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theme have been patented. Some have pointed instead of rounded ends, some have the end of one loop bent slightly to make it easier to insert sheets of paper, and some have wires with undulations or barbs to get a better grip. In addition, purely aesthetic variants have been patented, clips with triangular, star, or round shapes. But the original Gem type has for more than a hundred years proved to be the most practical, and consequently by far the most popular. Its qualities—ease of use, gripping without tearing, and storing without tangling—have been difficult to improve upon. In the
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received U.S. patent 64,088 on April 23, 1867. Although functional and practical, Fay's design along with the 50 other designs patented prior to 1899 are not considered reminiscent of the modern paperclip design known today. Another notable paper clip design was also patented in the United States by Erlman J. Wright on July 24, 1877, patent #193,389. This clip was advertised at that time for use in fastening together loose leaves of papers, documents, periodicals, newspapers etc.
316:
302:
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patent. A commemorative stamp was issued that year, the first in a series to draw attention to
Norwegian inventiveness. The background shows a facsimile of the German "Patentschrift". However, the figure in the foreground is not the paper clip depicted on that document, but the much better known "Gem". In 2005, the national biographical encyclopedia of Norway (
357:
the inner wire so that it could receive the sheet, but the outer wire was a dead end because it could not exploit the torsion principle. The clip would instead stand out like a keel, perpendicular to the sheet of paper. The impracticality of Vaaler's design may easily be demonstrated by cutting off the last outer loop and one long side from a regular Gem clip.
134:. He refers to an 1883 article about "Gem Paper-Fasteners", praising them for being "better than ordinary pins" for "binding together papers on the same subject, a bundle of letters, or pages of a manuscript". Since the 1883 article had no illustration of this early "Gem", it may have been different from modern paper clips of that name.
249:(1820–1903). Spencer registered a "binding-pin" on 2 September 1846, which was made and sold by Adolphus Ackermann for over a year, advertised as "for holding loose manuscripts, sermons, weekly papers, and all unstitched publications". Spencer's design, approximately 15 cm (5.9 in) unfolded, looked more like a modern
392:
were forbidden. Those wearing them did not yet see them as national symbols, as the myth of their
Norwegian origin was not commonly known at the time. The clips were meant to denote solidarity and unity ("we are bound together"). The wearing of paper clips was soon prohibited, and people wearing them
118:
According to the Early Office Museum, the first patent for a bent wire paper clip was awarded in the United States to Samuel B. Fay in 1867. This clip was originally intended primarily for attaching tickets to fabric, although the patent recognized that it could be used to attach papers together. Fay
339:
Long after Vaaler's death his countrymen created a national myth based on the false assumption that the paper clip was invented by an unrecognized
Norwegian genius. Norwegian dictionaries since the 1950s have mentioned Vaaler as the inventor of the paper clip, and that myth later found its way into
331:
and in the United States (1901) for a paper clip of similar design, but less functional and practical, because it was more complicated to insert into the paper Vaaler probably did not know that a better product was already on the market, although not yet in Norway. His version was never manufactured
137:
The earliest illustration of its current form is in an 1893 advertisement for the "Gem Paper Clip". In 1904 Cushman & Denison registered a trademark for the "Gem" name in connection with paper clips. The announcement stated that it had been used since March 1, 1892, which may have been the time
365:
The originator of the
Norwegian paper clip myth was an engineer of the Norwegian national patent agency who visited Germany in the 1920s to register Norwegian patents in that country. He came across Vaaler's patent, but failed to detect that it was not the same as the then-common Gem-type clip. In
356:
Vaaler's patents expired quietly, while the "Gem" was used worldwide, including his own country. The failure of his design was its impracticality. Without the two full loops of the fully developed paper clip, it was difficult to insert sheets of paper into his clip. One could manipulate the end of
153:
on April 27 of that year for a "Machine for making wire paper clips." The drawing clearly shows that the product is a perfect clip of the Gem type. The fact that
Middlebrook did not mention it by name, suggests that it was already well known at the time. Since then countless variations on the same
460:
Wire is versatile in its nature. Thus a paper clip is a useful accessory in many kinds of mechanical work, including computer work: the metal wire can be unfolded with a little force. Several devices call for a very thin rod to push a recessed button which the user might only rarely need. This is
352:
in 1892 and was later promoted to office manager, a position he held until his death. As the employee of a patent office, he could easily have obtained a patent in Norway. His reasons for applying abroad are not known; it is possible that he wanted to secure the commercial rights internationally.
