272:: Frederick II's retreat was meant to show that the Emperor "had made war with Gregory IX, and not with the Church"—who had been at odds with Gregory IX and then Celestine IV. Two cardinals had been sent to England (Oddo de Monferrato) and France (Giacomo da Pecorara, OCist.), in order to rally bishops and other prelates to attend Pope Gregory's Council. Since Frederick and his army held the Lombard plain and Tuscany, travelers would have to take the sea route. A navy was assembled by the two cardinals at Nice and Genoa, and despite warnings from the Genoese, they insisted on setting sail. They were met by Frederick's fleet off the tiny island of Giglio on 3 May 1241. They were sent to imprisonment in the Kingdom of Naples. The election took place in the Saepta Solis ('enclosure of the Sun') near the Clivus Scauri, an ancient complex that had been turned into a monastery. The cardinals were confined by Senator
1241:, a contemporary writer, says: Eodem mense Augusti iussu imperatoris vastatores de regno aput Insulam pontis solarati et aput Sanctum Iohannem de Incarico, ut intrent Campaniam congregantur. Cardinales qui in Urbe ad papae electionem convenerant, per senatorem et Romanos apud Septisolium includuntur, ut ad creandum papam inviti procedant. "In that same month of August, while, by order of the Emperor, the destroyers from his kingdom, at Insula of Pons Solaris and at S. Giovanni de Incarico, were assembled so that they could enter Campania. The cardinals, who had assembled in Rome for the papal election, were closed up by the Senator and the Romans at the Septasolium, that, even unwillingly, they might proceed to electing a pope." For an evaluation of Ryccardus, see Karla Mallette,
3270:
937:
1049:
253:
276:, the father of Giovanni Caetano Orsini (Pope Nicholas III), who had been appointed to his office by Pope Gregory IX. The conditions of the election were reported—by a contemporary author hostile to the Orsini—to have been stressful, with the urine of Orsini's guards on the rooftop leaking into the election chamber along with the rain. The actual forced confinement to the Saepta Solis took place only for the last two weeks of the conclave. It is even alleged that the citizens of Rome, angered by rumors that a
1470:(Stuttgart 1847), pp. 55-57: ...et Oddo de Todenengo, sancti Nycolai in carcere Tulliano diaconus cardinalis, qui diu legati fuerant in partibus transalpinis et contra honorem nostrum multipliciter machinati, praelatorum turba, quam dinumerare nemo poterat, pro celebrando Romae contra nos concilio e diversis provinciis convenerat, Januam venientes, et conspiratione facta cum Januensibus rebellibus nostris et armata ibidem copia galearum, cum quibus duci Romam et Januam reduci convenerant...
3400:
191:
3219:
3298:
3366:
3258:
3246:
3383:
3349:
3417:
3332:
830:
3315:
949:
892:, however, was allowed to join the election, though he was required to leave hostages in his place and to promise to return to the Emperor's custody, unless he himself was elected pope or the deadlock continued. Frederick did not expect, of course, that the cardinals would elect Cardinal Oddo as pope; Frederick's own friends in the Conclave could and would prevent that. Nor did he
1189:(ed. L. Richardson) (Baltimore 1992), pp. 349-350, makes it clear that the Septizodium was only an elaborate water feature, without rooms or roof; "the upper storeys can have been accessible only by ladders, and there is no sign of a building of any sort behind this façade." A clue as to what is meant is given by a signature of the newly created Cardinal Silvius, ca. 1130:
918:
remainder of the cardinals were not allowed to leave the
Septisolium for the funeral, nor were physicians or servants allowed to enter the building (where a sizable amount of excrement had begun to build up). Bonaventura would also die some sixteen months after the election, which the vivid narrations gratuitously attribute to the effects of the Election.
983:, Frederick II reportedly said: "Who is hindering the welfare of the Church? Not I; but the stubborn pride and greediness of Romans. Who can wonder if I withstand the English and Roman Churches, which excommunicate me , defame me, and are always pouring forth money to do me wrong?" Soon after the conclave, the hostilities between the
1200:
II, 185. Heliogabalus, the early-third-century Roman
Emperor, had built the Precinct of the Sun (Saepta Solis) not far from the Septizodium, at the foot of a street called the Clivus Scauri. It was in the Saepta Solis, or Septasolium, where the election took place. In 1152 a cardinal signs himself
927:
and his ultimate election, making him an ideal compromise candidate, "stop-gap", or "provisional Pope". More polemical sources describe
Celestine IV as a "feeble, ignorant, old fanatic" who was "destitute of any other qualification". One commentator suggested that the cardinals "escaped by electing a
907:
Like serpents you cling to the earth instead of raising yourself to the skies. Each of you is aiming at the tiara, and no one of you is willing to leave it to the other. Renounce the spirit of faction and of discord! Let the college of cardinals give by unanimous choice to
Christendom a pope who will
879:
When neither side was able to reach a two-thirds majority, required by the
Constitution of Alexander III, the cardinals wrote to Frederick II and requested him to release the two cardinals whom he held captive. After the conclave had begun, the Emperor Frederick had had the two cardinals brought from
1072:
in Rome), and further claimed that
Somercotes would have soon been elected pope himself had he survived. Such speculation appears from time to time in English literature; e.g. "the Italians were too hard for the honest Englishman, being made away by poison at the Holy Conclave, 1241," but it can be
1482:
incorrectly states that
Pecorara was released as well, stating also that Oddone (who had excommunicated the emperor from England and raised funds with which Gregory IX had waged war on the emperor) returned to Frederick II's custody before the conclusion of the election. See Gasquet, 1905, p. 199.
