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rare exceptions, females spend their entire lives with their female kin. Males migrate to new social groups multiple times during the course of their lifetimes, migrating for the first time between 20 months and 11 years of age. The median age of migration in the Santa Rosa population is 4.5 years. Males sometimes migrate alone, but more often they migrate in the company of other males who are often their kin. One of the unusual features of the kinship structure of the
Panamanian white-faced capuchin, relative to other primate species, is the high degree of relatedness within groups that results from the long tenures of alpha males who sire most of the offspring. Alpha males have been known to keep their positions as long as 17 years in this species and this puts them in the unusual position of being available to sire the offspring of their daughters and granddaughters, who produce their first offspring at about 6–7 years of age. Typically, however, alpha males do not breed with their own daughters, even though they do sire virtually all offspring produced by females unrelated to them. Those subordinate males who are allies of the alpha male in group defense are the males who sire the offspring of the alpha male's daughters. The high degree to which alpha males monopolize matings results in an unusually large number of paternal half-siblings and full siblings in this species relative to other primate species.
686:. This appears to be related to the patchier, more dispersed distribution of food resources in Central America and the fact that there is less dietary overlap between the Central American squirrel monkey and the white-faced capuchin than between their South American counterparts. Therefore, there is less benefit to the Central American squirrel monkey in associating with the Panamanian white-faced capuchin in order to exploit the capuchin's knowledge of food resource distribution. In addition, compared to their South American counterparts, male Panamanian white-headed capuchins are relatively more alert to rival males than to predators, reducing the predator detection benefits that the Central American squirrel monkey receives from associating with the Panamanian white-faced capuchin compared to its South American counterparts. Since the squirrel monkeys generally initiate interactions with the capuchins in South America, the fact that similar associations would impose higher foraging costs and impart fewer predator detection benefits to the Central American squirrel monkey leads to fewer associations with the Panamanian white-faced capuchin.
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sometimes engage in physical aggression (even killing an opponent), while females grab their infants and run. Typically, males are the primary participants in aggressive intergroup encounters, and it seems likely that males are defending access to the females in their groups. Alpha males, who have the largest reproductive stake in the group, participate at a higher rate than subordinate males. Groups with more males have an advantage over groups with fewer males, but the location of the encounter within the home range matters as well; smaller groups defeat larger groups when the contest occurs in the core or center area of the smaller group's home range.
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592:, in which females socially inherit the rank just below their mothers and just above their next oldest sisters, capuchins do not have a highly predictable ranking within their matrilines. Males are typically dominant to females. The alpha male is always easy to discern, but there are sometimes ambiguous rankings among subordinate males. Male-male relationships are tense, and affiliation between males is typically expressed by resting in contact, playing, or
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allies. Because aggression from other male capuchins is the leading cause of death (aside from poaching by humans, where there is contact between humans and capuchins), male allies are critical for self-defense during migration, and to assist in taking over other groups. Male emigration to a new troop typically occurs about every 4 years, so most males are in constant danger of having to defend themselves against other groups of males.
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into estrus earlier by killing the infants and thereby terminating nursing; this has the effect of increasing their breeding opportunities. Females do often mate with the killers of their infants, and with time, they typically become as supportive of the new alpha male as they had been of the previous one. The alpha male helps defend females from subordinate males within the group as well as from infanticidal males from other groups.
1254:, more than it directly impacts the Panamanian white-faced capuchin, and so on a net basis deforestation may not be as harmful to the capuchin's status. The Panamanian white-faced capuchin can adapt to forest fragmentation better than other species due to its ability to live in a wide variety of forest types and exploit a wide variety of food sources. The Panamanian white-faced capuchin is important to its ecosystems as a seed and
585:. Female-female dyads groom far more than male-female and male-male dyads. Coalitionary aggression is common both among males and females, and capuchins seem to have an excellent understanding of the alliance structure in their group. For example, when capuchins are fighting, they sensibly recruit aid from someone who is both higher ranking than they are and also better friends with themselves than with their opponent.
647: mi) per day. Although they engage in activity that has been described as "territorial", more recent research indicates that white-faced capuchin troops tend to behave aggressively to other white-faced capuchin troops regardless of where they meet, and the aggression is not necessarily intended to exclude the other troops from a specific home range.
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agent. Alternatively, it may be a form of scent marking. The
Panamanian white-faced capuchin also uses tools in other ways. It has been known to beat snakes with sticks in order to protect itself or to get the snake to release an infant, and it sometimes uses sticks as probes to explore openings.
