1370:
1412:
1496:
2574:
2622:
947:
1454:
2189:
1982:
2145:
82:
46:
2709:
system. Electors have a single vote with two-fold effects for a party list (proportional) and its associated local candidate (majoritarian). Split-ticket voting is not allowed, a voter may mark their ballots only next to a list, a candidate, or a list and a candidate associated with it and all of these votes has the same effect. If a voter marks a candidate not associated with the list they marked, like voters may under parallel voting, the vote is invalid under the
Italian system.
2239:
1717:
1670:
2932:
922:
1764:
2386:
1356:
2526:
1877:
2339:
2286:
1309:
2093:
1143:
considered mixed majoritarian. In addition, some mixed-member majoritarian systems are not parallel, in that they allow for interaction (limited compensation) between the two components, for example this is the case in South Korea and Mexico. In South Korea, the hybrid of parallel voting and seat linkage compensation, being between the MMP and MMM type of representation has been called mixed-member semi-proportional representation as well.
1819:
1538:
1930:
2783:(the Milli Məclis) had previously used an SM system in which 100 members were elected for five-year terms in single-seat constituencies and 25 were members were elected by proportional representation. Since the latest election Azerbaijan has returned to electing members from single-member constituencies. Due to the corruption present within Azerbaijan, the limited proportionality that SM was able to offer had little effect.
2476:
2038:
934:
1590:
1246:
types of tactical voting (such as compromising) are more relevant under parallel voting, than under AMS, and are virtually irrelevant under MMP. Tactical voting by supporters of larger parties in favour of allied smaller parties close to a threshold, to help their entry to parliament are a possibility in any parallel, AMS or MMP system with an electoral threshold.
1171:
proportional systems to be better than elections using only first-past-the-post, but still unfair towards constituents of smaller parties. If there is also a threshold for list seats, parties which are too small to reach the threshold are unable to achieve any representation, unless they have a very strong base in certain constituencies to gain individual seats.
1186:.; the largest parties may need to rely on the support of smaller ones in order to form a government. Those who favour proportional representation see this as an advantage as parties may not govern alone, but have to compromise. It is also argued that parallel voting does not lead to the degree of fragmentation found in party systems under pure forms of
1199:
as an advantage as local as well as national interests will be represented. Some prefer systems where every constituency and therefore every constituent has only one representative, while others prefer a system where every MP represents the electorate as a whole as this is reflected in the electoral system as well.
2725:
In contrast to the parallel voting system for the
Chamber of Deputies, for electing the Chamber of Senators (upper house), a single (party list) vote is used similarly to the Italian system. However, constituencies have 3 seats with a type of limited (party block) voting being used: 2 seats are given
1237:
adopted a parallel system to provide incentives for greater party cohesiveness. The party is sure to elect the candidates at the top of its list, guaranteeing safe seats for the leadership. By contrast, under the MMP or AMS system a party that does well in the local seats will not need or receive any
2897:
The commission came to the conclusion that parallel voting would be unable to overcome the shortcomings of New
Zealand's previous SMP system. The total seats won by a party would likely remain out of proportion to its share of votes—there would be a "considerable imbalance between share of the votes
2708:
are elected using a system similar to parallel voting. 62.5% of the seats are assigned proportionally to party lists; party lists are also linked in coalitions supporting constituency candidates running for the remaining 37.5% of the available seats, who are elected by means of a first-past-the-post
2693:
uses a system where the parallel voting component shares a pool of seats (93) with the vote transfer system and with the minority list seats with a reduced entry threshold. This means the number of seats effectively assigned proportionally based on the parallel party list votes is unknown/unknowable
1198:
Because voters have two votes, one for a constituency candidate and one for a list, there is a critique that two classes of representatives will emerge under a parallel voting system: with one class beholden to their electorate seat, and the other concerned only with their party. Some consider this
1174:
Smaller parties are still disadvantaged as the larger parties still predominate. Voters of smaller parties may tactically vote for candidates of larger parties to avoid wasting their constituency vote. If the smaller party close to the threshold may refrain from voting for their preferred party in
1245:
parallel systems by tactical voting and parties using decoy lists, which (other) MMP systems generally avoid. This specific type of tactical voting does not occur in parallel voting systems as there is no interaction between its systems to exploit in a way that makes it irrelevant. However, other
1170:
Parallel voting systems allow smaller parties that cannot win individual elections to secure at least some representation in the legislature; however, unlike in a proportional system they will have a substantially smaller delegation than their share of the total vote. This is seen by advocates of
1004:
to elect different members of a legislature. More precisely, an electoral system is a superposition if it is a mixture of at least two tiers, which do not interact with each other in any way; one part of a legislature is elected using one method, while another part is elected using a different
1142:
For this reason, parallel voting is not always mixed-member majoritarian. For example, parallel voting may use a two proportional systems like STV and list-PR and then it would not be mixed-member majoritarian, and a majority bonus system (which is not the same as parallel voting) may also be
1222:
local districts can win more than its share of seats. So parallel systems need fair criteria to draw district boundaries. (Under MMP a gerrymander can help a local candidate, but it cannot raise a major party’s share of seats, while under AMS the effects of gerrymandering are reduced by the
2673:
The
Philippines' electoral system for Congress is an exceptional case. Political parties running for party-list seats are legally required to be completely separate from those running in constituency seats. Furthermore, political parties are capped at 3 seats (out of 61). As a result, the
2925:, 57.77% of voters elected to keep current the MMP system. Among the 42.23% that voted to change to another system, a plurality (46.66%) preferred a return to the pre-1994 SMP system. Parallel voting was the second-most popular choice, with 24.14% of the vote.