309:
1241 to denounce
Frederick II. Cardinal Colonna, however, was on one of his country estates near Palestrina when the Pope died. He had had a nasty fight with Gregory IX, and withdrew from the Curia. On his estate he had been holding consultations with the Emperor Frederick. When Gregory died, the
971:
Pope
Celestine was buried on the day after his death, according to the custom. But, even before the funeral, certain cardinals fled the city, and headed for Anagni, the home of Cardinal Rinaldo dei Conti di Segni. It is said (by Matthew of Paris) that only six or seven cardinals were left in the
917:
The heat and shortage of food may have contributed to the death of
Cardinal Somercotes, although the other members of the pro-Imperial faction alleged that he had been poisoned. Cardinal Fieschi's health also deteriorated severely, apparently causing the future pope to inch closer to death. The
900:
after the Battle of Giglio: as a Legate in England and France Oddo had conspired a good deal against the honor of the Emperor; he had raised a crowd of prelates to bring them to Rome to participate in Gregory IX's Council; in Genoa he had conspired against those Genoese who were supporters of
292:
According to different accounts, the College of Cardinals on the death of Gregory IX numbered between 12 and 14 cardinals. The number of cardinal electors who actually voted in the final scrutiny was only 10. At the time of Gregory IX's death, most of the cardinal electors who took part in the
156:, Frederick II surrounded Rome with his armies, blocking the arrival of some cardinal electors known to be hostile to his interests. Unable to reach a consensus, the cardinals were locked in a monastery called the Septasolium (corrupted in both medieval and modern narratives into
1379:
Imperator ipse apud Criptam ferratam ponit castra sua, et in exterioribus Urbem divastat, et tunc de Gregorio papa quod obierit Romae 21 Augusti, pro certo accepit, de cuius licentia cardinales omnes qui extra Urbem fuerant, pro electione papae facienda ad Urbem
1436:, I, p. 16 says that although commonly given year of his death is 1242, his last subscription of the papal bull took place in February 1236, and concludes that it is unlikely that died later than 1241. Paravicini Bagliani is relying on an argument
901:
Frederick; he had raised and armed a fleet to transport the prelates to Rome, and to reduce the Genoese. Cardinal Oddo was to be an instrument to break the deadlock in the meeting. Frederick II himself urged the cardinals to make a quick choice.
236:
but later abandoned it and returned to Italy, for a variety of political, economic, and military reasons. This served as a pretext for his excommunication by Gregory IX, and thinly veiled skirmishes between supporters of the pope and emperor
1310:, vol. I, p. 6. Eubel's list of cardinals who actually carried out the Election (i.e. were present at the end of the Conclave) contains thirteen names, but omits Robert Somercote, who died before the election was completed; it also includes
1318:, 2 vols., Padova 1972), who excludes Cardinal Peter of Capua. This discrepancy appears to be a matter of the difference between 'cardinals alive at the death of Gregory IX' and 'cardinals who cast a vote in the final scrutiny'.
1986:
1936:
1956:
2120:
1924:
166:
and even to the death of Celestine IV soon after the election. Following Celestine IV's death, the war on the peninsula resumed and the cardinals dispersed for over a year and a half before coming together in
2136:
1024:(Frederick II was in possession of Rome) and electing a successor to Celestine IV, due in no small part to Frederick II's continuing to keep da Pecorara and Oddone as hostages: choosing Cardinal Fieschi as
1900:
3190:
1844:
160:) by the Roman civic officials, eventually settling on one of their oldest and most feeble members. The conditions within the building were believed to have contributed to the death of one of the
856:), who wished to continue Gregory IX's hostility towards the Holy Roman Emperor. Frederick II naturally objected to the election of Cardinal Romano Bonaventura due to his "persecution" of the
1823:('the Perusines enclosed the cardinals very securely for the sake of the election of a pope'). That is the only reference in contemporary literature, and its meaning is vague. A. Bo. 1910.
178:
The forced sequestration of the cardinals during the election was historically significant, and—along with other papal elections of the 13th century—contributed to the development of the
284:
and place it in the Saepta Solis with the cardinals. A different account states that Orsini himself threatened to have the corpse exhumed and displayed publicly in full papal regalia.
2171:
224:
took place at a time when centuries-old disputes between the popes and emperors were coming to a head. Frederick II had dedicated troops, but not his own leadership, to the failed
1790:
1573:
Henderson, 1894, p. 385. There are numerous cases, however, in which Popes surprise their supporters by showing entirely opposite attitudes and policies than what was expected.
2777:
1314:, Deacon of S. Giorgio, whose participation is uncertain. The number of 12 or 13 appears from the prosopography of the cardinals of that time by A. Paravicini Bagliani (
3389:
968:, contracted in the Septasolium (Saepta Solis). It is speculated that had Celestine IV lived longer he "would in all likelihood have proven friendly to the emperor".
1073:
safely ignored. Accusations of poisoning of popes and cardinals, such as Innocent V and Adrian V, are a regular feature of chronicles in the 13th and 14th century.
1505:(Roma 1908), p. 91. There is too much distance between the electoral meeting and his death to conjecture that the one caused the other. That would be an argument
1483:
Henderson also claims that the two prisoners attended the election and thereafter returned to custody together. See Henderson, 1894, p. 395; Henderson is wrong.
1064:(c. 1200–1259), who claims that both his compatriot, Robert Somercotes, and Celestine IV died of poisoning; his works are more prized for their accounts of the
2164:
249:
to denounce Frederick II, and the emperor had gone to great lengths to disrupt the gathering, including the imprisonment of captured prelates and cardinals.
914:
The Emperor then, in September, returned to his kingdom by way of Campania, leaving the two cardinals at Tivoli under the custody of Tybboldus de Dragone.
