Vithoba - Knowledge

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promulgated the sect in Maratha country. Stevenson (1843) goes further, suggesting he might have been a Jain or a Buddhist, since Varkari tradition is a combination of Jain and Buddhist morals, and Vithoba is viewed as Vishnu in his form as Buddha. Frazer, Edwards and P.R. Bhandarkar (1922) all suggest that Pundalik tried to unify Shiva and Vishnu, and that this sect originated in Karnataka. Ranade (1933) thinks that Pundalik, a Kannada saint, was not only the founder of the Varkari sect but also the first great devotee or first high priest of the Pandharpur temple. Upadhyaya supports the priest theory but declines the Kannada origin theory. According to M. S. Mate, Pundalik was instrumental in coaxing the Hoysala king Vishnuvardhana to build the Pandharpur temple to Vishnu, placing him in the early 12th century. Other scholars like Raeside (1965), Dhanpalvar (1972), and Vaudeville (1974) have questioned the historicity of Pundalik altogether, and dismissed him as a mythical figure.

2106: 1853: 3022:, the kingdom of Krishna, and sat on his lap. Radha did not honour Rukmini, the chief queen of Krishna, nor did Krishna hold Radha accountable for the offence. Offended, Rukmini left Krishna and went to the forest of Dandivana near Pandharpur. Saddened by Rukmini's departure, Krishna searched for his queen and finally found her resting in Dandivana, near Pundalik's house. After some coaxing, Rukmini was pacified. Then Krishna visited Pundalik and found him serving his parents. Pundalik threw a brick outside for Krishna to rest on. Krishna stood on the brick and waited for Pundalik. After completing his services, Pundalik asked that Krishna, in the Vithoba form, remain on the brick with Rukmini, in her Rakhumai form, and bless his devotees forever. 295: 47: 1453: 628: 1978: 2064: 5748: 729: 3018:(infant Krishna). This version is found in manuscripts of both Puranas, Prahlada Maharaj, and the poet-saints, notably Tukaram. The remaining version of the Pundalik legend appears in Sridhara and as a variant in the Padma Purana. Pundalik, a Brahmin madly in love with his wife, neglected his aged parents as a result. Later, on meeting sage Kukkuta, Pundalik underwent a transformation and devoted his life to the service of his aged parents. Meanwhile, Radha, the milkmaid-lover of Krishna, came to 741:

believed to have been built in the 17th century, though addition to the temple has never ceased. The date the temple was first established is unclear to Bhandarkar, but he insists there is clear evidence to suggest it existed by the 13th century. According to S. G. Tulpule, the temple stood as early as 1189. In fact, a monument dated 1189 records establishment of a small Vithoba shrine at the present location of the temple; thus, Tulpule concludes, the worship of Vithoba predates 1189.

1489:. 888). It is a distinct branch within Vaishnavism, centered on Vitthala (the Haridasa–Kannada name for Vithoba). Where Varkari are normally associated with Maharashtra, Haridasa are normally associated with Karnataka. The scholar Sharma considers Vithoba worship first emerged in Karnataka, only later moving to Maharashtra. He argues this on the basis of the reference by Dnyaneshwar, mentioned in section "Varkari sect" above. Lutgendorf credits the movement to 1100: 1644:(the cosmic serpent). His sleep begins on Shayani Ekadashi (literally the 'sleeping 11th') and he finally awakens from his slumber, four months later, on Prabodhini Ekadashi. The celebrations in Ashadha and Kartik continue until the full-moon in those months, concluding with torchlight processions. Inscriptions dating to the 11th century mention the Ekadashi pilgrimages to Pandharpur. On Shayani Ekadashi and Prabodini Ekadashi, the 781: 2105: 1572: 6386: 545:-Shiva. Even though Vithoba is depicted with dark complexion, he is called a "white god". Bhandarkar explains this paradox, proposing that Panduranga may be an epithet for the form of Shiva worshipped in Pandharpur, and whose temple still stands. Later, with the increasing popularity of Vithoba's cult, this was also transferred to Vithoba. Another theory suggests that Vithoba may initially have been a 1296: 1162: 1003: 667:, which had cowherd ancestry, could have led to the glorification of Vithoba as Krishna, who is often depicted as a cowherd. This Vaishnavization of Vithoba also led to conversion of the Shaiva Pundarika shrine to the Vaishnava shrine of the devotee Pundalik, who—according to legend—brought Vithoba to Pandharpur. There may have been an attempt to assimilate Vithoba into 1690: 1553:(1479–1531) is believed to have visited Pandharpur at least twice and was ordered to marry by Vithoba (called Vitthalnath or Vitthalnathji in the sect) and have children so that he could be born as Vallabhacharya's son. Later, Vallabhacharya married. His second son and successor was recognized as a manifestation of Vithoba and named Vitthalnath, also known as 1050:(discus) or lotus flower in his right, all of which are symbols traditionally associated with Vishnu. Some images depict Vithoba's right hand making a gesture that has been traditionally misunderstood as a blessing; no gesture of blessing is present in the Pandharpur image. Though usually depicted two-armed, four-armed representations of the deity also exist. 1280:. The sect, according to Vaudeville, is a "Shaiva-Vaishnava synthesis" and "nominal Vaishnavism, containing a free mix of other religions". It is believed to have originated in Karnataka and migrated to Maharashtra. This last theory is based on a reference to Vithoba as "Kānaḍā" (belonging to Karnataka) in the work of the first of the poet-saints, 1379:, the maidservant of Namdev, wrote poetry dedicated to Vithoba. This Marathi poetry advocates pure devotion, referring to Vithoba mostly as a father, or in the case of the female saint Janabai's poetry, as a mother (Vithabai). Not only women, like Janabai, but also a wide variety of people from different castes and backgrounds wrote 3046:, the keeper of the royal grain store, who distributed grain to the people in famine. Vithoba came as an outcaste with a bag of gold to pay for the grain. Yet another story narrates how Vithoba resurrected the child of Gora Kumbhar (potter), who had been trampled into the clay by Gora while singing the name of Vithoba. 601:. Vithoba was probably later assimilated into the Shaiva pantheon and identified with the god Shiva, like most other pastoral gods. This is backed by because of the facts that the temple at Pandharpur is surrounded by Shaiva temples (most notably of the devotee Pundalik himself), and that Vithoba is crowned with the 1994:

invaders. It was later returned to Pandharpur by Bhanudas (1448–1513), the great-grandfather of poet-saint Eknath. Today, the temple stands without a central image, though between 1516 and 1565, most important transactions, which would have been carried out previously in the presence of the original

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There are many Vithoba temples in Maharashtra, and some in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Goa and Andhra Pradesh. However, the main centre of worship is Vithoba's temple in Pandharpur. The temple's date of establishment is disputed, though it is clear that it was standing at the time of Dnyaneshwar

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worship—"interiorized adoration prescinding caste distinction and institutional priesthood .." Indologist Dr. Tilak suggests that Vithoba emerged as "an alternative to the existing pantheon" of brahminical deities (related to classical, ritualistic Hinduism). The emergence of Vithoba was concurrent

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Devotional works dedicated to Vithoba can be categorised into the Varkari tradition, the Brahmin tradition and what Raeside calls a "third tradition", that includes both Varkari and Brahmin elements. The Varkari texts are written in Marathi, the Brahmin texts in Sanskrit, and the "third tradition"

1288:—which means "O Hari Vitthala (Vithoba), who has given a boon to Pundalik!" However, according to Zelliot, the sect was founded by Dnyaneshwar (also spelled Jnaneshwar), who was a Brahmin poet and philosopher and flourished during the period 1275–1296. Varkaris also give him credit with the saying— 549:

god (related to Shiva), only later identified with Vishnu, thus explaining the usage of Panduranga for Vithoba. Crooke, however, proposed that Panduranga is a Sanskritised form of Pandaraga (belonging to Pandarga), referring to the old name of Pandharpur. Another name, Pandharinath, also refers to

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Sand (1990), p. 33 "According to Raeside the Varkari tradition is essentially monotheistic and without ritual, and, for this tradition, Vithoba represents Hari Krsna, while for the badavas or hereditary priests "Vithoba is neither Visnu nor Siva. Vithoba is Vithoba (...)"; p. 34 "the more or less

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region of Maharashtra—was elevated to the status of the main consort, because of her affiliation with the region. According to Dhangar tradition, Rakhumai is worshipped by the community as Padmavati or Padubai, a protector of the community and cattle in particular. Dhangar folklore explains the

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below), is a major character in the legends of Vithoba. He is commonly perceived to be a historical figure, connected with the establishment and propagation of the Vithoba-centric Varkari sect. Ramakrishna Gopal Bhandarkar considers Pundalik to be the founder of the Varkari sect and the one who

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of Pundarik), on the river Bhimarathi, in the presence of the god Vishnu. Another stone inscription in Pandharpur narrates a sacrifice at Pandurangapura due to which "people and Vitthal along with the gods were gratified". Thus from the 13th century, the city is known as the city of Panduranga.

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Scholastic investigation of Vithoba's history often begins with consideration of the dating of the chief temple at Pandharpur, which is believed to be the earliest Vithoba temple. The oldest part of the temple dates to the Yadava period of the 12th and 13th centuries. Most of the temple is

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and the most important of Vitthala's temples outside Maharashtra. Constructed in the 15th century, the temple is believed to have housed the central image from Pandharpur, which the Vijayanagara king Krishnadevaraya took "to enhance his own status" or to save the image from plunder by

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This bronze image from a home shrine inherits the traditional attributes of Vithoba's Pandharpur image like the conical headgear, the fish shaped earrings, the gem stubbed necklace, and the brick. This image shows Vithoba's right hand making a blessing gesture and his left hand holding a

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There are three versions of the Pundalik legend, two of which are attested as textual variants of the Skanda Purana (1.34–67). According to the first, the ascetic Pundarika (Pundalik) is described as a devotee of god Vishnu and dedicated to the service of his parents. The god

1796:, although this attribution is questioned. A text called "Tirthavali-Gatha", attributed to Namdev or Dnyaneshwar but possibly a collection of writings of many poet-saints, also centers on the propagation of Varkari faith and Vithoba worship. Other devotional works include 3000:

mark (described above), a head-dress of peacock feathers, resting his hands on his waist and keeping his cow-stick between his thighs. Pundarika asks Krishna to remain in this form on the banks of the river Bhima. He believes that Krishna's presence will make the site a

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Primarily, there are three Hindu deities associated with Vithoba: Vishnu, Krishna and Shiva. Gautama Buddha is also associated with Vithoba, consistent with Hindu deification of the Buddha as the ninth incarnation of Vishnu. However, Varkari consider Vithoba to be the

714:(priestly) control, Vithoba, "the God of the subaltern, became increasingly human." Vithoba is often praised as the protector of the poor and needy. Stevenson (1843) suggests that Vithoba could have been a Jain saint, as the Vithoba images were similar to Jain images. 573:

Reconstruction of the historical development of Vithoba worship has been much debated. In particular, several alternative theories have been proposed regarding the earliest stages as well as the point at which he came to be recognised as a distinct deity. The

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All Vithoba images are generally modelled on his central image in Pandharpur. The Pandharpur image is a black basalt sculpture that is 3 feet 9 inches (1.14 m) tall. Vithoba is depicted as dark young boy. The poet-saints have called him

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had ordered Sena to be arrested for not coming to the palace despite royal orders. As Sena was engrossed in his prayers to Vithoba, Vithoba went to the palace in the form of Sena to serve the king, and Sena was saved. Another tale deals with a saint,

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The historiography of Vithoba and his sect is an area of continuing debate, even regarding his name. Though the origins of both his sect and his main temple are likewise debated, there is clear evidence that they already existed by the 13th century.