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Capuchins are considered among the most intelligent of the New World monkeys; they have been the subject of many studies on behaviour and intelligence. The capuchins' intelligence is thought to be an adaptation to support their feeding habits; they rely on ephemeral food sources which may be hard to
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of these friars closely resemble the monkey's head coloration. The
Panamanian white-faced capuchin has mostly black fur, with white to yellow like fur on the neck, throat, chest, shoulders, and upper arms. The face is pink or a white-cream color and may have identifying marks such as dark brows or
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period is 5 to 6 months. Usually a single young is born, but twins occur occasionally. Most births occur during the dry season from
December to April. The infant is carried across its mother's back for about 6 weeks. After about 4 to 5 weeks it can stray from its mother for brief periods and by
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Immigrating males often kill young infants when they take over a group. Females band together to defend their infants from infanticidal males, but they rarely succeed in saving their infants. Because infants inhibit their mothers from ovulating by nursing frequently, males are able to bring females
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insects, ant and wasp larvae and vertebrates become a particularly important part of the
Panamanian white-faced capuchin's diet. Access to water can also become an issue during the dry season. The Panamanian white-faced capuchin likes to drink daily, so in forests where water holes dry up during
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Panamanian white-faced capuchins are highly social, living in groups of 16 individuals on average, about three quarters of which are females. Groups consists of related females, immigrant males, and offspring. On average, females birth offspring every 27 months even though they mate throughout the
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mating system in which a male may mate with multiple females. Although the dominant male does not monopolize breeding, studies have shown that the dominant male does tend to father most of the young. Although a female may mate with several males, the dominant male may be more likely to copulate
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threat warnings, and softer calls, such as squeals, are used in intimate discourse. Different types of threats, such as a threat from a terrestrial animal versus a threat from a bird, invoke different vocalizations. Facial expressions and scent are also important to communication. It sometimes
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Kinship is an important organizing factor in the structuring of female-female social relationships. Particularly in larger groups, females preferentially associate with, groom, and provide coalitionary support to their matrilineally related female kin. They do not exhibit a similar preference for
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animal. However, it does come down to the ground more often than many other New World monkeys. It moves primarily by walking on all four limbs. It lives in troops, or groups, of up to 40 monkeys (mean 16, range 4–40) and has a male/female adult sex ratio of 0.71 on average (range 0.54–0.88). With
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Like other capuchin species, the
Panamanian white-faced capuchin matures slowly. Sexual maturity can be reached at 3 years. But on average, females give birth for the first time at 7 years old and give birth every 26 months thereafter. Males attain reproductive maturity at 10 years old. The
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rather than by grooming. Males cooperate in coalitions against potential predators, and also in defense of the group against other males. Occasionally male coalitionary aggression becomes so violent that males are killed, particularly if they are encountered roaming the forest unaccompanied by
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Home ranges overlap extensively, so groups are not territorial in the strictest sense of the word. Perhaps because of the intensity of male-male competition and the threat of infanticide, interactions between groups are typically hostile: the males display aggressively toward one another and
783:. It generally only eats ripe fruit, testing for ripeness by smelling, tasting and prodding the fruit. It typically eats only the pulp and juice, spitting out the seeds and fibers. Other plant matter eaten includes flowers, young leaves, seeds of certain plants, and
742:. Its primary foods are fruit and insects. It forages at all levels of the forest, including the ground. Methods for finding food include stripping bark off of trees, searching through leaf litter, breaking dead tree branches, rolling over rocks, and using stones as
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their paternal half sisters, which may mean that they only are capable of recognizing kinship through the maternal line. Dominance rank is also an important organizing factor, with females more often grooming and associating with females who are closer to them in the
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The
Panamanian white-faced capuchin is similar to the Colombian white-faced capuchin in appearance, except that the female Panamanian white-faced capuchins have brownish or grayish elongated frontal tufts, which provide a contrast to the pure white cheeks and throat.
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Perry, S.; Baker, M.; Fedigan, L.; Gros Louis, J.; Jack, K.; MacKinnon, Katherine C.; Manson, Joseph H.; Panger, M.; Pyle, K.; Rose, L. (2003). "Social
Conventions in Wild White-faced Capuchin Monkeys: Evidence for Traditions in a Neotropical Primate".
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the
Panamanian white-faced capuchin can eat a wide variety of fruits as well as caterpillars in the early rainy season (June to November). But during the dry season, only figs and a few other types of fruit are available. During the dry season,
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year. Females tend to stay within their original group while males leave their natal group when they are 4 years old and change groups every 4 years after. Both male and female capuchins exhibit different dominance behaviors within the group.
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DeGama, H. & Fedigan, L. (2006). "The
Effects of Forest Fragment Age, Isolation, Size, Habitat Type, and Water Availability on Monkey Density in a Tropical Dry Forest". In Estrada, A.; Garber, P.; Pavelka, M. & Luecke, L (eds.).
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persons. It is a medium-sized monkey, weighing up to 3.9 kg (8 lb 10 oz). It is mostly black, but with a pink face and white on much of the front part of the body, giving it its common name. It has a distinctive
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when the female is at peak fertility. Nonetheless, there is evidence that dominant males do tend to avoid breeding with their own daughters who are members of the troop. Such avoidance is rare among New World primates.
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are infrequent, and sometimes result in the capuchins threatening the larger howlers. However, affiliative associations between the capuchins and howlers do sometimes occur, mostly involving juveniles playing together.
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While the white-faced capuchin is very common in Costa Rica and Panama, the monkey has been largely extirpated from Honduras and much of Nicaragua. Many Honduran capuchins were captured and relocated to the island of
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are attracted by feeding white-faced capuchins, looking for fruit that the capuchins drop. Several species of bird are also known to follow Panmanian white-faced capuchins looking for food. These include the
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Monteza-Moreno, Claudio M.; Dogandžić, Tamara; McLean, Kevin A.; Castillo-Caballero, Pedro L.; Mijango-Ramos, Zarluis; Del Rosario-Vargas, Evelyn; Crofoot, Margaret C.; Barrett, Brendan J. (2020-06-01).
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Rylands, A.; Groves, C.; Mittermeier, R.; Cortes-Ortiz, L. & Hines, J. (2006). "Taxonomy and Distributions of Mesoamerican Primates". In Estrada, A.; Garber, P.; Pavelka, M. & Luecke, L (eds.).
