
289:
53:
50:Joseph Wright of Derby
3216:Alchemical substances
2868:Nabataean Agriculture
2755:Books of the Balances
2604:Johann Rudolf Glauber
2574:Giovanni da Correggio
2127:Principe, Lawrence M.
1939:16 March 2023 at the
1523:Venkatesananda, Swami
1460:René, Guénon (2004).
1020:"philosopher's stone"
920:Nuclear transmutation
815:Art and entertainment
782:Magnum opus (alchemy)
713:
704:
679:
665:
614:
546:(as expressed in the
323:
279:
42:
3256:Supernatural legends
3113:In art/entertainment
2523:(pseudo-)Roger Bacon
2285:Zosimos of Panopolis
2280:Paphnutia the Virgin
1964:Eric John Holmyard.
1531:. Albany. New York:
903:Filius philosophorum
860:, and originated in
118:Zosimos of Panopolis
76:which made possible
3133:Philosophers' stone
3128:Pill of Immortality
3024:Fasciculus chemicus
2971:Turba philosophorum
2889:Physika kai mystika
2619:Michael Sendivogius
2498:pseudo-Michael Scot
2334:pseudo-Olympiodorus
2275:Ostanes (legendary)
2083:Duquesne University
2072:. pp. 250–252.
2049:Philosopher's stone
1951:Stanton J. Linden.
1603:The Hermetic Museum
1466:. Sophia Perennis.
1433:Canseliet, Eugène,
1058:The British Library
985:lapis philosophorum
935:The Net (substance)
850:The Mystery of Mamo
840:Fullmetal Alchemist
702:Emblem XXI :
652:philosopher's stone
648:philosophers' stone
633:lapis philosophorum
563:in water at the box
93:divine illumination
58:philosopher's stone
3031:Musaeum Hermeticum
2957:Summa perfectionis
2936:(pseudo-Aristotle)
2926:Secret of Creation
2875:Ordinal of Alchemy
2518:pseudo-Ramon Llull
2422:Maslama al-Qurṭubī
925:Panacea (medicine)
834:As Above, So Below
690:
674:
431:. By reciting the
373:, also spelled as
290:
245:al-kibrit al-ahmar
152:classical elements
54:
3203:
3202:
3061:
3060:
3038:Theatrum chemicum
2854:Mirror of Alchimy
2806:Tabula Smaragdina
2783:Clavis sapientiae
2722:Aurora consurgens
2693:
2692:
2629:Pierre-Jean Fabre
2579:Heinrich Khunrath
2493:Magister Salernus
2468:Guido di Montanor
2255:pseudo-Democritus
2217:Alchemy (general)
2165:. pp. 68–76.
2102:. pp. 11–12.
2017:978-0-8131-6479-3
1934:Available online.
1900:Available online.
1894:Burt, A.L. 1885.
1840:978-0-8139-4558-3
1824:Furnace and Fugue
1390:978-1-84327-087-4
1227:978-1-904658-12-2
1192:978-0-521-79234-9
1157:978-1-4008-6366-2
976:ḥajar al-falāsifa
973:
737:Justus von Liebig
680:The first key of
639:ḥajar al-falāsifa
586:, Cinis cineris,
538:calculus candidus
292:The 16th-century
282:alchemical symbol
211:Muslim alchemists
154:, the concept of
141:Temple of Solomon
16:(Redirected from
3268:
3236:Medieval legends
3193:
3192:
2907:Step of the Sage
2847:Mappae clavicula
2814:Leyden papyrus X
2715:Atalanta fugiens
2704:
2703:
2685:Mary Anne Atwood
2670:Eugène Canseliet
2549:Andreas Libavius
2528:Taddeo Alderotti
2303:Fang (alchemist)
2250:pseudo-Cleopatra
2230:
2229:
2210:
2203:
2196:
2187:
2186:
2144:
2030:
2029:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1978:
1972:
1962:
1956:
1949:
1943:
1918:Sebastian, Anton
1915:
1909:
1892:
1886:
1879:
1873:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1828:Atalanta fugiens
1817:
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1374:
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1361:Robert Briffault
1358:
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1080:
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1050:Highfield, Roger
1046:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1016:
999:
994:
988:
978:
968:
966:
957:
906:
881:Angelicall Stone
699:Atalanta Fugiens
669:Atalanta Fugiens
641:
635:
506:
505:
499:Shyāmantaka Mani
400:
392:
384:
331:
219:Jabir ibn Hayyan
203:Byzantine Empire
126:
123:
99:("Great Work").
21:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3226:Longevity myths
3206:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3181:
3176:Suns in alchemy
3057:
2983:
2922:Sirr al-khalīqa
2903:Rutbat al-ḥakīm
2787:Miftāḥ al-ḥikma
2689:
2675:Frater Albertus
2653:
2649:Wilhelm Homberg
2554:Basil Valentine
2537:
2508:Paul of Taranto
2473:Hugh of Evesham
2448:pseudo-Albertus
2436:
2382:pseudo-Avicenna
2348:
2322:
2295:Ancient Chinese
2289:
2265:Mary the Jewess
2219:
2214:
2172:
2141:
2039:
2037:Further reading
2034:
2033:
2018:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1979:
1975:
1963:
1959:
1950:
1946:
1941:Wayback Machine
1916:
1912:
1907:Wayback Machine
1893:
1889:
1880:
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1864:
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1841:
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1814:
1809:
1805:
1796:
1792:
1783:
1779:
1775:. 17th Century.
1770:
1766:
1758:A German Sage.
1757:
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958:
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944:
876:
823:
817:
784:
778:
729:
727:Interpretations
682:Basil Valentine
660:
625:Thomas Norton's
530:
513:
486:in his classic
414:Avalokiteshvara
408:is held by the
357:
349:Main articles:
347:
332:
330:(R.M.Part 1:38)
329:
274:
266:Albertus Magnus
199:
124:
110:
105:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3274:
3264:
3263:
3258:
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3248:
3243:
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3223:
3218:
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3198:
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3186:
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3180:
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3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3108:Iatrochemistry
3105:
3100:
3098:Elixir of life
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3055:
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3013:
3006:
2999:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2974:
2967:
2960:
2953:
2950:Splendor solis
2946:
2938:
2930:
2918:
2911:
2899:
2892:
2885:
2878:
2871:
2864:
2857:
2850:
2843:
2836:
2829:
2817:
2810:
2802:Emerald Tablet
2798:
2791:
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2772:
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2758:
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2435:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2387:Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2358:
2356:
2354:Arabic-Islamic
2350:
2349:
2347:
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2336:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2323:
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2320:
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2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2236:
2234:
2233:Greco-Egyptian
2227:
2221:
2220:
2213:
2212:
2205:
2198:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2171:
2170:External links
2168:
2167:
2166:
2145:
2140:978-0226103792
2139:
2123:
2103:
2086:
2073:
2056:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2016:
1998:
1991:
1973:
1971:, 1990. p. 16.
1957:
1944:
1910:
1887:
1874:
1858:
1839:
1812:
1803:
1790:
1777:
1764:
1751:
1742:
1723:
1714:
1692:
1677:
1640:
1624:
1588:
1586:. 16th century
1568:
1541:
1514:
1507:
1487:
1472:
1452:
1446:Hutin, Serge,
1439:
1426:
1413:
1404:
1389:
1369:
1353:
1340:10.1086/358238
1334:(3): 293–305.
1316:
1303:10.2307/521636
1281:
1274:
1253:
1226:
1206:
1191:
1171:
1156:
1136:
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1102:
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1010:
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1007:
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1000:
989:
951:
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948:
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943:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
915:Nicolas Flamel
912:
907:
898:
893:
888:
883:
877:
875:
872:
864:'s 1799 novel
862:William Godwin
858:Gothic fiction
819:Main article:
816:
813:
805:multiplication
780:Main article:
777:
774:
743:named carmot.
728:
725:
659:
656:
559:lapis occultus
534:calculus albus
529:
526:
512:
509:
346:
343:
327:
318:Religio Medici
273:
270:
198:
195:
191:Thomas Vaughan
109:
106:
104:
101:
74:elixir of life
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3273:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3251:Phoenix birds
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
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3237:
3234:
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3222:
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3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3138:Prima materia
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
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3054:
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3052:Tripus aureus
3049:
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3019:
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3007:
3005:
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3000:
2998:
2997:
2996:Aureum vellus
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2942:Sirr al-asrār
2939:
2937:
2935:
2934:Sirr al-asrār
2931:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2915:Seventy Books
2912:
2910:
2908:
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2900:
2898:
2897:
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2825:Liber dabessi
2822:
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2750:
2749:
2748:Book of Mercy
2745:
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2734:
2730:
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2668:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2639:Samuel Norton
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2614:Michael Maier
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
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2600:
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2550:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2534:
2533:Thomas Norton
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
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2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2478:Johann of Laz
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2463:George Ripley
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
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2443:
2441:Late medieval
2439:
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2423:
2420:
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2397:Ibn Waḥshiyya
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2173:
2164:
2163:0-486-42110-4
2160:
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2146:
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2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2120:3-8055-3518-X
2117:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2106:Pagel, Walter
2104:
2101:
2100:0-313-31664-3
2097:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2071:
2070:0-8160-6048-7
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2054:
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2046:
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2041:
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2027:
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2019:
2013:
2009:
2002:
1994:
1992:0-86304-020-9
1988:
1984:
1977:
1970:
1967:
1961:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1938:
1935:
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1930:1-85070-021-4
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1732:Principe 2013
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2589:Isaac Newton
2584:Hennig Brand
2569:Gerhard Dorn
2542:Early modern
2513:Petrus Bonus
2458:pseudo-Geber
2270:pseudo-Moses
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1705:as cited in
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965:حجر الفلاسفة
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650:rather than
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410:bodhisattvas
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207:Arab empires
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133:Gloria Mundi
132:
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78:rejuvenation
60:is a mythic
57:
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18:Paras pathar
3231:Magic items
3221:Immortality
3118:Magnum opus
3088:Chrysopoeia
3010:De alchemia
2861:Mutus liber
2840:Liber lucis
2707:Major Works
2594:Jakob Böhme
2483:John Dastin
2427:al-Ṭughrāʾī
2313:Master Geng
1881:John Read.