1284:. However, this word can also be interpreted as "difficult to understand". Varkaris and scholars who believe Pundalik to have been a historical figure also consider him to be founder of the cult of Vithoba. This is evidenced by the liturgical call— 1053:

The Pandharpur image, when not clothed by its attendant priest to receive devotees, provides Vithoba with the detailed features distinctive of a male body, visible in full relief. However, close inspection of the stonework reveals the outline of a

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style architecture, the statue of Vithoba is of an earlier style so may have been carved for an earlier, smaller shrine that existed in Pandharpur. The workmanship of the image is earlier than the style of the Yadava (1175–1318), the Anhivad

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Haridasas consider the temple of Pandharpur to be sacred, as well that of Hampi, and worship Vitthala along with forms of Krishna. Haridasa literature generally deals with praise dedicated to Vitthala and Krishna. Haridasa poets like

431:(meaning 'father' in Marathi) were appended for reverence, producing the names Vitthala and Vithoba. This corruption of Vishnu to Vitthu could have been due to the tendency of Marathi and Kannada people to pronounce the Sanskrit 397:, supported this explanation. The prescribed iconography of Vithoba stipulates that he be shown standing arms-akimbo upon a brick, which is associated with the legend of the devotee Pundalik. However, the Varkari poet-saint 1122:, on his left side. Rakhumai (or Rakhamai) literally means 'mother Rukmini'. Rukmini is traditionally viewed as the wife of Krishna. Hindus generally consider Krishna to be a form of Vishnu, hence his consort as a form of 1191:" (the place of residence of Vishnu on earth) by devotees. Devotees, from across Maharashtra, Karnataka and Telangana, have visited Vithoba's central temple at Pandharpur, since the times of Dnyaneshwar (13th century). 249:

who is credited for bringing the deity to Pandharpur, and around Vithoba's role as a saviour to the poet-saints of the Varkari faith. The Varkari poet-saints are known for their unique genre of devotional lyric, the

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with a dark complexion". He wears high, conical headgear or a crown, interpreted as Shiva's symbol—the Linga. Thus, according to Zelliot, Vithoba represents Shiva as well as Vishnu. The first Varkari poet-saint,

854:(685–1193) eras. Although no other existing Vishnu temple has iconography like Pandharpur's Vithoba, Deleury finds similarities between the Pandharpur image and the third-century, arms-akimbo Vishnu images at 1681:, Krishna's birthday, when devotees dance and sing in front of Vithoba for nine days. Other sacred days include Wednesdays, Saturdays and all other Ekadashis, all of which are considered holy in Vaishnavism. 654:

or pre-Vedic", hence pre-dating the worship of Krishna. According to this theory, Vithoba is an amalgam of various local heroes, who gave their lives to save their cattle. He was first worshipped by the

3037:, narrates how Vithoba helped female saints like Janabai in their daily chores, such as sweeping the house and pounding the rice. He narrates how Vithoba came to the aid of Sena the barber. The king of 1336:(literally 'repeating') form of singing to praise the glory of his Lord. Public performance of this musical devotion led to the spread of the Vithoba faith, which accepted women, Shudras and outcaste " 1187:(family deity). The main temple of Vithoba, which includes a distinct, additional shrine for his consort Rakhumai, is located at Pandharpur. In this context, Pandharpur is affectionately called "Bhu- 3011:. The location is identified with modern-day Pandharpur, which is situated on the banks of the Bhima. The description of Krishna resembles the characteristics of the Pandharpur image of Vithoba. 470:

alias Bittidev to build the Pandharpur temple dedicated to Vishnu. The deity was subsequently named as Vitthala, a derivative of Bittidev, by the builder-king. Other variants of the name include

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suggests that Vithoba's worship migrated from Karnataka to the formerly Shaiva city of Pandharpur some time before 1000 CE; but under the possible influence of a Krishna-worshipping

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Stevenson (1843) pp. 5–6 "The want of suitable costume in the images (of Vithoba and Rakhumai) as originally carved, in this agreeing exactly with images the Jains at present worship."

794:(image) of Vithoba at Pandharpur, and various textual references to it, have inspired theories relating to Vithoba worship. Sand concludes, from a version of Pundalik's legend in the 4024:—such as Ashadha, Chaitra, Magha, and Kartik—is divided into two fortnights of 15 days each. The moon waxes over the bright fortnight (Shukla Paksha), from day 1 to day 15 ( 1931:, which host fairs on Shayani Ekadashi and Prabodini Ekadashi; Madhe — a refuge of the Pandharpur image when it was moved to protect from Muslim invaders and finally at the 838:), in this case facing east, on the hill where the current temple has stood since about 1189. Thus, Sand proposes that the worship of Vithoba may predate the temple itself. 752:(food offering) for "Vitthala". An inscription on a copper plate, dated 1249, records the Yadava king Krishna granting to one of his generals the village Paundrikakshetra ( 5195: 1985:

Vithoba was introduced to South India during the Vijayanagara and Maratha rule. In South India he is generally known as Vitthala. The Hampi temple (mentioned above) is a

921:, and view Vithoba as a Shaiva god rather than a Vaishnava one. Underhill proposes that the shrine of Pandharpur is a combined form of Vishnu-Shiva established by the 1605:(visual adoration) of the deity. The ritual worship by the priests is restricted to five days each around the Ashadha (June–July) and Kartik (October–November) 1482: 682:(devotees) that can be compared to the love of the mother for her children pining for the presence of his devotees the way a cow pines for her far-away calf." 2956:

Legends regarding Vithoba usually focus on his devotee Pundalik or on Vithoba's role as a savior to the poet-saints of the Varkari faith. As discussed in the

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Inside the temple, a stone inscription records gifts to the temple between 1272 and 1277 from various donors, notably the Yadava king Ramachandra's minister

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sect, the town was transformed into a Vaishnava center of pilgrimage. This proposal is consistent with contemporary remnants of Shaiva worship in the town.

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for putting the god to sleep. In addition to the rites at the main temple in Pandharpur, Haridasa traditions dedicated to Vitthala flourish in Karnataka.

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original). Despite this, some priests of the temple point to marks on the Vithoba image's chest as proof of Vithoba being Vishnu, in his form as Krishna.

914:, who rose in the 13th century as a Krishna-worshipping sect, not only dismissed the notion that Vithoba is Krishna but also frequently vilified Vithoba. 3560: 3472: 1911:, are in and around the temple. Other significant temples in Maharashtra are located: at Dehu, the birthplace of Tukaram, which attracts visitors at all 5614: 3176: 2075:, the central panel depicts Vithoba (standing dark figure, left) waiting on the brick as Pundalik (centre) serves his parents, the right panel depicts 1340:", something forbidden in classical brahminical Hinduism. In the times of Muslim rulers, the faith faced stagnation. However, after the decline of the 1079:—said to be a curl of white hair, usually found on the breast of Vishnu and Krishna images. The image is also dignified with a ring-shaped mark called 1021:(13th century), states that Vithoba (Vishnu) carries Shiva, who according to Vaishnavism is Vishnu's first and foremost devotee, on his own head. 960: 183: 171: 159: 6232: 4169: 4990: 1769:

by the Brahmin Sridhara (consisting of 750 verses), and another work of the same name written by Prahlada Maharaj (consisting of 181 verses).

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priests of the Badva family; and spiritual worship by the Varkaris. The ritual worship includes five daily rites. First, at about 3 am, is an

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in the 13th century. Along with Vithoba and his consorts—Rukmini, Satyabhama and Rahi—other Vaishnava deities are worshipped. These include:

1792:(hymns), some of them originating from the Haridasa tradition. The best known of these is "Pandurangastaka" or "Pandurangastrotra", attributed to 537:), also spelt as Pandurang and Pandaranga, is another popular epithet for Vithoba, which means 'the white god' in Sanskrit. The Jain author-saint 5640: 4944: 2883: 3999: 3682: 1575:

Dnyaneshwar's palkhi (palanquin), holding the footwear of the saint, is carried with honour in a silver bullock cart from Alandi to Pandharpur.

4898: 4674: 994:, an Indian political leader and Buddhist convert, suggested that the image of Vithoba at Pandharpur was in reality the image of the Buddha. 1135:

reason behind separate shrines for Vithoba and Padubai as the outcome of Vithoba invoking a curse on his consort, and his non-attachment to

990:), since they consider Vithoba to be the ninth—namely Buddha—avatar of Vishnu. Some of the poet-saints praised Vithoba as a form of Buddha. 883: 768:

and referring to Vitthala and Rakhumai, is the oldest related to Vithoba, and dates it to 1209. However, the name Pandaranga is found on a

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In some traditions though, Vithoba is also worshipped as a form of Shiva. The Dhangars still consider Vithoba to be a brother of the god

589:, Vithoba was first worshiped as the pastoral god Krishna as early as the 6th century. Vithoba's arms-akimbo iconography is similar to 4833: 2831: 978:

artists sculpted an image of Pandharpur's Vithoba in the Buddha's place on a panel showing Vishnu's avatars. This can be found in the

1270:(Pilgrim Tradition) is one of the most important Vaishnava sects in India. According to Raeside, it is an essentially monotheistic, 2836: 1348:

region, the Muslim rulers had to accept the faiths of Maharashtra in order to gather the support of its people. In this period,

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with the rise of a "new type of lay devotee", the Varkari. While Vishnu and Shiva were bound in rigid ritualistic worship and

6225: 5558:(Pune: Deccan College, Postgraduate and Research Institute (Original from the University of Michigan) ed.). Magis Books. 5455: 5434: 5311: 5232: 5178: 4794: 4740: 4636: 4607: 4524: 4203: 3949: 2943: 1529:, Venugopala Vitthala and Mohana Vitthala assumed pen-names ending with "Vitthala", as an act of devotion. The Haridasa poet 4084:, which narrates the legend of Pundalik and also tells stories of reported interactions between the saints and Vithoba, see 772:

copper plate inscription, dated 516. Citing this, Pande infers that Vithoba's cult was well established by the 6th century.

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by assuming a subtle body for the sake of devotees, fulfilling their wishes, the deity Panduranga resides in that temple."

1126:. Just like her consort, Rakhumai is also depicted in the arms-akimbo posture, standing on a brick. She has an independent 4537: 5737: 5520: 4480: 1505:

of the Vijayanagara empire. Vitthala enjoyed royal patronage in this era. Krishnadevaraya is also credited with building

1372:. 1568–1650), a Vaishya grocer, further propagated the Vithoba-centric tradition throughout the Maharashtra region. 697:), which was later identified with Vishnu in his form as Krishna, and that Pundalik transformed the Puranic, ritualistic 4597: 744:

A stone inscription dated 1237, found on an overhead beam of the present Vithoba temple, mentions that the Hoysala king

5907: 5622: 214:. Vithoba is often depicted as a dark young boy, standing arms akimbo on a brick, sometimes accompanied by his consort 4417: 1194:

Two distinct traditions revolve around the worship of Vithoba in Maharashtra: ritual worship inside the temple by the

1038:(fish-shaped earrings) that the poet-saint Tukaram relates to the iconography of Vishnu. Pandharpur's Vithoba holds a 5672: 5530: 5503: 5482: 5222: 5211: 5075: 5048: 4887: 4843: 4822: 4767: 4703: 4583: 4547: 4489: 4457: 4427: 4400: 4784: 6218: 2044: 1645: 910:(manifestation) of Vishnu like Krishna, despite legends and consorts linking Vithoba to Krishna. However, even the 266:

songs associated with rituals of offering light to the deity. The most important festivals of Vithoba are held on

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are worshipped too.The three consorts are considered the consorts of Krishna and incarnations of the goddess

1062:(waist belt), traced by thin, light carvings. Other images and pictures depict Vithoba clothed, usually with 5445: 5168: 5065: 4757: 4693: 4624: 4471: 4447: 1181:

but not in the same numbers. Vithoba is worshipped and revered by most Marathis, but he is not popular as a

