63:, organisers wanted to get away from a medical classification system and use a functional system, but they ended up with a system based on equipment utilised by the skier instead. As the 1970s progressed, equipment improvements made it possible for skiers with spinal cord injuries to participate and a classification system developed for these skiers. By the 1990s, there were over ten Nordic skiing classes and a percentage system was developed to allow skiers with different disabilities inside one of three groups to compete against each other. The skiers time at the end of the race would be multiplied against a percentage to determine a time that allowed for fair cross classification comparisons. While the actual percentages change from time to time, this system to calculate a winner is still in use. Despite repeated efforts to move to a true functional mobility based classification dating back to the 1970s, medical assessment still took place during the classification process in the 2010s.
153:(ISOD), founded in 1964, governed the sport. In 1980, there were two governing bodies handling classification, ISOD and the International Stoke Mandeville Games Committee (ISMGC), which later became the International Stoke Mandeville Games Federation (ISMGF), and still later the International Stoke Mandeville Wheelchair Sports Federation (ISMWSF). ISMGC was in charge of classification for athletes with spinal cord related disabilities. In 1981, the International Blind Sports Federation (IBSA) was created, and took over governance for skiers with visual impairments. In 2003, ISMWSF merged with ISOD, and changed its name to the International Wheelchair and Amputee Sports Federation (IWAS) in 2004. While the
2421:
572:
530:, the men's relay, named the 1 x 4 km + 2 x 5 km relay, a sit skier led off with a 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) leg, with the standing skier going second on a 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) leg and the vision impaired skier going last on a 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) leg. On the women's side, the event is called the 3 x 2.5 km event. Skiing in the same order, all three skiers ski 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi). Sit skiers sit in a chair with two skis attached to it. Classification percentages for national competitions are not necessarily the same ones used for international competitions.
534:
shooting portions in the biathlon. The guide for B1 skiers generally skis behind the skier in order to maximize the ability of the skier to hear the guide. The guide tells the skier things like when weight should be shifted, elements coming up on the course, and how to position themselves to maximize the diagonal run of the course. Guides for B2 and B3 skiers often position themselves differently as the skiers have some vision, which means the things a guide assists with will be different from what is required of a skier who has almost no sight.
555:. There are three types of classification available for Australian competitors: Provisional, national and international. The first is for club level competitions, the second for state and national competitions, and the third for international competitions. While a skier is first classified by their national Paralympic committee, their international classification may take place during their first World Cup event. A competitor may challenge their own classification or that of their fellow competitors.
638:, the cross country event had three groups of skiers: vision impaired, standing and sitting. In 2002, for the Winter Paralympics, the Games Classifiers were Birgitta Blomquist, Anne Lannem and Ted Fay. The Games Classifiers for vision impairment classifications were Roman Tolmatschev, Johan Wirsching and Axel Bolsinger. Classifications for skiers with intellectual disabilities were not included at these Games because of cheating that took place at the Sydney Summer Paralympics two years earlier.
222:
17:
2015:
308:
595:, skiers with intellectual disabilities were eligible to compete as full medal participants in the cross country event despite early initial opposition by the Nagano Organising Committee. The local organizers believed it would be too difficult to separate intellectual disability skiers into different classes. At the same time, there were few eligible skiers from Japan who would have been eligible to compete in these events.
602:, all disability types were eligible to participate, with classification being run through the International Paralympic Committee, with classification being done based on blind, amputee and sitting disability type. The biathlon was open to men with vision impairment classifications for the first time at the 1992 Games. At the 1992 Games, intellectual disability skiers competed in a demonstration event. At the 1992 Games,
117:
into LW10 and LW10.5, and LW11 being divided into LW11 and LW11.5. The sport also has three classifications for blind skiers, B1, B2, and B3. These are based solely on medical classification. Research done at the
Central Institute on Employment Abilities of the Handicapped in Moscow has found differences in functional capabilities based on differences in visual acuity. This plays a significant role in skiing.
662:
500:
competitors. At the same time, there were people including IPC first vice president Jens
Bromann who entertained discussions about whether or not blind classifications should be combined into a single class like is done in some other disabilities sports. The debate about inclusion of competitors into able-bodied competitions was seen by some disability sport advocates like
259:. The classification used the classification system designed for track events. In 1983, there were five cerebral palsy classifications. During the 1980s, there were three sit-ski classes and seven other classes. During the 1980s, while not formally part of the para-skiing classification system, intellectual disability Nordic skiing classes did exist as part of the
173:. They defined cerebral palsy as a non-progressive brain legion that results in impairment. People with cerebral palsy or non-progressive brain damage were eligible for classification by them. The organisation also dealt with classification for people with similar impairments. For their classification system, people with
157:(CP-ISRA) has an interest in the sport because it is open to people with cerebral palsy, it is not governed by them. In 1983, both the rules for this sport, and classification, was done by the CP-ISRA. By 1984, there were four organisations governing classification for the sport: ISOD, ISMGF, IBSA and CP-ISRA.
279:. The tests included hand, arm and shoulder coordination, a sitting balance in the sagittal plane test, a stability sagittal plane test, a sitting balance test in the frontal planes, and a functional sitting ability test of the frontal and sagittal planes with an examination of sideways displacement.
