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799:, pansies can bloom over the winter, and are often planted in the fall. In warmer zones, pansies may re-seed themselves and return the next year. They are not very heat-tolerant; warm temperatures inhibit blooming and hot muggy air causes rot and death. In colder zones, pansies may not survive without snow cover or protection (mulch) from extreme cold or periods of freezing and thawing. They perform best in zones with moderate temperatures, and equal amounts of mild rainfall and sunshine.
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630:, Surrey. Under the supervision of her gardener, William Richardson, a large variety of plants was produced via cross-breeding. In 1812, she introduced her pansies to the horticultural world, and, in 1813, Mr. Lee of Vineyard Nursery, a well-known florist and nurseryman, discovered her collection and further cultivated the flower. Other nurserymen followed Lee's example, and the pansy became a favorite among the public.
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654:(1839–1914). A round flower of overlapping petals was the aim of some early experimenters; in the late 1830s a chance sport that no longer had narrow nectar guides of dark color on the petals but a broad dark blotch on the petals (which came to be called the "face"), was found. It was developed in Gambier's garden and released to the public in 1839 with the name "Medora".
1227:
intertwine the hooks where the pansy blossoms meet the stems, then attempt to pull the two flowers apart like wishbones. Whoever pulled off the most of their opponent’s violet heads was proclaimed the winner. Young
American settlers also made pansy dolls by lining up the pansy flower “faces”, pasting on leaf skirts and twig arms to complete the figures.
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little day, – and when ye die,/Sweet flowers! The grateful muse/Shall give a verse". Smart proposes "Were it not for thee, oh sun,/Those pansies, that reclining from the bank/View through the immaculate, pellucid stream,/Their portraiture in the inverted Heaven,/Might as well change their triple boast, the white,/The purple, and the gold".
1219:, a honeyflower and a pansy left by a lover for his beloved means, "I am thinking of our forbidden love". In 1858, the writer James Shirley Hibberd wrote that the French custom of giving a bride a bouquet of pansies (thoughts) and marigolds (cares) symbolized the woes of domestic life rather than marital bliss.
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tricolor; none currently has been honored with so rich a variety of names, at once expressive of grace, delicacy and tenderness.” Many of these names play on the whimsical nature of love, including “Three Faces under a Hood,” “Flame Flower,” “Jump Up and Kiss Me,” “Flower of Jove,” and “Pink of my John.”
657:
By 1833, there were 400 named pansies available to gardeners who once considered its progenitor, heartsease, a weed. Specific guidelines were formulated for show pansies but amateur gardeners preferred the less demanding fancy pansies. About this time, James Grieve developed the viola and Dr. Charles
1226:
American pioneers thought that “a handful of violets taken into the farmhouse in the spring ensured prosperity, and to neglect this ceremony brought harm to baby chicks and ducklings.” On account of its place in
American hearts, a game called “Violet War” also arose. In this game, two players would
439:
is 2n = 44–52, with most cultivars being 2n = 48. The flower is 5 to 8 centimetres (2 to 3 in) in diameter and has two slightly overlapping upper petals, two side petals, and a single bottom petal with a slight beard emanating from the flower's center. These petals are usually white or yellow,
980:
On account of its popularity in both society and its recurring appearances in
Romantic poetry, a variety of new nicknames for the flower began to circulate. Dorothea Lynde Dix proclaims that “Perhaps no flower (not excepting even the queenly rose) claims to be so universal a favorite, as the viola
916:. The plant may collapse without warning in the middle of the season. The foliage will flag and lose color. Flowers will fade and shrivel prematurely. Stem will snap at the soil line if tugged slightly. The plant is probably a total loss unless tufted. The treatment of stem rot includes the use of
976:
The pansy's connection to pious humility is mentioned by Harte, who writes: "From brute beasts humility I learned;/And in the pansy’s life God’s providence discerned". Gifford evokes both
Christian and classical undertones, writing how "Pansies – still,/More blest than me, thus shall ye live/Your
1222:
A German fable tells of how the pansy lost its perfume. Originally pansies would have been very fragrant, growing wild in fields and forests. It was said that people would trample the grass completely in eagerness to pick pansies. Unfortunately, the people’s cows were starving due to the ruined
944:. Pansies with the virus have fine yellow veining on young leaves, stunted growth and anomalous flowers. The virus can lie dormant, affect the entire plant and be passed to next generations and to other species. Prevention is key: purchases should consist entirely of healthy plants.
