135:
1973:
3735:
3865:
3684:
3763:
3831:
3723:
3711:
3848:
3814:
3882:
3797:
3780:
2177:(cardinals likely to be elected). According to Dandolo, "it is more than clear that the merchants are very well informed about the state of the poll, and that the cardinals' attendants in Conclave go partners with them in wagers, which thus causes many tens of thousands of crowns to change hands" (an early example of
1927:). By January 14, with the arrival of Louis de Bourbon, there were approximately 400 people in the conclave, only 48 of whom were cardinals—including the brothers of some cardinals, the representatives of secular rulers, and those whose only purpose was to inform the outside world on the proceedings.
2113:
genealogy and alleged personal indiscretions), he obtained the support of the French for his perceived past hostility to the Empire, the support of
Farnese for his pledge to support the claim of Ottavio Farnese in Parma, and the support of a few Imperialists, having not been specifically excluded in
2100:
By the end of
January, Pole had dropped to twenty-one votes, but the French faction remained split between Carafa, de Bourbon, Lorraine, and Salviati; Este's candidacy, though desired by many in the French College, had not yet been put forward, perhaps having been held back in hopes that he would be
1930:
On
November 27, the twelve cardinals who had arrived in Rome by then, joined the twenty-nine who had been in Rome at the death of Paul III in drawing lots of the assignment of cells during the conclave; however, those who were already ill were given preferential cell placement without having to draw
2184:
Cardinal del Monte (who was eventually elected Julius III) had started out as the favorite at 1 to 5, trailed by
Salviati, Ridolfi, and Pole, but Pole was the favorite three days later at 1 to 4. By December 5, Pole's odds had risen to 95 to 100. With the arrival of four additional French cardinals
1963:
on
December 1. On January 31, a reform committee—composed of Carafa, Bourbon, Pacheco, Waldburg, de Silva, and Pole—decided on thirteen new rules: limiting each cardinal to three conclavists, preventing cardinals from enlarging or switching assigned cells, prohibiting private meetings of more than
273:
in his letter to Henry II, once the twelve participating French cardinals reached Rome, 23 cardinals were aligned in the French faction, 22 in the
Imperial faction, and four neutral; thus Guise judged it impossible for either faction to garner the necessary two-thirds simply by persuading neutral
2108:
A letter dated
February 6 from Henry II, advising Guise to support a neutral candidate, never reached the conclave before its conclusion. Although Del Monte had originally been opposed by both the Imperial faction (for his role in moving the Council of Trent) and the French faction (for his
265:
to an unprecedented 54, and the length of the conclave allowed many of the foreign cardinals to arrive, bringing the number of cardinal electors at one point to 51, although two died and several fell ill during the conclave, reducing their number to 44 by the final scrutiny (ballot).
1912:
were nominally observed, but also blatantly disregarded, especially with respect to the rules prohibiting communication with the outside world. Some unauthorized persons are known to have been present in the conclave, leaving through the small door left open
2101:
more acceptable as the conclave dragged on. Toward the end of
January, in accordance with traditional efforts to counter dilatory cardinals, the amenities and rations of the conclave were decreased and the upper story windows were closed to reduce the
2015:. d'Este had done his best to delay the start of the conclave to allow the French cardinals to arrive, using his influence to schedule the papal funerary rite (which was, by law, nine days long) to begin an unusual nine days after Paul III's death.
241:
and a papal-imperial army. French prelates did not attend the 1551–1552 sessions of the
Council of Trent and were slow to accept its reforms; because Henry II would not allow any French cardinals to reside in Rome, many missed the election of
1964:
three cardinals, banning eating together or sharing food, and confining the cardinals to their cells between 10:30 p.m. and dawn; physicians and barbers were each limited to three
Italians, and one each of France, Germany, and Spain.
2185:
on December 11, Pole's odds fell to 2 to 5. On January 22, the odds quoted against the conclave finishing during January were 9 to 10, against February: 1 to 2, against March: 1 to 5, and never: 1 to 10.
3655:
1919:). Portuguese Cardinal Miguel de Silva, irked by the presence of ambassadors from both Charles V and Henry II, complained to Dean de Cupis that the conclave was "more open than closed" (
2636:
274:
cardinals. In addition, eleven Italian cardinals that Guise counted among the French faction were only likely to vote for a fellow Italian, making the three favorites of Henry II—
1999:
were in Rome, while only two of the fourteen French cardinals were in Italy (one was Antoine du Meudon, who had been vacationing in Farnese territory); because one clause of the
3242:
3854:
2046:
would be supported by Charles V. On December 5, Pole received twenty-six votes, only two short of the requisite two-thirds majority, prompting French ambassador
2629:
3665:
2122:(forty-one cardinals had previously acquiesced to his candidacy, although the more fervent of the Imperialists had not until it was already inevitable).
229:. Nevertheless, tensions between him and the French boiled over when he reconvened the Council of Trent in November 1550, culminating in the threat of
1067:
3258:
2622:
2142:(ambassador to Charles V), the correspondences between Henry II and Guise and d'Este, and the diaries of the various conclavists. In particular,
3121:
3105:
2324:
3538:
3522:
3490:
3474:
3458:
3442:
2007:
if the French prelate died in Rome, Henry II exhorted his cardinals to remain in France, and relied on his non-French allies (in particular,
3570:
3554:
3506:
338:
2105:
and fresh air. Soon afterwards, Ridolfi—the French candidate most acceptable to Farnese—died amid accusations of poisoning on January 31.