527:
Another creative use of paper clips is in "paperclip art", where enthusiasts bend and twist paper clips into intricate designs and figures, ranging from simple shapes to detailed sculptures. This form of art showcases the flexibility and adaptability of the paper clip beyond its traditional use.
412:
The post-war years saw a widespread consolidation of the paper clip as a national symbol. Authors of books and articles on the history of
Norwegian technology eagerly seized it to make a thin story more substantial. They chose to overlook the fact that Vaaler's clip was not the same as the fully
396:
The leading
Norwegian encyclopedia mentioned the role of the paper clip as a symbol of resistance in a supplementary volume in 1952, but did not yet proclaim it a Norwegian invention. That information was added in later editions. According to the 1974 edition, the idea of using the paper clip to
543:
can be unfastened using paper clips. There are two approaches. The first one is to unfold the clip in a line and then twist the end in a right angle, trying to imitate a key and using it to lift the lock fixator. The second approach, which is more feasible but needs some practice, is to use the
417:
in honor of Vaaler, ninety years after his invention was patented. But this monument shows a Gem-type clip, not the one patented by Vaaler. The celebration of the alleged
Norwegian origin of the paper clip culminated in 1999, one hundred years after Vaaler submitted his application for a German
81:
between wire and paper. When a moderate number of sheets are inserted between the two "tongues" of the clip, the tongues will be forced apart and cause torsion in the bend of the wire to grip the sheets together. They are usually used to bind papers together for productivity and portability.
444:
343:
Vaaler probably succeeded in having his design patented abroad, despite the previous existence of more useful paper clips, because patent authorities at that time were quite liberal and rewarded any marginal modification of existing inventions. Johan Vaaler began working for
85:
The paper clip's widespread use in various settings, from offices to educational institutions, underscores its functional design and adaptability. While primarily designed for binding papers, its versatility has led to a range of applications, both practical and creative.
366:
the report of the first fifty years of the patent agency, he wrote an article in which he proclaimed Vaaler to be the inventor of the common paper clip. This piece of information found its way into some
Norwegian encyclopedias after
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of The
Norwegian Industrial Property Office (Patentstyret) while looking for patents granted to Norwegians in the German patent office. "I made this discovery known to my colleagues", Foss stated in an interview with the weekly
531:
Additionally, paper clips can serve as temporary bookmarks in books or documents. Their slim profile and easy placement make them useful for marking a specific page or section without causing damage or adding bulk.
205:
450:
Postage stamp issued in 1999 to commemorate Vaaler's paper clip. In the background his German "Patenschrift". 1901. The depicted paper clip is not the one he invented, but the successful Gem clip.
94:
Paper clips usually have an oblong shape with straight sides, but may also be triangular or circular, or have more elaborate shapes. The most common material is steel or some other
428:
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Also, he may have been aware that a Norwegian manufacturer would find it difficult to introduce a new invention abroad, starting from the small home market.