1180:(FFRF) uses the pansy symbol extensively in its lapel pins and literature. The flower has long been associated with human manner, as one man cleverly stated: “Nature sports as much with the colours of this little flower as she does with the features of the human countenance.”
724:
Modern horticulturists have developed a wide range of pansy flower colors and bicolors including yellow, gold, orange, purple, violet, red, white, and even near-black (very dark purple). Pansies typically display large showy face markings. The Joker Series has gained the
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Pansies, for best growth, are watered thoroughly about once a week, depending on climate and rainfall. The plant should never be over-watered. To maximize blooming, plant foods are used about every other week, depending on the type of food used. Regular
500:
into four subgroups: B1 – pansies, B2 – violas, B3 – violettas and B4 – cornuta hybrids. On this classification, modern "pansies" differ from the other three subgroups by possessing a well-defined "blotch" or "eye" in the middle of the flower.
504:
Modern horticulturalists tend to use the term "pansy" for those multi-coloured large-flowered hybrids that are grown for bedding purposes every year, while "viola" is usually reserved for smaller, more delicate annuals and perennials.
568:); in the German version of the tale, the lower petal represents the stepmother, the large upper petals represent her daughters, and the small upper petals represent her stepdaughters. The Czech name for the flower,
633:
About the same time that Lady
Bennett was busy cultivating heartsease, James, Lord Gambier was doing the same in his garden at Iver under the advice and guidance of his gardener William Thompson. A yellow viola,
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Plants grow well in sunny or partially sunny positions in well-draining soils. Pansies are perennial, but normally grown as biennials or annuals because of their leggy growth. The first year plant produces
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in the mid-15th century, as the flower was regarded as a symbol of remembrance. The name "love in idleness" implied the image of a lover who has little or no other employment than to think of his beloved.
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and planted directly into the garden soil. Plants will grow up to 23 cm (9 in) in height with flowers measuring 5 to 8 cm (2 to 3 in) in diameter, though smaller and larger flowering
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in its second year of growth. Afterwards, the plant dies like an annual. Because of selective human breeding, most garden pansies bloom the first year, some in as little as nine weeks after sowing.
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family. Symptoms include violet-gray powder on fringes and underside of leaves. It is encouraged by stagnant air and can be limited but not necessarily eliminated by fungicide application.
865:, which produces purple-brown leaf spots, often with encircling yellowing, that have an accompanying grey mold on the leaf underside. It can severely weaken or kill affected plants.
572:, also means "little stepmother" and is said to derive from the flower's resemblance of an evil woman's sullen face. In Slovenian, the flower is instead identified with an orphan.
1223:
fields, so the pansy prayed to give up her perfume. Her prayer was answered, and without her perfumed scent, the fields grew tall, and the cows grew fat on the fresh green grass.
795:. They can survive light freezes and short periods of snow cover, but, in areas with prolonged snow cover, a covering of a dry winter mulch is recommended. In warmer climates,
539:, whose name in Greek signifies cheerfulness of mind. The woman, who refused marriage and took the veil, was considered a pattern of humility, hence the name "humble violet".
464:
English common names, such as "pansy", "viola" and "violet" may be used interchangeably. One possible distinction is that plants considered to be "pansies" are classified in
611:
1212:, the "juice of the heartsease" is a love potion and "on sleeping eyelids laid, will make a man or woman madly dote upon the next live creature that it sees." (II.1).
884:
A pansy exhibiting the flower's morphology: two large petals overlapping at the top, two side petals, a lower petal with slight indentation, and beards at the center
472:, and have four petals pointing upwards (the two side petals point upwards), and only one pointing down, whereas those considered to be "violets" are classified in
1176:. The specific colors of the flower – purple, yellow, and white – are meant to symbolize memories, loving thoughts and souvenirs, respectively. The
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purplish, or blue. The plant may grow to 23 cm (9 in) in height, and prefers sun to varying degrees and well-draining soils.