17:
134:
3214:
2066:
2065:, to the end of the conclave, Pole polled no more twenty-four or twenty-three votes. On December 11, four French cardinals—Guise,
2537:
2296:
2061:
Whether or not Urfé's warning had any effect on the conclavists, from December 7, when the French cardinals landed south of
3751:
3235:
2050:
to rush to the door of the conclave, demanding that the conclave wait for the French cardinals, whom he claimed were in
3939:
3914:
3909:
2598:
2320:
198:
Noted for the extensive interference of European powers, the conclave was to determine whether and on what terms the
1372:
3803:
429:
396:
2034:), whom Guise had counted among the French faction, began supporting the second choice of the Holy Roman Emperor,
1764:
3924:
2070:
831:
2039:
1342:
1075:
238:
3871:
2094:
2077:—arrived, bringing the requisite supermajority to thirty-one. Henry II bankrolled Guise with a sum of 150,000
601:
275:
3207:
3098:
2902:
2019:
1991:, which had been divided into nineteen cells for infirm cardinals). Because it took ten days for the news of
1565:
858:
188:
184:
94:
3786:
3407:
3386:
3379:
3302:
3186:
3137:
2965:
2958:
2937:
2930:
2916:
2881:
2874:
2811:
1995:'s death to reach the French court, at the start of the conclave almost all the cardinals aligned with the
3531:
3114:
2888:
2804:
2657:
2162:
2027:
1680:
214:, the late arrival of additional French cardinals pushed the conclave back into deadlock, and eventually
3701:
3515:
1972:
1736:
1428:
1195:
370:
175:
of the 16th century, and, at the time, the largest papal conclave in history in terms of the number of
74:
3934:
3929:
3635:
3165:
1879:
1708:
1456:
1234:
1141:
270:
149:
2114:
Charles V's last letter. On February 7, on the sixty-first scrutiny of the conclave, Del Monte was "
1040:
306:
3919:
3687:
3645:
2895:
2590:
The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume III: The Sixteenth Century to the Reign of Julius III
1622:
179:. The cardinal electors (who at one point totaled 51) were roughly divided between the factions of
3949:
3944:
3251:
3172:
2645:
2529:
2082:
1652:
434:
295:
283:
341:, that opposed Charles's preferred candidates, supported the candidacy of Gonzaga and Salviati.
3625:
2086:
441:
176:
803:
3605:
2008:
1883:
1400:
1103:
291:
2130:
The main sources for the proceedings and vote-counts of the conclave come from the accounts
3035:
2031:
2000:
1887:
893:
262:
2054:, and threatening that the election of a pope in their absence would be likely to cause a
8:
3739:
3727:
3563:
3547:
3499:
3483:
3467:
3451:
3435:
3428:
3421:
3414:
3400:
3393:
3372:
3365:
3358:
3351:
3344:
3337:
3330:
3323:
3316:
3309:
3295:
3288:
3281:
3274:
3267:
3228:
3221:
3200:
3193:
3179:
3151:
3144:
3130:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3028:
3021:
3014:
3007:
3000:
2993:
2986:
2979:
2972:
2951:
2944:
2923:
2909:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2846:
2839:
2832:
2825:
2818:
2797:
2790:
2783:
2776:
2769:
2762:
2755:
2748:
2741:
2734:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2706:
2699:
2692:
2685:
2081:, likely for bribes, and additional French cardinals began to trickle into the conclave:
1484:
1310:
1134:
144:
2515:(in French). Vol. Tome II. Paris: A. Lacroix, Verboeckhoven et cie. pp. 23–64.
2047:
3715:
2572:
2564:
2522:
2314:
1283:
287:
180:
1010:
3837:
2594:
2576:
2533:
2302:
2292:
2143:
2055:
1996:
1849:
1433:
1315:
1169:
403:
330:
299:
243:
230:
226:
202:
would reconvene (supported by Charles V and opposed by Henry II) and the fate of the
84:
3820:
629:
314:
2556:
2147:
2139:
2090:
1984:
1792:
1118:
Archbishop of Milan; administrator of Lyon, France; administrator of Autun, France
849:
822:
794:
767:
737:
692:
663:
460:
318:
279:
207:
199:
54:
50:
871:
Administrator of Avignon and Tours, France; Viseu, Portugal; and Monreale, Sicily
720:
2588:
2510:
2178:
2119:
2023:
1983:
The first scrutiny was held on December 3, the fifth day of the conclave, in the
1701:
1615:
1540:
1255:
1221:
934:
886:
656:
592:
531:
500:
326:
219:
215:
192:
168:
120:
2614:
2664:
2584:
2168:
2131:
2074:
2043:
1988:
1956:
1940:
1899:
1592:
957:
921:
776:
746:
562:
334:
203:
172:
2306:
705:
Bishop of Metz, Lorraine, administrator of Narbonne, Agen, and Nantes, France
3903:
3595:
2035:
1992:
1976:
1904:
1868:
1839:
1811:
1783:
1755:
1727:
1696:
1671:
1643:
1610:
1583:
1556:
1531:
1514:
1505:
1475:
1447:
1419:
1391:
1363:
1333:
1301:
1274:
1246:
1212:
1185:
1160:
1128:
1094:
1061:
1031:
1001:
980:
971:
943:
912:
877:
552:
519:
490:
310:
258:
211:
164:
2547:
Baumgartner, Frederic J. (1985). "Henry II and the Papal Conclave of 1549".
2078:
2286:
2135:
1820:
469:
247:
234:
59:
313:, and found unacceptable all of the French cardinals as well as Salviati,
225:
The French hoped that Julius III would be hostile to the interests of the
3615:
2012:
952:
586:
3888:
2568:
882:
711:
683:
650:
620:
581:
424:
391:
2288:
Waiting for the Emperor : Italian princes, the pope and Charles V
1909:
863:
3769:
2560:
3710:
2291:. Richard Bates, Società di studi valdesi. Roma. pp. 238–244.