1214:. Also, higher densities of white-faced capuchins are found in older areas of forest and in areas containing evergreen forest, as well as areas with more water availability during the dry season.
1115:, in which monkeys other than the mother help care for the infant. Infants are carried by alloparents most often between 4 and 6 weeks in age. Males as well as females engage in alloparenting.
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In captivity, it has been known to use tools to get to food or to defend itself, and in one case a white-faced capuchin used a squirrel monkey as a projectile, hurling it at a human observer.
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occurs between 6 and 12 months. While the mother rests, the young spends most of its time foraging or playing, either on its own or with other juveniles. Capuchins engage in high levels of
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In the wild, the Panamanian white-faced capuchin is versatile, living in many different types of forest, and eating many different types of food, including fruit, other plant material,
915:. Although widespread in robust capuchins, only one case of habitual stone tool use has been reported by gracile capuchins. One population of Panamanian white-faced capuchins found in
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Bergstrom, M. & Fedigan, L.M. (2009). "Strength and stability of dominance hierarchies in female white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) at Santa Rosa National Park, Costa Rica".
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split up to 2 million years ago. Boubli's study also indicated that the Honduran white-faced capuchins, which had previously been considered a to be a possible separate subspecies,
325:. It lives in troops that can exceed 20 animals and include both males and females. It is noted for its tool use, including rubbing plants over its body in an apparent use of
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Perry, S.; Manson, J.H.; Muniz, L.; Gros-Louis, J. & Vigilant, L. (2008). "Kin-biased Social Behaviour in Wild Adult Female White-faced Capuchins (Cebus capucinus)".
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Carnegie, S.; Fedigan, L. & Ziegler, T. (2006). "Post-conceptive Mating in White-Faced Capuchins". In Estrada, A.; Garber, P.; Pavelka, M. & Luecke, L (eds.).
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Jack, K. & Fedigan, L. (2006). "Dominance and Reproductive Success in Wild White-Faced Capuchins". In Estrada, A.; Garber, P.; Pavelka, M. & Luecke, L (eds.).
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Garber, P.; Estrada, A. & Pavelka, M. (2006). "Concluding Comments and Conservation Priorities". In Estrada, A.; Garber, P.; Pavelka, M. & Luecke, L (eds.).
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Di Fiore, A. (2009). "Genetic Approaches to the Study of Dispersal and Kinship in New World Primates". In Garber, P.; Estrada, A.; Bicca-Marques, J.C.; Heymann, E.;
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It is found in many different types of forest, including mature and secondary forests, and including evergreen and deciduous forests, dry and moist forests, and
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The Panamanian white-faced capuchin is the most well-studied capuchin monkey species. Even though many previous studies were performed using the scientific name
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Jack, K. & Fedigan, L. (2004). "Male dispersal patterns in white-faced capuchins, Cebus capucinus Part 2: Patterns and causes of secondary dispersal".
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Gros-Louis, J.; Perry, S. & Manson, J.H. (2003). "Violent coalitionary attacks and intraspecific killing in wild capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus)".
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Jack, K. & Fedigan, L. (2004). "Male dispersal patterns in white-faced capuchins, Cebus capucinus Part 1: patterns and causes of natal emigration".
670:. However, aggressive interactions between the capuchins and spider monkeys also occur. Interactions between the Panamanian white-faced capuchin and
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and other locations around the South Caribbean coast. They are seen, in the wild, daily by visitors who climb one of the volcanoes on Ometepe Island.
449:, as of 2014 there had been no field studies of the Colombian white-faced capuchin, so all these studies were of the Panamanian white-faced capuchin.
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Panamanian white-faced capuchin troops occupy home ranges of between 32 and 86 hectares (79 and 213 acres). They travel between 1 and 3 km (
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507: in), excluding tail, and a weight of up to 3.9 kg (8 lb 10 oz). The tail is longer than the body, at up to 551 mm (
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400:. Some primatologists continue to consider the Panamanian and Colombian white-faced capuchins as a single species. It is a member of the
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of certain seeds when they pass through the capuchin's digestive tract. In addition, the Panamanian white-faced capuchin sometimes kills
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Fedigan, L.M. (2003). "Impact of male takeovers on infant deaths, births, and conceptions in Cebus capucinus at Santa Rosa, Costa Rica".
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Manson JH, Gros-Louis J, Perry S (2004). "Three apparent cases of infanticide by males in wild white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus)".
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Boinski, S. (2000). "Social Manipulation Within and Between Troops Mediates Primate Group Movement". In Boinski, S.; Garber, P. (eds.).
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and by the fact that farmers sometimes attack them as potential threats. However, deforestation may also impact its main predator, the
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Perry, S.; Manson, J. & Barrett, H.C. (2004). "White-faced capuchin monkeys exhibit triadic awareness in their choice of allies".
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329:, and also using tools as weapons and for getting to food. It is a long-lived monkey, with a maximum recorded age of over 54 years.
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Panamanian white-faced capuchin has a long life span given its size. The maximum recorded life span in captivity is over 54 years.
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disperser. It also impacts the ecosystem by eating insects that act as pests to certain trees, by pruning certain trees, such as
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Barrett, Brendan J.; Monteza-Moreno, Claudio M.; Dogandžić, Tamara; Zwyns, Nicolas; Ibáñez, Alicia; Crofoot, Margaret C. (2018).