542:
For skiers with a visual impairment, their classification is handled by the
International Blind Sports Association. They are tested based on medical classification by an Ophthalmologist. In the 1990s, the classification assessment process for Nordic skiing had several components. One component was a
116:
in classifications from CP1 to CP8 are covered by skiing classifications. Skiers from CP5 to CP8 compete standing up with the use of equipment. Since 1995, the classes area LW2, LW3, LW4, LW5/7, LW6, LW8, and LW9. There are three sit-ski classifications: LW10, LW11 and LW12, with LW10 being divided
563:
The 1976 Winter
Paralympics were the first time classifications other than spinal cord injury classifications competed at the Paralympic Games. At these Games, there were only two classifications for this sport. The 1976 Winter Paralympics were the first time classifications other than spinal cord
303:
explains how this works with the following example: "Athlete A is classified as LW6 with a factor of 91% finishes the race in 1 minute, their final race time is 54.6 seconds. Athlete B is classified as LW5 with a factor of 79% finishes the race in 1 minute and 2 seconds, their final race time is
217:
Classification for winter sport started out as a medical one before moving to a functional system. The earliest classification systems for the sport were developed in
Scandinavia. The original classification system was for people with amputations, with classification based on the type of amputation
282:
By the 1990s, an integrated classification approach was tried in Nordic skiing had been developed using a percentage system that would allow for multiple classes to compete against each other in the same event using a formula to create a time finish that would enable fair comparisons for skiers of
66:
There are different events and equipment for different Para-Nordic skiing classes. For sit-skiers, they use sit-skis with two skis, unlike Para-Alpine Skiing where sit skiers use one ski. Blind skiers use a guide, with the position of the guide relative to the skier depending on the class of the
54:
with some exceptions. A functional mobility and medical classification is in use, with skiers being divided into three groups: standing skiers, sit skiers and visually impaired skiers. International classification is governed by
International Paralympic Committee, Nordic Skiing (IPC-NS). Other
610:
competed in the short distances in a combined event, with LW 10 and 11 competing in their own short-distance event. Blind skiers all skied the short distances in a combined event. The 10 km event was open to LW1 to LW9, and H to D. The relay event was open to LW1 to LW9 in one event, and
533:
In the biathlon, sit skiers and standing skiers shot at a target that had a bullseye 1.5 centimetres (0.59 in) large while vision impairment classifications shot at a bullseye that was 2.8 centimetres (1.1 in) large. Vision impaired skiers have a sound system that helps them sight for
252:, Sweden, that ended up being used was based on equipment utilised by the skier instead of a true functional classification system. During the 1970s, equipment was first being developed for skiers with spinal injuries and a classification system had yet to become fully developed for the sport.
499:
The move from a medical classification to a functional classification system continued during the 1990s. There were conversations about whether or not less-disabled wintersport athletes should be competing in disability winter sport and if they should instead be competing against able bodied
266:
Prior to 1988, the classification assessment process generally involved a medical exam to determine the classification. The change in winter disability sport classification towards a more formal functional classification system happened more quickly as a result of changes being made in
512:
The
International Sports Federation for Persons with Intellectual Disability was given the task of re-evaluating the classification system for skiers with intellectual disabilities to prevent future abuses following the Spanish basketball team cheating scandal at the
145:
that is not used internationally. They use a three group classification system, with Group 1 skiers including T5 to T10 spinal cord injuries, Group 2 including all other skiers with disabilities below T10 and Group 3 including all spinal cord disabilities above T10.
525:
Skiers with physical disabilities may compete on the same team as people with vision impairment in team events. This is the case in cross country relay events, where there needs to be one sit skier, one standing skier and one vision impaired skier. At the
58:
The first classification system for the sport was developed in
Scandinavia and was a medical system for skiers with amputations. At the time, other types of disability were not eligible for classification. In developing a system for use at the first
1614:
650:, is working on improving classification to be more of an evidence-based system as opposed to a performance-based system so as not to punish elite athletes whose performance makes them appear in a higher class alongside competitors who train less.
75:
and is a medical assessment. While
National Paralympic Committees can classify their skiers for national competitions, this classification is subject to change at international competitions. These classifications have been used at the
508:
tried to carve out its own identity and largely ceased efforts for inclusion of disability sport on the
Olympic programme. Nonetheless, in 2006, skiers with amputation still had a medical component to their classification assessment.
1801:
126:
1618:
1487:
Doll-Tepper, Gudrun; Kröner, Michael; Sonnenschein, Werner; International Paralympic Committee, Sport Science Committee (2001). "Organisation and Administration of the Classification Process for the Paralympics".
1148:
Kahrs, Nina; Kroken, Anne Ragnhild (1998). "Classifying Tests in Nordic Cross-Country Sit-Skiing — A Discussion of the %-System in Relation to the Concept of "Fair Player"". In Yabe, Kyonosuke (ed.).
271:
that started in 1983. Prior to the 1988 Games, sit skiing was not included on the Paralympic programme. Norway worked to change this by added sit skiing classifications to the World Championships in 1986.
304:
48.98 seconds. Athlete B wins. Therefore, the athlete who completed the race fastest may not be the winner and gold medalist." For the 2008 to 2010 ski seasons, the following percentages were used:
1455:
1711:
Trends and issues in Winter Paralympic sport : proceedings of Winter Paralympic Experts Congress −4th Paralympic Congress — organized by the IPC and NAPOC March 7–8, 1998 Nagano, Japan
1191:
Trends and issues in Winter Paralympic sport : proceedings of Winter Paralympic Experts Congress −4th Paralympic Congress — organized by the IPC and NAPOC March 7–8, 1998 Nagano, Japan
1151:
Trends and issues in Winter Paralympic sport : proceedings of Winter Paralympic Experts Congress −4th Paralympic Congress — organized by the IPC and NAPOC March 7–8, 1998 Nagano, Japan
995:
Trends and issues in Winter Paralympic sport : proceedings of Winter Paralympic Experts Congress −4th Paralympic Congress — organized by the IPC and NAPOC March 7–8, 1998 Nagano, Japan
1808:
189:
were eligible provided the condition did not interfere with their ability to compete. People who had strokes were eligible for classification following medical clearance. Competitors with
544:
1930:
1681:
256:
154:
2401:
55:
classification is handled by national bodies. Before the IPC-NS took over classification, a number of organizations handled classification based on the type of disability.