2173:
2115:
2110:
2102:
2004:
1979:, the second choice of Charles V and early favorite of the conclave
1226:
725:
634:
567:
408:
246:, arriving in Rome just in time to elect Marcellus II's successor,
2026:
of Paul III, and his faction of four or five cardinals (including
3722:
2051:
1108:
985:
322:
3656:
De aliquis mutationibus in normis de electione Romani Pontificis
2609:
Waiting for the Emperor: Italian Princes, the Pope and Charles V
1939:) on December 3, having read and sworn to adhere to the bull of
1931:
lots. The conclavists decided to proceed with "closed" ballots (
1944:
1769:
1713:
1657:
1461:
1405:
1146:
1080:
1015:
926:
836:
808:
751:
697:
668:
606:
474:
446:
3745:
2062:
1825:
1627:
1489:
1377:
1347:
1260:
1045:
781:
2167:
Before and during the conclave, many Roman bankers offered
1854:
1797:
1597:
1570:
1519:
1288:
1200:
898:
536:
505:
375:
317:, and the two prelates responsible for the transfer of the
2508:
163:(November 29 – February 7), convened after the death of
167:
and eventually elected Cardinal Giovanni del Monte as
3699:
2524:
Behind Locked Doors: A History of the Papal Elections
302:, who was unacceptable to Charles V and the Farnese.
2593:. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society.
2521:
2150:, devotes his entire fifth diary to the conclave.
1323:Bishop of Trent, Tyrol, bishop of Brixen, Austria
2644:
843:Administrator of Beauvais, and Toulouse, France.
3901:
1413:Bishop of Rodez, administrator of Tours, France
294:, would then have been the choice of Henry II;
2509:Petruccelli della Gattina, Ferdinando (1864).
614:Bishop of Laon, administrator of Sens, France
2630:
2520:Baumgartner, Frederic J. (19 December 2003).
2038:, apparently having received assurances that
2093:on December 31; and (the extremely elderly)
2546:
2519:
1949:
1933:
1921:
1914:
1878:Absent were three cardinals, the Frenchmen
2637:
2623:
2491:
2489:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2456:
2454:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2411:
1805:Archbishop of Rossano, bishop of Capaccio
1690:Grand penitentiary, archbishop of Ravenna
2528:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp.
2323:) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2271:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2214:
2212:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2138:(the Imperial ambassador to France), and
237:fought between French troops allied with
1971:
210:). Although the conclave nearly elected
2611:. Rome: Viella. ISBN 978-88-3313-851-0.
2486:
2477:
2463:
2451:
2435:
2426:
2408:
2399:
2383:
2381:
2371:
2369:
2350:
2348:
2346:
596:Withdrew January 23 with tertian fever
484:Bishop of Sabina, archbishop of Naples
14:
3902:
2583:
2336:
2334:
2284:
2262:
2248:
2209:
2195:
2667:(1274–1276, 1294–present)
2618:
1916:per portulam ostio conclavis relictam
333:). A second imperial faction, led by
3752:
2378:
2366:
2343:
2011:) to act as his go-between with the
1088:Bishop of Châlons sur Marne, France
937:, administrator of Bordeaux, France
430:Sub-Dean of the College of Cardinals
253:
250:, after Marcellus II's brief reign.
2512:Histoire diplomatique des conclaves
2331:
1959:'s bull establishing the conclave,
575:Administrator of Marseille, France
269:According to the tally of Cardinal
206:(claimed by both Charles V and the
24:
2125:
995:Archbishop of Canterbury, England
655:Died January 31/February 1, 1550,
48:29 November 1549 – 7 February 1550
25:
3961:
1923:non conclusum sed patens conclave
1070:, viceroy of Charles V to Naples
3880:
3863:
3846:
3829:
3812:
3795:
3778:
3761:
3733:
3721:
3709:
3683:
3682:
2003:allowed the pope to fill French
1170:Marcello Cervini degli Spannochi
501:Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte
397:Dean of the College of Cardinals
331:Marcello Cervini degli Spannochi
327:Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte
133:
121:Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte
2390:
2357:
2236:Baumgartner, 1985, pp. 313–314.
2227:Baumgartner, 1985, pp. 306–308.
2153:
1833:Archbishop of Ragusa, Dalmatia
1577:Saint-Jean de Maurienne, Savoy
418:Bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina
305:In contrast, Charles V favored
2278:
2239:
2230:
2221:
2018:At the start of the conclave,
1373:Bartolomé de la Cueva y Toledo
1343:Francisco Mendoza de Bobadilla
1055:O.P., bishop of Burgos, Spain
13:
1:
2646:Papal elections and conclaves
2502:
2319:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1765:Charles II de Bourbon-Vendôme
1566:Girolamo Recanati Capodiferro
233:in August 1551 and the brief
204:Duchies of Parma and Piacenza
185:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
2118:" elected and took the name
2071:Odet de Coligny de Châtillon
1967:
1893:
1721:Archbishop of Reims, France
1665:Archbishop of Rouen, France
1441:Bishop of Augsburg, Germany
832:Odet de Coligny de Châtillon
171:. It was the second-longest
7:
2658:Papal selection before 1059
2163:Gambling on papal elections
816:Archbishop of Auch, France
788:Administrator of Tarragona
602:Louis de Bourbon de Vendôme
454:O.S.B., bishop of Frascati
385:Bishop of Ostia e Velletri
364:
355:
286:infeasible. The non-French
276:Louis de Bourbon de Vendôme
222:as a compromise candidate.
27:Election of Pope Julius III
10:
3966:
2495:Baumgartner, 1985, p. 312.
2483:Baumgartner, 1985, p. 311.
2474:Baumgartner, 1985, p. 310.
2460:Baumgartner, 1985, p. 309.
2448:Baumgartner, 1985, p. 308.
2432:Baumgartner, 1985, p. 307.
2423:Baumgartner, 1985, p. 306.
2405:Baumgartner, 1985, p. 303.
2275:Baumgartner, 1985, p. 305.
2259:Baumgartner, 1985, p. 304.
2245:Baumgartner, 1985, p. 314.
2218:Baumgartner, 1985, p. 302.