6748: 5373: 5322: 4443: 1589:, towns closely associated with poet-saints Dnyaneshwar and Tukaram respectively. Along the way, they sing 414: 4173: 3025:

Other legends describe Vithoba coming to the rescue of his devotees in the form of a commoner, an outcast

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Vithoba is shown standing arms-akimbo on the brick thrown by the devotee Pundalik. He wears a necklace of

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by a Brahmin called Sridhara; another work of the same name written by Prahlada Maharaj; and also in the

413:(one who accepts), thus meaning 'one who accepts innocent people who are devoid of knowledge'. Historian 31: 1919:), in memory of Ghadge Bova, which has a fair on the fifth day of the bright fortnight (waxing moon) in 1636:(in the waxing half of Kartik), are associated with Vishnu. Hindus believe that Vishnu falls asleep in 6199: 6145: 6049: 5823: 5809: 5301: 5282: 2202: 1613:. In smaller numbers, the Varkaris also visit the temple on two other Ekadashis—in the Hindu months of 967: 723: 672: 242: 17: 4971: 6738: 6099: 5689: 2936: 2596: 2020: 1649: 664: 3494: 6743: 6689: 6525: 5881: 5250:"The Vithoba Faith of Maharashtra: The Vithoba Temple of Pandharpur and Its Mythological Structure" 4925: 4283: 2534: 1996: 929:

means. However, for the chief priests of the Pandharpur temple—Brahmins of the Badva family —"

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tradition suggests that the name Vitthala (also spelled as Vitthal, Viththal, Vittala and Vithal;

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The chief gate of Vithoba's Pandharpur temple. The first step of the temple is regarded as saint

1430:(maternal house of a bride) is accepted as a Varkari by the sect irrespective of the barriers of 4575: 3014:

The second version of the legend depicts Vithoba appearing before Pundalik as the five-year-old

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and various gold ornaments—the manner in which he is attired by the priests in the daily rites.

6071: 6054: 5994: 5983: 5602: 1091:) embedded in the ground between the legs, and double ring and pearl bracelets on the elbows. 3913: 1737:. All these texts describe the legend of Pundalik. The Brahmin texts include: two versions of 6089: 5665: 5385: 5334: 5323:"On the Intermixture of Buddhism with Brahmanism in the religion of the Hindus of the Dekhan" 4860: 2988:

as a cowherd, accompanied by his grazing cows, to meet Pundarika. Krishna is described as in

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Deleury suggests that although the temple may have been built in the 13th century, given the

643: 459: 1599:(palanquins) of the poet-saints. Varkaris do not engage in ritual worship but only practice 1585:(pilgrimages) of the Varkaris. The pilgrims travel to the Pandharpur temple from Alandi and 6696: 6504: 6059: 5104: 3987: 2929: 2581: 2087: 2036: 1932: 1928: 1165:

A modern painting of Vithoba, adorned with fine clothes and jewelry, with a Varkari (left).

322:) is known by many names, including: Vitthala, Panduranga, Pandharinath, Hari and Narayan. 5477:(Originally published: Calcutta: Association Press ed.). Asian Educational Services. 2482: 1877:; Garuda and Hanuman (see previous section). Shaiva deities are also worshipped, such as: 1648:

or a minister of Maharashtra state performs ritual components of worship on behalf of the

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sing of Vithoba, who wears yellow garments (a characteristic of Vishnu) and is served by

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like "Yuge atthavisa vitevari ubha" by Namdev and "Yei O Vitthala majhe mauli re". These

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of the 8th century, indicates that Vithoba worship had already existed at an early date.

275: 267: 5727: 5145: 4172:. The Gazetteers Dept, Government of Maharashtra (first published: 1963). Archived from 3563:. The Gazetteers Dept, Government of Maharashtra (first published: 1885). Archived from 3179:. The Gazetteers Dept, Government of Maharashtra (first published: 1977). Archived from 2063: 1977: 1452: 490:(Lord) to Vitthala, which yields the name Vitthal-nath. The additional honorific suffix 294: 5789: 5747: 5423:

Tilak, Dr. Shrinivas (2006). "Emergence of Vitthala:divine advocate of the subaltern".

5405: 5354: 5132: 5124: 4568: 3482: 3002: 2861: 2726: 2721: 2681: 2631: 2554: 1825: 1777: 1323: 809: 627: 462:, Pundalik—who is assumed to be a historical figure—was instrumental in persuading the 5269: 1999:(a form of Shiva), were issued in presence of the central image of Vitthala. Three of 888: 728: 6763: 6557: 6084: 5526: 5499: 5478: 5451: 5430: 5409: 5397: 5358: 5346: 5307: 5274: 5228: 5207: 5174: 5136: 5116: 5071: 5044: 5009: 4963: 4917: 4883: 4839: 4818: 4790: 4763: 4736: 4699: 4632: 4603: 4579: 4543: 4520: 4485: 4453: 4423: 4396: 4199: 3945: 2915: 2716: 2706: 2686: 2676: 2666: 2661: 2529: 2492: 1694: 1046: 678:

Vithoba is associated more with "compassion, an infinite love and tenderness for his

354: 1228:. The image is then dressed to receive morning devotions. The third rite is another 6758: 6489: 6118: 6039: 5871: 5658: 5595: 5389: 5338: 5264: 5203: 5108: 4854: 4815:

Stories of Indian Saints: An English Translation of Mahipati's Marathi Bhaktavijaya

2586: 2519: 2472: 2422: 2343: 847: 510: 502: 394: 338: 330: 303: 255: 89: 4835:

Palkhi: a pilgrimage to Pandharpur — translated from the Marathi book Pālakhī

6715: 6444: 6429: 6253: 6177: 5971: 5626: 5609: 5424: 5036: 4732: 4392: 2791: 2656: 2466: 2427: 2398: 2283: 2071:

of a Pandharpur temple near Vithoba's central temple. The leftmost panel depicts

1916: 1821: 1707: 1566: 1502: 1461: 1419: 1384: 1130:

in the Pandharpur temple complex. According to Ghurye, Rukmini—a princess of the

851: 745: 699: 518: 346: 191: 1537:", often ended his Kannada language compositions with a salutation to Vitthala. 1169:

Vithoba is a popular deity in Maharashtra and Karnataka; devotees also exist in

494:

may be added, giving the name Vitthalnathji. This name is generally used in the

6343: 6153: 6004: 5702: 4475: 4467: 2985: 2981: 2766: 2731: 2671: 2462: 2330: 2224: 1557:. One of the sect's Nidhi Swaroops is Vitthalnathji with his consort Yamunaji. 1550: 1534: 1530: 1392: 1357: 1345: 1142: 991: 979: 975: 859: 855: 467: 423:) is a Kannada corruption of the name Vishnu adopted in Marathi. The suffixes - 390: 279: 238: 143: 52: 5393: 5342: 5112: 4831: 830:

riverbed, near the Pundalik shrine. The later murti, according to Sand, was a

298:

A statue of the Vithoba icon of Pandharpur adorned with jewellery and clothes.

6732: 6680: 6241: 6139: 5949: 5717: 5401: 5350: 5278: 5120: 5013: 4967: 4921: 4661: 2961: 2781: 2476: 2432: 2417: 2373: 2259: 2244: 1870: 1762: 1742: 1238:. Afternoon devotions are followed by a fourth rite for dinner at sunset—the 970:, when depicted as the ninth avatar of Vishnu, in some temple sculptures and 795: 5619: 5200:

The History of Sacred Places in India as Reflected in Traditional Literature

4419:

The History of Sacred Places in India as Reflected in Traditional Literature

4028:

day); and it wanes over the following dark fortnight (Krishna Paksha) until

1852: 1757:, also from the Padma Purana; and a third devotional work, yet again called 1579:

The festivals associated with Vithoba primarily correspond to the bi-annual

6160: 6125: 6014: 5697: 5447:

Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamilnāḍu

3019: 3015: 2965: 2796: 2741: 2626: 2606: 2486: 2437: 2403: 2000: 1951: 1942:

Several temples are found in Goa, the well-known ones being the temples at

1793: 1750: 1713: 1510: 1400: 1274:

sect, focused on the worship of Vithoba and based on traditional Bhagavata

1104: 1073:

The Pandharpur image also bears, on the left breast, the mark known as the

1013: 651: 579: 389:, meaning 'standing'. Thus, Vitthala would mean 'one standing on a brick'. 6385: 6210: 5603:

Video of the Pandharpur Vithoba's "Maha-puja" (worship), Maharashtra Times

5426:

Understanding Karma: In Light of Paul Ricoeur's Philosophical Anthropology

4838:. Albany: State University of New York Press. pp. 34–50 and 263–278. 1593:(devotional songs) dedicated to Vithoba and repeat his name, carrying the 1356:. 1533–99) revived the Varkari tradition. With the foundation of the 1245: 1239: 1233: 1209: 1203: 954: 948: 942: 936: 930: 531: 477: 471: 445: 433: 418: 375: 367: 325:

There are several theories about the origins and meanings of these names.

316: 77: 6673: 6648: 6589: 6363: 6245: 6187: 6132: 6109: 6019: 5934: 5769: 5563: 5005: 4959: 4913: 4880:

Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity

4563: 3965: 2905: 2826: 2821: 2816: 2786: 2776: 2746: 2611: 2524: 2442: 2380: 2367: 2219: 2150: 2095: 2076: 1637: 1629: 1522: 1518: 1490: 1396: 1281: 1224: 1040: 1018: 911: 842: 827: 769: 621: 562: 538: 195: 4876:"A Family Affair: Krishna comes to Pandharpur and makes Himself at Home" 4625:"The Pandharpur Stone inscription of the Yadava king Mahadeva Sake 1192" 605:, symbol of Shiva. However since the 13th century, the poet-saints like 6655: 6584: 6298: 5929: 5799: 5779: 5722: 5590: 3075:

anti-ritualistic and anti-brahmanical attitudes of Varkari sampradaya."

2910: 2873: 2846: 2601: 2591: 2496: 2362: 2357: 2254: 2182: 2048: 2040: 1959: 1908: 1900: 1861: 1546: 1422:(1560–1650). Anyone born Shaiva or Vaishnava who considers Vithoba his 1408: 1404: 1388: 1267: 1178: 1146: 694: 639: 632: 495: 222: 147: 99: 61: 5128: 2960:

section above, the Pundalik legend appears in the Sanskrit scriptures

1601: 550:

Vithoba as the lord of Pandhari (yet another variant for Pandharpur).

401:

proposed a different etymology—that Vitthala is composed of the words

6643: 6574: 6464: 6407: 6323: 6044: 6009: 5876: 5841: 5794: 5784: 5712: 5492:

Vaudeville, Charlotte (1987). Schomer, Karine; McLeod, W. H. (eds.).

5378:

The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland

5327:

The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland

5170:

Living Traditions in Contemporary Contexts: The Madhva Matha of Udupi

4627:. In Deo, Shantaram Bhalchandra; Dhavalikar, Madhukar Keshav (eds.). 4025: 2900: 2890: 2851: 2771: 2736: 2691: 2646: 2641: 2621: 2393: 2234: 2229: 2172: 2032: 1971: 1967: 1943: 1841: 1726: 1188: 1174: 1099: 1055: 1030: 971: 922: 199: 117: 3061:

Zelliot and Berntsen (1988) p. xviii "Varkari cult is rural and non-

1860:'s memorial and the small blue temple in front of the gate is saint 1440:(meditative repetition of a divine name), and observe a fast on the 780: 6710: 6666: 6638: 6608: 6594: 6514: 6474: 6459: 6318: 6261: 6094: 6024: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5851: 4873: 4810: 4029: 3030: 2856: 2761: 2756: 2696: 2651: 2544: 2539: 2387: 2192: 2028: 2016: 1924: 1912: 1882: 1837: 1718: 1606: 1554: 1468: 1183: 1131: 1119: 1075: 887:

Vithoba (left, 4th from top) replaces Buddha in a depiction of the

668: 590: 558: 546: 246: 234: 215: 139: 71: 46: 5091:

Raeside, I. M. P. (1965). "The "Pāṇḍuranga-Māhātmya" of Śrīdhar".