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480:, and have two petals pointing up and three pointing down. Another possible distinction is made by the American Violet Society – the
847:. Symptoms include dark spots on leaf margins followed by a white web covering the leaves. It is associated with cool damp springs.
2311:
2188:
928:, which are used prior to planting. Infected plants are destroyed (burned) to prevent the spread of the pathogen to other plants.
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about a selfish stepmother is told to children while the teller plucks off corresponding parts of the blossom. The German name is
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distributes flowers with the remark, "There's pansies, that's for thoughts" (IV.5). Other poets referencing the pansy include
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The fuchsia, pansy and phlox: their history, properties, cultivation, propaganda, and general management in all seasons
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use it too, as the pansy's current appearance was developed from the heartsease by two centuries of intentional
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Yockteng Jr, R.; Ballard, H.E.; Mansion, G.; Dajoz, I. & Nadot, S. (2003). "Relationships among pansies (
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times and its usage as a disparaging term for a man or boy who is effeminate, as well as for an avowedly
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Pansy displaying the two upper overlapping petals, the two side petals, and the single bottom petal
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Remember Flower By Faces, But Not Humans. "The
Milwaukee Sentinel." September 15, 1929. P. 12.
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In Israel, the pansy is called Amnon Ve'Tamar, (אמנון ותמר), named after the rape story of
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In
Scandinavia, Scotland, and Germany, the pansy is known as the "stepmother" flower; an
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1685:"Karyologic and heterosis studies of the artificial inter- and intraspecific hybrids of
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Kuta, Elżbieta; Bohdanowicz, Jerzy; Małobęcki, Andrzej & Słomka, Aneta (2012).
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Stuart developed the violetta, both smaller, more compact plants than the pansy.
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were among the crosses that laid the foundation for the new hybrids classed as
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2189:"Rediscovering A Forgotten Symbol Of Freethought – A Pansy For Your Thoughts"
1990:
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2019:
Every woman her own flower gardener: A manual of flower gardening for ladies
1744:
Encyclopedia of
Diderot & d'Alembert - Collaborative Translation Project
2531:
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Du, Xiaohua; Wang, Mengye; Słomka, Aneta; Liu, Huichao (1 September 2018).
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831:, which can spread the cucumber mosaic virus, sometimes feed on pansies.
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Pansies are purchased as six-packs or "flats" (USA) of young plants from
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After flowering, a seed capsule matures, eventually opening as seen here.
204:
590:, in which Amnon raped his half-sister Tamar. The name was suggested by
2316:
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heroine, but settled on
Scarlett just before the book went into print.
995:
696: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Because its name means "thought", the pansy was chosen as a symbol of
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man, is still in use. The word "ponce" (which has now come to mean a
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1408:
1085:) and the adjective "poncey" (effeminate) also derive from "pansy".
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626:(commonly, heartsease) she could procure in her father's garden at
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1991:"Pansy - Encyclopedia of Cultivated Plants: From Acacia to Zinnia"
1976:
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published his last literary effort, an unfinished piece, entitled
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without interspecific hybridization) that had been illustrated in
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The Dublin
University Magazine: A Literary and Political Journal
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2147:
Flora Historica: or the Three Seasons of The British Parterre
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638:, and a wide-petalled pale yellow species of Russian origin,
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75:
1821:"Classification of the Cultivated forms of the genus Viola"
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893:
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1930:[Pansy, a lady with an extraordinary reputation].
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Nauenburg, Johannes Dietrich; Buttler, Karl Peter (2007).
1267:
Pansies in a garden displaying foliage, markings, and buds
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A disease caused by one or more species of fungus in the
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1620:. Vol. 4. Copenhagen: Martin Hallager. p. 623.
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Stem rot, also known as pansy sickness, is a soil-borne
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1965:. S. G. Goodrich and co. and Carter and Hendee, 1829.