2206:Baumgartner, 1985, p. 301.
2160:
1882:, Bishop of Poitiers, and
1847:
1818:
1790:
1777:Bishop of Saintes, France
1762:
1737:Giulio Feltre della Rovere
1734:
1706:
1678:
1650:
1620:
1590:
1563:
1538:
1512:
1482:
1454:
1429:Otto Truchess von Waldburg
1426:
1398:
1370:
1340:
1308:
1281:
1253:
1242:published December 2, 1541
1219:
1193:
1167:
1154:Bishop of Orléans, France
1139:
1101:
1073:
1038:
1008:
978:
950:
919:
891:
856:
829:
801:
774:
744:
718:
690:
661:
627:
599:
560:
529:
498:
467:
439:
401:
371:Giovanni Domenico de Cupis
368:
75:Giovanni Domenico de Cupis
3677:
3636:Romano Pontifici eligendo
3582:
2675:
2652:
2549:Sixteenth Century Journal
2396:Setton 1984, pp. 518–519.
2363:Setton, 1984, p. 517-518.
1886:, Bishop of Lisieux, and
1880:Claude de Longwy de Givry
1751:published January 9, 1548
1709:Charles de Lorraine-Guise
1329:published January 7, 1545
1235:Bishop of Massa Marittima
1190:Future Pope Marcellus II
1142:Antoine Sanguin de Meudon
271:Charles de Lorraine-Guise
141:
132:
118:
113:
105:
100:
90:
80:
70:
65:
47:
42:
32:
3940:16th-century Catholicism
3915:1550 in the Papal States
3910:1549 in the Papal States
3748:1549–1550 papal conclave
3646:Universi Dominici gregis
2188:
1935:ut vota secreto darentur
1745:Administrator of Urbino
1623:Pedro Pacheco de Villena
1604:Administrator of Amalfi
1027:published March 13, 1538
339:Diego Hurtado de Mendoza
1890:, Archbishop of Evora.
1357:Bishop of Coria, Spain
1295:Administrator of Conza
1133:Member of the court of
1124:published March 5, 1539
557:Died December 19, 1549
525:Elected Pope Julius III
361:
352:
349:
346:
18:Papal conclave, 1549–50
3925:16th-century elections
3626:Ingravescentem aetatem
2607:Bonora, Elena (2022).
2285:Bonora, Elena (2022).
2087:Philippe de la Chambre
1980:
1950:
1934:
1922:
1915:
1821:Giovanni Angelo Medici
1637:Bishop of Jaén, Spain
1041:Juan Álvarez de Toledo
442:Philippe de la Chambre
307:Juan Álvarez de Toledo
161:1549–50 papal conclave
3606:Aeterni Patris Filius
3215:October–December 1590
2387:Setton, 1984, p. 509.
2375:Setton, 1984, p. 507.
2354:Setton, 1984, p. 508.
2340:Setton, 1984, p. 506.
2161:Further information:
1975:
1862:Archbishop of Chieti
513:Bishop of Palestrina
298:preferred her cousin
2032:Guido Ascanio Sforza
2001:Concordat of Bologna
1888:Henrique de Portugal
1844:Future Pope Pius IV
1076:Robert de Lenoncourt
953:Rodolfo Pio di Carpi
894:Guido Ascanio Sforza
495:Future Pope Paul IV
435:Catherine de' Medici
296:Catherine de' Medici
263:College of Cardinals
2146:, the secretary of
1485:Francesco Sfondrati
1311:Cristoforo Madruzzo
1135:Francis I of France
804:François de Tournon
2585:Setton, Kenneth M.
2067:Charles de Bourbon
2020:Alessandro Farnese
2009:Ippolito II d'Este
1981:
1908:and codified into
1884:Jacques d'Annebaut
1693:1545, December 16
1668:1545, December 16
1640:1545, December 16
1607:1544, December 19
1580:1544, December 19
1553:1544, December 19
1550:Bishop of Cassano
1541:Durante de Duranti
1528:1544, December 19
1502:1544, December 19
1499:Bishop of Cremona
1472:1544, December 19
1469:Bishop of Brescia
1444:1544, December 19
1416:1544, December 19
1401:Georges d'Armagnac
1388:1544, December 19
1360:1544, December 19
1284:Marcello Crescenzi
1209:1539, December 19
1182:1539, December 19
1157:1539, December 19
1104:Ippolito II d'Este
1091:1538, December 20
1058:1538, December 20
998:1536, December 22
968:1536, December 22
909:1534, December 18
874:1534, December 18
859:Alessandro Farnese
644:Bishop of Vicenza
549:1536, December 22
516:1536, December 22
487:1536, December 22
470:Gian Pietro Carafa
292:Ippolito II d'Este
288:cardinal protector
216:Giovanni del Monte
189:Alessandro Farnese
181:Henry II of France
95:Alessandro Farnese
43:Dates and location
3697:
3696:
2539:978-0-312-29463-2
2298:978-88-3313-851-0
2144:Angelo Massarelli
2083:Georges d'Amboise
1997:Holy Roman Empire
1951:Contra simoniacos
1902:, as laid out in
1898:The rules of the
1876:
1875:
1850:Bernardino Maffei
1752:
1653:Georges d'Amboise
1330:
1243:
1239:1539, December 19
1179:Bishop of Gubbio
1125:
1121:1538, December 20
1028:
1024:1536, December 22
846:1533, November 7
761:Bishop of Mantua
546:Bishop of Albano
457:1533, November 7
404:Giovanni Salviati
300:Giovanni Salviati
284:Georges d'Amboise
261:had enlarged the
254:Cardinal-electors
244:Pope Marcellus II
227:Holy Roman Empire
177:cardinal electors
157:
156:
85:Giovanni Salviati
38:
16:(Redirected from
3957:
3935:1550 in politics
3930:1549 in politics
3893:
3885:
3884:
3883:
3876:
3875:from Wikiversity
3868:
3867:
3866:
3859:
3851:
3850:
3849:
3842:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3825:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3808:
3800:
3799:
3798:
3791:
3783:
3782:
3781:
3774:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3754:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3726:
3725:
3714:
3713:
3705:
3690:
3686:
3685:
3670:
3666:Normas nonnullas
3660:
3650:
3640:
3630:
3620:
3610:
3600:
3573:
3566:
3557:
3550:
3541:
3534:
3525:
3518:
3509:
3502:
3493:
3486:
3477:
3470:
3461:
3454:
3445:
3438:
3431:
3424:
3417:
3410:
3403:
3396:
3389:
3382:
3375:
3368:
3361:
3354:
3347:
3340:
3333:
3326:
3319:
3312:
3305:
3298:
3291:
3284:
3277:
3270:
3261:
3254:
3245:
3238:
3236:March–April 1605
3231:
3224:
3217:
3210:
3203:
3196:
3189:
3182:
3175:
3168:
3161:
3154:
3147:
3140:
3133:
3124:
3117:
3108:
3101:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3073:
3066:
3059:
3052:
3045:
3038:
3031:
3024:
3017:
3010:
3003:
2996:
2989:
2982:
2975:
2968:
2961:
2954:
2947:
2940:
2933:
2926:
2919:
2912:
2905:
2898:
2891:
2884:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2828:
2821:
2814:
2807:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2779:
2772:
2765:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2730:
2723:
2716:
2709:
2702:
2695:
2688:
2668:
2660:
2639:
2632:
2625:
2616:
2615:
2604:
2580:
2543:
2527:
2516:
2496:
2493:
2484:
2481:
2475:
2472:
2461:
2458:
2449:
2446:
2433:
2430:
2424:
2421:
2406:
2403:
2397:
2394:
2388:
2385:
2376:
2373:
2364:
2361:
2355:
2352:
2341:
2338:
2329:
2328:
2318:
2310:
2282:
2276:
2273:
2260:
2257:
2246:
2243:
2237:
2234:
2228:
2225:
2219:
2216:
2207:
2204:
2148:Marcello Cervini
2140:Diego de Mendoza
2103:natural lighting
2095:Louis de Bourbon
2091:Jean de Lorraine
2089:on December 28;
2042:'s claim to the
2028:Ranuccio Farnese
1985:Cappella Paolina
1953:
1937:
1925:
1918:
1859:Cardinal-bishop
1830:Cardinal-bishop
1802:Cardinal-bishop
1793:Girolamo Verallo
1780:1548, January 9
1774:Cardinal-bishop
1750:
1718:Cardinal-bishop
1687:Cardinal-bishop
1681:Ranuccio Farnese
1662:Cardinal-bishop
1634:Cardinal-bishop
1547:Cardinal-bishop
1496:Cardinal-bishop
1466:Cardinal-bishop
1438:Cardinal-bishop
1410:Cardinal-bishop
1354:Cardinal-bishop
1328:
1320:Cardinal-bishop
1241:
1231:Cardinal-bishop
1176:Cardinal-bishop
1151:Cardinal-bishop
1123:
1115:Cardinal-bishop
1085:Cardinal-bishop
1052:Cardinal-bishop
1026:
992:Cardinal-bishop
931:Cardinal-bishop
906:Bishop of Parma
903:Cardinal-bishop
868:Cardinal-bishop
813:Cardinal-bishop
758:Cardinal-bishop
702:Cardinal-bishop
693:Jean de Lorraine
677:Bishop of Padua
674:Cardinal-bishop
664:Francesco Pisani
641:Cardinal-bishop
611:Cardinal-bishop
572:Cardinal-deacon
543:Cardinal-bishop
510:Cardinal-bishop
481:Cardinal-bishop
451:Cardinal-bishop
415:Cardinal-bishop
382:Cardinal-bishop
344:
343:
319:Council of Trent
280:Jean de Lorraine
208:House of Farnese
200:Council of Trent
137:
55:Apostolic Palace
51:Cappella Paolina
37:
30:
29:
21:
3965:
3964:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3920:Papal conclaves
3900:
3899:
3896:
3886:
3881:
3879:
3869:
3864:
3862:
3852:
3847:
3845:
3841:from Wikisource
3835:
3830:
3828:
3818:
3813:
3811:
3801:
3796:
3794:
3784:
3779:
3777:
3773:from Wiktionary
3767:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3753:sister projects
3750:at Knowledge's
3744:
3734:
3732:
3720:
3708:
3700:
3698:
3693:
3681:
3673:
3663:
3653:
3643:
3633:
3623:
3613:
3603:
3593:
3586:
3584:
3578:
3569:
3562:
3553:
3546:
3537:
3530:
3521:
3514:
3505:
3498:
3489:
3482:
3473:
3466:
3457:
3450:
3441:
3434:
3427:
3420:
3413:
3406:
3399:
3392:
3385:
3378:
3371:
3364:
3357:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3329:
3322:
3315:
3308:
3301:
3294:
3287:
3280:
3273:
3266:
3257:
3250:
3241:
3234:
3227:
3220:
3213:
3206:
3199:
3192:
3185:
3178:
3171:
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3157:
3150:
3143:
3136:
3129:
3120:
3113:
3104:
3097:
3090:
3083:
3076:
3069:
3062:
3055:
3048:
3041:
3034:
3027:
3020:
3013:
3006:
2999:
2992:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2957:
2950:
2943:
2936:
2929:
2922:
2915:
2908:
2901:
2894:
2887:
2880:
2873:
2866:
2859:
2852:
2845:
2838:
2831:
2824:
2817:
2810:
2803:
2796:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2768:
2761:
2754:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2691:
2684:
2677:
2671:
2663:
2656:
2648:
2643:
2601:
2561:10.2307/2540219
2540:
2505:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2464:
2459:
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2447:
2436:
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2427:
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2332:
2312:
2311:
2299:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2263:
2258:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2210:
2205:
2196:
2191:
2179:insider trading
2169:betting spreads
2165:
2159:
2128:
2126:Primary sources
2120:Pope Julius III
2097:on January 14.