2674:
mixed-member system utilized in the
Philippines is not representative at all of the share of the vote that "normal" political parties obtain (even amongst mixed-member majoritarian systems), let alone for those in full proportional representation systems.
2869:. The method of 50/50 mixed elections was used in the 2002, 2012, 2014 and 2019 elections; however, in 2006 and 2007, the elections were held under a proportional system only. According to the election law that became valid on 1 January 2020 the
1150:, where party lists are used to achieve an overall proportional result in the legislature, under parallel voting, proportionality is confined only to the list seats. Therefore, a party that secured, say, 5% of the vote will have only 5% of the
1005:
method, with all voters participating in both. Thus, the final results can be found by calculating the results for each system separately based on the votes alone, then adding them together. A system is called fusion (not to be confused with
2807:(1990–2024): Georgia initially used a two-round system for its constituency seats. Up until 2016, 73 seats out of 150 seats were allocated in constituencies. In the 2020 election, this number was reduced to 30 out of 150 as a result of the
1075:
In parallel voting, voters cast two (or more) votes, one for each method the system contains. However, these votes do not interact in any way: the vote in one method has no effect on the calculation of seats in the other methods.
1175:
favour of a larger party to avoid wasting their list vote as well. In countries where there is one dominant party and a divided opposition, the proportional seats may be essential for allowing an effective opposition.
1103:
that attempts to limit the term parallel voting to refer only to mixtures of first-past-the-post and proportional representation. Parallel voting can use other systems besides FPP, and can have any mixture of
2851:
used parallel voting from 1988 to 2019. From 2019 to 2024, it uses a hybrid system of parallel voting and mixed-member proportional, with both compensatory seats (30) and supplementary seats (17).
905:
1167:
The major critique of parallel systems is that they cannot guarantee overall proportionality. Large parties can win very large majorities, disproportionate to their percentage vote.
1178:
Those who favour majoritarian systems argue that supplementary seats allocated proportionally increases the chances that no party will receive a majority in an assembly, leading to
2914:), but came last with only 5.5 percent of the vote. An overwhelming majority of voters supported MMP, as recommended by the Royal Commission, and the system was adopted after the
3280:
589:
1249:
Parallel systems support the creation of single-party majorities more often than MMP or AMS systems, this may be a positive or a negative depending on the view of the voter.
608:
975:
812:
3322:
3095:
2629:
1017:", which when different districts in the same election use different systems. Superposition, fusion and coexistence are distinct from dependent
1127:
for computing each party's representation in a legislature, which involves two voting systems operating in parallel, with one being layered (
3937:
3772:
2857:: In the last elections to the Verkhovna Rada, a parallel voting system was used. 50% of seats are distributed under party lists with a 5%
2581:
3540:
1993:
666:
2922:
2578:
3668:
3520:
2903:
2887:
2754:
2249:
1208:
1147:
1120:
1022:
698:
560:
555:
35:
3767:
3545:
2626:
968:
661:
3530:
3315:
2838:
2830:
2727:
2418:
2371:
2318:
2271:
2222:
2174:
2125:
2070:
2015:
1964:
1911:
1857:
1796:
1749:
1702:
1655:
1622:
1570:
1523:
1481:
1439:
1428:
1397:
1341:
1033:
343:
3179:
3167:
2898:
and share of the total seats"—and it would be unfair to minor parties (who would struggle to win constituency seats). In the
2870:
1006:
1013:, another independent mixture of two system but without two tiers. Superposition (parallel voting) is also not the same as "
3894:
2758:
1043:
The proportion of list seats compared to total seats ranges widely; for example 30% in Taiwan, 37.5% in Japan and 68.7% in
867:
118:
49:
A diagram of a common mixed system using parallel voting. The local tier (here FPTP) and the list tier have no interaction.