1571: 1141:(the householder's life). Apart from Rakhumai, two other consorts 6660: 6633: 6494: 6469: 6449: 6417: 6412: 6402: 6328: 6308: 6303: 6293: 6288: 5901: 5774: 5707: 5681: 4088:(1988) by Mahīpati, Justin Edwards Abbott, and Narhar R. Godbole. 3995: 3251:

For Bir Kuar, Tagare in Mahipati: Abbott, Godbole (1988) p. xxxiv

3062: 2751: 2701: 2572: 2559: 2410: 2320: 2303: 2298: 2278: 2197: 2126: 2072: 2068: 2012: 1947: 1904: 1895: 1890: 1878: 1874: 1833: 1813: 1697:, Tamil Nadu. Here, Vithoba is depicted as an arms-akimbo Vishnu. 1660: 1618: 1376: 1365: 1361: 1304: 1300: 1263: 1195: 1150: 1137: 1123: 758: 733: 711: 656: 483: 463: 398: 326: 271: 259: 230: 211: 5518: 862:

but declares that they are from different schools of sculpture.

258:. Other devotional literature dedicated to Vithoba includes the 6604: 6599: 6564: 6552: 6542: 6509: 6499: 6434: 6353: 6333: 6271: 6266: 6192: 6182: 6029: 5856: 5846: 5153:. History of Indian Philosophy. Vol. 7. Aryabhushan Press. 3043: 2895: 2636: 2500: 2325: 2315: 2271: 2249: 2239: 2177: 2167: 2157: 2122: 2052: 1991: 1955: 1954:. Similarly temple festivals celebrated in Vitthala temples in 1936: 1920: 1857: 1809: 1805: 1788: 1734: 1641: 1614: 1595: 1416: 1349: 1332: 1319: 1311: 1276: 1112: 1108: 918: 906: 765: 705: 610: 606: 553:

Finally, Vithoba is also addressed by the names of Vishnu like

541:(1089–1172 AD) notes it is also used as an epithet for the god 251: 245:

is his main temple. Vithoba legends revolve around his devotee

226: 207: 203: 129: 124: 5374:"An Account of Bauddho-Vaishnavas of Vithal-Bhaktas of Dakhan" 5299: 5004:(10). Advaita Ashrama: the Ramakrishna Order started by Swami 1295: 262:

hymns of the Haridasa and the Marathi versions of the generic

6628: 6547: 6479: 6439: 6424: 6348: 6313: 6276: 5999: 5961: 5866: 5861: 5764: 5522:

The Experience of Hinduism: Essays on Religion in Maharashtra

5143: 4958:(9). Advaita Ashrama: the Ramakrishna Order started by Swami 4912:(8). Advaita Ashrama: the Ramakrishna Order started by Swami 4539:

A Social History of the Deccan, 1300–1761: Eight Indian Lives

4442: 4021: 3038: 3026: 2616: 2352: 2293: 2207: 2162: 1836:), accepting the services of Pundarika and Kshetrapala (Kala- 1828:(16th century) refers to Vithoba, as Panduranga, in his poem 1782: 1689: 1673: 1581: 1457: 1431: 1412: 1337: 1127: 1067: 1025: 790: 660: 602: 598: 594: 542: 263: 5577:

Classical Marathi Literature: A History of Indian Literature

4759:

Songs on Yoga: Texts and Teachings of the Mahārāṣṭrian Nāths

1873:, a form of Vishnu; Mahalakshmi, a form of Vishnu's consort 891:—ten avatars (of Vishnu)—on the door of Sree Balaji Temple, 6579: 6519: 6484: 6454: 6394: 6368: 6358: 6338: 6283: 5954: 5263:(2–3). Nanzan Institute for Religion and Culture: 183–197. 5157: 2866: 2288: 2187: 2130: 1817: 1668: 1586: 1494: 1477:) of Vishnu (Hari). According to Haridasa tradition, their 1473: 1436: 1299:

A Varkari journeys from Alandi to Pandharpur. He carries a

966:

Vithoba's image replaces the traditional representation of

554: 526: 362: 311: 5650: 5450:. Abhinav Publications. pp. 92, 108, 121–22, fig 87. 5224:

History of the Dvaita School of Vedanta and Its Literature

3986: 3549:

Raeside, I. M. P. (1965) p. 82. Cited in Sand (1990) p. 33

2031:, Karnataka. In Tamil Nadu, Vitthala shrines are found in 1663:

night at Pandharpur, when devotees dance on a large slab (

1232:

involving re-dressing and lunch at noon. This is known as

1161: 1002: 4832:

Mokashi, Digambar Balkrishna; Engblom, Philip C. (1987).

4631:(238 pages ed.). Popular Prakashan. pp. 42–52. 3992:"Devotees pour in to temple town Pandharpur, Maharashtra" 1632:

in the lunar month of Ashadha. Both Shayani Ekadashi and

1170: 892: 491: 5591:

Official site of Shri Vitthal Rukmini Temple, Pandharpur

3653:

Shri Viththal ek mahasamanvaya (official site of author)

1962:

attract a lot a pilgrims. Vitthal is also worshipped as

1624:

More than 800,000 Varkaris travel to Pandharpur for the

1111:, decorated with jewellery during the Hindu festival of 982:. Stevenson goes so far as to call devotees of Vithoba ( 925:

sect that worships Vishnu-Shiva—the Lord, which is what

4852: 4109:

For a complete Marathi text and English translation of

3828:

see Pawar pp. 350–62 for a review of Varkari literature

3649:"Chapter 6: In search of the original idol of Viththal" 1330:(literally 'unbroken'), and used the call-and-response 5093:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

4535: 4484:. Vol. 18. Kessinger Publishing. pp. 607–8. 4167: 3558: 3174: 1292:—which means "Dnyaneshwar laid the foundation stone". 822:, an image purposely sited near a holy body of water ( 5495:

The Sants: Studies in a Devotional Tradition of India

5491: 4813:; Abbott, Justin Edwards; Godbole, Narhar R. (1988). 4809: 1640:(a cosmic ocean of milk), while lying on the back of 1609:, when a large number of Varkaris participate in the 717: 5196:"The Legend of Puṇḍarīka: The Founder of Pandharpur" 5193: 3837:

Tagare in Mahipati: Abbott, Godbole (1988) p. xxxvii

3238: 3236: 3234: 1881:, the elephant-headed god of wisdom and beginnings; 1387:(who was an orthodox Shaiva and teacher of Namdev), 4789:. Oxford University Press US. pp. 69, 70, 72. 3593:

Tagare in Mahipati: Abbott, Godbole (1988) p. xxxiv

3418: 3416: 3134:

Tagare in Mahipati: Abbott, Godbole (1988) p. xxxvi

1693:A four-armed Vithoba, a 19th-century painting from 1464:, whose guru Vyasatirtha was a key Haridasa figure. 1118:Vithoba is usually depicted with his main consort, 27:

Hindu deity considered as a manifestation of Vishnu

5596:Images of the central image of Vithoba and Rukmini 5306:. Anthropological Survey of India. pp. 11–3. 5063: 4782: 4755: 4664:(1968). "Ch.7: Religion and Gods of Maharashtra". 4567: 4382: 4193: 3729:Tagare in Mahipati: Abbott, Godbole (1987) p. xxxv 5371: 5320: 5090: 4369:For the complete legend, see Mahipati pp. 286–289 3741:Engblom, Philip C. in Mokashi (1987) pp. 7–10, 15 3231: 3142: 3140: 1677:(red powder) is sprinkled on the god's feet; and 1659:Apart from the four Ekadashis, a fair is held on 650:, opines that Vithoba worship may be even older—" 593:, associated with Krishna, the cattle-god of the 30:"Panduranga" redirects here. For other uses, see 6730: 4718: 4622: 4449:Vaiṣṇavism, Śaivism, and Minor Religious Systems 3413: 3199: 3197: 1103:Vithoba (left) with his consort Rakhumai at the 870:The devotee Pundalik, thrower of the brick (see 458:According to research scholar M. S. Mate of the 194:predominantly worshipped in the Indian state of 5639:. University of New South Wales. Archived from 5470: 4786:Hanuman's Tale: The Messages of a Divine Monkey 4595: 4562: 4542:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 139–40. 4452:. Asian Educational Services. pp. 124–27. 3680: 3121: 3119: 3117: 1765:. The "third tradition" is found in two works: 5574: 5553: 5220: 4988: 4942: 4896: 4874:Novetzke, Christian Lee; Beck, Guy L. (2005). 4691: 4660: 4514: 3908: 3906: 3259: 3257: 3137: 1533:or Purandara Vitthala (1484–1564), "father of 1481:, also known as Haridasa-kuta, was founded by 764:Ranade believes that an inscription, found in 585:According to Richard Maxwell Eaton, author of 408: 402: 385:, which may have originated from the Sanskrit 6226: 5666: 5631: 5498:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. 223–24. 5429:. International Centre for Cultural Studies. 5166: 5099:(1). Cambridge University Press on behalf of 5067:Indian Sociology Through Ghurye, a Dictionary 4673:. Maharashtra State Gazetteer. Archived from 4281: 4221:T. Padmaja (2002) pp. 92, 108, 121–22, fig 87 3301: 3299: 3194: 2937: 1087:(a three-stringed waist-belt), a long stick ( 373:) is composed of two Sanskrit-Marathi words: 5579:. Vol. 9. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. 5562: 5034: 4415: 4241: 4239: 4229: 4227: 3625:Zelliot, Eleanor in Mokashi (1987) pp. 35–36 3114: 808:must have existed at Pandharpur—one each of 788:The physical characteristics of the central 613:and Tukaram identified Vithoba with Vishnu. 417:offers yet another possibility—that Vitthu ( 289: 6240: 5519:Zelliot, Eleanor; Berntsen, Maxine (1988). 4504: 3903: 3749: 3747: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3254: 2023:—have Vitthala as their presiding deity. A 1780:devotional poems of the Varkaris, and many 736:of the Vithoba's chief temple at Pandharpur 6233: 6219: 5673: 5659: 5443: 5247: 5147:Indian Mysticism: Mysticism in Maharashtra 4466: 4360:For complete story, see Mahipati pp. 85–99 4302: 4300: 4217: 4215: 4194:Robert W. Bradnock, Roma Bradnock (2000). 4105: 4103: 3770: 3768: 3737: 3735: 3545: 3543: 3352: 3350: 3296: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3090: 2968:. It is also documented in Marathi texts: 2944: 2930: 2104: 784:An arms-akimbo Vishnu from Udaygiri Caves. 689:, proposes that the image of Vithoba is a 568: 45: 5300:Singh, Kumar Suresh; Mehta, B.V. (2004). 5268: 5227:. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 514–16. 4602:. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 252–53. 4517:Rise of a Folk God: Vitthal of Pandharpur 4351:For complete tale, see Mahipati pp. 22–27 4236: 4224: 4113:by Sridhara see Raeside (1965) pp. 81–100 4058: 4056: 4041:Engblom, Philip C. in Mokashi (1987) p. 2 3958: 3698: 3696: 3676: 3674: 3439: 3437: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3152: 1772:In addition to the above, there are many 1628:on Shayani Ekadashi, the 11th day of the 748:donated a village for the expense of the 5041:Medieval Indian Literature: An Anthology 4509:(in Marathi). Pune: Shrividya Prakashan. 4385:"Devolutional Literature — Marathi" 4080:For the complete English translation of 3914:"The Artists of Nathadwar — Part 4" 3819:Zelliot, Eleanor in Mokashi (1987) p. 40 3783:Zelliot, Eleanor in Mokashi (1990) p. 38 3744: 3642: 3640: 3605: 3507:Zelliot, Eleanor in Mokashi (1987) p. 37 3356:Zelliot, Eleanor in Mokashi (1987) p. 35 3340: 3338: 3289: 3287: 2062: 1976: 1851: 1688: 1570: 1451: 1294: 1160: 1098: 1001: 882: 779: 727: 626: 455:), attested since the 8th century. 293: 4574:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 4333:Eleanor Zelliot in Mokashi (1987) p. 35 4297: 4233:Eleanor Zelliot in Mokashi (1987) p. 42 4212: 4100: 3765: 3732: 3540: 3533: 3531: 3347: 3206: 3087: 1907:, and of devotees such as Pundalik and 1702:are Marathi texts written by Brahmins. 1375:All these poet-saints, and others like 1303:(lute) with saffron flag attached, and 254:, dedicated to Vithoba and composed in 221:Vithoba is the focus of an essentially 14: 6731: 5634:"The 'Palkhi' of Alandi to Pandharpur" 5144:Ranade, Ramchandra Dattatraya (1933). 5101:School of Oriental and African Studies 4723:Sri-Vitthal: Ek Mahasamanvay (Marathi) 4667:Maharashtra – Land and Its People 4053: 3885: 3693: 3671: 3434: 3314:Deleury as quoted in Sand (1990) p. 38 3149: 2035:, Vittalapuram near thiruporur and in 6214: 5654: 5422: 5388:of Great Britain and Ireland: 64–73. 5257:Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 5070:. Popular Prakashan. pp. 366–7. 3937: 3840: 3646: 3637: 3335: 3284: 2957: 974:in Maharashtra. In the 17th century, 5158:Rao, Mysore Venkata Krishna (1966). 4817:. Vol. 2. Motilal Banarsidass. 4762:. Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 17. 4651: 3528: 3470: 1820:—an avatar of Vishnu). Finally, the 1028:-beads, embedded with the legendary 834:, located at a place of holy power ( 826:), in this case facing west, on the 5337:of Great Britain and Ireland: 1–8. 5160:Purandara and the Haridasa Movement 4599:The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism 4481:Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics 4187: 3029:"untouchable" or a Brahmin beggar. 1899:(memorials) of saints like Namdev, 1753:(consisting of 1,200 verses); 1684: 1652:. This form of worship is known as 1426:(mother-father) and Pandharpur his 24: 5746: 5547: 5248:Shima Iwao (June–September 1988). 4729:Encyclopaedia of Indian literature 4698:. Popular Prakashan. p. 482. 4389:Encyclopaedia of Indian literature 1540: 1434:. Varkaris often practice Vithoba 904:(original) Vishnu himself, not an 878: 718:Pandharpur temple and inscriptions 202:. He is a form of the Hindu deity 25: 6775: 5584: 5270:10.18874/jjrs.15.2-3.1988.183-197 5173:. Orient Longman. pp. 54–5. 4943:Pande, Suruchi (September 2008). 4652:Iyer, Panchapakesa A.S. (2006) . 4152: 2051:and sculptures are also found in 1745:(consisting of 900 verses); 482:(Mother Vitthala). The people of 6384: 5818:Other 16000 - 16100 Junior wives 5615:Article on the Pandharpur temple 5570:(in Marathi). Rajhans Prakashan. 5043:. Vol. 1. Sahitya Akademi. 5039:. In Panicker K. Ayyappa (ed.). 4882:. SUNY Press. pp. 113–138. 4853:Monier-Williams, Monier (2008). 4363: 4354: 4345: 4336: 4327: 4318: 4309: 4158:Underhill (1991) pp. 165–66, 172 3864:Lutgendorf (2007) pp. 69, 70, 72 1447: 1266:Panth (Pilgrim Path) or Varkari 1218:that includes a bath with five ( 775: 663:of Maharashtra. The rise of the 5991:Associated with Krishna's life 5967:48 Kos Parikrama of Kurukshetra 4989:Pande, Suruchi (October 2008). 4536:Eaton, Richard Maxwell (2005). 4275: 4266: 4257: 4248: 4168:Pathak, Arunchandra S. (2006). 4161: 4143: 4134: 4125: 4116: 4091: 4074: 4065: 4044: 4035: 4014: 3980: 3931: 3894: 3876: 3867: 3858: 3849: 3831: 3822: 3813: 3804: 3795: 3786: 3777: 3756: 3723: 3714: 3705: 3628: 3619: 3596: 3587: 3578: 3559:Pathak, Arunchandra S. (2006). 3552: 3519: 3510: 3501: 3464: 3455: 3446: 3425: 3404: 3395: 3386: 3377: 3368: 3359: 3326: 3317: 3308: 3275: 3266: 3245: 3222: 3175:Pathak, Arunchandra S. (2006). 2984:, a form of Vishnu, comes from 1257: 1044:(conch) in his left hand and a 4897:Pande, Suruchi (August 2008). 4695:Dr. Ambedkar: Life and Mission 4282:M R Venkatesh (10 July 2011). 3477:(2008 ed.). p. 1276. 3128: 3105: 3078: 3068: 3055: 1545:The founder of the Hindu sect 1286:Pundalikavarada Hari Vitthala! 997: 850:(943–1210) and even the Ajmer 616:Christian Lee Novetzke of the 587:A Social History of the Deccan 13: 1: 5194:Sand, Erick Reenberg (1990). 5037:"Medieval Marathi Literature" 4629:Studies in Indian Archaeology 4507:Sri Vitthal: Ek Mahasamanvaya 4444:Bhandarkar, Ramakrishna Gopal 4375: 4284:"New abode for Vittala in TN" 3687:sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de 1981:Thennangur temple, Tamil Nadu 1307:tied to strings in his hands. 648:Sri Vitthal: Ek Mahasamanvaya 233:faith in Maharashtra and the 5632:Sane, Prajkta (March 2007). 5303:People of India: Maharashtra 4590:An Introduction to Hinduism. 3422:Bhandarkar (1995) pp. 125–26 3305:Vaudeville (1987) pp. 223–24 1889:, a form of Shiva's consort 1816:(the monkey god, devotee of 1560: 1326:in praise of Vithoba called 818:type. The earlier one was a 703:worship into more idealised 671:; today, both are viewed as 415:Ramakrishna Gopal Bhandarkar 7: 6754:Titles and names of Krishna 5680: 5525:. SUNY Press. p. 170. 5064:Pillai, S. Devadas (1997). 4991:"The Vithoba of Pandharpur" 4945:"The Vithoba of Pandharpur" 4899:"The Vithoba of Pandharpur" 4856:Sanskrit-English Dictionary 4783:Lutgendorf, Philip (2007). 4756:Kiehnle, Catharina (1997). 4570:An Introduction to Hinduism 4519:. Oxford University Press. 4383:anonymous cited in (1987). 4196:Goa handbook 2, illustrated 1344:, when wars erupted in the 1246: 1240: 1234: 1210: 1204: 1094: 972:Hindu astrological almanacs 955: 949: 943: 937: 931: 871: 865: 800: 532: 478: 472: 446: 434: 419: 381:, which means 'brick'; and 376: 368: 317: 78: 32:Panduranga (disambiguation) 10: 6780: 5372:Stevenson, Rev. J (1843). 5321:Stevenson, Rev. J (1843). 4719:Kelkar, Ashok R. (2001) . 3084:Novetzke (2005) pp. 115–16 2976:s of various poet-saints. 1847: 1564: 1460:, Karnataka, was built by 1222:) sweet substances called 1202:to awaken the god, called 1156: 804:below), that two distinct 724:Vithoba Temple, Pandharpur 721: 243:Vithoba Temple, Pandharpur 29: 6706: 6617: 6535: 6393: 6382: 6252: 6170: 6108: 6070: 5982: 5917: 5834: 5757: 5744: 5688: 5568:Aisa vitevara deva kothe! 5471:Underhill, M.M. (1991) . 5394:10.1017/s0035869x00155674 5384:(13). London: periodical 5343:10.1017/s0035869x00155625 5333:(13). London: periodical 5198:. In Bakker, Hans (ed.). 5113:10.1017/S0041977X00056779 4656:. Chennai: Zion Printers. 