108:. Classifications are based on functional mobility. For amputees, this is based on their mobility with the use of an assistive device. Classification for competitors with
248:, because they wanted a functional classification, not medical classification system, from the onset. They largely succeeded, although the system that was developed in
2137:
543:
test that looked at the ability of the skier to go up and down a hill. Another was a neurological test. In Canada, classification for blind skiers is handled by
885:
815:
Vernon Lin; Christopher Bono; Diana Cardenas; Frederick Frost; Laurie Lindblom; Margaret Hammond; Inder Parkash; Stevens Stiens; Robert Woolsey (19 March 2010).
788:
Vernon Lin; Christopher Bono; Diana Cardenas; Frederick Frost; Laurie Lindblom; Margaret Hammond; Inder Parkash; Stevens Stiens; Robert Woolsey (19 March 2010).
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2542:
1490:
New Horizons in sport for athletes with a disability : proceedings of the International VISTA '99 Conference, Cologne, Germany, 28 August-1 September 1999
626:
Historically, Nordic skiing was the only skiing discipline open to competitors with intellectual disabilities, but their inclusion was suspended following the
548:
295:. Their finishing time would then be multiplied against this percentage to determine where they finished. A variant of this system was still in place for the
1997:
206:
504:
as a hindrance to the development of an independent classification system not based on the rules for able-bodied sport. These efforts ended by 1993 as the
1462:
501:
202:
150:
2394:
575:
Women's 2.4km Pursuit Sitting Biathlon ceremony on Day 2 of the 2010 Vancouver Winter Paralympics at Whistler Paralympic Park on 13 March 2010, with
1424:
547:. Canadians seeking classification start the process by getting in touch with the organisation. Para-Nordic skiing classification is handled by
141:
governs the sport and classification for people with intellectual disabilities. Disabled Sports USA developed its own classification system for
2130:
1072:
218:
as determined by a medical expert. Other classes of disability were not eligible to be classified and compete early in the sport's history.
2387:
2358:
1936:
1687:
142:
564:
injury classifications competed at the Paralympic Games. The only event open to a classification for people with spinal paralysis at the
134:
551:. For Australian competitors in this sport, the sport and classification is managed the national sport federation with support from the
314:
of Russia celebrating winning the gold medal during the Women's 3km Pursuit Standing Biathlon at the 2010 Vancouver Winter Paralympics
2240:
2123:
1990:
2327:
2170:
993:
Tolmatchev, Roman (1998). "On the Issue of Sports Classification of the Blind and Partially Sighted". In Yabe, Kyonosuke (ed.).
2225:
619:
in another event, and blind skiing in a third event. The biathlon was open to women in blind classes for the first time at the
616:
72:
2230:
1553:
1363:
1024:
970:
826:
799:
765:
731:
612:
275:
Functional classification testing was developed in 1989 for Nordic sit skiing, with the same system still being used for the
2286:
2235:
1983:
268:
129:
is in charge of deaf classification for competitors in the United States. In the United States, the sport is governed by
2858:
2431:
2410:
2353:
67:
skier. In the United States, Para-Nordic skiing has events for people with intellectual disability that are run through
1486:
647:
505:
1879:. Winter Olympic sports; Winter Olympic sports (Crabtree Publishing Company). New York: Crabtree Pub. Co. p. 21.
1647:. Winter Olympic sports; Winter Olympic sports (Crabtree Publishing Company). New York: Crabtree Pub. Co. p. 23.
1580:. Winter Olympic sports; Winter Olympic sports (Crabtree Publishing Company). New York: Crabtree Pub. Co. p. 19.
1395:. Winter Olympic sports; Winter Olympic sports (Crabtree Publishing Company). New York: Crabtree Pub. Co. p. 15.
892:
686:. Winter Olympic sports; Winter Olympic sports (Crabtree Publishing Company). New York: Crabtree Pub. Co. p. 14.
2486:
2332:
2312:
2307:
2245:
2180:
2175:
2024:
1884:
1733:
1652:
1585:
1400:
691:
105:
51:
2696:
2317:
2271:
2266:
2250:
2368:
2363:
2291:
2146:
568:
was the cross country event . It was one of only two events in the whole Games for people with spinal paralysis.
552:
47:
2205:
2160:
1848:
1497:
1328:
1305:
935:
858:
757:
The 1984 Olympic Scientific Congress proceedings: Eugene, Ore., 19–26 July 1984 : (also: OSC proceedings)
2536:
2348:
2281:
2190:
300:
165:
Currently, people with physical disabilities and vision impairment are eligible for classification. In 1983,
2786:
2322:
2220:
2215:
2210:
101:
2656:
2200:
2185:
178:
1189:
Blomqwist, Birgitta; Kipfer, Mirre (1998). "Invited Experts: Classification". In Yabe, Kyonosuke (ed.).
1615:"Canadian Para-Nordic Classification Percentages for National Competitions (effective April 1st, 2012)"
263:
movement. The sport was one sports people with disabilities were more likely to play during the 1990s.