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The Panamanian white-faced capuchin is known to rub parts of certain plants into their hair. Plants used in this manner include
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1155:, but these reports are unconfirmed. It is among the most commonly seen monkeys in Central America's national parks, such as
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find. In one particular study conducted in 2007, capuchins were found to be among the ten most intelligent primates, second to
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Several non-primate animal species tend to follow troops of white-faced monkeys or are otherwise attracted by their presence.
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MacKinnon, K. (2006). "Food Choice by Juevenile Capuchin Monkeys". In Estrada, A.; Garber, P.; Pavelka, M.; Luecke, L (eds.).
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3220:"Polymorphic color vision in white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus): Is there foraging niche divergence among phenotypes?"
2918:"Interaction location outweighs the competitive advantage of numerical superiority in Cebus capucinus intergroup contests"
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Mittermeier, Russell A.; Rylands, Anthony B. (2013). Mittermeier, Russell A.; Rylands, Anthony B.; Wilson, Don E. (eds.).
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Melin, Amanda D.; Jack, Katherine M.; Fedigan, Linda; Mendez-Carvajal; Pedro G. (2016). Rowe, Noel; Myers, Marc (eds.).
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Williams-Guillén, K.; Rosales-Meda, M.; Méndez-Carvajal, P.G.; Solano-Rojas, D.; Urbani, B; Lynch-Alfaro, J.W. (2021).
1067:", in which the monkey rubs urine on its feet. The exact purpose of this practice is unknown, but it may be a form of
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Fragaszy, D.; Visalberghi, E. & Fedigan, L. (2004). "Social Interactions, Relationships and Social Structure".
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Hrdy, S. (1974). "Male-male competition and infanticide among the langurs (Presbytis entellus) of Abu, Rajasthan".
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tail that is often carried coiled up and is used to help support the monkey when it is feeding beneath a branch.
1466:"Cebus Phylogenetic Relationships: A Preliminary Reassessment of the Diversity of the Untufted Capuchin Monkeys"
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The Panamanian white-faced capuchin's intelligence and ability to use tools allows them to be trained to assist
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Perry, S.; Manson, J. (2009). "11. Guapo: Innovation and Tradition in the Creation of Bond-Testing Rituals".
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Manson, J.H.; Perry, S. & Parish, A.R. (1997). "Nonconceptive sexual behavior in bonobos and capuchins".
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Perry, S. (1997). "Male-female social relationships in wild white-faced capuchin monkeys, Cebus capucinus".
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Perry, S. (1997). "Male-female social relationships in wild white-faced capuchin monkeys, Cebus capucinus".
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Jack, K. (2007). "The Cebines". In Campbell, C.; Fuentes, A.; MacKinnon, K.; Panger, M.; Bearder, S (eds.).
757:, white-faced capuchins ate 95 different fruit species. Among its favorite fruits are figs from the family
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about 3 months it can move around independently, although some infants will be mostly independent earlier.
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Rose, L.; Perry, S.; Panger, M.; Jack, K.; Manson, J.; Gros-Louis, J. & Mackinnin, K. (August 2003).
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Jack, K. & Fedigan, L. (2009). "Female dispersal in a female-philopatric species, Cebus capucinus".
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are also used in this way. It is not definitively known what this rubbing is for, but this may deter
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prey eaten varies by troop. Even neighboring troops can show significant differences in their diets.
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South American Primates: Comparative Perspectives in the Study of Behavior, Ecology and Conservation
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are also trained in this manner. Panamanian white-faced capuchins can also be trained for roles on
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Perry, S. (1998). "Male-male social relationships in wild white-faced capuchins, Cebus capucinus".
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Panger, M.; Perry, S.; Rose, L.; Gros-Louis, J.; Vogel, E.; Mackinnon, C. & Baker, M. (2002).
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the dry season, there can be competition between troops over access to the remaining water holes.
787:. It also uses the bromelids as a water source, drinking the water that gets trapped inside. In
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Female capuchins have linear dominance hierarchies. In contrast to many Old World monkeys such as
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Melin, Amanda D.; Fedigan, Linda Marie; Hiramatsu, Chihiro; Kawamura, Shoji (22 September 2007).
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The Panamanian white-faced capuchin is noisy. Loud calls, such as barks and coughs, are used to
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tail assists with feeding, helping support the monkey when foraging for food below the branches.
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388:. Until the 21st century the Panamanian white-faced capuchin was considered conspecific with
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Muniz, L.; Perry, S.; Manson, J.; Gilkenson, H.; Gros-Louis, J. & Vigilant, L. (2006).
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dark fur patches. An area of black fur on the crown of the head is distinctive. It has a
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covers the Central American portion of the range except the easternmost portion of Panama.
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Fragaszy, D.; Visalberghi, E. & Fedigan, L. (2004). "Capuchins Use Objects as Tools".
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Perry, S. (1996). "Intergroup encounters in wild white-faced capuchins, Cebus capucinus".
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tail that is often held coiled, giving the white-faced capuchins the nickname "ringtail".
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
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the capuchins have a varied diet in addition to the above of banana fruits and flowers,
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Fragaszy, D.; Visalberghi, E. & Fedigan, L. (2004). "Life History and Demography".