4654:Karnataka Sangeeta Sastra 4623:Gokhale, Shobana (1985). 4513:Translated into English: 3944:. Routledge. p. 23. 3392:Pande (2008) pp. 449, 508 2058: 1650:Government of Maharashtra 1509:at the then capital city 685:G. A. Deleury, author of 522: 514: 506: 358: 350: 342: 334: 307: 290:Etymology and other names 135: 123: 113: 105: 95: 85: 70: 60: 44: 39: 6690:Yoga Sutras of Patanjali 5474:The Hindu Religious Year 4692:Keer, Dhanajay (2005) . 4596:Flood, Gavin D. (2003). 4086:Stories of Indian Saints 3968:. Nathdwara Temple Board 3855:Sharma (2000) pp. 514–16 3702:Pillai (1997) pp. 366–67 3681:Monier-Williams (2008). 3452:Ranade (1933) pp. 183–84 3374:Gokhale (1985) pp. 42–52 3203:Bhandarkar (1995) p. 125 3125:Bhandarkar (1995) p. 124 3102:Crooke (2003) pp. 607–08 3049: 1842:the wish fulfilling tree 1761:, which is found in the 1324:Marathi devotional poems 638:The religious historian 618:University of Washington 576:Pandurangashtakam stotra 5575:Tulpule, S. G. (1979). 5554:Deleury, G. A. (1960). 5221:Sharma, B.N.K. (2000). 4515:Feldhaus, Anne (2011). 4198:. Footprint Handbooks. 4149:Pande (2008) pp. 445–48 4140:Shima (1988) pp. 189–96 3990:(PTI) (July 11, 2011). 3941:The poetics of devotion 3846:Flood (2003) pp. 252–53 3810:Flood (1996) pp. 142–44 3801:Shima (1988) pp. 184–86 3774:anon. (1987) pp. 966–68 3537:Underhill (1991) p. 171 3344:Karve (1968) pp. 188–89 3323:Tilak (2006) pp. 243–46 3219:Eaton (2005) pp. 139–40 1885:, a form of Shiva; and 1705:The Varkari texts are: 1493:(1478–1539), the royal 1456:The Vitthala temple in 986:) Buddhist Vaishnavas ( 578:, a hymn attributed to 569:Origins and development 6200:Guru–shishya tradition 5751: 5167:Rao, Vasudeva (2002). 5162:. Karnatak University. 4122:Novetzke (2005) p. 120 3938:Dwyer, Rachel (2001). 3584:Stevenson (1843) p. 64 3431:Stevenson (1843) p. 66 3401:Sand (1990) pp. 43, 58 3263:Novetzke (2005) p. 116 2080: 1982: 1915:of the year; at Kole ( 1865: 1786:(songs of praise) and 1698: 1576: 1465: 1383:in praise of Vithoba: 1308: 1290:Dnyanadev rachila paya 1166: 1115: 1008: 896: 785: 737: 635: 409: 403: 299: 5750: 5620:The Haridasa movement 5386:Royal Asiatic Society 5335:Royal Asiatic Society 5035:Pawar, G. M. (1997). 4416:Bakker, Hans (1990). 4306:Sand (1990) pp. 41–42 3525:Zelliot (1988) p. 114 3461:Sand (1990) pp. 39–40 3293:Kelkar (2001) p. 4179 3228:Zelliot (1988) p. 170 2066: 2025:Vitthaleshwara temple 1980: 1855: 1830:Panduranga-Mahatmyamu 1692: 1574: 1455: 1393:Narhari the goldsmith 1318:. 1270–1350), a 1298: 1164: 1102: 1083:on the right breast, 1005: 886: 783: 731: 644:Sahitya Akademi Award 631:Pundalik's temple at 630: 476:(King Vitthala), and 297: 51:The central image at 5105:University of London 4505:Dhere, R.C. (1984). 4272:Rao (2002) pp. 54–55 4263:Sharma (2000) p. 612 4245:Ranade (1933) p. 213 3988:Press Trust of India 3900:Kiehnle (1997) p. 39 3383:Ranade (1933) p. 183 2037:Tirunelveli district 1483:Achalananda Vitthala 1322:tailor, wrote short 1244:. The final rite is 659:, the cattle-owning 237:sect established in 6749:Regional Hindu gods 5962:Pilgrimage circuits 5945:Krishna Janmashtami 5556:The cult of Vithoba 5444:T. Padmaja (2002). 4861:Universität zu Köln 4342:Tilak (2006) p. 247 4315:Bakker (1990) p. 78 4111:Panduranga-Mahatmya 4050:Shima (1988) p. 189 4002:on October 16, 2012 3762:Flood (1996) p. 135 3753:Shima (1988) p. 188 3720:Karve (1968) p. 183 3711:Pande (2008) p. 447 3659:on 14 February 2011 3647:Dhere, R C (2009). 3634:Ranade (1933) p. 41 3616:Pande (2008) p. 448 3365:Shima (1988) p. 184 3242:Pande (2008) p. 508 3111:Pande (2008) p. 449 2970:Panduranga-Mahatmya 2712:Satyabhinava Tirtha 1987:World Heritage Site 1767:Panduranga-Mahatmya 1759:Panduranga-Mahatmya 1747:Panduranga-Mahatmya 1739:Panduranga-Mahatmya 1679:Krishna Janmashtami 1634:Prabodhini Ekadashi 1527:Jagannatha Vitthala 1397:Savata the gardener 1342:Vijayanagara empire 687:The cult of Vithoba 276:Prabodhini Ekadashi 6080:Hathibada Ghosundi 5752: 5625:2009-02-18 at the 5608:2009-06-28 at the 5206:. pp. 33–61. 4254:Eaton (2005) p. 83 4131:Singh (2004) p. 13 3918:The Sampradaya Sun 3873:Rao (1966) pp. 7–8 3602:Keer (2005) p. 482 3567:on 16 October 2009 3471:Williams, Monier. 2810:Related traditions 2727:Satyadhyana Tirtha 2722:Satyadharma Tirtha 2682:Raghavendra Tirtha 2632:Manavala Mamunigal 2555:Vaishnava-Sahajiya 2081: 1983: 1866: 1826:Tenali Ramakrishna 1723:Pundalika-Mahatmya 1699: 1577: 1466: 1411:the "untouchable" 1407:the dancing girl, 1309: 1167: 1116: 1009: 988:Bauddho-Vaishnavas 897: 786: 738: 636: 300: 225:, non-ritualistic 6724: 6723: 6208: 6207: 6085:Heliodorus pillar 5457:978-81-7017-398-4 5436:978-81-87420-20-0 5313:978-81-7991-100-6 5234:978-81-208-1575-9 5180:978-81-250-2297-8 4998:Prabuddha Bharata 4952:Prabuddha Bharata 4906:Prabuddha Bharata 4796:978-0-19-530921-8 4742:978-81-260-1221-3 4638:978-0-86132-088-2 4609:978-0-631-21535-6 4526:978-0-19-977759-4 4324:Sand (1990) p. 50 4205:978-1-900949-45-3 4097:Sand (1990) p. 34 4071:Sand (1990) p. 33 4062:Sand (1990) p. 56 3951:978-0-7007-1233-5 3891:Iyer (2006) p. 93 3474:mw1276-svadharman 3443:Sand (1990) p. 37 3410:Sand (1990) p. 35 3281:Sand (1990) p. 40 3183:on March 30, 2010 3146:Sand (1990) p. 38 3035:Pandurangastrotra 2954: 2953: 2717:Satyabodha Tirtha 2707:Satyanatha Tirtha 2677:Raghuttama Tirtha 2667:Pillai Lokacharya 2662:Padmanabha Tirtha 2574:Teachers—acharyas 2505:Acintyabhedabheda 2144:Important deities 1695:Tiruchchirappalli 1507:Vitthala's temple 1208:. Next comes the 1076:srivatsalanchhana 1058:, supported by a 166:), also known as 153: 152: 90:Sadh Vaishnavism 16:(Redirected from 6771: 6739:Forms of Krishna 6388: 6235: 6228: 6221: 6212: 6211: 6119:Bhagavata Purana 5728:Vāsudeva-Krishna 5675: 5668: 5661: 5652: 5651: 5647: 5645: 5638: 5580: 5571: 5559: 5542: 5540: 5539: 5515: 5513: 5512: 5488: 5467: 5465: 5464: 5440: 5419: 5417: 5416: 5368: 5366: 5365: 5317: 5296: 5294: 5293: 5287: 5281:. Archived from 5272: 5254: 5244: 5242: 5241: 5217: 5190: 5188: 5187: 5163: 5154: 5152: 5140: 5087: 5085: 5084: 5060: 5058: 5057: 5031: 5029: 5028: 5022: 5016:. Archived from 4995: 4985: 4983: 4982: 4976: 4970:. Archived from 4949: 4939: 4937: 4936: 4930: 4924:. Archived from 4903: 4893: 4870: 4868: 4867: 4849: 4828: 4806: 4804: 4803: 4779: 4777: 4776: 4752: 4750: 4749: 4735:. p. 4179. 4715: 4713: 4712: 4688: 4686: 4685: 4679: 4672: 4657: 4648: 4646: 4645: 4619: 4617: 4616: 4592: 4573: 4559: 4557: 4556: 4530: 4510: 4501: 4499: 4498: 4463: 4439: 4437: 4436: 4412: 4410: 4409: 4370: 4367: 4361: 4358: 4352: 4349: 4343: 4340: 4334: 4331: 4325: 4322: 4316: 4313: 4307: 4304: 4295: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4279: 4273: 4270: 4264: 4261: 4255: 4252: 4246: 4243: 4234: 4231: 4222: 4219: 4210: 4209: 4191: 4185: 4184: 4182: 4181: 4165: 4159: 4156: 4150: 4147: 4141: 4138: 4132: 4129: 4123: 4120: 4114: 4107: 4098: 4095: 4089: 4078: 4072: 4069: 4063: 4060: 4051: 4048: 4042: 4039: 4033: 4018: 4012: 4011: 4009: 4007: 3998:. Archived from 3984: 3978: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3962: 3956: 3955: 3935: 3929: 3928: 3926: 3925: 3910: 3901: 3898: 3892: 3889: 3883: 3882:Rao (1966) p. 28 3880: 3874: 3871: 3865: 3862: 3856: 3853: 3847: 3844: 3838: 3835: 3829: 3826: 3820: 3817: 3811: 3808: 3802: 3799: 3793: 3790: 3784: 3781: 3775: 3772: 3763: 3760: 3754: 3751: 3742: 3739: 3730: 3727: 3721: 3718: 3712: 3709: 3703: 3700: 3691: 3690: 3678: 3669: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3655:. Archived from 3644: 3635: 3632: 3626: 3623: 3617: 3614: 3603: 3600: 3594: 3591: 3585: 3582: 3576: 3575: 3573: 3572: 3556: 3550: 3547: 3538: 3535: 3526: 3523: 3517: 3514: 3508: 3505: 3499: 3498: 3492: 3488: 3486: 3478: 3468: 3462: 3459: 3453: 3450: 3444: 3441: 3432: 3429: 3423: 3420: 3411: 3408: 3402: 3399: 3393: 3390: 3384: 3381: 3375: 3372: 3366: 3363: 3357: 3354: 3345: 3342: 3333: 3330: 3324: 3321: 3315: 3312: 3306: 3303: 3294: 3291: 3282: 3279: 3273: 3270: 3264: 3261: 3252: 3249: 3243: 3240: 3229: 3226: 3220: 3217: 3204: 3201: 3192: 3191: 3189: 3188: 3172: 3147: 3144: 3135: 3132: 3126: 3123: 3112: 3109: 3103: 3100: 3085: 3082: 3076: 3072: 3066: 3059: 2958:devotional works 2946: 2939: 2932: 2811: 2575: 2520:Ekasarana Dharma 2457: 2346: 2145: 2117: 2108: 2098: 2083: 2082: 1685:Devotional works 1654:sarkari-mahapuja 1513:(modern Hampi). 1249: 1243: 1237: 1213: 1207: 1107:Vitthal temple, 958: 952: 946: 940: 934: 673:a form of Vishnu 642:, winner of the 535: 524: 516: 508: 486:add the suffix - 481: 475: 454: 449: 442: 437: 422: 412: 407:(ignorance) and 406: 379: 371: 360: 352: 344: 336: 320: 309: 278:in the month of 270:in the month of 268:Shayani Ekadashi 81: 49: 37: 36: 21: 6779: 6778: 6774: 6773: 6772: 6770: 6769: 6768: 6744:Forms of Vishnu 6729: 6728: 6725: 6720: 6716:Hindu mythology 6702: 6613: 6531: 6389: 6380: 6248: 6239: 6209: 6204: 6178:Svayam Bhagavan 6166: 6104: 6066: 5978: 5972:Vraja Parikrama 5913: 5835:Other relatives 5830: 5753: 5742: 5684: 5679: 5643: 5636: 5627:Wayback Machine 5610:Wayback Machine 5587: 5550: 5548:Further reading 5545: 5537: 5535: 5533: 5510: 5508: 5506: 5485: 5462: 5460: 5458: 5437: 5414: 5412: 5363: 5361: 5314: 5291: 5289: 5285: 5252: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5214: 5185: 5183: 5181: 5150: 5082: 5080: 5078: 5055: 5053: 5051: 5026: 5024: 5020: 4993: 4980: 4978: 4974: 4947: 4934: 4932: 4928: 4901: 4890: 4865: 4863: 4846: 4825: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4733:Sahitya Akademi 4731:. Vol. 5. 4710: 4708: 4706: 4683: 4681: 4677: 4670: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4586: 4564:Flood, Gavin D. 4554: 4552: 4550: 4527: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4476:Hastings, James 4460: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4393:Sahitya Akademi 4391:. Vol. 1. 4378: 4373: 4368: 4364: 4359: 4355: 4350: 4346: 4341: 4337: 4332: 4328: 4323: 4319: 4314: 4310: 4305: 4298: 4288: 4286: 4280: 4276: 4271: 4267: 4262: 4258: 4253: 4249: 4244: 4237: 4232: 4225: 4220: 4213: 4206: 4192: 4188: 4179: 4177: 4176:on 20 June 2008 4166: 4162: 4157: 4153: 4148: 4144: 4139: 4135: 4130: 4126: 4121: 4117: 4108: 4101: 4096: 4092: 4079: 4075: 4070: 4066: 4061: 4054: 4049: 4045: 4040: 4036: 4022:12 Hindu months 4019: 4015: 4005: 4003: 3985: 3981: 3971: 3969: 3964: 3963: 3959: 3952: 3936: 3932: 3923: 3921: 3912: 3911: 3904: 3899: 3895: 3890: 3886: 3881: 3877: 3872: 3868: 3863: 3859: 3854: 3850: 3845: 3841: 3836: 3832: 3827: 3823: 3818: 3814: 3809: 3805: 3800: 3796: 3791: 3787: 3782: 3778: 3773: 3766: 3761: 3757: 3752: 3745: 3740: 3733: 3728: 3724: 3719: 3715: 3710: 3706: 3701: 3694: 3689:. p. 1110. 