3200:
972:
city. Cardinal Colonna, however, was seized by the Roman populace, who supported the Orsini, and imprisoned due to his association with King Frederick.
888:
the Emperor yet once again. It was clear that the Cardinal would never cooperate, and he therefore remained in detention for two more years. Cardinal
1028:
in 1243. Innocent IV breathed new life into the conflict against Frederick II, and after the emperor's death in 1250, excommunicated his son and heir,
2793:
2157:
1564:
The statement that Celestine died of dysentery contracted in the Septasolium is pure speculation. There is no contemporary source that says so.
864:, and his role in the dispute between Gregory IX and the emperor. The majority, however, including the "Moderates of the Opposition", including
2656:
2640:
3073:
3057:
3025:
3009:
2993:
2977:
3105:
3089:
3041:
2749:
1974:
Tomus V, Pars II (Parisiis: Henricus Plon 1859); Tomus VI. Pars I. a mense Septembri 1241 ad mensem Julium 1247 (Paris: Plon 1860).
1729:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), pp. 34-40. Cardinal Oddo and Cardinal Sinibaldo Fieschi had also been auditors
1085:" (even the "first formal papal Conclave"), although the formal procedures of the conclave were not developed until after the
880:
Naples to Tivoli. However, when summoned to the Emperor's presence, rather than agree to the Emperor's conditions, Cardinal
1009:
17:
3286:
2770:
277:
310:
Emperor, who was with his army at Grottaferrata, gave permission (licentia) for all cardinals outside Rome to return.
3457:
2112:
2097:
2082:
2067:
2052:
2009:
1916:
1892:
1860:
1681:
Rand, Edward Kennard (1932). "Osbert of Clare, the Sarum Breviary, and the Middle-English Saint Anne in Rime Royal".
1501:
Cardinal Bonaventura died on 21 February 1243, according to the "Necrologio di S. Maria in Trastevere," in P. Egidi,
1420:
I (Padova: Antenore 1972), p. 13, states correctly that he had died in 1239, between 18 August and 22 August. Cf.
3338:
921:
Cardinal Castiglione's advanced age and deteriorating health are thought to have contributed both to his status as
752:
720:
293:
election were already present in Rome, and the two cardinals held prisoner by Frederick II were already captive in
265:
221:
195:
134:
1185:, a third-century nymphaeum which was mostly in ruins in 1241, and which never had any rooms attached to it. The
3442:
1036:, after which the Imperial party (then composed mostly of older cardinals) was all but extinguished within the
437:
382:
3406:
2742:
2633:
2437:
1125:
Gregorovius is in error, giving 1 November as the date of the Election of Celestine IV; he was following the
1086:
1033:
995:
without a pope to oppose him, he soon diverted much of his cavalry and infantry north of the Alps where the
3321:
2942:
2921:
2914:
2837:
2721:
2693:
2672:
2500:
2493:
2472:
2465:
2451:
2416:
2409:
2346:
1127:
1094:
468:
3066:
2649:
2423:
2339:
2192:
960:
Celestine IV died on Sunday, 10 November 1241, just 17 days after his election, even before he had been
3236:
3050:
1311:
794:
350:
1880:
1825:
3170:
2700:
2127:
Williamson, Dorothy M. 1949. "Some Aspects of the Legation of Cardinal Otto in England, 1233-1241,"
1755:
Dugmore, C. W. (1950). "On the Promotion of English University Clerks during the Later Middle Ages".
1097:. In fact, the practice of seclusion of the cardinal electors can perhaps even be traced back to the
789:
of the Sacred College; his participation is disputed because sources indicate that he died in 1239.
3452:
3222:
3180:
2430:
229:
3462:
2786:
2707:
2180:
984:
238:
211:
146:
1848:. 1838. London: John W. Parker. pp. 116–120. (a superficial, polemical, anti-Roman tract).
3160:
1440:, and carefully phrases his statement both to include and exclude Cardinal Peter as an elector.
687:
936:
3140:
1931:
1657:
1479:
1065:
1048:
1020:(681-682). It took a year and a half before the cardinals were successful in reconvening in
2570:
1651:
1414:
Aput Anagniam Thomas Capuanus Sancte Sabine presbyter cardinalis 15 Kal. Septembris obiit.
1098:
1037:
1029:
876:, supported Cardinal Goffredo Castiglione, who advised a policy of dealing with Frederick.
706:
1948:
1255:
1210:
1081:
By virtue of the cardinals being locked in, the election is sometimes referred to as the "
8:
3274:
3262:
3098:
3082:
3034:
3018:
3002:
2986:
2970:
2963:
2956:
2949:
2935:
2928:
2907:
2900:
2893:
2886:
2879:
2872:
2865:
2858:
2851:
2844:
2830:
2823:
2816:
2809:
2802:
2763:
2756:
2735:
2728:
2714:
2686:
2679:
2665:
2626:
2619:
2612:
2605:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2563:
2556:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2528:
2521:
2514:
2507:
2486:
2479:
2458:
2444:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2374:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2311:
2304:
2297:
2290:
2283:
2276:
2269:
2262:
2255:
2248:
2241:
2234:
2227:
2220:
881:
857:
682:
273:
101:
96:
897:
3250:
1772:
1708:
1700:
1683:
1068:
struggles. Matthew was a friend of Cardinal Somercotes (who had once presided over the
976:
861:
853:
782:
590:
371:
302:
2029:
Nicolaus de Curbio, O.Min., "Vita Innocentii Papae IV," in Ludovico Antonio Muratori,
1303:
3372:
2108:
2093:
2078:
2063:
2048:
2005:
1912:
1888:
1856:
1776:
1712:
1106:
988:
980:
953:
869:
841:
834:
813:
777:
617:
581:
551:
485:
454:
429:
403:
390:
364:
339:
130:
116:
115:(21 September to 25 October) saw the election of Cardinal Goffredo da Castiglione as
81:
3355:
1374:
1238:
1764:
1692:
1025:
961:
941:
873:
849:
845:
760:
528:
521:
495:
460:
414:
172:
68:
1421:
252:
1150:
889:
885:
755:; allowed to join the election late, but returned to prison before the election.