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Jungle Living: A look at life and social behavior of man and monkey in Central American
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Fruit can make up between 50% and 67% or more of the capuchin's diet. In one study in
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Jungle Living: A look at life and social behavior of man and monkey in central america
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3366:"Begging and transfer of coati meat by white-faced capuchin monkeys, Cebus capucinus"
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4081:) invent more social behaviors, but younger monkeys innovate more in other contexts"
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2099:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 118, 145–154, 169–214, 229–241.
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291:, the Panamanian white-faced capuchin is recognized as the typical companion to the
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4318:
4152:
4102:
4092:
4055:
4023:
4015:
3830:
3523:
3477:
3467:
3388:
3380:
3234:
3158:
3084:
2998:
2947:
2937:
2913:
2813:
2778:
2743:
2697:
2670:
2603:
2573:
2553:
2515:
2483:
2471:
2444:
2412:
2358:
2321:
2313:
2299:"Female-female relationships in wild white-faced capuchin monkeys, Cebus capucinus"
2268:
2216:
2172:
2134:
2052:
1549:
1480:
1320:
1276:
1266:
1260:
1211:
539: oz), which is larger than that of several larger monkey species, such as the
420:
261:
4900:
3402:
3010:
2589:"The Demographic and Reproductive Context of Male Replacements in Cebus Capucinus"
2362:
2272:
2176:
2138:
1280:
plants when it rips through the plant's branches to get to resident ant colonies.
678:
Although South American capuchin species often travel with and feed together with
345:
The Panamanian white-faced capuchin was previously considered a subspecies of the
4871:
4493:
4483:
4411:
4230:
3782:
3349:
1222:
1128:
1050:
1021:
730:
679:
416:
385:
381:
326:
273:
206:
3993:. Cambridge, MA and London, England: Harvard University Press. pp. 245–263.
3144:
Groups: Local Traditions, Food Availability or Responses to Food Profitability?"
822:, and ant and wasp larvae. It also eats larger prey, such as birds, bird eggs,
4786:
4656:
4447:
4429:
4085:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3895:
3607:
Blumenthal, D. (June 17, 1987). "Monkeys as Helpers To Quadriplegics At Home".
3527:
3504:
2448:
1207:
1203:
935:
671:
569:
540:
3512:, Hammerstone and Anvil Tool Use in Riparian Habitats on Coiba Island, Panama"
3238:
3193:
Fragaszy, D.; Visalberghi, E. & Fedigan, L. (2004). "Behavioral Ecology".
3002:
2885:
Fragaszy, D.; Visalberghi, E. & Fedigan, L. (2004). "Behavioral Ecology".
2747:
2557:
2475:
2221:
2204:
1601:
1079:
560:
305:
film series. It is a highly intelligent monkey and has been trained to assist
5010:
4947:
4830:
4592:
3535:
3254:
3246:
3110:
Fragaszy, D.; Visalberghi, E. & Fedigan, L. (2004). "Community Ecology".
2912:
2674:
2607:
2056:
1600:
Capuchin Franciscans Vocation Office Province of Saint Joseph. Archived from
1393:
1311:
1243:
1187:. In Nicaragua, wild capuchins may still be easily spotted in regions around
1183:, and many Nicaraguan capuchins were captured and relocated to the island of
1127:
The Panamanian white-faced capuchin is found in much of Central America. In
1112:
1064:
1039:
981:
960:
929:
893:
800:
774:
762:
296:
292:
59:
4682:
4097:
2942:
2817:
2416:
2258:
1417:
4116:
4037:
4019:
3842:
3624:"Earth Matters: Turkey struggles with national epidemic: primate smuggling"
3491:
2961:
2709:
2565:
2230:
1561:
1492:
1389:
318:
3170:
2790:
1435:
1402:(3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. Cebus.
341:
4921:
4880:
3809:
3444:"Habitual stone-tool-aided extractive foraging in white-faced capuchins,
3393:
2326:
2202:
1271:
1251:
1005:
920:
811:
766:
442:, was not genetically distinct from the Panamanian white-faced capuchin.
3472:
2864:. Bogotá, D.C., Colombia: Conservation International. pp. 227–235.
666:. Panamanian white-faced capuchins sometimes travel with and even groom
4926:
4913:
4220:
4143:
Use of a club by a wild white-faced capuchin to attack a venomous snake
3834:
3812:"Cross-Site Differences in Foraging Behavior of White-Faced Capuchins (
3384:
3088:
2519:
1970:
Bezanson, L. (2006). "Ontogenetic Influences on Positional Behavior in
1192:
1140:
1025:
1017:
874:
863:
843:
747:
718:
703:
473:
362:
322:
311:
306:
277:
136:
3719:
3694:
3556:
3192:
3162:
3109:
2884:
2782:
2701:
2318:
10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1996)40:2<167::AID-AJP4>3.0.CO;2-W
2017:
1553:
1484:
682:, the Panamanian white-faced capuchin only rarely associates with the
30:
1148:
1136:
1103:
1068:
1001:
985:
977:
879:
869:
The diet can vary between the rainy and dry season. For example, in
792:
784:
770:
660:
86:
4842:
3720:
Fragaszy, D.; Visalberghi, E. & Fedigan, L. (2004). "The Body".
3064:
1180:
4865:
4214:
4208:
4202:
4059:
3441:
2977:
2543:
2205:"Father-daughter inbreeding avoidance in a wild primate population"
1247:
1199:
1132:
989:
966:
847:
758:
739:
659:
The Panamanian white-faced capuchin sometimes interacts with other
589:
573:
521: in) in length. Males are about 27% larger than females. The
106:
3744:
1715:(Second ed.). University of Chicago Press. pp. 130–131.