1428:
2195:
39:
2276:
635:
631:
627:
620:
599:
592:
571:
565:
527:
514:
296:
276:
241:
233:
81:
28:
2863:
1840:
1834:
1297:
1291:
927:
921:
816:
1757:
1353:
1266:
1243:
1220:
1119:
1096:
1014:
789:
721:
2621:
2165:
125:
Para-Nordic skiing is governed by the International Paralympic Committee, Nordic Skiing. The
112:
is difficult because the levels of spasticity can change as the race progresses. People with
2420:
71:. The classification process for blind Para-Nordic skiing is handled internationally by the
2837:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2632:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2497:
2492:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
1331:
The development of a policy : Integration Conference 1990 Adelaide, December 3–5, 1990
603:
85:
1329:
Australian Sports Commission; Australian Confederation of Sports for the Disabled (1990).
8:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2104:
2099:
2094:
1683:
Australian team media guide : 2002 Salt Lake City Paralympic Games, March 7–16, 2002
201:
were not eligible for classification by CP-ISRA, but were eligible for classification by
130:
43:
1935:. Salt Lake City, Utah: Salt Lake Organizing Committee. 2002. p. 21. Archived from
1461:. Germany: IPC Nordic Skiing Sport Technical Committee. 11 December 2009. Archived from
1948:
This is included as an appendix in the media guide, but it is not published by the APC.
814:
787:
194:
190:
77:
60:
2379:
1912:
1890:
1880:
1854:
1844:
1739:
1729:
1658:
1648:
1591:
1581:
1549:
1503:
1493:
1406:
1396:
1359:
1334:
1311:
1301:
1272:
1249:
1226:
1125:
1102:
1020:
966:
941:
931:
864:
854:
822:
795:
761:
727:
697:
687:
584:
255:
In 1983, classification for cerebral palsy competitors in this sport was done by the
249:
80:. Intellectual disability skiers were allowed to compete in full medal events at the
1958:
311:
260:
138:
68:
2115:
1543:
960:
755:
576:
245:
225:
198:
170:
113:
109:
1779:
2852:
1975:
1916:
1894:
1743:
1662:
1595:
1410:
1338:
1276:
1253:
1230:
1129:
1106:
868:
701:
667:
580:
182:
20:
1858:
1531:. Bon, Germany: International Paralympic Committee. 2006. p. 80. 62307.
1507:
1315:
1210:. Bon, Germany: International Paralympic Committee. 2006. p. 28. 62307.
1178:. Bon, Germany: International Paralympic Committee. 2006. p. 82. 62307.
1061:. Bon, Germany: International Paralympic Committee. 2006. p. 78. 62307.
945:
221:
169:
set the eligibility rules for classification for this sport for people with
16:
1709:
i Marcet, Pau Serracanta (1998). "Blind Skiing". In Yabe, Kyonosuke (ed.).
1333:. Willoughby, N.S.W.: Australian Confederation of Sports for the Disabled.
517:
using a more reliable system that can be verified to classify competitors.
244:, the organisers had a difference of opinion with Paralympic Games founder
174:
2014:
1686:. Australia: Australian Paralympic Committee. 2002. 27972. Archived from
283:
different functional ability. In 1997/1998, this was defined as 84% for
1713:. Nagano, Japan: Nagano Paralympic Organizing Committee. pp. 19–22.
1193:. Nagano, Japan: Nagano Paralympic Organizing Committee. pp. 63–66.
1153:. Nagano, Japan: Nagano Paralympic Organizing Committee. pp. 67–69.
997:. Nagano, Japan: Nagano Paralympic Organizing Committee. pp. 71–72.
167:
Cerebral Palsy-International Sports and Recreation Association (CP-ISRA)
1267:
Cerebral Palsy-International Sports and Recreation Association (1983).
1244:
Cerebral Palsy-International Sports and Recreation Association (1983).
1221:
Cerebral Palsy-International Sports and Recreation Association (1983).
1120:
Cerebral Palsy-International Sports and Recreation Association (1983).
1097:
Cerebral Palsy-International Sports and Recreation Association (1983).
1760:. Homebush Bay, New South Wales: Australian Paralympic Committee. 2012
1271:(Third ed.). Wolfheze, the Netherlands: CP-ISRA. pp. 13–38.
1101:(Third ed.). Wolfheze, the Netherlands: CP-ISRA. pp. 9–11.
1728:. Maidenhead : New York: Meyer & Meyer Sports. p. 96.
1248:(Third ed.). Wolfheze, the Netherlands: CP-ISRA. pp. 4–6.
1124:(Third ed.). Wolfheze, the Netherlands: CP-ISRA. pp. 7–8.
1529:
Paralympic winter games 1976–2006 : Ornskoldsvik — Torino
1208:
Paralympic winter games 1976–2006 : Ornskoldsvik — Torino
1176:
Paralympic winter games 1976–2006 : Ornskoldsvik — Torino
1059:
Paralympic winter games 1976–2006 : Ornskoldsvik — Torino
307:
186:
97:
1492:. Vol. 1. Oxford (UK): Meyer & Meyer Sport. p. 290.
84:
but were subsequently removed because of cheating problems at the
1225:(Third ed.). Wolfheze, the Netherlands: CP-ISRA. p. 1.
646:
Going forward, disability sport's major classification body, the
229:
24:
853:. Edmonton: One Shot Holdings Publ. Division. pp. 159–164.
166:
50:
events. The classifications for Para-Nordic skiing mirrors the
1807:. Germany: IPC Nordic Skiing. 11 December 2009. Archived from
630:
cheating scandal and they were not eligible to compete at the
257:
Cerebral Palsy-International Sports and Recreation Association
155:
Cerebral Palsy International Sports and Recreation Association
2752:
2502:
2067:
2062:
1723:
1617:. Canada: Cross Country Canada. 1 April 2012. Archived from
104:. The classifications for Para-Nordic skiing at the same as
2772:
2767:
2762:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2087:
2082:
2077:
292:
288:
284:
1909:
92 Ves Jeux Paralympiques : Tignes — Albertville
2757:
2642:
2637:
2627:
2507:
2072:
1450:
1448:
1446:
719:
607:
133:
for skiers with functional mobility, and governed by the
1417:
2409:
1724:
Gilbert, Prof., Keith; Schantz, Prof., Otto J (2008).