217:
401:. A clip worn on a lapel or front pocket could be seen as "deux gaules" (two posts or poles) and be interpreted as a reference to the leader of the French
69:
type introduced in the 1890s or earlier, characterized by the one and a half loops made by the wire. Common to paper clips proper is their utilization of
102:
is also used. Some other kinds of paper clips use a two-piece clamping system. Recent innovations include multi-colored plastic-coated paper clips and
165:, as confirmed below – although falsely – by its celebration as a Norwegian invention in 1899. More convincing is its appropriation as logo of the
1403:
229:
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developed Gem-type clip. In 1989 a giant paper clip, almost 7 m (23 ft) high, was erected on the campus of a commercial college near
1171:
Adolphus Ackermann also set up business close by at 15 Beaufort Buildings but committed suicide in 1858 when faced with bankruptcy proceedings
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he often assured beginning graduate students that Herbert Spencer's greatest contribution to humanity had been the invention of the paper clip
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145:
Definite proof that the modern type of paper clip was well known in 1899 at the latest, is the patent granted to William Middlebrook of
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by collecting 6,000,000 (and more) physical objects, deciding to collect paperclips because of their small size and easy availability
193:
373:
Events of that war contributed greatly to the mythical status of the paper clip. Patriots wore them in their lapels as a symbol of
1152:; see Spencer (1904) p.354 "Mr. Ackermann who was a bad man of business, and who, failing not long afterwards, shot himself"; and
61:) is a tool used to hold sheets of paper together, usually made of steel wire bent to a looped shape (though some are covered in
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in the early 1870s by "The Gem Manufacturing Company", according to the American expert on technological innovations, Professor
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The Evolution of Useful Things: How Everyday Artifacts-From Forks and Pins to Paper Clips and Zippers-Came to be as They are
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624:– project where a small town American school wished to understand the grand scale of 6,000,000 Jews murdered during the
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pointing devices using a paper clip as the key to the bezel. A paper clip bent into a "U" can be used to start an
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Middlebrook 1899 patent for a paper clip machine showing that the Gem was already in common use (top and bottom)
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semi-unfolded clip kink for lifting when the clip is inserted through the hole where the handcuffs are closed.
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BT 45 — Patents, Designs and Trade Marks Office: Non-ornamental ('Useful') Designs Act 1843 Representations
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The Perfection of the Paper Clip: Curious Tales of Invention, Accidental Genius, and Stationery Obsession
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paper clip still in use, the Gem paper clip, was never patented, but it was most likely in production in
20:
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disk drive as a flexible head-stop. The steel wire from a paperclip can be used in dentistry to form a
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authorities when other signs of resistance, such as flag pins or pins showing the cipher of the exiled
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of its introduction in the United States. Paper clips are still sometimes called "Gem clips", and in
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of sections of text to one or more sub-topic articles which are then summarized in the main article.
497:, by connecting the green to a black on the motherboard header. One or more paper clips can make a
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PDAs advise the use of a paper clip to reset the device. The trackball can be removed from early
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990:
Trompf, G. W. (October 1969). "Radical Conservatism in Herbert Spencer's Educational Thought".
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327:(1866–1910) has been identified as the inventor of the paper clip. He was granted patents in
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422:) published the biography of Johan Vaaler, stating he was the inventor of the paper clip.
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Application dated 12 November 1899, Patentschrift no. 121067, patent granted 6 June 1901.
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In 1994, the United States imposed anti-dumping tariffs against China on paper clips.
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international dictionaries and much of the international literature on paper clips.
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Petroski, Henry (October 1998). "Polishing the Gem: A First-Year Design Project".
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interface (or indeed many interfaces). A paper clip could be installed in a
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It has been claimed that the paper clip was invented by English intellectual
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Paper clip icon on poster advertising the Year of Design in Barcelona 2003
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A few paper clips of different colors coated in a mix of plastic and rubber
175:) in Barcelona 2003, depicted on posters, T-shirts and other merchandise.
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require the use of a long, thin object such as a paper clip to eject the
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The Most Forbidden Knowledge: 151 Things NO ONE Should Know How to Do
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drives as an "emergency eject" should the power fail; also on early
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Petroski, Henry: "Polishing the Gem: A First-Year Design Project",
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QI: The Book of General Ignorance - The Noticeably Stouter Edition
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A paper clip image is the standard image for an attachment in an
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Get a grip: Popularity of paper clips continue through the years
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GEM Paper Clip advertisement, Jan 1893, by Cushman & Denison
26:"📎" redirects here. For the character this emoji appears as in
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Vaaler's forgotten German patent was found by patent engineer
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Strange Objects Covered With Fur: 2015 UTS Writers' Anthology
1356:"Pittsburgh dentist admits using paper clips for root canals"
973:"National Paperclip Day: How to celebrate in Central Florida"
603:– an anthropomorphic paper clip assistant in Microsoft Office
535:
Paper clips can be bent into a crude but sometimes effective
516:
Another common use of paper clips is pipe smokers, including
95:
901:
Invention by Design: How Engineers Get from Thought to Thing
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Hesstvedt, Ola: "Den lille norske hjelperen fyller 90 år",
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Appendix: A selected list of U.S. Patents for paper clips.