3577:
2349:
2808:
961:
3308:
3119:
3039:
2834:
2780:
1501:
862:
3150:
3942:
3762:
3708:
1942:
1600:
1109:
852:
602:
573:
513:
3889:
3560:
2899:
2848:
1459:
1014:
584:
109:
17:
3912:
3688:
1495:
647:
3297:
suggests
Parallel Voting by PR and Condorcet rules to make a balanced council with a few central swing voters.
1369:
711:
2701:
2396:
1831:
289:
274:
259:
3731:
3716:
3535:
3132:
2820:
2765:
2296:
1987:
1727:
1644:
1453:
525:
448:
369:
3525:
2890:
reviewed the electoral system in 1985-86 and considered parallel voting as a possible replacement for the
3782:
3505:
3495:
3356:
2690:
2103:
1848:
1187:
1096:
890:
337:
319:
160:
1417:
1215:(AMS). There are a unique set of advantages and disadvantages that apply to these specific comparisons.
3932:
3747:
3438:
2866:
2640:
2592:
2544:
2533:
2494:
2407:
2360:
2307:
2211:
2163:
2114:
2059:
2004:
1953:
1842:
1738:
1691:
1611:
1559:
1548:
1512:
1470:
1386:
1092:
1037:
781:
764:
731:
495:
483:
453:
254:
212:
145:
3069:
3797:
3752:
3698:
3610:
2915:
1319:
637:
630:
114:
1375:
3787:
3673:
3631:
3550:
3475:
3411:
3369:
2911:
2573:
2129:
1800:
1212:
691:
619:
471:
458:
441:
418:
396:
359:
349:
31:
900:
3812:
3802:
3777:
3593:
3470:
3406:
2243:
1721:
1674:
817:
671:
354:
786:
3853:
3792:
3655:
2651:
2621:
2603:
2555:
2505:
2447:
2390:
1900:
1768:
1360:
1136:
1105:
1089:
1029:
1018:
846:
726:
656:
463:
3598:
1040:
with PR is the most common pairing in parallel voting, many other combinations are possible.
3757:
3678:
3443:
3195:
2907:
2826:
2530:
2343:
2290:
1883:
1010:
754:
594:
478:
284:
263:
195:
173:
39:
1411:
3827:
3396:
2149:
2097:
1633:
1313:
1183:
1131:) on top of the other. By contrast, mixed-member majoritarian representation refers to the
885:
872:
840:
104:
1135:
of the system, i.e. the system retains the advantage that some parties parties get in the
8:
3807:
3401:
2902:, parallel voting was one of four choices for an alternative electoral system (alongside
2891:
2862:
2193:
2042:
1825:
1542:
1179:
791:
625:
278:
3848:
3458:
3416:
2858:
2705:
1936:
1889:
1594:
951:
822:
433:
217:
3817:
3726:
3683:
3603:
3448:
3433:
3391:
3035:
2804:
2480:
989:
946:
857:
827:
749:
686:
520:
247:
222:
205:
73:
3858:
3490:
3346:
3331:
3058:, Sweden: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, pg. 30–33
3027:
2958:
2260:
2200:
1785:
1067:, and other countries, making it among the world's most popular electoral systems.
1001:
938:
895:
774:
488:
364:
190:
184:
166:
155:
150:
138:
99:
61:
3276:
3261:
Report of the Royal
Commission on the Electoral System: towards a better democracy
2996:
Report of the Royal
Commission on the Electoral System: towards a better democracy
3906:
3822:
3641:
3453:
3374:
3364:
3342:
3151:
http://www.valasztasirendszer.hu/wp-content/uploads/PC_ElectoralSystem_120106.pdf
3011:, Sweden: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, pg. 112
2985:, Sweden: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, pg. 104
2937:
1238:
compensatory list seats, so the leadership might have to run in the local seats.
1100:
926:
759:
614:
500:
411:
314:
237:
179:
57:
3294:
1047:. Parallel voting is used in both national parliaments and local governments in
3721:
3426:
3386:
1330:
1123:
and parallel voting refer to two different things. Parallel voting refers to a
796:
736:
721:
532:
401:
376:
227:
3149:
Political
Capital (2012) The new electoral law in Hungary - In-depth analysis
3926:
3465:
3285:
2483:
2144:
1128:
805:
505:
293:
131:
94:
69:
45:
3480:
3421:
3234:
3096:"Putin Orders New System for Russian Parliamentary Elections - NYTimes.com"
545:
309:
302:
232:
81:
3863:
3626:
3565:
3485:
3381:
2883:
2844:
2753:
used parallel voting in the 1996 and 1997 elections (before switching to
2078:
2023:
1981:
1968:
1915:
1219:
1085:
1084:
Under the most common form of parallel voting, a portion of seats in the
423:
381:
324:
269:
3021:
2931:
2811:. By 2024, Georgia will switch to a fully proportional electoral system.