746:
727:
714:
634:
607:
515:
422:
358:
281:
217:
142:
2149:
2199:
1727:
Papal Government and England During the Pontificate of Honorius III (1216-1227)
1082:
865:
203:
179:
138:
2143:
1945:
Sitzungsberichte. Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften,.phil. hist. Klasse
1866:
Bernardus Guidonis, "Vita Coelestini Papae IV," in Ludovico Antonio Muratori,
1768:
1551:
It is perhaps imprecise, therefore, to state that Celestine IV "only wore the
896:
Cardinal Oddo to be elected. His real opinion of the Cardinal is revealed in
145:, with Italy divided between pro-Papal and pro-Imperial factions known as the
3447:
3436:
3130:
1090:
1061:
1053:
908:
satisfy us and the empire, and whose election will be for the universal good.
564:
233:
225:
207:
2060:
Politics and Political Change: A Journal of Interdisciplinary History Reader
1873:
Bernardus Guidonis, "Vita Gregorii Papae IX," in Ludovico Antonio Muratori,
1060:
One contemporary account of mixed reliability is that of British chronicler
612:
Rector of Campagna and Marittima; nephew of Cardinal Rinaldo Conti de Segni
129:, and like many of them was characterized by disputes between popes and the
1004:
641:
121:
1135:. See the list of contemporary sources on the matter in August Potthast,
1093:" of Pope Gregory X (1274). Its provisions were first implemented in the
3150:
1734:
1552:
1017:
1013:
786:
693:
556:
532:
396:
257:
190:
157:
126:
3423:
991:, on both land and sea. Although Frederick II was now free to crush the
975:
When confronted by a group of begging friars bearing a message from the
2045:
Heirs of the Fisherman: Behind the Scenes of Papal Death and Succession
1704:
1650:
732:
1967:
Stuttgart, Publications of the German Historical Institute, London, 9.
1245:(Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011), esp. p. 45-54.
1739:
Zur Audientia litterarum contradictarum und und zur "Reskripttechnik"
965:
956:; both were members of the Gregorian faction opposed to Frederick II.
3304:
1821:
Perusinis causa electionis papae strictissime arctantibus cardinales
1696:
264:
The conclave took place under the threat of the surrounding army of
3245:
992:
923:
698:
242:
162:
1943:
Hampe, K., "Ein ungedruckter Bericht über das Konklave von 1241,"
241:, respectively) throughout the Italian peninsula, particularly in
3257:
1965:
Kaiser- und Papstbriefe in den Chronica Majora des Mattheus Paris
1591:
Kington-Oliphant, 1862, pp. 304-305, relying on Matthew of Paris.
1582:
Matthew of Paris, Volume IV, p. 194 Luard. Butler, 1906, p. 290.
1227:
Der Kardinal Johann Gaetan Orsini (Papst Nikolaus III.) 1244-1277
1102:
996:
948:
500:
3191:
De aliquis mutationibus in normis de electione Romani Pontificis
1806:
Kühner, 1958, p. 89. Pham, 2006, pp. 62-63. Duffy, 2006, p. 153.
829:
297:. The two cardinals had been apprehended at sea aboard captured
2075:
Selecting the Pope: Uncovering the Mysteries of Papal Elections
1901:
The Lombard Communes: A History of the Republics of North Italy
1743:
Beiträge zur geschichte der Audientia litterarum contradictarum
1151:"Papal elections and conclaves of the 13th Century (1216–1294)"
1021:
928:
dying man". Still others refer to him as "Orsini's candidate".
799:
306:
294:
269:
168:
133:. Specifically, the election took place during the war between
2038:
Cardinali di curia e "familiae" cardinaliste, dal 1227 al 1254
1434:
Cardinali di curia e "familiae" cardinalizie. Dal 1227 al 1254
1316:
Cardinali di curia e "familiae" cardinalizie. Dal 1227 al 1254
840:
The main faction of cardinals was composed of the Gregorians (
119:. The election took place during the first of many protracted
3280:
298:
246:
2024:
Matthaei Parisiensis, Monachi Sancti Albani, Chronica Majora
1393:
Cardinali di Curia e 'familiae' cardializie dal 1227 al 1254
1032:. Imperial influence in papal elections persisted until the
537:
53:
2134:
Wright, Charles Henry Hamilton, and Neil, Charles. 1904.
228:, to the dismay of the church; following his marriage to
194:
The cardinals were divided into factions for and against
2019:. Berkeley-Los Angeles. University of California Press.
860:
while legate to France, his alleged debauching of Queen
2026:
Vol. IV. A.D. 1248 to A. D. 1258 (London: Longman 1880)
1987:
History of Frederick the Second, Emperor of the Romans
1203:
Radulfus, diaconus card. Sanctae Luciae in Septa solis
3234:
1853:
Behind Locked Doors: A History of the Papal Elections
1555:
sixteen days". See Michaud and Robson, 1881, p. 296.
1302:
The number of fourteen is given by Salvador Miranda
1243:
The Kingdom of Sicily, 1100-1250: A Literary History
1412:Volume 19, 378, states, under the year 1239 :
1970:Huillard-Bréholles, J.-L.-A. (Editor). 1859–1860.
1815:Bernardus Guidonis, in Ludovico Antonio Muratori,
2179:
2033:Tomus Tertius (Mediolani 1723) pp. 592–592e.