3679: 3672: 3662: 3660: 3645: 3638: 3633: 3629: 3624: 3620: 3615: 3606: 3601: 3597: 3592: 3588: 3583: 3579: 3570: 3568: 3557: 3553: 3548: 3541: 3536: 3529: 3524: 3520: 3516:Novetzke p. 117 3515: 3511: 3506: 3502: 3490: 3489: 3480: 3479: 3469: 3465: 3460: 3456: 3451: 3447: 3442: 3435: 3430: 3426: 3421: 3414: 3409: 3405: 3400: 3396: 3391: 3387: 3382: 3378: 3373: 3369: 3364: 3360: 3355: 3348: 3343: 3336: 3331: 3327: 3322: 3318: 3313: 3309: 3304: 3297: 3292: 3285: 3280: 3276: 3271: 3267: 3262: 3255: 3250: 3246: 3241: 3232: 3227: 3223: 3218: 3207: 3202: 3195: 3186: 3184: 3173: 3150: 3145: 3138: 3133: 3129: 3124: 3115: 3110: 3106: 3101: 3088: 3083: 3079: 3073: 3069: 3060: 3056: 3052: 2950: 2921: 2920: 2812: 2809: 2802: 2801: 2792:Vadiraja Tirtha 2657:Srinivasacharya 2577: 2573: 2565: 2564: 2467:Vishishtadvaita 2458: 2455: 2448: 2447: 2399:Divya Prabandha 2348: 2345:Holy scriptures 2344: 2336: 2335: 2146: 2143: 2136: 2135: 2118: 2115: 2096: 2061: 2009:s (monasteries) 1917:Satara district 1850: 1812:of Vishnu) and 1708:Bhaktalilamrita 1687: 1569: 1567:Pandharpur Vari 1563: 1543: 1541:Pushtimarg sect 1523:Gopala Vitthala 1519:Vijaya Vitthala 1503:Krishnadevaraya 1471:means servant ( 1462:Krishnadevaraya 1450: 1444:of each month. 1420:Sheikh Muhammad 1415:, and even the 1401:Gora the potter 1389:Sena the barber 1385:Visoba Khechara 1260: 1159: 1097: 1000: 881: 879:Identifications 868: 778: 726: 720: 571: 292: 109:Chakra, Shankha 74:transliteration 56: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6777: 6767: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6722: 6721: 6719: 6718: 6713: 6707: 6704: 6703: 6701: 6700: 6693: 6686: 6685: 6684: 6670: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6652: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6625: 6623: 6615: 6614: 6612: 6611: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6561: 6560: 6555: 6545: 6539: 6537: 6533: 6532: 6530: 6529: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6421: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6399: 6397: 6391: 6390: 6383: 6381: 6379: 6378: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6280: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6258: 6256: 6250: 6249: 6238: 6237: 6230: 6223: 6215: 6206: 6205: 6203: 6202: 6197: 6196: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6174: 6172: 6168: 6167: 6165: 6164: 6157: 6154:Brahma Samhita 6150: 6149: 6148: 6146:Krishna's role 6143: 6129: 6122: 6114: 6112: 6106: 6105: 6103: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6076: 6074: 6068: 6067: 6065: 6064: 6063: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6034: 6033: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6005:Govardhan Hill 6002: 5997: 5988: 5986: 5980: 5979: 5977: 5976: 5975: 5974: 5969: 5959: 5958: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5939: 5938: 5937: 5932: 5923: 5921: 5915: 5914: 5912: 5911: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5838: 5836: 5832: 5831: 5829: 5828: 5827: 5826: 5814: 5813: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5767: 5761: 5759: 5755: 5754: 5745: 5743: 5741: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5703:Gopala-Krishna 5700: 5694: 5692: 5686: 5685: 5678: 5677: 5670: 5663: 5655: 5649: 5648: 5646:on 2009-03-27. 5629: 5617: 5612: 5600: 5599: 5598: 5586: 5585:External links 5583: 5582: 5581: 5572: 5560: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5543: 5531: 5516: 5504: 5489: 5483: 5468: 5456: 5441: 5435: 5420: 5369: 5318: 5312: 5297: 5245: 5233: 5218: 5212: 5191: 5179: 5164: 5155: 5141: 5088: 5076: 5061: 5049: 5032: 4986: 4940: 4894: 4888: 4871: 4850: 4844: 4829: 4823: 4807: 4795: 4780: 4768: 4753: 4741: 4725:by R.C. Dhere" 4716: 4704: 4689: 4662:Karve, Irawati 4658: 4649: 4637: 4620: 4608: 4593: 4584: 4560: 4548: 4533: 4532: 4531: 4525: 4502: 4490: 4464: 4458: 4440: 4428: 4413: 4401: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4371: 4362: 4353: 4344: 4335: 4326: 4317: 4308: 4296: 4274: 4265: 4256: 4247: 4235: 4223: 4211: 4204: 4186: 4160: 4151: 4142: 4133: 4124: 4115: 4099: 4090: 4073: 4064: 4052: 4043: 4034: 4013: 3979: 3957: 3950: 3930: 3920:. May 29, 2005 3902: 3893: 3884: 3875: 3866: 3857: 3848: 3839: 3830: 3821: 3812: 3803: 3794: 3785: 3776: 3764: 3755: 3743: 3731: 3722: 3713: 3704: 3692: 3683:"Cologne Scan" 3670: 3636: 3627: 3618: 3604: 3595: 3586: 3577: 3551: 3539: 3527: 3518: 3509: 3500: 3463: 3454: 3445: 3433: 3424: 3412: 3403: 3394: 3385: 3376: 3367: 3358: 3346: 3334: 3325: 3316: 3307: 3295: 3283: 3274: 3265: 3253: 3244: 3230: 3221: 3205: 3193: 3148: 3136: 3127: 3113: 3104: 3086: 3077: 3067: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3033:, in his work 2994:makara-kundala 2992:form, wearing 2982:Gopala-Krishna 2952: 2951: 2949: 2948: 2941: 2934: 2926: 2923: 2922: 2919: 2918: 2913: 2908: 2903: 2898: 2893: 2888: 2887: 2886: 2876: 2871: 2870: 2869: 2859: 2854: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2824: 2819: 2813: 2808: 2807: 2804: 2803: 2800: 2799: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2779: 2774: 2769: 2767:Vedanta Desika 2764: 2759: 2754: 2749: 2744: 2739: 2734: 2732:Samarth Ramdas 2729: 2724: 2719: 2714: 2709: 2704: 2699: 2694: 2689: 2684: 2679: 2674: 2672:Purandara Dasa 2669: 2664: 2659: 2654: 2649: 2644: 2639: 2634: 2629: 2624: 2619: 2614: 2609: 2604: 2599: 2594: 2589: 2584: 2578: 2571: 2570: 2567: 2566: 2563: 2562: 2557: 2552: 2547: 2542: 2537: 2535:Radha Vallabha 2532: 2527: 2522: 2516: 2515: 2509: 2508: 2490: 2480: 2470: 2459: 2454: 2453: 2450: 2449: 2446: 2445: 2440: 2435: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2414: 2413: 2407: 2406: 2401: 2396: 2391: 2384: 2377: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2355: 2349: 2342: 2341: 2338: 2337: 2334: 2333: 2328: 2323: 2318: 2312: 2311: 2307: 2306: 2301: 2296: 2291: 2286: 2281: 2275: 2274: 2268: 2267: 2262: 2257: 2252: 2247: 2242: 2237: 2232: 2227: 2225:Guruvayurappan 2222: 2216: 2215: 2211: 2210: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2175: 2170: 2165: 2160: 2154: 2153: 2147: 2142: 2141: 2138: 2137: 2134: 2133: 2119: 2114: 2113: 2110: 2109: 2101: 2100: 2092: 2091: 2060: 2057: 1849: 1846: 1755:Bhima-Mahatmya 1686: 1683: 1669:Ranga-Panchami 1646:chief minister 1565:Main article: 1562: 1559: 1551:Vallabhacharya 1542: 1539: 1535:Carnatic music 1531:Purandara Dasa 1449: 1446: 1358:Maratha empire 1259: 1256: 1158: 1155: 1096: 1093: 1036:makara-kundala 999: 996: 992:B. R. Ambedkar 984:Vithal-bhaktas 980:Shivneri Caves 880: 877: 867: 864: 860:Madhya Pradesh 856:Udaygiri Caves 777: 774: 722:Main article: 719: 716: 665:Yadava dynasty 570: 567: 563:Vaishnava sect 468:Vishnuvardhana 460:Deccan College 391:William Crooke 291: 288: 241:in Karnataka. 239:Dvaita Vedanta 151: 150: 137: 133: 132: 127: 121: 120: 115: 111: 110: 107: 103: 102: 97: 93: 92: 87: 83: 82: 75: 68: 67: 64: 58: 57: 53:Vithoba Temple 50: 42: 41: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6776: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6736: 6734: 6727: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6708: 6705: 6699: 6698: 6694: 6692: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6682: 6681:Bhagavad Gita 6678: 6677: 6676: 6675: 6671: 6669: 6668: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6631: 6630: 6627: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6616: 6610: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6550: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6540: 6538: 6536:Other deities 6534: 6528: 6527: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6405: 6404: 6401: 6400: 6398: 6396: 6392: 6387: 6377: 6376: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6264: 6263: 6260: 6259: 6257: 6255: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6242:Hindu deities 6236: 6231: 6229: 6224: 6222: 6217: 6216: 6213: 6201: 6198: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6180: 6179: 6176: 6175: 6173: 6169: 6163: 6162: 6158: 6156: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6141: 6140:Bhagavad Gita 6137: 6136: 6135: 6134: 6130: 6128: 6127: 6123: 6121: 6120: 6116: 6115: 6113: 6111: 6107: 6101: 6100:Vasu Doorjamb 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6077: 6075: 6073: 6069: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6037: 6036:Other sites: 6035: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5992: 5990: 5989: 5987: 5985: 5981: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5964: 5963: 5960: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5950:Gita Mahotsav 5948: 5946: 5943: 5942: 5940: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5927: 5925: 5924: 5922: 5920: 5916: 5910: 5909: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5839: 5837: 5833: 5825: 5822: 5821: 5820: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5772: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5762: 5760: 5756: 5749: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5718:Radha Krishna 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5676: 5671: 5669: 5664: 5662: 5657: 5656: 5653: 5642: 5635: 5630: 5628: 5624: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5607: 5604: 5601: 5597: 5594: 5593: 5592: 5589: 5588: 5578: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5552: 5551: 5534: 5532:0-88706-662-3 5528: 5524: 5523: 5517: 5507: 5505:81-208-0277-2 5501: 5497: 5496: 5490: 5486: 5484:81-206-0523-3 5480: 5476: 5475: 5469: 5459: 5453: 5449: 5448: 5442: 5438: 5432: 5428: 5427: 5421: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5370: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5319: 5315: 5309: 5305: 5304: 5298: 5288:on 2009-03-26 5284: 5280: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5251: 5246: 5236: 5230: 5226: 5225: 5219: 5215: 5213:90-04-09318-4 5209: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5192: 5182: 5176: 5172: 5171: 5165: 5161: 5156: 5149: 5148: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5089: 5079: 5077:81-7154-807-5 5073: 5069: 5068: 5062: 5052: 5050:81-260-0365-0 5046: 5042: 5038: 5033: 5023:on 2008-11-21 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4992: 4987: 4977:on 2008-12-21 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4946: 4941: 4931:on 2008-12-21 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4900: 4895: 4891: 4889:0-7914-6415-6 4885: 4881: 4877: 4872: 4862: 4858: 4857: 4851: 4847: 4845:0-88706-461-2 4841: 4837: 4836: 4830: 4826: 4824:81-208-0469-4 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4798: 4792: 4788: 4787: 4781: 4771: 4769:3-515-06922-4 4765: 4761: 4760: 4754: 4744: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4724: 4717: 4707: 4705:81-7154-237-9 4701: 4697: 4696: 4690: 4680:on 2009-03-03 4676: 4669: 4668: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4650: 4640: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4621: 4611: 4605: 4601: 4600: 4594: 4591: 4587: 4585:0-521-43878-0 4581: 4577: 