1443:
1726:
The Paralympic Games : empowerment or side show?
1427:. Canadian Paralympic Committee. 2012. Archived from
915:
913:
1782:. Sydney, Australia: Australian Paralympic Committee
1609:
1607:
1605:
1351:
657:
2145:
1961:. Bonn, Germany: International Paralympic Committee
1911:. Albertville, France: COPTA 92. 1992. p. 29.
1826:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1283:
1202:
1200:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
177:were not eligible unless they also had evidence of
1358:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 621.
910:
240:Going into the first winter Paralympic Games, the
203:International Sports Organisation for the Disabled
151:International Sports Organization for the Disabled
1676:
1674:
1672:
1602:
1456:"IPC Nordic Skiing Percentages Seasons 2008–2010"
1143:
1141:
1139:
1012:
958:
848:
715:
713:
711:
137:(USABA) for skiers with vision impairment, while
2850:
1514:
1480:
1197:
1157:
1040:
127:United States Deaf Ski and Snowboard Association
1188:
849:Steadward, Robert D; Peterson, Cynthia (1997).
844:
842:
840:
838:
818:Spinal Cord Medicine: Principles & Practice
791:Spinal Cord Medicine: Principles & Practice
2005:
1702:
1669:
1345:
1322:
1182:
1136:
1008:
1006:
1004:
986:
708:
2395:
2131:
1991:
1717:
952:
880:
878:
753:
720:Michael Hutson; Cathy Speed (17 March 2011).
1870:
1868:
1832:
1750:
1541:
1535:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1289:
1260:
1065:
919:
835:
808:
747:
1951:
1802:"IPC Nordic Skiing Evaluation Protest Form"
1147:
1001:
232:competing on cross-country sit-skis at the
135:United States Association of Blind Athletes
2402:
2388:
2138:
2124:
1998:
1984:
1923:
1090:
992:
875:
821:. Demos Medical Publishing. p. 2805.
558:
1901:
1865:
1839:. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. p.
1833:DePauw, Karen P; Gavron, Susan J (1995).
1772:
1636:
1569:
1379:
1296:. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. p.
1290:DePauw, Karen P; Gavron, Susan J (1995).
1237:
1113:
926:. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. p.
920:DePauw, Karen P; Gavron, Susan J (1995).
794:. Demos Medical Publishing. p. 810.
1708:
1352:Steven J. Karageanes (25 October 2004).
1214:
781:
726:. Oxford University Press. p. 452.
675:
570:
306:
220:
15:
1874:
1642:
1575:
1390:
681:
96:Para-Nordic skiing has two events, the
2851:
106:classifications for Para-Alpine skiing
73:International Blind Sports Association
52:classifications for Para-Alpine skiing
2383:
2119:
1979:
1269:Classification and sport rules manual
1246:Classification and sport rules manual
1223:Classification and sport rules manual
1122:Classification and sport rules manual
1099:Classification and sport rules manual
1013:Joseph P. Winnick (27 October 2010).
959:Joseph P. Winnick (27 October 2010).
1355:Principles of Manual Sports Medicine
1019:. Human Kinetics. pp. 560–568.
1016:Adapted Physical Education and Sport
962:Adapted Physical Education and Sport
851:Paralympics : where heroes come
269:wheelchair basketball classification
2411:Cerebral palsy sport classification
13:
648:International Paralympic Committee
506:International Paralympic Committee
149:In the sport's early history, the
14:
2875:
2030:Para-Nordic skiing classification
2025:Para-alpine skiing classification
545:Canadian Blind Sports Association
185:. People with cerebral palsy and
38:is the classification system for
36:Para-Nordic skiing classification
2419:
2013:
891:. CP-IRSRA. 2012. Archived from
660:
2147:Disability sport classification
1794:
553:Australian Paralympic Committee
1932:Alpine Skiing Technical Manual
1545:The Paralympic Games Explained
1542:Ian Brittain (4 August 2009).
965:. Human Kinetics. p. 51.
179:upper motor neuron dysfunction
160:
1:
1425:"Winter Sport Classification"
760:. Human Kinetics Publishers.
653:
301:Canadian Paralympic Committee
120:
91:
7:
754:Jan Broekhoff (June 1986).
10:
2880:
2859:Parasports classifications
2006:Para-skiing classification
537:
212:
2781:
2726:
2691:
2651:
2616:
2531:
2481:
2426:
2417:
2341:
2300:
2259:
2153:
2038:
2020:
2011:
1780:"What is Classification?"
641:
1959:"Classification History"
1877:Paralympic sports events
1645:Paralympic sports events
1578:Paralympic sports events
1548:. Taylor & Francis.
1393:Paralympic sports events
684:Paralympic sports events
583:of Russia (silver), and
520:
2359:Intellectual disability
1875:Johnson, Robin (2010).
1643:Johnson, Robin (2010).
1576:Johnson, Robin (2010).
1391:Johnson, Robin (2010).
682:Johnson, Robin (2010).