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438:, Norway. It shows the Gem, not the one patented by Vaaler.
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The paper clip patented by Johan Vaaler in 1899 and 1901
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The Gem-type paperclip has become a symbol of inventive
784:"Gem Paper Clip Advertisement by Cushman & Denison"
158:, National Paperclip Day is celebrated on May 29th.
187:
Small metal paper clip, with measure in centimetres
1453:
1058:Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology
898:
832:
520:use straightened out paper clips to unclog their
1538:
1336:, Kunnskapsforlaget, Oslo 2005. Vol. 9, p. 411,
1025:Lloyd, John; Mitchinson, John (7 October 2010).
875:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 68.
110:. Regular metal paper clips weigh about a gram.
1024:
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276:may benefit from being shortened by the use of
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1213:Petroski, Henry "The Evolution of Artifacts",
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896:
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776:
1376:Powell, Michael; Forbeck, Matt (2013-01-18).
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1259:Foss, Halvard: "Den frittstående oppfinner",
1130:. London: National Archives. 2 September 1846
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199:Assorted paperclip shapes, sizes, and designs
170:
1054:"Christopher Raven: A Personal Appreciation"
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1261:Styret for det industrielle rettsvern 50 år
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65:). Most paper clips are variations of the
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332:and never marketed, because the superior
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733:. The Great Idea Finder. Archived from
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1124:"Useful Registered Design Number: 809"
992:British Journal of Educational Studies
989:
142:the word for any paper clip is "gem".
1353:
1159:British artists' suppliers, 1650-1950
840:"Cushman & Denison advertisement"
695:Grace, Valerie (December 28, 2003). "
645:
240:
1437:. US International Trade Commission.
1354:Osdol, Paul Van (1 September 2015).
905:. Harvard University Press. p.
825:. Ad from Cushman & Denison, in
260:
16:Metal device to hold papers together
1191:US Patent No. 675,761 June 4, 1901.
1052:O'Connell, James F. (1 July 1995).
13:
1445:
1031:. Faber & Faber. p. 249.
945:10.1002/j.2168-9830.1998.tb00377.x
869:Henry Petroski (1 December 2010).
646:Brown, Peter (September 1, 2009).
360:
256:
14:
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1494:
1276:(First edition 1945), Oslo 1995,
971:Armstrong, Cassie (29 May 2018).
1306:Aschehougs konversasjonsleksikon
1294:Aschehougs konversasjonsleksikon
1226:Holst, Wilhelm: "Johan Vaaler",
1202:Aschehougs konversasjonsleksikon
959:Journal of Engineering Education
933:Journal of Engineering Education
757:Journal of Engineering Education
703:(Zanesville, Ohio, U.S.). p. D1.
613:programmed to produce paperclips
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427:
397:denote resistance originated in
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1408:. Xoum Publishing. 2015-05-01.
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1217:, Volume 80, 1992, pp. 416–20.
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393:could risk severe punishment.
283:Summary style may involve the
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1296:, supplementsbind, Oslo 1952.
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1308:, Oslo 1974, Vol. 2, p. 695.
1204:, Oslo 1975, vol. 2, p. 695.
887:; "From Pins to Paper Clips"
346:Alfred J. Bryns Patentkontor
308:in 1887 as a student of the
7:
1562:Products introduced in 1867
1161:. National Portrait Gallery
717:"History of the Paper Clip"
594:
493:without connecting it to a
21:Paper clip (disambiguation)
10:
1583:
921:; "Paper Clips and Design"
773:, Appleton, New York, 1883
294:
253:than a modern paper clip.