2040:Ottavio Farnese
2024:cardinal-nephew
1970:
1896:
1749:
1702:Cardinal-nephew
1631:(pro-Imperial)
1630:
1616:Cardinal-nephew
1493:(pro-Imperial)
1492:
1381:(pro-Imperial)
1380:
1351:(pro-Imperial)
1350:
1327:
1264:(pro-Imperial)
1263:
1256:Giovanni Morone
1240:
1222:Miguel da Silva
1196:Giacomo Savelli
1122:
1111:
1068:Pedro de Toledo
1049:(pro-Imperial)
1048:
1025:
1011:Niccolò Caetani
989:(pro-Imperial)
988:
961:(pro-Imperial)
960:
935:Bishop of Paris
887:Cardinal-nephew
755:(pro-Imperial)
754:
657:Cardinal-nephew
637:
595:
593:Cardinal-nephew
588:Primus diaconus
539:
532:Ennio Filonardi
477:
432:
411:
378:
256:
239:Ottavio Farnese
220:Pope Julius III
193:cardinal-nephew
169:Pope Julius III
153:
147:
124:
58:
49:
36:
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3963:
3953:
3952:
3950:1550 in Europe
3947:
3945:1549 in Europe
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3895:
3894:
3877:
3860:
3858:from Wikibooks
3843:
3826:
3824:from Wikiquote
3809:
3792:
3775:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3730:
3718:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3691:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3661:
3651:
3641:
3631:
3621:
3611:
3601:
3590:
3588:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3544:
3543:
3542:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3496:
3495:
3494:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3432:
3425:
3418:
3411:
3404:
3397:
3390:
3383:
3376:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3341:
3334:
3327:
3320:
3313:
3306:
3299:
3292:
3285:
3278:
3271:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3232:
3225:
3218:
3211:
3208:September 1590
3204:
3197:
3190:
3183:
3176:
3169:
3162:
3155:
3148:
3141:
3134:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3099:September 1503
3095:
3088:
3081:
3074:
3067:
3060:
3053:
3046:
3039:
3032:
3025:
3018:
3011:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2983:
2976:
2969:
2962:
2955:
2948:
2941:
2934:
2927:
2920:
2913:
2906:
2903:September 1276
2899:
2892:
2885:
2878:
2871:
2864:
2857:
2850:
2843:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2815:
2808:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2724:
2717:
2710:
2703:
2696:
2689:
2681:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2665:Papal conclave
2661:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2642:
2641:
2634:
2627:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2605:
2599:
2581:
2555:(3): 301–314.
2544:
2538:
2517:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2485:
2476:
2462:
2450:
2434:
2425:
2407:
2398:
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2377:
2365:
2356:
2342:
2330:
2297:
2277:
2261:
2247:
2238:
2229:
2220:
2208:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2158:
2152:
2132:Enrico Dandolo
2127:
2124:
2075:Jean du Bellay
2044:Duchy of Parma
1989:Sistine Chapel
1969:
1966:
1957:Pope Gregory X
1941:Pope Julius II
1895:
1892:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1866:
1865:1549, April 8
1863:
1860:
1857:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1837:
1836:1549, April 8
1834:
1831:
1828:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1809:
1808:1549, April 8
1806:
1803:
1800:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1753:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1725:
1724:1547, July 27
1722:
1719:
1716:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1691:
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1683:
1677:
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1655:
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1646:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1595:
1593:Tiberio Crispo
1589:
1588:
1586:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1459:
1457:Andrea Cornaro
1453:
1452:
1450:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1331:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1244:
1237:
1232:
1229:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1131:
1126:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1064:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1029:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1004:
999:
996:
993:
990:
983:
977:
976:
974:
969:
966:
964:
962:
955:
949:
948:
946:
941:
938:
932:
929:
924:
922:Jean du Bellay
918:
917:
915:
910:
907:
904:
901:
896:
890:
889:
880:
875:
872:
869:
866:
861:
855:
854:
852:
847:
844:
841:
839:
834:
828:
827:
825:
820:
819:1530, March 9
817:
814:
811:
806:
800:
799:
797:
792:
791:1529, January
789:
786:
784:
779:
777:Girolamo Doria
773:
772:
770:
765:
762:
759:
756:
749:
747:Ercole Gonzaga
743:
742:
740:
735:
732:
730:
728:
723:
717:
716:
714:
709:
706:
703:
700:
695:
689:
688:
686:
681:
678:
675:
672:
666:
660:
659:
653:
648:
645:
642:
639:
632:
630:Nicolò Ridolfi
626:
625:
623:
618:
615:
612:
609:
604:
598:
597:
584:
579:
576:
573:
570:
565:
563:Innocenzo Cibo
559:
558:
555:
550:
547:
544:
541:
534:
528:
527:
522:
517:
514:
511:
508:
503:
497:
496:
493:
488:
485:
482:
479:
472:
466:
465:
463:
458:
455:
452:
449:
444:
438:
437:
427:
422:
419:
416:
413:
406:
400:
399:
394:
389:
386:
383:
380:
373:
367:
366:
363:
360:
357:
354:
351:
348:
335:Ercole Gonzaga
315:Nicolò Ridolfi
255:
252:
173:papal conclave
155:
154:
148:
142:
139:
138:
130:
129:
116:
115:
111:
110:
107:
103:
102:
98:
97:
92:
88:
87:
82:
78:
77:
72:
68:
67:
63:
62:
45:
44:
40:
39:
33:Papal conclave
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3962:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3898:
3892:from Wikidata
3891:
3890:
3878:
3874:
3873:
3861:
3857:
3856:
3844:
3840:
3839:
3827:
3823:
3822:
3810:
3807:from Wikinews
3806:
3805:
3793:
3789:
3788:
3776:
3772:
3771:
3759:
3758:
3755:
3749:
3741:
3731:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3706:
3703:
3689:
3680:
3679:
3676:
3668:
3667:
3662:
3658:
3657:
3652:
3648:
3647:
3642:
3638:
3637:
3632:
3628:
3627:
3622:
3618:
3617:
3612:
3608:
3607:
3602:
3598:
3597:
3596:Ubi periculum
3592:
3591:
3589:
3581:
3572:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3556:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3545:
3540:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3529:
3524:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3508:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3492:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3476:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3460:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3449:
3444:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3426:
3423:
3419:
3416:
3412:
3409:
3405:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3384:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3370:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3349:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3335:
3332:
3328:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3314:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3286:
3283:
3279:
3276:
3272:
3269:
3265:
3260:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3244:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3226:
3223:
3219:
3216:
3212:
3209:
3205:
3202:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3188:
3184:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3149:
3146:
3142:
3139:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3123:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3107:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3089:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3075:
3072:
3068:
3065:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3040:
3037:
3033:
3030:
3026:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3012:
3009:
3005:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2991:
2988:
2984:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2960:
2956:
2953:
2949:
2946:
2942:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2914:
2911:
2907:
2904:
2900:
2897:
2893:
2890:
2886:
2883:
2879:
2876:
2872:
2869:
2865:
2862:
2858:
2855:
2851:
2848:
2844:
2841:
2837:
2834:
2830:
2827:
2823:
2820:
2816:
2813:
2812:December 1187
2809:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2795:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2774:
2771:
2767:
2764:
2760:
2757:
2753:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2697:
2694:
2690:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2676:Elections and
2674:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2654:
2651:
2647:
2640:
2635:
2633:
2628:
2626:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2600:0-87169-161-2
2596:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2545:
2541:
2535:
2531:
2526:
2525:
2518:
2514:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2492:
2490:
2480:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2457:
2455:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2429:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2402:
2393:
2384:
2382:
2372:
2370:
2360:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2337:
2335:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2281:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2242:
2233:
2224:
2215:
2213:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2194:
2186:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2164:
2157:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2106:
2104:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2048:Claude d'Urfé
2045:
2041:
2037:
2036:Reginald Pole
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1993:Pope Paul III
1990:
1986:
1978:
1977:Reginald Pole
1974:
1965:
1962:
1961:Ubi periculum
1958:
1954:
1952:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1936:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1917:
1911:
1907:
1906:
1905:Ubi periculum
1901:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1748:1547, July 27
1747:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1515:Federico Cesi
1513:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:1542, June 2
1297:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:1542, June 2
1270:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1112:(pro-French)
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
987:
984:
982:
981:Reginald Pole
979:
975:
973:
970:
967:
965:
963:
959:
956:
954:
951:
947:
945:
942:
940:1535, May 21
939:
936:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
916:
914:
911:
908:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
888:
884:
881:
879:
876:
873:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
853:
851:
848:
845:
842:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
826:
824:
821:
818:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
798:
796:
793:
790:
787:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
771:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
753:
750:
748:
745:
741:
739:
736:
733:
731:
729:
727:
724:
722:
721:Niccolò Gaddi
719:
715:
713:
710:
708:1518, May 28
707:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
687:
685:
682:
680:1517, July 1
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
665:
662:
658:
654:
652:
649:
647:1517, July 1
646:
643:
640:
638:(pro-French)
636:
633:
631:
628:
624:
622:
619:
617:1517, July 1
616:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
594:
590:
589:
585:
583:
580:
578:1517, July 1
577:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
556:
554:
551:
548:
545:
542:
540:(pro-French)
538:
535:
533:
530:
526:
523:
521:
518:
515:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
494:
492:
489:
486:
483:
480:
478:(pro-French)
476:
473:
471:
468:
464:
462:
459:
456:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
436:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:1517, July 1
420:
417:
414:
412:(pro-French)
410:
407:
405:
402:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:1517, July 1
387:
384:
381:
379:(pro-French)
377:
374:
372:
369:
358:
345:
342:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
311:Reginald Pole
308:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
272:
267:
264:
260:
259:Pope Paul III
251:
249:
245:
240:
236:
232:
228:
223:
221:
217:
213:
212:Reginald Pole
209:
205:
201:
196:
195:of Paul III.