921:
3636:
3572:
3155:
3031:
2776:
2238:
2074:
2048:
2019:
1861:
1716:
1669:
1574:
1116:
3873:
3868:
2385:
1804:
1763:
1355:
1064:
1056:
391:
386:
3300:
3693:
2786:
2525:
2338:
2285:
1876:
1680:
1230:
642:
30:"Supplementary-member system" redirects here. For other uses, see
3555:
2854:
2792:
2771:
2750:
2684:
2092:
1308:
1044:
428:
3843:
3070:"Parliamentary Elections 2024: Yet Another New Election System"
2188:
2037:
1818:
1774:
1537:
1234:
1060:
1052:
933:
1262:
Parallel voting is currently used in the following countries:
2814:
2798:
1929:
1589:
1226:
1048:
3289:
3056:
3009:
Electoral System Design: The New International IDEA Handbook
2983:
Electoral System Design: The New International IDEA Handbook
2475:
3023:
Mixed-Member Electoral Systems in Constitutional Context
2726:
to the largest party and 1 to the second largest party.
1154:
seats, and not 5% of all the seats in the legislature.
1162:
2927:
2871:next election to the Verkhovna Rada (set for 2023)
2677:
1028:Most often, parallel voting involves combining a
3924:
3263:, Wellington N.Z.: Government Printing, pg. 39.
2998:, Wellington N.Z.: Government Printing, pg. 33.
2873:again will be held under a proportional scheme.
1193:
1157:
3259:Royal Commission on Electoral Systems (1986),
3224:- Volume 17, Number 3, July 2006, pp. 138-151.
3118:Since the 2016 election, and from 1993 to the
2994:Royal Commission on Electoral Systems (1986),
1288:Members elected by proportional representation
3316:
3178:sfnm error: no target: CITEREFGallagher2014 (
3166:sfnm error: no target: CITEREFGallagher2011 (
969:
3773:Independence of Smith-dominated alternatives
3093:
1207:Parallel systems are often contrasted with
1079:
3323:
3309:
3235:"Key Points of Newly Adopted Constitution"
3001:
1202:
976:
962:
3173:
3161:
1095:method (FPP), while others are filled by
2888:Royal Commission on the Electoral System
2755:mixed-member proportional representation
1148:mixed-member proportional representation
1121:mixed-member majoritarian representation
1025:(corrective) and conditional systems.
44:
36:Mixed-member proportional representation
3768:Independence of irrelevant alternatives
3546:Sequential proportional approval voting
14:
3925:
2839:party-list proportional representation
1115:Although the two are often mistakenly
1034:party-list proportional representation
3330:
3304:
3277:A Handbook of Electoral System Design
3253:
3220:Election Rigging and How to Fight It
2817:(1993–2005, with modifications)
3286:Electoral Design Reference Materials
3094:Herszenhorn, David M. (2013-01-03).
2988:
2900:indicative 1992 electoral referendum
2877:
3938:Semi-proportional electoral systems
3578:Indirect single transferable voting
3133:"Art. 66, Constitution of Tanzania"
24:
3193:
2437:Members elected in constituencies
1163:Representation for smaller parties
80:
25:
3954:
3270:
3067:
2730:is used for the nationwide seats.
1502:Chamber of Deputies of Santa Cruz
1418:Legislature of RĂo Negro Province
1279:Members elected in constituencies
1241:Certain types of AMS can be made
1209:mixed-member proportional systems
1000:refers to the use of two or more
3076:. University of British Columbia
2930:
2694:before the election takes place.
2620:
2572:
2524:
2474:
2384:
2337:
2284:
2237:
2187:
2143:
2091:
2036:
1980:
1928:
1875:
1817:
1762:
1715:
1668:
1588:
1536:
1494:
1452:
1410:
1368:
1354:
1307:
945:
932:
920:
868:McKelvey–Schofield chaos theorem
514:Semi-proportional representation
146:First preference plurality (FPP)
3227:
3214:
3187:
3143:
3125:
1460:Chamber of Deputies of San Juan
1376:Legislature of CĂłrdoba Province
1112:, and proportional components.