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1603:. Vol. 1. Paris: Treuttel et Würtz. p. 303.
2021:. 7th ed. Pg 38–39. Ladies Floral Cabinet Co., 1885.
1879:. Texas A&M University Press. pp. 190–195.
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Registry of the Cultivated Forms of the Genus Viola
1121:created a painting of a black pansy called simply,
1875:Silverthorne, Elizabeth (2002) . "Violet/Pansy".
406:refers to a horticultural variety of wild pansy (
2559:
2122:(2 ed.). HarperCollins. pp. 414, 422.
2120:Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants
2095:Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants
2032:On the Subject of Pansies, Violas, and Violettas
1855:
1844:
1842:
1784:"Floral and pollen characters a useful tools in
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2141:
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912:and a possible hazard with unsterilized animal
2117:
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1614:Otto Friedrich Müller, Otto Friedrich (1777).
1133:created a fantasy flower called Pensée in his
2224:Medical Botany. Plants Affecting Human Health
2097:(2 ed.). HarperCollins. pp. 412–3.
1839:
1636:"Genetical and cytological investigations on
482:International Cultivar Registration Authority
368:, but this scientific name is suspect. While
2222:Lewis, W. H., Elvin-Lewis, M. P. F. (2003).
2136:
2074:. Royal Horticultural Society. November 2018
1874:
1554:) investigated using ITS and ISSR markers".
313:) is a type of polychromatic large-flowered
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1160:and has been used in the literature of the
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1974:
1957:
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1953:
1951:
1949:
1255:Pansies showing typical face-like markings
1060:originally chose Pansy as the name of her
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49:
2149:. Vol. 1. London: E. Lloyd and Son, 1824.
1714:
1659:
1629:
1627:
712:Learn how and when to remove this message
622:, collected and cultivated every sort of
2226:(p.555). Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.
2118:Buczacki, Stefan; Harris, Keith (1998).
2093:Buczacki, Stefan; Harris, Keith (1998).
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1523:United States Department of Agriculture
1514:Germplasm Resources Information Network
972:with heartsease depicted in each corner
740:Pansies produced for the bedding market
14:
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1899:
1852:. Vol. 42. July to December 1853: 286.
1624:
1597:De Candolle, Augustin Pyramus (1824).
1183:
2246:
2245:
1928:"Maceška, dáma s neobyčejnou pověstí"
1877:Legends and Lore of Texas Wildflowers
1536:
810:
513:The name "pansy" is derived from the
2431:ea17368e-47f5-4274-9503-1a5ec815b631
855:Pansy downy mildew is caused by the
694:adding citations to reliable sources
665:
888:
523:, "thought", and was imported into
488:. It divides cultivated varieties (
24:
1925:
1661:10.1111/j.1601-5223.1926.tb03159.x
1600:Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle]
1069:The word "pansy" has indicated an
535:The name "heart's-ease" came from
25:
2589:
2237:
868:
650:, named for the Swedish botanist
2519:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:869552-1
2056:The Country gentleman's magazine
1906:The Herb Society of America Blog
1900:Readal, Maryann (1 March 2021).
1738:Diderot, Denis (15 April 2013).
1634:Clausen, Jens Christian (1926).
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1178:Freedom From Religion Foundation
1054:Pansies: Poems by D. H. Lawrence
807:can extend the blooming period.
670:
575:In Italy, the pansy is known as
416:in 1777 before the existence of
62:
32:For other uses of the name, see
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2177:
2152:
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1983:
1968:
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1893:
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1556:Plant Systematics and Evolution
1140:
850:
681:needs additional citations for
2034:. The American Violet Society.
1902:"Heartsease–Herb of the Month"
1765:"Viola cornuta (horned pansy)"
1757:
1731:
1676:
1607:
1590:
1493:
1088:
784:Pansies for sale in a British
661:
13:
1:
2213:. Groombridge and Sons, 1858.