632:2002 Winter Paralympics
628:2000 Summer Paralympics
621:1994 Winter Paralympics
600:1992 Winter Paralympics
593:1998 Winter Paralympics
566:1980 Winter Paralympics
559:At the Paralympic Games
528:2010 Winter Paralympics
515:2000 Summer Paralympics
297:2010 Winter Paralympics
277:1998 Winter Paralympics
242:1976 Winter Paralympics
234:2010 Winter Paralympics
181:, caused by associated
82:1998 Winter Paralympics
29:2010 Winter Paralympics
588:
315:
237:
32:
2287:Wheelchair basketball
574:
310:
224:
19:
1836:Disability and sport
1293:Disability and sport
923:Disability and sport
898:on 16 September 2012
587:of Ukraine (bronze).
549:Canada Cross Country
102:cross-country skiing
86:2000 Summer Olympics
579:of Ukraine (gold),
446:
319:
207:Games of Les Autres
131:Disabled Sports USA
42:which includes the
2333:Wheelchair curling
2313:Para-nordic skiing
2308:Para-alpine skiing
2246:Wheelchair fencing
589:
445:
318:
316:
238:
195:muscular dystrophy
191:multiple sclerosis
78:Winter Paralympics
61:Winter Paralympics
40:para-Nordic skiing
33:
2846:
2845:
2377:
2376:
2318:Para-snowboarding
2272:Football 7-a-side
2267:Football 5-a-side
2251:Wheelchair tennis
2154:Individual Sports
2113:
2112:
1624:on 4 October 2012
1555:978-0-415-47658-4
1365:978-0-7817-4189-7
1026:978-0-7360-8918-0
972:978-0-7360-8918-0
828:978-1-933864-19-8
801:978-1-933864-19-8
767:978-0-87322-006-4
733:978-0-19-953390-9
585:Lyudmyla Pavlenko
502:Horst Strokhkendl
497:
496:
443:
442:
27:competing at the
2871:
2423:
2404:
2397:
2390:
2381:
2380:
2369:Wheelchair sport
2342:Disability types
2292:Wheelchair rugby
2140:
2133:
2126:
2117:
2116:
2017:
2000:
1993:
1986:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1955:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1872:
1863:
1862:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1813:
1806:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1678:
1667:
1666:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1623:
1611:
1600:
1599:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1525:
1512:
1511:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1468:on 17 March 2012
1467:
1460:
1452:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1388:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1204:
1195:
1194:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1172:
1155:
1154:
1145:
1134:
1133:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1077:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1055:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1010:
999:
998:
990:
984:
983:
981:
979:
956:
950:
949:
917:
908:
907:
905:
903:
897:
890:
882:
873:
872:
846:
833:
832:
812:
806:
805:
785:
779:
778:
776:
774:
751:
745:
744:
742:
740:
717:
706:
705:
679:
670:
665:
664:
663:
447:
444:
320:
317:
312:Anna Burmistrova
261:Special Olympics
139:Special Olympics
69:Special Olympics
2879:
2878:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2777:
2722:
2687:
2647:
2612:
2527:
2477:
2424:
2413:
2408:
2378:
2373:
2337:
2296:
2255:
2206:Para-equestrian
2176:Disability golf
2161:Adaptive rowing
2149:
2144:
2114:
2109:
2034:
2018:
2007:
2004:
1974:
1964:
1962:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1942:
1940:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1887:
1873:
1866:
1851:
1831:
1827:
1817:
1815:
1814:on 1 April 2012
1811:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1785:
1783:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1763:
1761:
1758:"Winter Sports"
1756:
1755:
1751:
1736:
1722:
1718:
1707:
1703:
1693:
1691:
1690:on 8 March 2016
1680:
1679:
1670:
1655:
1641:
1637:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1613:
1612:
1603:
1588:
1574:
1570:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1540:
1536:
1527:
1526:
1515:
1500:
1485:
1481:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1458:
1454:
1453:
1444:
1434:
1432:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1403:
1389:
1380:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1350:
1346:
1327:
1323:
1308:
1288:
1284:
1265:
1261:
1242:
1238:
1219:
1215:
1206:
1205:
1198:
1187:
1183:
1174:
1173:
1158:
1146:
1137:
1118:
1114:
1095:
1091:
1081:
1079:
1078:. CP-ISRA. 2012
1075:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1057:
1056:
1041:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1011:
1002:
991:
987:
977:
975:
973:
957:
953:
938:
918:
911:
901:
899:
895:
888:
886:"Winter Sports"
884:
883:
876:
861:
847:
836:
829:
813:
809:
802:
786:
782:
772:
770:
768:
752:
748:
738:
736:
734:
723:Sports Injuries
718:
709:
694:
680:
676:
666:
661:
659:
656:
644:
577:Olena Iurkovska
561:
540:
523:
246:Ludwig Guttmann
226:Olena Iurkovska
215:
163:
123:
94:
12:
11:
5:
2877:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2427:
2425:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2407:
2406:
2399:
2392:
2384:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2354:Cerebral palsy
2351:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2282:Sitting volley