3689:Mixed ballot transferable vote
3112:
3087:
3061:
3048:
3014:
2975:
2951:
2678:Hybrid use and similar systems
2668:
1422:24 (3 seats per constituency)
1324:14 (2 seats per constituency)
1257:
906:Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem
863:Moulin's impossibility theorem
828:Conflicting majorities paradox
13:
1:
2944:
2892:single-member plurality (SMP)
2744:
1070:
732:Frustrated majorities paradox
3890:Comparison of voting systems
3732:Satisfaction approval voting
3717:Single non-transferable vote
3536:Proportional approval voting
2867:single-member constituencies
2837:, the system was changed to
2766:Santiago del Estero Province
2518:British overseas territories
2327:+ 10 nominated by President
1194:Two types of representatives
1158:Advantages and disadvantages
1099:. This sometimes leads to a
901:Condorcet dominance theorems
841:Social and collective choice
7:
3496:Graduated majority judgment
2894:system in use at the time.
2652:Plurality block voting (BV)
2604:Plurality block voting (BV)
2556:Plurality block voting (BV)
2506:Plurality block voting (BV)
2250:Assembly of Representatives
1188:proportional representation
1097:proportional representation
567:By mechanism of combination
338:Proportional representation
10:
3959:
3748:Condorcet winner criterion
3439:First-past-the-post voting
2923:another referendum in 2011
2227:6 for indigenous citizens
1093:first-preference plurality
1038:first-preference plurality
765:Multiple districts paradox
496:Fractional approval voting
484:Interactive representation
29:
3903:
3895:Voting systems by country
3882:
3836:
3798:Mutual majority criterion
3753:Condorcet loser criterion
3740:
3707:
3699:Vote linkage mixed system
3654:
3619:
3611:Largest remainders method
3586:
3513:
3504:
3355:
3338:
2916:1993 electoral referendum
2515:
1585:
1351:
1273:
1270:
1267:
712:Paradoxes and pathologies
561:Mixed-member proportional
556:Mixed-member majoritarian
551:By results of combination
442:Approval-based committees
3788:Majority loser criterion
3674:Additional member system
3632:Hagenbach-Bischoff quota
3551:Single transferable vote
3476:Positional voting system
3412:Minimax Condorcet method
3370:Combined approval voting
3054:Reynolds et al. (2008),
2579:Turks and Caicos Islands
2350:House of Representatives
2130:largest remainder method
1994:House of Representatives
1943:House of Representatives
1801:largest remainder method
1601:House of Representatives
1213:additional member system
1080:Confusion and conflation
891:Condorcet's jury theorem
692:Double simultaneous vote
667:Rural–urban proportional
662:Dual-member proportional
624:
613:
580:Parallel (superposition)
472:Fractional social choice
459:Expanding approvals rule
288:
273:
258:
189:
178:
154:
32:Additional-member system
3943:Mixed electoral systems
3813:Resolvability criterion
3803:Participation criterion
3778:Later-no-harm criterion
3594:Highest averages method
3007:Reynolds et al (2008),
2981:Reynolds et al (2008),
2312:113 (women-only lists)
1203:Compared to MMP and AMS
1019:mixed electoral systems
818:Tyranny of the majority
595:Fusion (majority bonus)
412:Quota-remainder methods
3854:First-preference votes
3793:Monotonicity criterion
3763:Independence of clones
3466:Simple majoritarianism
2627:British Virgin Islands
1274:Candidates elected by
1252:
1030:winner-take-all system
952:Mathematics portal
858:Majority impossibility
847:Impossibility theorems
643:Negative vote transfer
464:Method of equal shares
85:
50:
27:Mixed electoral system
3758:Consistency criterion
3679:Alternative vote plus
3444:Instant-runoff voting
3202:. American University
2827:Palestinian Authority
2704:, both houses of the
1184:coalition governments
755:Best-is-worst paradox
744:Pathological response
479:Direct representation
132:Single-winner methods
84:
48:
40:Majority bonus system
3828:Seats-to-votes ratio
3599:Webster/Sainte-Laguë
3222:Journal of Democracy
2700:: Starting with the
2468:Realm of New Zealand
2325:+ 1 attorney general
2323:5 indirectly elected
1634:House of Councillors
1139:side of the system.