2058:. Volume 7. 1871. Pg. 111–112
1827:. The American Violet Society
1519:Agricultural Research Service
1434:
1193:
332:("the pansies") of the genus
952:
834:
791:Pansies are winter hardy in
508:
325:from several species in the
7:
1977:"אמנון ותמר (משירי הפרחים)"
1795:Acta Biologica Cracoviensia
1056:was published in 1929, and
968:in 1544 for her stepmother
903:
727:Royal Horticultural Society
610:In the early 19th century,
360:. It is sometimes known as
279:Viola tricolor maxima nigra
27:Large, hybrid garden flower
10:
2594:
1241:
1230:The pansy is also used in
612:Lady Mary Elizabeth Bennet
31:
2254:
2069:"AGM Plants - Ornamental"
2030:Farrar, Elizabeth. 2000.
1576:10.1007/s00606-003-0045-7
1209:A Midsummer Night's Dream
1046:Little Pansie, a fragment
823:
614:(1785–1861), daughter of
219:
212:
190:
183:
59:Scientific classification
57:
48:
43:
2209:Hibberd, James Shirley.
1934:(in Czech). No. 525
1716:10.21273/HORTSCI13098-18
1456:"Validierung des Namens
1152:(Vincent van Gogh, 1887)
207:ex Nauenb. & Buttler
2164:www.merriam-webster.com
1975:Tchernichovsky, Shaul.
1107:Still Life with Pansies
1101:in 1827, and, in 1874,
948:In the arts and culture
317:cultivated as a garden
266:Groenland & Rümpler
1199:
1162:American Secular Union
1153:
1034:
973:
885:
820:
788:
765:
741:
616:Emma, Lady Tankerville
607:
461:
453:
34:Pansy (disambiguation)
2160:"Definition of PANSY"
1961:Dix, Dorothea Lynde.
1479:10.21248/kochia.v2.22
1191:
1148:
1125:and followed it with
1095:Pierre-Joseph Redouté
1024:
960:
938:cucumber mosaic virus
932:Cucumber mosaic virus
900:feed on the foliage.
883:
818:
783:
763:
739:
731:Award of Garden Merit
652:Veit Brecher Wittrock
605:
598:Historical background
459:
451:
444:Names and terminology
271:Viola tricolor maxima
243:hortensis grandiflora
2290:Viola × wittrockiana
2185:Gaylor, Annie Laurie
2015:Johnson, Sophia Orne
1963:The garland of flora
1236:traditional medicine
1093:In the visual arts,
841:Ramularia deflectens
690:improve this article
592:Shaul Tchernichovsky
2046:. Windy Acres, Inc.
1568:2003PSyEv.241..153Y
1217:language of flowers
1204:William Shakespeare
1184:Traditions and uses
1103:Henri Fantin-Latour
1044:, sometimes called
1038:Nathaniel Hawthorne
819:Aphid and her young
620:Earl of Tankerville
525:Late Middle English
321:. It is derived by
2187:(June–July 1997).
1848:McGlashan, James.
1458:Viola wittrockiana
1200:
1154:
1150:Mand met viooltjes
1115:Mand met viooltjes
1099:Bouquet of Pansies
1063:Gone with the Wind
1042:Pansie, a Fragment
1035:
1016:William Wordsworth
974:
940:is transmitted by
886:
821:
811:Pests and diseases
789:
766:
742:
628:Walton-upon-Thames
608:
462:
454:
287:Viola wittrockiana
2555:
2554:
2465:Open Tree of Life
2248:Taxon identifiers
2199:on 11 April 2005.
2193:Freethought Today
2145:Phillips, Henry.
2129:978-0-00-220063-9
2104:978-0-00-220063-9
1058:Margaret Mitchell
1012:William Wakefield
722:
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563:little stepmother
544:aitiological tale
429:chromosome number
405:
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198: wittrockiana
176: wittrockiana
16:(Redirected from
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2294:
2293:
2292:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2259:
2243:
2242:
2227:
2220:
2214:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2195:. Archived from
2181:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2156:
2150:
2143:
2134:
2133:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2073:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2028:
2022:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1972:
1966:
1959:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1872:
1853:
1846:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1817:
1811:
1810:
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1806:
1792:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1718:
1709:(9): 1300–1305.