3434:
2090:A Short history of the papacy in the Middle Ages
1877:Tomus Tertius (Mediolani 1723) pp. 570–588.
1468:Albert von Beham und Regesten Papst Innocenz IV.
245:. Before his death, Gregory IX had called for a
2017:The Art of Matthew Paris in the Chronica Majora
1503:Necrologi e libri affini della Provincia Romana
1937:History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages
1457:Scriptorum Tomus 19 (Hannoverae 1866), p. 381.
1422:S. Miranda: Cardinal Tommaso da Capua (note 2)
2165:
2103:Watt, J. A. 1995. "Chapter 5: The Papacy" in
964:. It is possible that the cause of death was
2088:Ullmann, Walter, and Garnett, George. 2003.
1691:(1). Mediaeval Academy of America: 106–113.
1418:Cardinali di curia e "familiae" cardinalizie
1225:(Münster 1903), pp. 2-5. Richard Sternfeld,
1187:New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome
1870:Tomus Tertius (Mediolani 1723) p. 589.
1105:locked in the cardinals after the death of
1056:, a contemporary chronicler of the election
999:had begun to seriously threaten his lands.
260:, an ancient nymphaeum, in a 1582 engraving
2172:
2158:
2144:Documents concerning the Elections of 1241
1909:Saints and Sinners: a history of the popes
1648:
2073:Tobin, Greg, and Wister, Robert J. 2003.
1984:Kington-Oliphant, Thomas Laurence. 1862.
1254:Abulafia, 1988, p. 350. This depends on
1207:Leo sce. Lucie ad septa solis diac. card.
1043:
395:Not to be confused with the contemporary
1642:
1635:
1633:
1517:
1515:
1361:
1359:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1047:
947:
935:
828:
740:Deacon of S. Nicola in Carcere Tulliano
251:
189:
1957:A History of Germany in the Middle Ages
1754:
1148:
14:
3435:
2022:Luard, Henry Richards (editor), 1880.
1972:Historia diplomatica Friderici Secundi
1949:source of most of the lurid XX century
1898:Butler, William Francis Thomas. 1906.
1763:(2). Cambridge University Press: 174.
1741:(Cologne: Böhlau, 1973). Josef Teige,
1524:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
2202:(1274–1276, 1294–present)
2153:
1630:
1512:
1356:
1321:
1280:
1278:
280:, threatened to dig up the corpse of
3287:
2121:The Historians' History of the World
1791:17th century Account of Lincolnshire
1680:
1661:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1621:
1600:Kington-Oliphant, 1862, pp. 305-306.
1486:
1223:Papst Nikolaus III, Eine Monographie
1010:history of the Roman Catholic Church
287:
1542:Ambrosini and Willis, 1969, p. 267.
1261:
1229:(Berlin: E. Ebering 1905), pp. 1-7.
1157:
1070:audientia litterarum contradictarum
651:
559:of the Sacred College of Cardinals
24:
2105:The New Cambridge Medieval History
1365:Ullmann and Garnett, 2006, p. 259.
1275:
1181:The Cardinals were not put in the
25:
3474:
2077:. Barnes & Noble Publishing.
1757:Journal of Ecclesiastical History
1649:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
1256:the account published by K. Hampe
833:Goffredo da Castiglione, elected
601:Deacon of S. Angelo in Pescheria
3415:
3398:
3381:
3364:
3347:
3330:
3313:
3296:
3268:
3256:
3244:
3218:
3217:
1951:stories of this papal election).
852:, who supported the election of
818:He may have died ca. 1236–1241.
807:Deacon of S. Girogio in Velabro
753:Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
721:Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
448:Title of S. Maria in Trastevere
266:Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
222:Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
220:(1227–1241) and the kingship of
135:Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
1979:Frederick the Second, 1194-1250
1954:Henderson, Ernest Flagg. 1894.
1851:Baumgartner, Frederic J. 2003.
1809:
1800:
1783:
1748:
1719:
1674:
1665:
1612:
1603:
1594:
1585:
1576:
1567:
1558:
1545:
1536:
1521:Kington-Oliphant, 1862, p. 304.
1495:
1473:
1460:
1443:
1426:
1398:
1385:
1368:
1347:
1344:Kington-Oliphant, 1862, p. 303.
1296:
1287:
545:Deacon of S. Maria in Cosmedin
305:that Gregory IX had called for
2107:. Cambridge University Press.
1963:Hilpert, Hans Eberhard. 1981.
1925:Henry the Third and the Church
1795:Lincolnshire Notes and Queries
1639:Wright and Neil, 1904, p. 525.
1618:Tobin and Wister, 2003, p. 54.
1248:
1232:
1215:
1211:The Septasolium (Saepta Solis)
1175:
1142:
1119:
824:
575:Deacon of Ss. Cosma e Damiano
509:Title of S. Lorenzo in Lucina
438:Stefano de Normandis dei Conti
383:Bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina
301:galleys, while traveling to a
50:21 September – 25 October 1241
13:
1:
2181:Papal elections and conclaves
2118:Williams, Henry Smith. 1908.
1940:. G. Bell. Volume V, part 1.
1922:Gasquet, Fracis Aidan. 1905.
1836:
1455:Monumenta Germaniae Historica
1410:Monumenta Germaniae Historica
278:non-Cardinal would be elected
27:Election of Pope Celestine IV
1977:Kantorowitz, Ernest. 1931.
1137:Regesta pontificum Romanorum
1095:papal conclave, January 1276
931:
7:
2193:Papal selection before 1059
2047:. Oxford University Press.