4572: 4571: 4565: 4561: 4551: 4549:0-521-25484-1 4545: 4541: 4540: 4534: 4528: 4522: 4518: 4512: 4511: 4508: 4503: 4493: 4491:0-7661-3695-7 4487: 4483: 4482: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4459:81-206-0122-X 4455: 4451: 4450: 4445: 4441: 4431: 4429:90-04-09318-4 4425: 4421: 4420: 4414: 4404: 4402:81-260-1803-8 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4381: 4380: 4366: 4357: 4348: 4339: 4330: 4321: 4312: 4303: 4301: 4285: 4278: 4269: 4260: 4251: 4242: 4240: 4230: 4228: 4218: 4216: 4207: 4201: 4197: 4190: 4175: 4171: 4164: 4155: 4146: 4137: 4128: 4119: 4112: 4106: 4104: 4094: 4087: 4083: 4077: 4068: 4059: 4057: 4047: 4038: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4017: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3983: 3967: 3961: 3953: 3947: 3943: 3942: 3934: 3919: 3915: 3909: 3907: 3897: 3888: 3879: 3870: 3861: 3852: 3843: 3834: 3825: 3816: 3807: 3798: 3789: 3780: 3771: 3769: 3759: 3750: 3748: 3738: 3736: 3726: 3717: 3708: 3699: 3697: 3688: 3684: 3677: 3675: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3643: 3641: 3631: 3622: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3599: 3590: 3581: 3566: 3562: 3555: 3546: 3544: 3534: 3532: 3522: 3513: 3504: 3496: 3484: 3476: 3475: 3467: 3458: 3449: 3440: 3438: 3428: 3419: 3417: 3407: 3398: 3389: 3380: 3371: 3362: 3353: 3351: 3341: 3339: 3329: 3320: 3311: 3302: 3300: 3290: 3288: 3278: 3269: 3260: 3258: 3248: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3225: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3200: 3198: 3182: 3178: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3143: 3141: 3131: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3108: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3081: 3071: 3065:in character" 3064: 3058: 3054: 3047: 3045: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3023: 3021: 3017: 3012: 3010: 3009: 3005: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2977: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2962:Skanda Purana 2959: 2947: 2942: 2940: 2935: 2933: 2928: 2927: 2925: 2924: 2917: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2907: 2904: 2902: 2899: 2897: 2894: 2892: 2889: 2885: 2882: 2881: 2880: 2877: 2875: 2872: 2868: 2865: 2864: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2848: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2830: 2828: 2825: 2823: 2820: 2818: 2815: 2814: 2806: 2805: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2782:Viṭṭhalanātha 2780: 2778: 2775: 2773: 2770: 2768: 2765: 2763: 2760: 2758: 2755: 2753: 2750: 2748: 2745: 2743: 2740: 2738: 2735: 2733: 2730: 2728: 2725: 2723: 2720: 2718: 2715: 2713: 2710: 2708: 2705: 2703: 2700: 2698: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2688: 2685: 2683: 2680: 2678: 2675: 2673: 2670: 2668: 2665: 2663: 2660: 2658: 2655: 2653: 2650: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2633: 2630: 2628: 2625: 2623: 2620: 2618: 2615: 2613: 2610: 2608: 2605: 2603: 2600: 2598: 2595: 2593: 2590: 2588: 2585: 2583: 2580: 2579: 2576: 2569: 2568: 2561: 2558: 2556: 2553: 2551: 2548: 2546: 2543: 2541: 2538: 2536: 2533: 2531: 2528: 2526: 2523: 2521: 2518: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2474: 2471: 2468: 2464: 2461: 2460: 2452: 2451: 2444: 2441: 2439: 2436: 2434: 2431: 2429: 2426: 2424: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2415: 2412: 2409: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2400: 2397: 2395: 2392: 2390: 2389: 2385: 2383: 2382: 2378: 2376: 2375: 2374:Bhagavad Gita 2371: 2369: 2366: 2364: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2354: 2351: 2350: 2347: 2340: 2339: 2332: 2329: 2327: 2324: 2322: 2319: 2317: 2314: 2313: 2309: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2300: 2297: 2295: 2292: 2290: 2287: 2285: 2282: 2280: 2277: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2261: 2260:Venkateshvara 2258: 2256: 2253: 2251: 2248: 2246: 2245:Nara-Narayana 2243: 2241: 2238: 2236: 2233: 2231: 2228: 2226: 2223: 2221: 2218: 2217: 2213: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2148: 2140: 2139: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2121: 2120: 2116:Supreme deity 2112: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2102: 2099: 2094: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2084: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2065: 2056: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2011:in Karnataka— 2010: 2008: 2002: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1979: 1975: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1940: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1897: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1871:Venkateshwara 1863: 1859: 1854: 1845: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1790: 1785: 1784: 1779: 1775: 1770: 1768: 1764: 1763:Vishnu Purana 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1743:Skanda Purana 1740: 1736: 1732: 1729:, and a long 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1715: 1710: 1709: 1703: 1696: 1691: 1682: 1680: 1676: 1675: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1622: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1603: 1598: 1597: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1583: 1573: 1568: 1558: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1475: 1470: 1463: 1459: 1454: 1448:Haridasa sect 1445: 1443: 1439: 1438: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1373: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1334: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1306: 1302: 1297: 1293: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1278: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1255: 1253: 1248: 1242: 1236: 1235:madhyāhṇapūjā 1231: 1227: 1226: 1221: 1217: 1212: 1211:pañcāmṛtapūjā 1206: 1201: 1197: 1192: 1190: 1186: 1185: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1163: 1154: 1153:in Hinduism. 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1139: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1101: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1077: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1051: 1049: 1048: 1043: 1042: 1037: 1033: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1020: 1015: 1004: 995: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 964: 962: 957: 951: 945: 939: 933: 928: 924: 920: 915: 913: 909: 908: 903: 894: 890: 885: 876: 873: 863: 861: 857: 853: 849: 844: 839: 837: 833: 832:kshetra murti 829: 825: 821: 817: 816: 812: 807: 803: 802: 797: 796:Skanda Purana 793: 792: 782: 776:Central image 773: 771: 767: 762: 760: 755: 751: 747: 742: 735: 730: 725: 715: 713: 708: 707: 702: 701: 696: 692: 688: 683: 681: 676: 675:in Hinduism. 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 653: 649: 646:for his book 645: 641: 634: 629: 625: 623: 619: 614: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 583: 581: 577: 566: 564: 560: 556: 551: 548: 544: 540: 536: 534: 528: 520: 512: 504: 499: 497: 493: 489: 485: 480: 474: 469: 465: 461: 456: 450: 448: 438: 436: 430: 426: 421: 416: 411: 405: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 378: 372: 370: 364: 356: 348: 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Retrieved 3181:the original 3177:"Pandharpur" 3130: 3107: 3080: 3070: 3057: 3034: 3024: 3016:Bala Krishna 3013: 3007: 3003: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2978: 2973: 2969: 2966:Padma Purana 2955: 2852:Jagannathism 2797:Yamunacharya 2742:Swaminarayan 2627:Madhvacharya 2607:Jiva Goswami 2550:Swaminarayan 2512: 2487:Dvaitadvaita 2477:Śuddhādvaita 2404:Gita Govinda 2386: 2379: 2372: 2264: 2045:Govindapuram 2024: 2006: 2001:Madhvacharya 1995:state deity 1984: 1963: 1952:Gokarna Math 1941: 1933:Birla Mandir 1894: 1867: 1864:'s memorial. 1840:), becoming 1829: 1801: 1797: 1794:Adi Shankara 1787: 1781: 1776:, the short 1773: 1771: 1766: 1758: 1754: 1751:Padma Purana 1746: 1738: 1730: 1722: 1714:Bhaktavijaya 1712: 1706: 1704: 1700: 1672: 1664: 1658: 1653: 1625: 1623: 1610: 1600: 1594: 1590: 1580: 1578: 1544: 1515: 1511:Vijayanagara 1498: 1486: 1478: 1472: 1467: 1441: 1435: 1427: 1423: 1380: 1374: 1369: 1353: 1338:untouchables 1331: 1327: 1315: 1310: 1289: 1285: 1275: 1271: 1261: 1258:Varkari sect 1251: 1241:aparāhṇapūjā 1229: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1199: 1193: 1182: 1168: 1136: 1117: 1088: 1084: 1081:shriniketana 1080: 1074: 1072: 1063: 1059: 1052: 1045: 1039: 1035: 1029: 1023: 1014:Para-brahman 1010: 987: 983: 965: 926: 916: 912:Mahanubhavas 905: 901: 898: 869: 840: 835: 831: 823: 820:tirtha murti 819: 814: 810: 805: 799: 789: 787: 763: 753: 749: 743: 739: 704: 698: 690: 686: 684: 679: 677: 647: 637: 615: 586: 584: 580:Adi Shankara 575: 572: 552: 530: 501:Panduranga ( 500: 487: 457: 444: 432: 428: 424: 386: 382: 374: 366: 324: 315: 301: 284: 223:monotheistic 220: 187: 179: 175: 167: 163: 155: 154: 6674:Mahabharata 6585:Kuladevatas 6364:Vishvakarma 6188:Dashavatara 6133:Mahabharata 6020:Kurukshetra 5935:Vaishnavism 5770:Ashtabharya 5738:Other names 5204:E. J. 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Leiden: 5186:2008-09-20 5107:: 81–100. 5083:2008-09-20 5056:2008-12-17 5027:2008-10-29 4981:2008-10-29 4935:2008-10-29 4866:2008-09-20 4802:2008-09-20 4775:2008-09-20 4748:2008-09-20 4711:2008-09-20 4684:2008-09-20 4644:2008-09-20 4615:2008-09-20 4555:2008-09-20 4497:2008-09-20 4468:Crooke, W. 4435:2008-09-20 4408:2008-09-20 4376:References 4180:2008-10-02 3972:27 October 3924:2009-07-03 3571:2008-11-03 3187:2008-07-14 2986:Govardhana 2911:Dadu panth 2874:Pushtimarg 2847:Krishnaism 2687:Ram Charan 2612:Jñāneśvara 2602:Jayatirtha 2592:Dadu Dayal 2497:Tattvavada 2363:Vaikhanasa 2358:Upanishads 2255:Shrinathji 2183:Parasurama 2049:Kumbakonam 2041:Thennangur 2027:stands at 1997:Virupaksha 1923:month; at 1909:Kanhopatra 1901:Chokhamela 1862:Chokhamela 1547:Pushtimarg 1501:) to king 1479:sampradaya 1409:Chokhamela 1405:Kanhopatra 1268:Sampradaya 1205:kākaḍāratī 1184:kuladevata 1179:Tamil Nadu 1147:Satyabhama 1060:kambarband 746:Someshvara 695:hero stone 640:R.C. Dhere 633:Pandharpur 533:Pāṇḍuraṅga 496:Pushtimarg 188:Pāṇḍuraṅga 180:Panduranga 148:Satyabhama 100:Pandharpur 62:Devanagari 18:Panduranga 6595:Rakshasas 6465:Mahavidya 6408:Saraswati 6395:Goddesses 6324:Kartikeya 6090:Mora Well 6072:Epigraphy 6045:Nathdwara 6040:Guruvayur 6010:Vrindavan 5877:Pradyumna 5842:Aniruddha 5805:Lakshmana 5795:Nagnajiti 5785:Jambavati 5713:Jagannath 5410:164045611 5402:1356-1863 5359:170083155 5351:1356-1863 5279:0304-1042 5137:163780933 5121:0041-977X 5014:0032-6178 5008:: 553–8. 4968:0032-6178 4962:: 504–8. 4922:0032-6178 4916:: 444–9. 4578:, 142–4. 4470:(2003) . 4446:(1995) . 4422:. 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