939:Economics portal
886:Median voter theorem
105:Comparative politics
3808:Plurality criterion
3407:Kemeny–Young method
3241:. 27 September 2017
2863:first-past-the-post
2446:Members elected by
2196:(Republic of China)
1832:Chamber of Deputies
1229:, and subsequently
927:Politics portal
638:Vote linkage system
609:Seat linkage system
196:Ranked-choice (RCV)
3849:Election threshold
3783:Majority criterion
3459:Supplementary vote
3295:Accurate Democracy
3281:International IDEA
3137:Constitute Project
3100:The New York Times
3032:10.1353/book.52095
2859:election threshold
2706:Italian parliament
2043:Russian Federation
1890:State Great Khural
1847:200 (40 seats per
1088:are filled by the
823:Discursive dilemma
782:Lesser evil voting
657:Supermixed systems
360:Largest remainders
218:Round-robin voting
86:
51:
3933:Electoral systems
3920:
3919:
3818:Reversal symmetry
3727:Cumulative voting
3709:Semi-proportional
3684:Mixed single vote
3650:
3649:
3526:Mixed single vote
3434:Exhaustive ballot
3397:Copeland's method
3392:Condorcet methods
3332:Electoral systems
3200:Election Passport
2878:Proposals for use
2849:National Assembly
2795:(1993–2001)
2781:National Assembly
2691:National Assembly
2666:
2665:
2630:House of Assembly
2582:House of Assembly
2534:House of Assembly
2423:3 for indigenous
2397:National Assembly
2297:National Assembly
2104:National Assembly
1549:National Assembly
1218:A party that can
1110:semi-proportional
1002:electoral systems
990:political science
986:
985:
873:Gibbard's theorem
813:Dominance paradox
750:Perverse response
454:Phragmen's method
320:Majority judgment
248:Positional voting
206:Condorcet methods
74:electoral systems
16:(Redirected from
3950:
3859:Liquid democracy
3511:
3510:
3491:Two-round system
3402:Dodgson's method
3325:
3318:
3311:
3302:
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3264:
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3091:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3068:Smith, Marissa.
3065:
3059:
3052:
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3045:
3018:
3012:
3005:
2999:
2992:
2986:
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2861:and 50% through
2625:
2624:
2608:4 appointed + 2
2577:
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2201:Legislative Yuan
2192:
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2147:
2096:
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1985:
1984:
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1264:
1007:electoral fusion
978:
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950:
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937:
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925:
924:
880:Positive results
775:Strategic voting
672:Majority jackpot
629:
618:
489:Liquid democracy
365:National remnant
355:Highest averages
292:
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262:
194:
185:Alternative vote
183:
167:Partisan primary
159:
100:Mechanism design
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3823:Smith criterion
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3664:Parallel voting
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3615:
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3454:Contingent vote
3417:Nanson's method
3375:Unified primary
3365:Approval voting
3351:
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2938:Politics portal
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2821:North Macedonia
2747:
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1979:
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1320:General Council
1306:
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1137:winner-take-all
1106:winner-take-all
1101:hypercorrection
1082:
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994:parallel voting
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853:Arrow's theorem
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760:No-show paradox
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727:Cloning paradox
717:Spoiler effects
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501:Maximal lottery
468:
449:Thiele's method
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315:Approval voting
303:Cardinal voting
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238:Maximal lottery
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18:Parallel system
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3722:Limited voting
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3427:Schulze method
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3404:
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3387:Bucklin voting
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3271:External links
3269:
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3174:Gallagher 2014
3162:Gallagher 2011
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3074:Mongolia Focus
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2963:aceproject.org
2949:
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2847:: (1988-2024)
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737:Center squeeze
734:
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722:Spoiler effect
715:
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681:By ballot type
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533:Limited voting
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402:Localized list
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370:Biproportional
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174:Instant-runoff
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161:Jungle primary
148:
137:Single vote -
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3357:Single-winner
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3239:Civil Georgia
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3164:, p. 185
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3120:2003 election
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3041:9780472121588
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2835:next election
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2809:2019 protests