2279:
2274:
2269:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2191:Para-athletics
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2143:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2120:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2021:
2019:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2003:
2002:
1995:
1988:
1980:
1973:
1972:
1950:
1922:
1900:
1885:
1864:
1849:
1825:
1793:
1771:
1749:
1734:
1716:
1701:
1668:
1653:
1635:
1601:
1586:
1568:
1554:
1534:
1513:
1498:
1479:
1442:
1431:on 9 July 2013
1416:
1401:
1378:
1364:
1344:
1321:
1306:
1282:
1259:
1236:
1213:
1196:
1181:
1156:
1135:
1112:
1089:
1064:
1039:
1025:
1000:
985:
971:
951:
936:
909:
874:
859:
834:
827:
807:
800:
780:
766:
746:
732:
707:
692:
673:
672:
671:
655:
652:
643:
640:
560:
557:
539:
536:
522:
519:
495:
494:
491:
487:
486:
483:
479:
478:
475:
471:
470:
467:
463:
462:
459:
455:
454:
451:
441:
440:
437:
434:
430:
429:
426:
423:
419:
418:
415:
412:
408:
407:
404:
401:
397:
396:
393:
390:
386:
385:
382:
379:
375:
374:
371:
368:
364:
363:
360:
357:
353:
352:
349:
346:
342:
341:
338:
335:
331:
330:
327:
324:
214:
211:
199:arthrogryposis
171:cerebral palsy
162:
159:
122:
119:
114:cerebral palsy
110:cerebral palsy
93:
90:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2876:
2865:
2864:Nordic skiing
2862:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2732:Nordic skiing
2729:
2728:
2725:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2650:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2487:Alpine skiing
2484:
2483:
2480:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2412:
2405:
2400:
2398:
2393:
2391:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2328:Sledge racing
2326:
2324:
2323:Sledge hockey
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2301:Winter Sports
2299:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2221:Paratriathlon
2219:
2217:
2216:Para-swimming
2214:
2212:
2211:Para-shooting
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2141:
2136:
2134:
2129:
2127:
2122:
2121:
2118:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2001:
1996:
1994:
1989:
1987:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1960:
1954:
1939:on 2016-03-08
1938:
1934:
1933:
1926:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1904:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1886:9780778740445
1882:
1878:
1871:
1869:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1829:
1810:
1803:
1797:
1781:
1775:
1759:
1753:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1735:9781841262659
1731:
1727:
1720:
1712:
1705:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1654:9780778740445
1650:
1646:
1639:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1587:9780778740445
1583:
1579:
1572:
1557:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1538:
1530:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1495:
1491:
1483:
1464:
1457:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1430:
1426:
1420:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1402:9780778740445
1398:
1394:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1367:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1348:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1325:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1286:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1263:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1240:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1217:
1209:
1203:
1201:
1192:
1185:
1177:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1152:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1116:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1074:
1068:
1060:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1028:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1009:
1007:
1005:
996:
989:
974:
968:
964:
963:
955:
947:
943:
939:
933:
929:
925:
924:
916:
914:
894:
887:
881:
879:
870:
866:
862:
856:
852:
845:
843:
841:
839:
830:
824:
820:
819:
811:
803:
797:
793:
792:
784:
769:
763:
759:
758:
750:
735:
729:
725:
724:
716:
714:
712:
703:
699:
695:
693:9780778740445
689:
685:
678:
674:
669:
668:Sports portal
658:
651:
649:
639:
637:
633:
629:
624:
622:
618:
614:
609:
605:
601:
596:
594:
586:
582:
581:Maria Iovleva
578:
573:
569:
567:
556:
554:
550:
546:
535:
531:
529:
518:
516:
510:
507:
503:
492:
489:
488:
484:
481:
480:
476:
473:
472:
468:
465:
464:
460:
457:
456:
452:
449:
448:
438:
435:
432:
431:
427:
424:
421:
420:
416:
413:
410:
409:
405:
402:
399:
398:
394:
391:
388:
387:
383:
380:
377:
376:
372:
369:
366:
365:
361:
358:
355:
354:
350:
347:
344:
343:
339:
336:
333:
332:
328:
325:
322:
321:
313:
309:
305:
302:
298:
294:
291:and 100% for
290:
286:
280:
278:
273:
270:
264:
262:
258:
253:
251:
247:
243:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
210:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
183:hydrocephalus
180:
176:
172:
168:
158:
156:
152:
147:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
118:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
89:
87:
83:
79:
74:
70:
64:
62:
56:
53:
49:
48:cross-country
45:
41:
37:
30:
26:
22:
21:Larysa Varona
18:
2785:
2731:
2730:
2695:
2655:
2620:
2535:
2485:
2430:
2241:Table tennis
2226:Powerlifting
2201:Para-cycling
2186:Para-archery
2029:
1963:. Retrieved
1953:
1941:. Retrieved
1937:the original
1931:
1925:
1908:
1903:
1876:
1835:
1828:
1816:. Retrieved
1809:the original
1796:
1784:. Retrieved
1774:
1762:. Retrieved
1752:
1725:
1719:
1710:
1704:
1692:. Retrieved
1688:the original
1682:
1644:
1638:
1626:. Retrieved
1619:the original
1577:
1571:
1559:. Retrieved
1544:
1537:
1528:
1489:
1482:
1470:. Retrieved
1463:the original
1433:. Retrieved
1429:the original
1419:
1392:
1369:. Retrieved
1354:
1347:
1330:
1324:
1292:
1285:
1268:
1262:
1245:
1239:
1222:
1216:
1207:
1190:
1184:
1175:
1150:
1121:
1115:
1098:
1092:
1080:. Retrieved
1067:
1058:
1030:. Retrieved
1015:
994:
988:
976:. Retrieved
961:
954:
922:
900:. Retrieved
893:the original
850:
817:
810:
790:
783:
771:. Retrieved
756:
749:
737:. Retrieved
722:
683:
677:
645:
625:
597:
590:
562:
541:
532:
524:
511:
498:
281:
274:
265:
254:
250:Örnsköldsvik
239:
216:
175:spina bifida
164:
148:
124:
95:
65:
57:
35:
34:
2697:CP Football
2349:Amputations
2260:Team Sports
2231:Racquetball
161:Eligibility
2853:Categories
2364:Les Autres
1943:2012-10-02
1850:0873228480
1499:1841260363
1307:0873228480
937:0873228480
860:0968209203
654:References
636:2002 Games
287:, 93% for
143:sit skiing
121:Governance
92:Definition
2537:Athletics
2196:Paracanoe
1917:222023213
1895:351296399
1818:3 October
1744:284731843
1694:2 October
1663:351296399
1628:3 October
1596:351296399
1561:4 October
1472:3 October
1435:3 October
1411:351296399
1371:21 August
1339:221061502
1277:220878468
1254:220878468
1231:220878468
1130:220878468
1107:220878468
1032:3 October
978:21 August
902:21 August
869:716890782
773:21 August
739:21 August
702:351296399
634:. At the
2787:Swimming
2277:Goalball
1859:31710003
1764:15 March
1508:48404898
1316:31710003
1082:15 March
1073:"Sports"
946:31710003
453:Classic
384:80–96%*
381:87–94%*
373:86–91%*
370:91–93%*
326:Classic
205:for the
187:epilepsy
98:biathlon
44:biathlon
2657:Cycling
2432:General
2236:Sailing
1965:30 July
1786:30 July
598:At the
591:At the
538:Process
482:LW11,5
466:LW10,5
439:82–96%
436:85–95%
230:Ukraine
213:History
25:Belarus
2622:Boccia
2166:Boccia
1915:
1893:
1883:
1857:
1847:
1742:
1732:
1661:
1651:
1594:
1584:
1552:
1506:
1496:
1409:
1399:
1362:
1337:
1314:
1304:
1275:
1252:
1229:
1128:
1105:
1023:
969:
944:
934:
867:
857:
825:
798:
764:
730:
700:
690:
642:Future
450:Class
400:LW5/7
323:Class
299:. The
2753:LW6/8
2503:LW6/8
2171:Bowls
2068:LW6/8
2063:LW5/7
1812:(PDF)
1805:(PDF)
1622:(pdf)
1466:(PDF)
1459:(PDF)
1076:(PDF)
896:(PDF)
889:(PDF)
521:Sport
493:100%
490:LW12
474:LW11
458:LW10
362:100%
359:100%
329:Free
2773:LW12
2768:LW11
2763:LW10
2523:LW12
2518:LW11
2513:LW10
2181:Judo
2088:LW12
2083:LW11
2078:LW10
1967:2012
1913:OCLC
1891:OCLC
1881:ISBN
1855:OCLC
1845:ISBN
1820:2012
1788:2012
1766:2016
1740:OCLC
1730:ISBN
1696:2012
1659:OCLC
1649:ISBN
1630:2012
1592:OCLC
1582:ISBN
1563:2012
1550:ISBN
1504:OCLC
1494:ISBN
1474:2012
1437:2012
1407:OCLC
1397:ISBN
1373:2012
1360:ISBN
1335:OCLC
1312:OCLC
1302:ISBN
1273:OCLC
1250:OCLC
1227:OCLC
1126:OCLC
1103:OCLC
1084:2016
1034:2012
1021:ISBN
980:2012
967:ISBN
942:OCLC
932:ISBN
904:2012
865:OCLC
855:ISBN
823:ISBN
796:ISBN
775:2012
762:ISBN
741:2012
728:ISBN
698:OCLC
688:ISBN
617:LWXI
615:and
485:98%
477:94%
469:91%
461:86%
433:LW9
428:97%
425:92%
422:LW8
417:96%
414:91%
411:LW6
406:87%
403:79%
395:96%
392:96%
389:LW4
378:LW3
367:LW2
351:98%
348:98%
340:85%
337:87%
293:LW12
289:LW11
285:LW10
197:and
100:and
46:and
2838:S10
2758:LW9
2748:LW4
2743:LW3
2738:LW1
2718:FT8
2713:FT7
2708:FT6
2703:FT5
2643:BC4
2638:BC3
2633:BC2
2628:BC1
2608:F56
2603:F55
2598:F54
2593:F53
2588:F52
2583:F51
2578:T38
2573:T37
2568:T36
2563:T35
2558:T34
2553:T33
2548:T32
2543:T31
2508:LW9
2498:LW3
2493:LW1
2473:CP8
2468:CP7
2463:CP6
2458:CP5
2453:CP4
2448:CP3
2443:CP2
2438:CP1
2073:LW9
2058:LW4
2053:LW3
2048:LW2
2043:LW1
1841:129
1298:120
928:123
613:LWX
608:LW9
606:to
604:LW1
356:B3
345:B2
334:B1
228:of
23:of
2855::
2833:S9
2828:S8
2823:S7
2818:S6
2813:S5
2808:S4
2803:S3
2798:S2
2793:S1
2683:C4
2678:C3
2673:H1
2668:T2
2663:T1
2105:B3
2100:B2
2095:B1
1889:.
1867:^
1853:.
1843:.
1738:.
1671:^
1657:.
1604:^
1590:.
1516:^
1502:.
1445:^
1405:.
1381:^
1310:.
1300:.
1199:^
1159:^
1138:^
1042:^
1003:^
940:.
930:.
912:^
877:^
863:.
837:^
710:^
696:.
623:.
209:.
193:,
88:.
2403:e
2396:t
2389:v
2139:e
2132:t
2125:v
1999:e
1992:t
1985:v
1969:.
1946:.
1919:.
1897:.
1861:.
1822:.
1790:.
1768:.
1746:.
1698:.
1665:.
1632:.
1598:.
1565:.
1510:.
1476:.
1439:.
1413:.
1375:.
1341:.
1318:.
1279:.
1256:.
1233:.
1132:.
1109:.
1086:.
1036:.
982:.
948:.
906:.
871:.
831:.
804:.
777:.
743:.
704:.
236:.
31:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.