1784:Anonymous.
1773:Golden Calf
1689:. Weinheim.
1670:19 November
1614:25 February
1246:19 November
940:Unobtainium
896:Cupellation
762:Idries Shah
644:philosopher
610:Priscillian
484:Thirumoolar
418:Ksitigarbha
338:Mutus Liber
197:Middle Ages
157:anima mundi
114:Cheirokmeta
97:Magnum Opus
82:immortality
66:base metals
3210:Categories
3163:Substances
3103:Homunculus
2769:Cantong Qi
2680:Fulcanelli
2624:Paracelsus
2417:al-Jildakī
2318:Wei Boyang
2225:Alchemists
2026:1042089949
1866:Leah DeVun
1851:15 October
1166:1165547198
1024:Britannica
1006:References
809:projection
797:citrinitas
721:Rupescissa
658:Appearance
572:Antimonium
522:homunculus
511:Properties
477:Jnaneshwar
406:Chintamani
375:Chintamani
355:Syamantaka
298:Paracelsus
296:alchemist
217:alchemist
62:alchemical
3158:Processes
3123:Ouroboros
2944:(al-Rāzī)
2665:Carl Jung
2503:Ortolanus
2402:al-ʿIrāqī
2377:Artephius
2367:Alphidius
2327:Byzantine
2047:(2011). "
1983:The Sufis
1801:. 1694 CE
1660:717819681
1399:648371829
1348:144175388
1297:: 58–77.
1236:957227151
1201:694515596
1068:27 August
970:romanized
947:Footnotes
891:Cintamani
844:The Flash
766:The Sufis
707:teaching.
672:Emblem 21
548:backronym
370:Cintamani
351:Cintamani
223:Latinized
145:Psalm 118
108:Antiquity
3153:Yliaster
2733:Morienus
2699:Writings
2609:John Dee
2344:Synesius
2129:(2013).
2108:(1982).
1937:Archived
1924:p. 179.
1920:. 1999.
1903:Archived
1898:p. 150.
1845:Archived
1664:Archived
1608:Archived
1561:21 March
1555:Archived
1551:11044869
1525:(1984).
1482:46364629
1363:(1938).
1240:Archived
1108:Archived
1062:Archived
1028:Archived
874:See also
867:St. Leon
776:Creation
755:spagyric
750:hermetic
747:Esoteric
733:Exoteric
580:Cerberus
553:), also
441:Amitabha
379:Sanskrit
365:Hinduism
361:Buddhism
328:—
306:alkahest
286:elements
259:Avicenna
255:chemists
235:al-iksir
205:and the
68:such as
3246:Pandora
3172:Unicode
3168:Symbols
3093:Element
3078:Athanor
3073:Alembic
3066:Various
2308:Ge Hong
2053:Alchemy
2051:" and "
1966:Alchemy
1762:. 1423.
972::
789:nigredo
741:element
596:Phoenix
592:Pandora
576:Arcanum
543:vitriol
481:Siddhar
452:Ganesha
433:Dharani
426:Tibetan
422:Lung ta
395:Marathi
383:पारसमणि
367:is the
201:In the
167:Timaeus
103:History
89:alchemy
70:mercury
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3261:Stones
3148:Takwin
2658:Modern
2245:Chymes
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799:, and
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588:Crocus
473:Gnosis
462:. The
460:Makara
448:Vishnu
240:elixir
231:xerion
215:Muslim
3143:Rebis
3083:Azoth
1344:S2CID
1307:JSTOR
981:Latin
910:Midas
770:Azoth
606:lapis
602:lapis
584:Chaos
528:Names
492:Shiva
437:Bodhi
387:Hindi
294:Swiss
227:Geber
182:chaos
172:Plato
162:Plato
2159:ISBN
2135:ISBN
2116:ISBN
2096:ISBN
2066:ISBN
2022:OCLC
2012:ISBN
1987:ISBN
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1853:2022
1835:ISBN
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1656:OCLC
1616:2022
1563:2016
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