1680:
1674:
1673:
1663:
1631:
1622:
1621:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1562:(3–4): 153–170.
1543:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1464:
1451:
1429:
1420:
1411:
1402:
1393:
1384:
1375:
1366:
1357:
1348:
1336:
1324:
1312:
1300:
1288:
1276:
1264:
1252:
1198:
1195:
1131:J. J. Grandville
1119:Georgia O'Keeffe
1117:, and, in 1926,
1031:J. J. Grandville
889:Slugs and snails
845:fungal infection
717:
710:
706:
703:
697:
674:
666:
579:(little flame).
567:
564:
561:
558:
555:
401:
385:is a synonym of
376:
289:
281:
273:
265:
253:
245:
233:
225:
200:
197:
175:
67:
66:
53:
41:
40:
21:
2593:
2592:
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2558:
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2525:
2517:
2512:
2504:
2499:
2491:
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2478:
2476:
2468:
2463:
2455:
2452:Observation.org
2450:
2442:
2437:
2429:
2427:
2419:
2414:
2406:
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2393:
2388:
2380:
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2367:
2362:
2354:
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2341:
2336:
2328:
2323:
2315:
2310:
2302:
2297:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2257:
2250:
2240:
2230:
2221:
2217:
2208:
2204:
2182:
2178:
2168:
2166:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2116:
2112:
2105:
2091:
2087:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2054:
2050:
2042:
2038:
2029:
2025:
2013:
2009:
1999:
1997:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1973:
1969:
1960:
1947:
1937:
1935:
1924:
1920:
1910:
1908:
1898:
1894:
1887:
1873:
1856:
1847:
1840:
1830:
1828:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1804:
1802:
1790:
1780:
1776:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1748:
1746:
1736:
1732:
1681:
1677:
1632:
1625:
1612:
1608:
1595:
1591:
1544:
1537:
1527:
1525:
1499:
1498:
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1462:
1452:
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1421:
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1394:
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1367:
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1349:
1340:
1337:
1328:
1325:
1316:
1313:
1304:
1301:
1292:
1289:
1280:
1277:
1268:
1265:
1256:
1253:
1244:
1196:
1192:Greeting card,
1186:
1143:
1091:
1004:Michael Drayton
964:embroidered by
955:
950:
934:
906:
891:
871:
853:
837:
826:
813:
777:are available.
718:
707:
701:
698:
687:
675:
664:
606:A bicolor pansy
600:
565:
562:
559:
556:
549:Stiefmütterchen
511:
446:
338:, particularly
231:Viola hortensis
226:hort. ex Steud.
223:Viola hortensis
208:
202:
195:
192:
179:
173:
61:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2591:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2545:wfo-0000424992
2536:
2523:
2510:
2497:
2484:
2474:
2461:
2448:
2435:
2425:
2412:
2399:
2386:
2373:
2360:
2347:
2334:
2321:
2308:
2295:
2280:
2264:
2262:
2252:
2251:
2239:
2238:External links
2236:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2228:
2215:
2202:
2176:
2151:
2135:
2128:
2110:
2103:
2085:
2060:
2048:
2036:
2023:
2007:
1982:
1967:
1945:
1926:Vlková, Jana.
1918:
1892:
1885:
1854:
1838:
1812:
1801:(suppl. 1): 18
1774:
1756:
1740:"Viola, pansy"
1730:
1675:
1654:(1–2): 1–156.