2036:Parravicini Bagliani, A.,
2031:Rerum Italicarum Scriptores
2002:The Papacy: An Encyclopedia
2000:Levillain, Philippe. 2002.
1947:4 (1913) 1-31. (the single
1875:Rerum Italicarum Scriptores
1868:Rerum Italicarum Scriptores
1817:Rerum Italicarum Scriptores
1395:I (Padua, 1972), pp. 41-53.
490:The first Colonna cardinal
10:
3479:
1995:Encyclopedia of the Papacy
1887:. Atlantic Monthly Press.
1733:earlier in their careers.
1198:Pontificum Romanorum Vitae
1172:Gregorovius, 1906, p. 218.
1149:Miranda, Salvador (1998).
940:Fieschi was later elected
795:Peter of Capua the Younger
680:
351:Bishop of Ostia e Velletri
340:Raynalo dei Conti di Jenne
337:
268:—before he pulled back to
201:
185:
3212:
3171:Romano Pontifici eligendo
3117:
2210:
2187:
2129:English Historical Review
2058:Rotberg, Robert I. 2001.
1911:. Yale University Press.
1769:10.1017/S002204690007233X
1731:litterarum contradictarum
1671:Baumgartner, 2003, p. 39.
1609:Butler, 1906, p. 290-291.
1507:post hoc ergo propter hoc
1449:Ryccardus de S. Germano,
1404:Ryccardus de S. Germano,
1284:Baumgartner, 2003, p. 35.
1087:papal election, 1268–1271
1076:
1034:papal election, 1268–1271
1012:since the period between
463:; nephew of Innocent III
93:
79:
74:
64:
59:
49:
44:
34:
3458:13th-century Catholicism
3181:Universi Dominici gregis
2043:Pham, John-Peter. 2006.
1997:. Philosophical Library.
1745:(Prag: Dominicus, 1897).
1652:"Pope Innocent IV"
1492:Henderson, 1894, p. 386.
1432:A. Paravicini Bagliani,
1416:A. Paravicini Bagliani,
1391:A. Paravacini-Bagliani,
1377:, p. 381, lines 29-30:
1191:Silvius diac. S. Luciae
1112:
230:Isabella II of Jerusalem
2140:. Hodder and Stoughton.
2137:A Protestant Dictionary
2040:Volume II (Padua 1972).
1826:Encyclopædia Britannica
1375:Ryccardus de S. Germano
1353:Williams, 1908, p. 511.
1239:Ryccardus de S. Germano
1089:, in the Constitution "
1002:Thus began the longest
985:Guelphs and Ghibellines
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
628:Deacon of S. Eustachio
404:Goffredo da Castiglione
333:
330:
327:
324:
321:
318:
315:
239:Guelphs and Ghibellines
212:Guelphs and Ghibellines
147:Guelphs and Ghibellines
82:Goffredo da Castiglione
3443:13th-century elections
3161:Ingravescentem aetatem
2015:Lewis, Suzanne. 1987.
1932:Gregorovius, Ferdinand
1408:, in G. Pertz (ed.),
1382:Gasquet, 1905, p. 199.
1304:Papal election of 1241
1272:Bordihn, 2005, p. 376.
1101:, where the people of
1057:
1044:Problematical Accounts
957:
945:
842:Rinaldo Conti de Segni
837:
261:
199:
141:and deceased pontiff,
3141:Aeterni Patris Filius
2750:October–December 1590
2131:64. pp. 145–173.
2124:. Hooper and Jackson.
1904:. C. Scribner's Sons.
1885:The Falcon of Palermo
1658:Catholic Encyclopedia
1480:Francis Aidan Gasquet
1293:Rotberg, 2001, p. 58.
1051:
951:
939:
832:
645:on 26 September 1241
479:Title of S. Prassede
255:
193:
1993:Kühner, Hans. 1958.
1907:Duffy, Eamon. 2006.
1466:Constantin Höffler,
1308:Hierarchia Catholica
1133:Chronicle of Mailros
1099:papal election, 1216
1038:College of Cardinals
1030:Conrad IV of Germany
890:Oddone di Monferrato
728:Oddone di Monferrato
707:Bishop of Palestrina
196:Emperor Frederick II
18:Papal election, 1241
3283:1241 papal election
1960:. G. Bell and Sons.
1845:A History of Popery
1819:III, p. 486],
1627:Watt, 1995, p. 112.