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
165:Pope Paul III
162:
151:
146:
140:
136:
131:
128:
123:
122:
117:
112:
108:
104:
99:
96:
93:
89:
86:
83:
79:
76:
73:
69:
66:Key officials
64:
61:
56:
52:
46:
41:
31:
19:
3897:
3887:
3870:
3853:
3836:
3819:
3802:
3790:from Commons
3785:
3768:
3747:
3740:Vatican City
3728:Christianity
3664:
3654:
3644:
3634:
3624:
3614:
3604:
3594:
3532:October 1978
3158:
3115:October 1503
2889:January 1276
2805:October 1187
2608:
2589:
2552:
2548:
2523:
2511:
2479:
2428:
2401:
2392:
2359:
2287:
2280:
2241:
2232:
2223:
2183:
2172:
2166:
2155:
2136:Simon Renard
2129:
2107:
2099:
2060:
2017:
1982:
1960:
1948:
1932:
1929:
1920:
1903:
1897:
1877:
1326:1542, June 2
764:1527, May 3
734:1527, May 3
587:
524:
350:Nationality
309:followed by
304:
268:
257:
248:Pope Paul IV
235:War of Parma
224:
218:was elected
197:
160:
158:
126:
125:Name taken:
119:
114:Elected pope
60:Papal States
3770:Definitions
3716:Catholicism
3616:Cum proxime
3516:August 1978
2134:of Venice,
2116:unanimously
2013:Roman Curia
1066:Brother of
850:Clement VII
823:Clement VII
795:Clement VII
768:Clement VII
738:Clement VII
461:Clement VII
290:of France,
3904:Categories
3821:Quotations
3587:(selected)
3166:April 1555
2503:References
2307:1315023054
1947:election,
1945:simoniacal
1227:Portuguese
1016:Neapolitan
883:Camerlengo
726:Florentine
635:Florentine
568:Florentine
475:Neapolitan
409:Florentine
150:April 1555
127:Julius III
91:Camerlengo
3872:Resources
3855:Textbooks
3585:documents
3583:Governing
3408:1830–1831
3387:1799–1800
3380:1774–1775
3303:1669–1670
3187:1565–1566
3159:1549–1550
3138:1521–1522
2966:1314–1316
2959:1304–1305
2938:1292–1294
2931:1287–1288
2917:1280–1281
2896:July 1276
2882:1268–1271
2875:1264–1265
2678:conclaves
2577:164753681
2315:cite book
2005:benefices
1987:(not the
1968:Balloting
1910:canon law
1894:Procedure
864:Valentano
433:Uncle of
362:Elevator
359:Elevated
3688:Category
3571:electors
3555:electors
3539:electors
3523:electors
3507:electors
3491:electors
3475:electors
3459:electors
3443:electors
3259:electors
3252:May 1605
3243:electors
3173:May 1555
3122:electors
3106:electors
2587:(1984).
2174:papabili
2156:papabili
2111:plebeian
1943:against
1900:conclave
1869:Paul III
1840:Paul III
1826:Milanese
1812:Paul III
1784:Paul III
1756:Paul III
1728:Paul III
1697:Paul III
1672:Paul III
1644:Paul III
1611:Paul III
1584:Paul III
1557:Paul III
1532:Paul III
1506:Paul III
1490:Milanese
1476:Paul III
1462:Venetian
1448:Paul III
1434:Imperial
1420:Paul III
1392:Paul III
1364:Paul III
1334:Paul III
1316:Imperial
1302:Paul III
1275:Paul III
1261:Milanese
1247:Paul III
1213:Paul III
1186:Paul III
1161:Paul III
1129:Paul III
1095:Paul III
1062:Paul III
1032:Paul III
1002:Paul III
972:Paul III
944:Paul III
913:Paul III
878:Paul III
669:Venetian
553:Paul III
520:Paul III
491:Paul III
347:Elector
101:Election
81:Sub-dean
3702:Portals
2569:2540219
2171:on the
2052:Corsica
1628:Spanish
1378:Spanish
1348:Spanish
1109:Ferrara
1046:Spanish
986:English
782:Genoese
752:Mantuan
323:Bologna
152: →
143:←
106:Ballots
35:1549–50
3669:(2013)
3659:(2007)
3649:(1996)
3639:(1975)
3629:(1970)
3619:(1922)
3609:(1621)
3599:(1274)
2597:
2575:
2567:
2536:
2532:–110.
2305:
2295:
2073:, and
2056:schism
2022:, the
1955:, and
1770:French
1714:French
1658:French
1406:French
1147:French
1081:French
927:French
837:French
809:French
698:French
607:French
447:French
365:Notes
356:Title
353:Order
282:, and
231:schism
191:, the
187:, and
3838:Texts
3787:Media
2573:S2CID
2565:JSTOR
2189:Notes
2063:Genoa
1855:Roman
1798:Roman
1598:Roman
1571:Roman
1520:Roman
1289:Roman
1201:Roman
958:Carpi
899:Roman
712:Leo X
684:Leo X
651:Leo X
621:Leo X
582:Leo X
537:Roman
506:Roman
425:Leo X
392:Leo X
376:Roman
3889:Data
3804:News
3564:2013
3548:2005
3500:1963
3484:1958
3468:1939
3452:1922
3436:1914
3429:1903
3422:1878
3415:1846
3401:1829
3394:1823
3373:1769
3366:1758
3359:1740
3352:1730
3345:1724
3338:1721
3331:1700
3324:1691
3317:1689
3310:1676
3296:1667
3289:1655
3282:1644
3275:1623
3268:1621
3229:1592
3222:1591
3201:1585
3194:1572
3180:1559
3152:1534
3145:1523
3131:1513
3092:1492
3085:1484
3078:1471
3071:1464
3064:1458
3057:1455
3050:1447
3043:1431
3036:1417
3029:1406
3022:1404
3015:1389
3008:1378
3001:1370
2994:1362
2987:1352
2980:1342
2973:1334
2952:1303
2945:1294
2924:1285
2910:1277
2868:1261
2861:1254
2854:1243
2847:1241
2840:1227
2833:1216
2826:1198
2819:1191
2798:1185
2791:1181
2784:1159
2777:1154
2770:1153
2763:1145
2756:1144
2749:1143
2742:1130
2735:1124
2728:1119
2721:1118
2714:1099
2707:1088
2700:1086
2693:1073
2686:1061
2595:ISBN
2534:ISBN
2325:link
2321:link
2303:OCLC
2293:ISBN
2154:The
2085:and
2079:écus
2030:and
337:and
329:and
159:The
145:1534
71:Dean
2557:doi
2530:104
2181:).
321:to
3906::
2571:.
2563:.
2553:16
2551:.
2488:^
2465:^
2453:^
2437:^
2410:^
2380:^
2368:^
2345:^
2333:^
2317:}}
2313:{{
2301:.
2264:^
2250:^
2211:^
2197:^
2069:,
2058:.
885:,
671:,
591:,
278:,
183:,
109:61
53:,
3756::
3704::
2638:e
2631:t
2624:v
2603:.
2579:.
2559::
2542:.
2327:)
2309:.
1913:(
325:(
57:,
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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