1638:Viola tricolor
1623:
1606:
1589:
1535:
1492:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1424:
1422:
1415:
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1319:
1317:
1314:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1283:
1281:
1279:Yellow pansies
1278:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1185:
1182:
1172:of wild plant
1142:
1139:
1135:Fleurs Animées
1090:
1087:
1050:D. H. Lawrence
1027:Fleurs Animées
1025:"Pensée" from
1008:Edmund Spenser
1000:Bernard Barton
970:Katherine Parr
954:
951:
949:
946:
933:
930:
905:
902:
890:
887:
870:
869:Powdery mildew
867:
852:
849:
836:
833:
825:
822:
812:
809:
770:garden centers
720:
719:
678:
676:
669:
663:
660:
624:Viola tricolor
599:
596:
510:
507:
484:for the genus
445:
442:
295:
294:
293:
292:
284:
276:
268:
259:Viola tricolor
256:
254:hort. ex Domin
248:
236:
228:
217:
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210:
209:
203:
188:
187:
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55:
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46:
45:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2590:
2579:
2578:Hybrid plants
2576:
2574:
2573:Viola (plant)
2571:
2569:
2568:Garden plants
2566:
2565:
2563:
2546:
2541:
2537:
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2180:
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2161:
2155:
2148:
2142:
2140:
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2125:
2121:
2114:
2106:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2070:
2064:
2057:
2052:
2045:
2040:
2033:
2027:
2020:
2016:
2011:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1978:
1971:
1964:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1933:
1929:
1922:
1907:
1903:
1896:
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1886:1-58544-230-5
1882:
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1741:
1734:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1696:
1695:Viola cornuta
1692:
1688:
1679:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1630:
1628:
1619:
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1610:
1602:
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1335:
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1311:
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1220:
1218:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1190:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1170:crossbreeding
1167:
1163:
1159:
1151:
1147:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
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1120:
1116:
1112:
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858:
848:
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842:
832:
830:
817:
808:
806:
800:
798:
794:
787:
786:garden centre
782:
778:
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771:
762:
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756:
752:
748:
738:
734:
732:
728:
716:
713:
705:
695:
691:
685:
684:
679:This section
677:
673:
668:
667:
659:
655:
653:
649:
645:
641:
640:Viola altaica
637:
631:
629:
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621:
617:
613:
604:
595:
593:
589:
585:
580:
578:
573:
571:
551:
550:
545:
540:
538:
537:St. Euphrasia
533:
530:
527:as a name of
526:
522:
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516:
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491:
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367:
363:
359:
355:
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347:
343:
342:
337:
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331:
328:
324:
323:hybridization
320:
316:
312:
311:
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302:
288:
285:
280:
277:
272:
269:
264:
260:
257:
252:
249:
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237:
232:
229:
224:
221:
220:
218:
215:
211:
206:
201:
199:
189:
186:
185:Binomial name
182:
178:
177:
168:
165:
164:
161:
160:
156:
153:
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149:
146:
143:
142:
139:
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126:
123:
120:
119:
116:
113:
110:
107:
106:
103:
100:
97:
94:
93:
90:
89:Tracheophytes
87:
84:
81:
80:
77:
74:
71:
70:
65:
60:
56:
52:
47:
42:
39:
35:
30:
19:
2260:wittrockiana
2255:
2223:
2218:
2210:
2205:
2197:the original
2192:
2179:
2167:. Retrieved
2163:
2154:
2146:
2119:
2113:
2094:
2088:
2076:. Retrieved
2063:
2051:
2039:
2026:
2018:
2010:
1998:. Retrieved
1994:
1985:
1979:(in Hebrew).