987:resumed around the
882:Giacomo da Pecorara
858:University of Paris
771:Title of S. Sabina
683:Giacomo da Pecorara
274:Matteo Rosso Orsini
113:1241 papal election
1128:Annals of Piacenza
1058:
977:Archbishop of York
958:
946:
862:Blanche of Castile
854:Romano Bonaventura
850:Riccardo Annibaldi
838:
743:18 September 1227
591:Riccardo Annibaldi
512:18 September 1227
459:Archpriest of the
419:18 September 1227
372:Romano Bonaventura
355:18 September 1227
262:
256:A fragment of the
200:
131:Holy Roman Emperor
45:Dates and location
3232:
3231:
2146:(Dr. J. P. Adams)
1531:History of Popery
1221:Augustin Demski,
1193:iuxta Heligabalum
1107:Pope Innocent III
1052:Self-portrait of
989:Italian peninsula
981:Bishop of Lincoln
952:...then Conti as
898:a letter he wrote
870:Robert Somercotes
846:Sinibaldo Fieschi
835:Pope Celestine IV
822:
821:
711:5 September 1231
671:Date of creation
649:
648:
618:Robert Somercotes
496:Sinibaldo Fieschi
482:18 February 1212
430:Pope Celestine IV
397:Saint Bonaventure
365:Pope Alexander IV
328:Date of creation
288:Cardinal electors
232:, he took up the
117:Pope Celestine IV
109:
108:
40:
16:(Redirected from
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3201:Normas nonnullas
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1213:
1196:: J. Watterich,
1179:
1173:
1170:
1155:
1154:
1146:
1140:
1123:
1026:Pope Innocent IV
874:Rainiero Capocci
866:Giovanni Colonna
804:Cardinal-deacon
768:Cardinal-priest
761:Tommaso da Capua
737:Cardinal-deacon
703:Cardinal-bishop
691:
656:
655:
652:Absent cardinals
639:Died during the
625:Cardinal-deacon
598:Cardinal-deacon
572:Cardinal-deacon
542:Cardinal-deacon
529:Rainiero Capocci
522:Pope Innocent IV
506:Cardinal-priest
476:Cardinal-priest
469:Giovanni Colonna
461:Vatican Basilica
445:Cardinal-priest
415:Bishop of Sabina
411:Cardinal-bishop
379:Cardinal-bishop
347:Cardinal-bishop
313:
312:
173:Pope Innocent IV
69:Rainiero Capocci
39:
32:
31:
21:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3453:Papal elections
3433:
3432:
3431:
3421:
3416:
3414:
3404:
3399:
3397:
3387:
3382:
3380:
3376:from Wikisource
3370:
3365:
3363:
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3348:
3346:
3336:
3331:
3329:
3319:
3314:
3312:
3308:from Wiktionary
3302:
3297:
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3288:sister projects
3285:at Knowledge's
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1797:(1898), p. 179.
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578:December, 1216
303:general council
290:
282:Pope Gregory IX
218:Pope Gregory IX
214:
202:Main articles:
188:
143:Pope Gregory IX
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38:
36:
28:
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826:
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811:
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797:
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769:
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749:
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724:
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679:
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629:
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348:
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336:
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329:
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289:
286:
216:The papacy of
204:Lombard League
187:
184:
180:papal conclave
139:Lombard League
107:
106:
100:
94:
91:
90:
77:
76:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
57:
56:
47:
46:
42:
41:
35:Papal election
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3475:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3427:from Wikidata
3426:
3425:
3413:
3409:
3408:
3396:
3392:
3391:
3379:
3375:
3374:
3362:
3358:
3357:
3345:
3342:from Wikinews
3341:
3340:
3328:
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3323:
3311:
3307:
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3294:
3293:
3290:
3284:
3276:
3266:
3264:
3259:
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3238:
3224:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3203:
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3163:
3162:
3157:
3153:
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3147:
3143:
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3137:
3133:
3132:
3131:Ubi periculum
3127:
3126:
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3116:
3107:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3091:
3087:
3086:
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2351:
2348:
2347:December 1187
2344:
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2327:
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2320:
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2250:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2211:Elections and
2209:
2201:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2170:
2168:
2163:
2161:
2156:
2155:
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2145:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2114:
2113:0-521-36289-X
2110:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2098:0-415-30227-7
2095:
2092:. Routledge.
2091:
2087:
2084:
2083:0-7607-4032-1
2080:
2076:
2072:
2069:
2068:0-262-68129-3
2065:
2062:. MIT Press.
2061:
2057:
2054:
2053:0-19-517834-3
2050:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2010:0-415-92228-3
2007:
2004:. Routledge.
2003:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1918:
1917:0-300-11597-0
1914:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1894:
1893:0-87113-880-8
1890:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1861:0-312-29463-8
1858:
1855:. Macmillan.
1854:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1840:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1812:
1803:
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1129:
1122:
1118:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1091:Ubi Periculum
1088:
1084:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1062:Matthew Paris
1055:
1054:Matthew Paris
1050:
1041:
1039:
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1027:
1023:
1019:
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919:
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906:
905:
904:
903:
902:
899:
895:
891:
887:
886:excommunicate
884:proceeded to
883:
877:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
836:
831:
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815:
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689:
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657:
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619:
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611:
609:
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562:
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541:
539:
536:
534:
530:
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424:
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418:
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401:
398:
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389:
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384:
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349:
346:
343:
341:
338:
314:
311:
308:
304:
300:
296:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
259:
254:
250:
248:
244:
240:
235:
234:Sixth Crusade
231:
227:
226:Fifth Crusade
223:
219:
213:
209:
208:Sixth Crusade
205:
197:
192:
183:
181:
176:
174:
170:
165:
164:
159:
155:
150:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
123:
122:sede vacantes
118:
114:
103:
98:
92:
89:
84:
83:
78:
73:
70:
67:
63:
60:Key officials
58:
55:
52:Septasolium,
48:
43:
33:
30:
19:
3422:
3405:
3388:
3371:
3354:
3337:
3325:from Commons
3320:
3303:
3282:
3275:Vatican City
3263:Christianity
3199:
3189:
3179:
3169:
3159:
3149:
3139:
3129:
3067:October 1978
2650:October 1503
2424:January 1276
2381:
2340:October 1187
2135:
2128:
2119:
2104:
2089:
2074:
2059:
2044:
2037:
2030:
2023:
2016:
2001:
1994:
1990:. Macmillan.