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2800:
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2757:from 2001 to
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2732:
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2728:Party-list PR
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2702:2018 election
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2150:South Ossetia
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2017:
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1250:
1247:
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1239:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1216:
1214:
1211:(MMP) or the
1210:
1200:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1144:
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1126:
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1113:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1090:single-member
1087:
1077:
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1054:
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1046:
1041:
1039:
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1016:
1012:
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1003:
999:
998:superposition
995:
991:
979:
974:
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948:
940:
935:
930:
928:
923:
918:
917:
915:
914:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
896:May's theorem
894:
892:
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887:
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883:
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874:
871:
869:
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864:
861:
859:
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837:
836:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
810:
809:
808:
807:
806:majority rule
804:Paradoxes of
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
779:
778:
777:
776:
766:
763:
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570:
569:
568:
562:
559:
557:
554:
553:
552:
547:
546:Mixed systems
542:
541:
534:
531:
527:
524:
523:
522:
519:
518:
517:
516:
515:
507:
506:Random ballot
504:
502:
499:
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494:
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487:
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477:
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474:
473:
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368:
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361:
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353:
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350:Apportionment
348:
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334:
333:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
307:
306:
305:
304:
295:
291:
286:
285:Antiplurality
283:
280:
276:
271:
268:
265:
261:
256:
253:
252:
251:
250:
249:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
220:
219:
216:
214:
213:Condorcet-IRV
211:
210:
209:
208:
207:
197:
192:
188:
186:
181:
177:
176:
175:
172:
168:
165:
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157:
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149:
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144:
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142:
140:
133:
128:
127:
120:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
95:Social choice
93:
92:
90:
89:
83:
79:
78:
75:
71:
70:Social choice
68:
67:
63:
59:
55:
54:
47:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3911:
3905:
3663:
3521:Mixed-member
3506:Proportional
3481:Score voting
3422:Ranked pairs
3341:Part of the
3340:
3260:
3255:
3245:27 September
3243:. Retrieved
3238:
3229:
3221:
3216:
3204:. Retrieved
3199:
3189:
3176:, p. 18
3157:
3145:
3136:
3127:
3114:
3103:. Retrieved
3099:
3089:
3078:. Retrieved
3073:
3063:
3055:
3050:
3022:
3016:
3008:
3003:
2995:
2990:
2982:
2977:
2966:. Retrieved
2962:
2959:"Parallel —"
2953:
2920:
2896:
2881:
2789:(1990, 2009)
2738:
2733:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2697:
2683:
2672:
2657:
2609:
2561:
2517:
2516:
2467:
2466:
2382:
2335:
2282:
2235:
2185:
2141:
2089:
2079:closed lists
2034:
2024:closed lists
1986:
1969:closed lists
1935:
1926:
1916:closed lists
1882:
1873:
1824:
1815:
1760:
1713:
1666:
1586:
1534:
1492:
1450:
1408:
1366:
1352:
1305:
1261:
1248:
1242:
1240:
1225:
1217:
1206:
1197:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1151:
1145:
1141:
1132:
1129:superimposed
1124:
1114:
1083:
1074:
1042:
1036:(PR). While
1027:
1023:compensatory
997:
993:
987:
879:
878:
845:
803:
802:
787:Exaggeration
773:
772:
743:
742:
716:
680:
679:
648:Mixed ballot
603:Compensatory
601:
579:
574:compensatory
571:
566:
550:
512:
511:
470:
469:
440:
439:
410:
409:
397:List-free PR
342:
310:Score voting
301:
300:
246:
245:
233:Ranked pairs
204:
203:
136:
3864:Spoilt vote
3627:Droop quota
3566:Schulze STV
3541:Rural–urban
3486:STAR voting
3382:Borda count
3290:ACE Project
2884:New Zealand
2845:South Korea
2833:), for the
2768:(1997–2009)
2764:Argentina:
2713:Jersey (UK)
2669:Philippines
1988:Philippines
1258:Current use
1220:gerrymander
1086:legislature
1015:coexistence
687:Single vote
590:Conditional
585:Coexistence
434:Quota Borda
424:Schulze STV
382:Closed list
325:STAR voting
270:Borda count
3927:Categories
3883:Comparison
3637:Hare quota
3587:Allocation
3573:Spare vote
3561:Hare-Clark
3531:Party-list
3105:2014-09-09
3080:2024-04-19
2968:2022-04-21
2945:References
2777:Azerbaijan
2745:Former use
2739:Seychelles
2658:ex officio
2610:ex officio
2562:ex officio
2244:Tajikistan
2075:Hare quota
2049:State Duma
2020:Hare quota
1862:Hare quota
1805:open lists
1722:Kyrgyzstan
1675:Kazakhstan
1575:Hare quota
1071:Definition
792:Truncation
521:Cumulative
344:Party-list
119:By country
110:Comparison
3874:Unseating
3869:Sortition
3471:Plurality
3347:Economics
3288:from the
3196:"Albania"
2391:Venezuela
1769:Lithuania
1361:Argentina
1117:conflated
1065:Argentina
1057:Lithuania
699:Dual-vote
392:Panachage
387:Open list
377:List type
255:Plurality
151:Two-round
139:plurality
62:Economics
3741:Criteria
3694:Scorporo
3343:politics
3206:24 March
3026:. 2016.