463:, the Panamanian white-faced capuchin is named after the order of
4184:
2461:
1399:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
1184:
1108:
1034:
972:
835:
373:
269:
265:
156:
126:
3952:
2348:
4196:
1255:
1188:
1152:
1144:
1029:
997:
955:
940:
851:
827:
807:
754:
694:
366:
288:
281:
146:
116:
96:
1978:". In Estrada, A.; Garber, P.; Pavelka, M.; Luecke, L (eds.).
372:
The Panamanian white-faced capuchin is a member of the family
3217:
2729:
2727:
859:
743:
522:
459:
4000:"Social traditions and social learning in capuchin monkeys (
3318:
Costa Rica: Monkeys, Animal Behavior, Cognitive Neuroscience
4126:
Social relationships in wild white-faced capuchin monkeys,
4044:
1239:
993:
831:
823:
819:
468:
3874:. Lonely Planet Publications. pp. 97, 100, 110, 130.
2724:
2383:
1171:. It appears on the reverse side of the Costa Rican 5,000
899:
The use of stone tools is a marked difference between the
3627:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2292:
2290:
815:
423:. This genus is also referred to as "gracile" capuchins.
4491:
1438:
Handbook of the Mammals of the World: Volume 3, Primates
411:
which also includes the Colombian white-faced capuchin,
4148:
Pet rescue -- white-faced capuchin returned to the wild
1535:"Capuchin Monkey Research Priorities and Urgent Issues"
3957:
New Perspectives in the Study of Mesoamerican Primates
3924:
New Perspectives in the Study of Mesoamerican Primates
3749:
New Perspectives in the Study of Mesoamerican Primates
3287:
New Perspectives in the Study of Mesoamerican Primates
3137:
2667:
New Perspectives in the Study of Mesoamerican Primates
2636:
New Perspectives in the Study of Mesoamerican Primates
2490:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2287:
1982:
New Perspectives in the Study of Mesoamerican Primates
1357:
New Perspectives in the Study of Mesoamerican Primates
479:
Adults reach a length of between 335 and 453 mm (
3991:
Manipulative Monkeys: The Capuchins of Lomas Barbudal
3918:
3042:. The University of Chicago Press. pp. 447–448.
2984:
and other Species: Data from Three Costa Rican Sites"
2687:
2097:
Manipulative Monkeys: The Capuchins of Lomas Barbudal
1532:
4820:
4182:
3869:
2916:; Gilby, I.C.; Wikelski, M.C & Kays, RW (2008).
722:
White-faced capuchin eating a wild banana along the
295:. In recent years the species has become popular in
3415:
2631:
2586:
2423:
2162:
2124:
2032:
1944:
1234:The Panamanian white-faced capuchin is regarded as
1888:
1800:
1326:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T81265980A191708420.en
4131:. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International.
4074:
2665:Jack & Fedigan (2006). "Why Be Alpha Male?".
1147:. It has also been reported to occur in eastern
5008:
4075:Perry, S. E.; Barrett, B. J.; Godoy, I. (2017).
3699:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 202–220.
3561:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 173–183.
3435:
3363:
525:of a white-faced capuchin is about 79.2 g (
1463:
4622:
3197:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 43–47.
2889:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 38–39.
1857:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1668:
604:
4712:
4698:
4608:
4168:
3658:
3416:Leake, D. & Dobson, R. (April 15, 2007).
3282:
2733:
2022:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 74–79.
1866:. Oxford University Press. pp. 107–120.
654:
280:ecology for its role in dispersing seeds and
3780:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3409:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2847:
1969:
1713:Neotropical Rainforest Mammals A Field Guide
761:, mangos and related fruits from the family
3988:
3724:. Cambridge University Press. p. 102.
3062:
3037:
2973:
2971:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2664:
2094:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
1846:
1760:
1533:Lynch Alfaro, Jessica; et al. (2014).
1122:
1091:The Panamanian white-faced capuchin uses a
276:, the white-faced capuchin is important to
4705:
4691:
4615:
4601:
4175:
4161:
3606:
3133:
3131:
3114:. Cambridge University Press. p. 70.
2859:
1891:The Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates
1803:The Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates
1710:
1671:The Natural History of Costa Rican Mammals
1431:
1429:
1427:
1246:, hunting for pet trade and sometimes for
1032:, such as Marcel on the television series
738:The Panamanian white-faced capuchin is an
215:
48:
29:
4328:Sierra de Perijá white-fronted capuchin (
4106:
4096:
4027:
3823:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
3663:Field Guide to the Wildlife of Costa Rica
3645:
3481:
3471:
3392:
3140:"Dietary Differences between Neighboring
2951:
2941:
2803:
2505:
2434:
2402:
2325:
2296:
2220:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2046:
1384:
1382:
1324:
568:The Panamanian white-faced capuchin is a
3690:
3688:
2968:
2824:
2768:
2158:
2156:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2004:
1949:. Aldine Transaction. pp. 237–238.
1938:
1886:
1861:
1798:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1459:
1457:
1221:
1078:
1049:
1038:. They were also traditionally used as
729:
717:
559:
356:
340:
3418:"Chimps Knocked Off Top of the IQ Tree"
3339:
3337:
3315:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3128:
2627:
2625:
2623:
1735:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1424:
765:, the bean-like fruits from the family
452:
5009:
3896:"Ometepe Island Info - Volcán Maderas"
3803:
3667:. University of Texas Press. pp.