1985:
1978:
1971:
1964:
1955:
1944:
1935:
1923:
1908:
1899:
1884:
1874:
1867:
1852:
1843:
1842:Anonymous,
1824:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1802:
1794:
1785:
1760:
1756:
1750:
1742:
1738:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1688:
1682:
1676:
1667:
1656:
1644:
1623:
1614:
1605:
1596:
1587:
1578:
1569:
1560:
1547:
1538:
1530:
1526:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1488:
1475:
1467:
1462:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1392:
1387:
1378:
1370:
1349:
1315:
1307:
1298:
1289:
1250:
1242:
1234:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1144:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1121:
1080:
1069:
1066:Hohenstaufen
1059:
1005:sede vacante
1003:
1001:
974:
970:
959:
954:Alexander IV
922:
920:
916:
913:
893:
878:
839:
814:Honorius III
783:Penitentiary
778:Innocent III
751:Prisoner of
719:Prisoner of
642:sede vacante
640:
582:Honorius III
552:Innocent III
486:Innocent III
455:Innocent III
427:
391:Innocent III
291:
263:
215:
177:
161:
154:sede vacante
153:
151:
120:
112:
110:
88:Celestine IV
87:
86:Name taken:
80:
75:Elected pope
29:
3305:Definitions
3251:Catholicism
3151:Cum proxime
3051:August 1978
1981:. New York.
1735:Peter Herde
1183:Septizodium
1139:I , p. 940.
1018:Pope Leo II
1014:Pope Agatho
942:Innocent IV
825:Proceedings
787:protopriest
686: [
557:Protodeacon
258:Septizodium
158:Septizodium
152:During the
127:Middle Ages
65:Protodeacon
3437:Categories
3356:Quotations
3122:(selected)
2701:April 1555
1928:. G. Bell.
1837:References
1438:e silentio
747:Gregory IX
733:Montferrat
715:Gregory IX
635:Gregory IX
608:Gregory IX
565:Gil Torres
516:Gregory IX
423:Gregory IX
359:Gregory IX
3407:Resources
3390:Textbooks
3120:documents
3118:Governing
2943:1830–1831
2922:1799–1800
2915:1774–1775
2838:1669–1670
2722:1565–1566
2694:1549–1550
2673:1521–1522
2501:1314–1316
2494:1304–1305
2473:1292–1294
2466:1287–1288
2452:1280–1281
2431:July 1276
2417:1268–1271
2410:1264–1265
2213:conclaves
1883:R. 2005.
1829:. p. 828.
1777:162981313
1713:162863109
966:dysentery
962:enthroned
932:Aftermath
171:to elect
3223:Category
3106:electors
3090:electors
3074:electors
3058:electors
3042:electors
3026:electors
3010:electors
2994:electors
2978:electors
2794:electors
2787:May 1605
2778:electors
2708:May 1555
2657:electors
2641:electors
1934:. 1906.
1684:Speculum
1451:Chronica
1406:Chronica
1380:redeunt.
1131:and the
993:Lombards
924:papabile
699:Piacenza
674:by Pope
662:Origins
659:Elector
622:English
569:Spanish
503:, Genoa
428:Elected
331:by Pope
319:Origins
316:Elector
243:Lombardy
163:papabile
137:and the
3237:Portals
1705:2848329
1258:in 1913
1103:Perugia
1008:in the
997:Tartars
694:O.Cist.
533:O.Cist.
520:Future
501:Lavagna
363:future
299:Genoese
186:Context
125:of the
104: →
95:←
3204:(2013)
3194:(2007)
3184:(1996)
3174:(1975)
3164:(1970)
3154:(1922)
3144:(1621)
3134:(1274)
2111:
2096:
2081:
2066:
2051:
2008:
1915:
1891:
1859:
1775:
1711:
1703:
1077:Legacy
1022:Anagni
872:, and
848:, and
800:Amalfi
765:Capua
677:Notes
668:Title
665:Order
595:Roman
473:Roman
442:Roman
408:Milan
376:Roman
344:Jenne
334:Notes
325:Title
322:Order
307:Easter
295:Naples
270:Apulia
210:, and
169:Anagni
3373:Texts
3322:Media
1773:S2CID
1709:S2CID
1701:JSTOR
1553:tiara
1453:, in
1209:See:
1113:Notes
810:1219
774:1216
690:]
631:1238
604:1237
548:1216
451:1216
387:1216
247:synod
3448:1241
3424:Data
3339:News
3099:2013
3083:2005
3035:1963
3019:1958
3003:1939
2987:1922
2971:1914
2964:1903
2957:1878
2950:1846
2936:1829
2929:1823
2908:1769
2901:1758
2894:1740
2887:1730
2880:1724
2873:1721
2866:1700
2859:1691
2852:1689
2845:1676
2831:1667
2824:1655
2817:1644
2810:1623
2803:1621
2764:1592
2757:1591
2736:1585
2729:1572
2715:1559
2687:1534
2680:1523
2666:1513
2627:1492
2620:1484
2613:1471
2606:1464
2599:1458
2592:1455
2585:1447
2578:1431
2571:1417
2564:1406
2557:1404
2550:1389
2543:1378
2536:1370
2529:1362
2522:1352
2515:1342
2508:1334
2487:1303
2480:1294
2459:1285
2445:1277
2403:1261
2396:1254
2389:1243
2382:1241
2375:1227
2368:1216
2361:1198
2354:1191
2333:1185
2326:1181
2319:1159
2312:1154
2305:1153
2298:1145
2291:1144
2284:1143
2277:1130
2270:1124
2263:1119
2256:1118
2249:1099
2242:1088
2235:1086
2228:1073
2221:1061
2109:ISBN
2094:ISBN
2079:ISBN
2064:ISBN
2049:ISBN
2006:ISBN
1913:ISBN
1889:ISBN
1857:ISBN
1016:and
979:and
894:want
785:and
538:Todi
111:The
102:1243
97:1227
54:Rome
37:1241
1793:".
1765:doi
1693:doi
944:...
3439::
1771:.
1759:.
1737:,
1707:.
1699:.
1687:.
1655:.
1632:^
1514:^
1358:^
1323:^
1277:^
1263:^
1159:^
1109:.
1040:.
868:,
844:,
692:,
688:it
531:,
206:,
182:.
175:.
149:.
3291::
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