113:
25:
18:
1501:History of the Paper Clip
1334:Norsk biografisk leksikon
1098:Spencer, Herbert (1904).
823:History of the Paper Clip
794:(5): XIII. January 1893.
420:Norsk biografisk leksikon
390:King Haakon VII of Norway
1104:. D. Appleton. pp.
632:
554:
434:The giant paper clip in
336:was already available.
122:The most common type of
1452:Henry Petroski (1992).
897:Henry Petroski (1996).
829:, Sept 1893, p. 3.
800:2027/mdp.39015011409193
563:Other fastening devices
539:device. Some types of
1479:. Simon and Schuster.
1431:Paper Clips from China
850:(9): 3. September 1893
788:The Phonographic World
760:, October 1998, p. 445
719:. Early Office Museum.
673:"Metric Mass (Weight)"
320:
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310:Christiania University
171:
50:
42:
469:(including the early
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90:Shape and composition
48:
40:
1263:, Oslo 1961, p. 190.
1228:Studenterne fra 1887
607:Universal Paperclips
19:For other uses, see
1547:American inventions
1475:James Ward (2015).
1460:. New York: Knopf.
1155:"Rudolph Ackermann"
977:orlandosentinel.com
844:The American Lawyer
827:The American Lawyer
652:Scientific American
622:Paper Clips Project
617:Operation Paperclip
1230:, Kristiania 1912.
1215:American Scientist
701:The Times Recorder
677:www.mathsisfun.com
467:floppy disk drives
321:
313:
241:Unsupported claims
51:
43:
1332:"Vaaler, Johan",
1150:Rudolph Ackermann
1038:978-0-571-27378-2
916:978-0-674-46368-4
882:978-0-307-77305-0
522:pipe or bong bowl
407:Charles de Gaulle
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735:the original
731:"Paper Clip"
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676:
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657:December 12,
655:. Retrieved
651:
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589:Treasury tag
579:Bulldog clip
558:
549:email client
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537:lock picking
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325:Johan Vaaler
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306:Johan Vaaler
297:Johan Vaaler
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117:
108:binder clips
93:
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66:
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52:
1526:US3,057,027
1507:Paper Clips
1320:A-magasinet
1247:A-magasinet
805:11 February
569:Binder clip
511:dental post
495:motherboard
475:smartphones
473:). Various
151:Connecticut
1567:Stationery
1541:Categories
1531:Paper clip
1361:22 January
1272:Bø, Finn:
1200:"Binders"
998:(3): 277.
854:9 February
741:2010-07-20
682:2024-06-17
456:Other uses
405:, General
403:Resistance
384:and local
375:resistance
350:Kristiania
323:Norwegian
251:cotter pin
106:-fastened
75:elasticity
55:paper clip
28:Windows 11
1552:Fasteners
1070:0191-3557
1064:(1): 10.
953:111237529
626:Holocaust
541:handcuffs
481:and some
471:Macintosh
382:occupiers
285:splitting
147:Waterbury
59:paperclip
595:See also
499:loopback
487:Logitech
479:SIM card
436:Sandvika
79:friction
1519:Patents
1148:Son of
1012:3119625
491:ATX PSU
377:to the
329:Germany
140:Swedish
128:Britain
114:History
100:plastic
71:torsion
63:plastic
1509:(2004)
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601:Clippy
584:Staple
503:RS-232
463:CD-ROM
399:France
379:German
163:design
104:spring
30:, see
1435:(PDF)
1112:–640.
1008:JSTOR
949:S2CID
633:Notes
555:Trade
96:metal
1513:IMDb
1481:ISBN
1462:ISBN
1410:ISBN
1384:ISBN
1363:2018
1338:ISBN
1278:ISBN
1167:2021
1136:2021
1077:2021
1066:ISSN
1033:ISBN
911:ISBN
877:ISBN
856:2019
807:2019
659:2018
483:Palm
415:Oslo
386:Nazi
124:wire
73:and
57:(or
1511:at
1110:639
1106:352
1000:doi
941:doi
796:hdl
699:".
348:in
334:Gem
156:USA
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169:(
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23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