3138:Chapman, C. & Fedigan, L. (1990).
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1388:
1379:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1217:
838:and small mammals. The population in
633: mi) daily, averaging 2 km (
4847:
4846:
4686:
4596:
4156:
4123:
3997:
3776:
3774:
3685:
3621:
3211:
2153:
2113:
2063:
1521:
1464:Boubli, Jean P.; et al. (2012).
1454:
1347:
1345:
1343:
939:(coconuts) and invertebrates such as
258:Central American white-faced capuchin
5032:Least concern biota of North America
4337:Santa Marta white-fronted capuchin (
3870:Hunter, L. & Andrew, D. (2002).
3575:
3516:International Journal of Primatology
3334:
3177:
3077:International Journal of Primatology
3031:
2991:International Journal of Primatology
2980:"Interspecific Interactions between
2736:International Journal of Primatology
2620:
2580:
2508:International Journal of Primatology
2464:International Journal of Primatology
1924:. Pogonias Press. pp. 286–288.
1833:"Medical Dictionary Capuchin Monkey"
1687:
1615:
4283:Río Cesar white-fronted capuchin, (
4256:Humboldt's white-fronted capuchin (
3227:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
2587:Fedigan, L. & Jack, K. (2004).
1945:Morris, D. & Bruce, D. (2005).
1913:
1779:
1673:. Zona Tropical. pp. 135–139.
1312:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1289:
846:in particular is noted for hunting
555:
13:
4536:Central American squirrel monkey (
3982:
3771:
2658:
1340:
1238:from a conservation standpoint by
923:and anvils to process fruits from
919:in Panama has been observed using
14:
5058:
4310:Panamanian white-faced capuchin (
4136:
3872:Watching Wildlife Central America
1206:. However, it appears to prefer
5017:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
4823:
4737:Central American squirrel monkey
4637:Central American squirrel monkey
4373:Marañón white-fronted capuchin (
4274:Colombian white-faced capuchin (
3316:Luedtke, Karen (2010). "Ch 11".
1063:engages in a practice known as "
1045:
773:. It will also eat fruits from
684:Central American squirrel monkey
457:Like other monkeys in the genus
254:Panamanian white-headed capuchin
73:
24:Panamanian white-faced capuchin
4807:Panamanian white-faced capuchin
4667:Panamanian white-faced capuchin
4364:Varied white-fronted capuchin (
4355:Spix's white-fronted capuchin (
3961:. New York: Springer. pp.
3946:
3928:. New York: Springer. pp.
3912:
3888:
3863:
3753:. New York: Springer. pp.
3738:
3713:
3615:
3600:
3550:
3498:
3357:
3309:
3291:. New York: Springer. pp.
3276:
3103:
3056:
2878:
2797:
2762:
2681:
2640:. New York: Springer. pp.
2455:
2396:
2386:American Journal of Primatology
2377:
2342:
2306:American Journal of Primatology
2026:
1986:. New York: Springer. pp.
1963:
1880:
1825:
1754:
1729:
1542:American Journal of Primatology
1473:American Journal of Primatology
1361:. New York: Springer. pp.
1102:takes about 2 minutes, and the
1074:
396:, but as a separate subspecies
347:Colombian white-headed capuchin
244:Panamanian white-faced capuchin
4757:Colombian white-faced capuchin
4509:Black-capped squirrel monkey (
3789:. Springer. pp. 222–223.
2095:Perry, S.; Manson, J. (2008).
1590:
394:Colombian white-faced capuchin
1:
5047:Taxa named by Oldfield Thomas
2363:10.1016/j.anbehav.2003.04.005
2273:10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.01.020
2177:10.1016/j.anbehav.2003.06.015
2139:10.1016/j.anbehav.2003.04.015
1598:"Capuchin Franciscans F.A.Q."
1283:
1131:, its range includes much of
777:such as Mexican jumping bean
4554:Bare-eared squirrel monkey (
4518:Humboldt's squirrel monkey (
4077:"Older, sociable capuchins (
3622:Pflum, M. (March 18, 2000).
1228:Manuel Antonio National Park
1157:Manuel Antonio National Park
958:fruits, vines of the genera
7:
5027:Primates of Central America
3073:form mixed-species groups?"
886:
810:larvae, butterfly and moth
806:Insect prey eaten includes
769:and fruits from the family
746:to crack hard fruits. Its
605:Interactions between groups
550:
426:In 2012 a study by Boubli,
336:
299:media, particularly in the
272:. Native to the forests of
10:
5063:
4727:Black-headed spider monkey
4625:Costa Rican monkey species
4527:Collins' squirrel monkey (
4247:(Gracile capuchin monkeys)
3528:10.1007/s10764-020-00156-5
3452:Royal Society Open Science
3063:Boinski, S. (April 1989).
2449:10.1163/156853998793066384
1895:. Pogonias Press. p.
1807:. Pogonias Press. p.
1440:. Lynx. pp. 412–413.
655:Interspecific interactions
5042:Mammals described in 1803
4855:
4818:
4722:
4715:Panamanian monkey species
4632:
4579:
4545:Guianan squirrel monkey (
4482:
4466:Golden-bellied capuchin (
4403:(Robust capuchin monkeys)
4394:
4238:
4229:
4191:
4183:Extant species of family
3589:. The Rainforest Alliance
3364:Perry S. Rose L. (1994).