2787:Bulgaria
2734:Pakistan
2531:Anguilla
2484:Assembly
2431:Country
2344:Thailand
2291:Tanzania
1884:Mongolia
1268:Country
1243:de facto
1231:Thailand
1180:minority
419:Hare STV
58:Politics
56:A joint
3913:Project
3604:D'Hondt
3556:CPO-STV
3514:Systems
2855:Ukraine
2805:Georgia
2793:Croatia
2772:Armenia
2751:Albania
2723:Mexico:
2685:Hungary
2455:System
2443:System
2419:List PR
2372:List PR
2319:List PR
2272:List PR
2223:List PR
2175:List PR
2126:List PR
2098:Senegal
2071:List PR
2016:List PR
1965:List PR
1912:List PR
1858:List PR
1849:regions
1797:List PR
1750:List PR
1703:List PR
1681:Majilis
1656:List PR
1623:List PR
1571:List PR
1524:List PR
1482:List PR
1440:List PR
1429:List PR
1398:List PR
1342:List PR
1314:Andorra
1294:System
1285:System
1146:Unlike
1133:results
1045:Armenia
429:CPO-STV
279:Baldwin
228:Schulze
223:Minimax
141:methods
3907:Portal
3844:Ballot
3620:Quotas
3349:series
3038:
2886:, the
2823:(1998)
2801:(2020)
2718:Monaco
2458:Other
2194:Taiwan
1826:Mexico
1775:Seimas
1543:Guinea
1235:Russia
1061:Russia
1053:Taiwan
294:Coombs
64:series
38:, and
3837:Other
3656:Mixed
3279:from
2815:Italy
2799:Egypt
2698:Italy
2434:Body
1937:Nepal
1595:Japan
1297:Other
1271:Body
1227:Japan
1049:Italy
1032:with
1021:like
1009:) or
631:'MMP'
620:'AMS'
3345:and
3247:2017
3208:2016
3180:help
3168:help
3036:ISBN
2910:and
2831:2005
2759:2005
2662:13%
2648:27%
2641:FPTP
2637:60%
2614:28%
2600:24%
2593:FPTP
2589:48%
2566:15%
2552:31%
2545:FPTP
2541:54%
2502:30%
2495:FPTP
2491:70%
2481:Niue
2415:31%
2408:FPTP
2404:68%
2401:113
2368:20%
2365:100
2361:FPTP
2357:80%
2354:400
2315:29%
2308:FPTP
2304:67%
2301:264
2268:35%
2257:65%
2219:30%
2212:FPTP
2208:65%
2171:50%
2164:FPTP
2160:50%
2122:36%
2115:FPTP
2111:64%
2108:105
2067:50%
2064:225
2060:FPTP
2056:50%
2053:225
2012:20%
2005:FPTP
2001:80%
1998:253
1961:40%
1958:110
1954:FPTP
1950:60%
1947:165
1908:38%
1897:62%
1854:40%
1843:FPTP
1839:60%
1836:300
1793:50%
1782:50%
1746:60%
1739:FPTP
1735:40%
1692:FPTP
1688:30%
1652:40%
1645:SNTV
1641:60%
1638:147
1619:38%
1616:176
1612:FPTP
1608:62%
1605:289
1567:67%
1560:FPTP
1556:33%
1520:42%
1513:FPTP
1509:58%
1478:47%
1471:FPTP
1467:53%
1436:48%
1425:52%
1394:63%
1387:FPTP
1383:37%
1338:50%
1327:50%
1233:and
1152:list
1125:rule
572:Non-
526:SNTV
115:List
72:and
60:and
3669:MMP
3028:doi
2921:In
2912:STV
2904:MMP
2882:In
2865:in
2779:'s
2586:10
2488:14
2426:2%
2412:51
2330:4%
2265:22
2261:TRS
2254:41
2230:5%
2216:34
2205:73
2168:17
2157:17
2119:60
2077:):
2022:):
2009:63
1905:48
1901:BPV
1894:78
1803:):
1790:70
1786:TRS
1779:71
1743:54
1732:36
1699:70
1696:69
1685:69
1649:98
1564:76
1553:38
1517:10
1506:14
1475:17
1464:19
1433:22
1391:44
1380:26
1335:14
1331:PBV
1253:Use
1182:or
996:or
988:In
290:el.
275:el.
264:IRV
260:el.
3929::
3910:—
3237:.
3198:.
3172:;
3135:.
3098:.
3072:.
3034:.
2961:.
2918:.
2908:AV
2906:,
2761:).
2689:s
2656:2
2645:4
2634:9
2597:5
2560:2
2549:4
2538:7
2499:6
2461:%
2452:%
2440:%
2132:)
1967::
1914::
1851:)
1577:)
1300:%
1291:%
1282:%
1190:.
1119:,
1108:,
1063:,
1059:,
1055:,
1051:,
992:,
626:NZ
615:UK
191:US
180:UK
163:)
156:US
34:,
3324:e
3317:t
3310:v
3249:.
3210:.
3184:.
3182:)
3170:)
3139:.
3122:.
3108:.
3083:.
3044:.
3030::
2971:.
2841:.
2829:(
2687:'
2128:(
2073:(
2018:(
1864:)
1860:(
1799:(
1573:(
977:e
970:t
963:v
628::
617::
296:)
287:(
281:)
272:(
266:)
257:(
193::
182::
158::
153:(
121:)
117:(
42:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