1970:
1962:
1936:. Retrieved
1932:Nový Prostor
1931:
1921:
1909:. Retrieved
1905:
1895:
1876:
1849:
1829:. Retrieved
1824:
1815:
1803:. Retrieved
1798:
1794:
1785:
1777:
1768:
1759:
1747:. Retrieved
1743:
1733:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1691:wittrockiana
1690:
1686:
1678:
1651:
1647:
1641:
1637:
1617:Flora Danica
1616:
1609:
1599:
1592:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1526:. Retrieved
1512:
1507:wittrockiana
1506:
1502:
1495:
1470:
1466:
1457:
1339:Hybrid pansy
1327:Hybrid pansy
1315:Hybrid pansy
1303:Hybrid pansy
1291:Hybrid pansy
1229:
1225:
1221:
1214:
1207:
1201:
1155:
1149:
1141:As an emblem
1134:
1126:
1122:
1114:
1106:
1098:
1092:
1068:
1061:
1053:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1026:
985:
983:
979:
975:
935:
907:
892:
875:Erysiphaceae
872:
859:
854:
851:Downy mildew
840:
838:
827:
801:
790:
767:
749:, and bears
743:
723:
708:
699:
688:Please help
683:verification
680:
656:
648:wittrockiana
647:
643:
639:
635:
632:
623:
609:
581:
576:
574:
569:
547:
541:
534:
528:
518:
512:
503:
497:
493:
485:
477:
473:
469:
465:
463:
452:Pansy Flower
437:wittrockiana
436:
432:
426:
422:wittrockiana
421:
417:
413:Flora Danica
411:
407:
398:
394:
391:wittrockiana
390:
386:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
354:western Asia
339:
334:
329:
315:hybrid plant
310:wittrockiana
309:
305:
304:
301:garden pansy
300:
298:
286:
278:
270:
262:
258:
251:Viola maxima
250:
242:
238:
230:
222:
193:
191:
171:
170:
158:
138:Malpighiales
121:
108:
95:
82:
38:
29:
2493:kew-2609181
2403:NatureServe
2338:iNaturalist
2284:Wikispecies
1702:HortScience
1642:V. arvensis
1197: 1900
1158:Freethought
1127:White Pansy
1109:. In 1887,
1089:Visual arts
1075:Elizabethan
1073:male since
1033:(1803–1847)
966:Elizabeth I
962:Bookbinding
861:Peronospora
839:Leaf spot (
805:deadheading
662:Cultivation
636:Viola lutea
408:V. tricolor
395:V. tricolor
370:V. tricolor
362:V. tricolor
341:V. tricolor
282:J.C.Clausen
274:J.C.Clausen
102:Angiosperms
2562:Categories
2488:Plant List
2356:77087518-1
1831:29 October
1805:29 October
1528:29 October
1435:References
1079:homosexual
1071:effeminate
996:Ben Jonson
918:fungicides
797:zones 9-11
702:April 2014
358:heartsease
346:wildflower
2275:Q12861234
2169:28 August
2078:26 August
1788:taxonomy"
1725:0018-5345
1670:1601-5223
1648:Hereditas
1487:256124729
1473:: 37–41.
1232:herbalism
1166:Humanists
1129:in 1927.
1048:in 1864.
953:Symbolism
835:Leaf spot
793:zones 4–8
775:cultivars
509:Etymology
490:cultivars
399:hortensis
378:Groenland
374:hortensis
366:hortensis
356:known as
263:hortensis
166:Species:
148:Violaceae
72:Kingdom:
2532:50141711
2527:Tropicos
2408:2.150317
2369:10212398
2269:Wikidata
1938:18 March
1911:18 March
1584:25104565
1552:Melanium
1550:section
1113:painted
1111:van Gogh
1105:painted
1097:painted
922:Cheshunt
920:such as
904:Stem rot
857:oomycete
747:greenery
618:and the
577:flammola
498:Melanium
470:Melanium
330:Melanium
214:Synonyms
172:V.
144:Family:
115:Eudicots
2470:3915468
2390:MoBotPF
2317:5331389
1769:kew.org
1749:1 April
1640:L. and
1564:Bibcode
1242:Gallery
1215:In the
1174:hybrids
992:Ophelia
926:Benomyl
843:) is a
751:flowers
570:maceška
557:
382:Rümpler
327:section
234:Wettst.
154:Genus:
134:Order:
76:Plantae
18:Pansies
2501:PLANTS
2457:910012
2428:NZOR:
2421:456371
2395:291362
2382:505723
2343:171203
2330:312231
2256:Viola
2126:
2101:
2000:26 May
1995:Ebrary
1883:
1723:
1668:
1582:
1485:
1467:Kochia
1014:, and
987:Hamlet
942:aphids
914:manure
910:fungus
898:snails
863:violae
829:Aphids
824:Aphids
520:pensée
515:French
496:sect.
476:sect.
468:sect.
380:&
350:Europe
319:flower
246:Wittr.
194:Viola
128:Rosids
44:Pansy
2477:PFI:
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