3239:10.1007/s00265-007-0490-3
2558:10.1007/s10329-003-0050-z
2222:10.1016/j.cub.2006.02.055
1319:: e.T81265980A191708420.
896:among New World monkeys.
668:Geoffroy's spider monkeys
223:
214:
195:
188:
70:Scientific classification
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
4767:Geoffroy's spider monkey
4647:Geoffroy's spider monkey
4439:Black-striped capuchin (
3510:Cebus capucinus imitator
3079:(Submitted manuscript).
2675:10.1007/0-387-25872-8_18
2608:10.1163/1568539042245178
2057:10.1163/156853909X404420
1922:All the World's Primates
1396:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.).
1165:Santa Rosa National Park
1123:Distribution and habitat
1085:Palo Verde National Park
351:Cebus capucinus imitator
302:Pirates of the Caribbean
4797:Panamanian night monkey
4563:Black squirrel monkey (
4346:Wedge-capped capuchin (
4292:Shock-headed capuchin (
4265:Brown weeper capuchin (
4098:10.1073/pnas.1620739114
3508:"White-Faced Capuchin,
3003:10.1023/A:1024624721363
2943:10.1073/pnas.0707749105
2818:10.1163/156853997X00494
2748:10.1023/A:1024620620454
2476:10.1023/A:1026395829818
2417:10.1163/156853997X00494
1864:Primates in Perspective
1736:Luedtke, Karen (2012).
1669:Wainwright, M. (2002).
1242:. It is threatened by
1169:Soberania National Park
1161:Corcovado National Park
1000:, or it may serve as a
713:
440:C. capucinus limitaneus
4020:10.1098/rstb.2010.0317
3659:Henderson, C. (2000).
1231:
1088:
1055:
735:
727:
691:white-lipped peccaries
565:
413:white-fronted capuchin
369:
354:
4987:Paleobiology Database
4301:Ecuadorian capuchin (
4124:Perry, Susan (1995).
3900:ometepeislandinfo.com
3722:The Complete Capuchin
3697:The Complete Capuchin
3559:The Complete Capuchin
3195:The Complete Capuchin
3112:The Complete Capuchin
2887:The Complete Capuchin
2020:The Complete Capuchin
1225:
1082:
1053:
970:, monkey comb (genus
856:white-crowned parrots
780:Sebastiania pavoniana
734:Foraging in the trees
733:
721:
564:Walking on four limbs
563:
398:C. capucinus imitator
360:
344:
287:Among the best known
252:), also known as the
4048:Current Anthropology
2862:Primates of Colombia
1761:Luedtke, K. (2012).
1191:, as well as around
1020:. Other species of
789:Carara National Park
453:Physical description
260:, is a medium-sized
4747:Coiba Island howler
4421:Azaras's capuchin (
4382:Chestnut capuchin (
3473:10.1098/rsos.181002
3464:2018RSOS....581002B
2934:2008PNAS..105..577C
2860:Defler, T. (2004).
2771:Folia Primatologica
2690:Folia Primatologica
1711:Emmons, L. (1997).
1218:Conservation status
917:Coiba National Park
700:double-toothed kite
583:dominance hierarchy
40:Conservation status
5037:Tool-using mammals
4781:Saguinus geoffroyi
4777:Geoffroy's tamarin
4751:Alouatta coibensis
4520:S. cassiquiarensis
4500:(Squirrel monkeys)
4457:Crested capuchin (
4319:Kaapori capuchin (
3998:Perry, S. (2011).
3835:10.1002/ajpa.10103
3609:The New York Times
3583:"Capuchin Monkey (
3385:10.1007/bf02381950
3345:David Attenborough
3089:10.1007/BF02736248
2520:10.1007/BF02736624
2297:Perry, S. (1996).
1740:. pp. 40–45.
1232:
1089:
1056:
926:Terminalia catappa
736:
728:
708:sharp-shinned hawk
594:non-conceptive sex
566:
430:demonstrated that
370:
355:
16:Species of primate
5002:
5001:
4974:Open Tree of Life
4849:Taxon identifiers
4840:
4839:
4791:Alouatta palliata
4741:Saimiri oerstedii
4680:
4679:
4661:Alouatta palliata
4641:Saimiri oerstedii
4590:
4589:
4575:
4574:
4478:
4477:
4412:Tufted capuchin (
4091:(30): 7806–7813.
4014:(1567): 988–996.
3972:978-0-387-25854-6
3939:978-0-387-25854-6
3881:978-1-86450-034-9
3796:978-0-387-78704-6
3764:978-0-387-25854-6
3731:978-0-521-66768-5
3706:978-0-521-66768-5
3678:978-0-292-73459-3
3568:978-0-521-66768-5
3327:978-0-9832448-0-6
3302:978-0-387-25854-6
3204:978-0-521-66768-5
3163:10.1159/000156442
3121:978-0-521-66768-5
3067:Saimiri oerstedii
3049:978-0-226-06340-9
2896:978-0-521-66768-5
2871:978-1-881173-83-0
2783:10.1159/000155616
2702:10.1159/000076270
2651:978-0-387-25854-6
2106:978-0-674-02664-3
1997:978-0-387-25854-6
1956:978-0-202-30826-5
1906:978-0-9648825-0-8
1887:Rowe, N. (1996).
1873:978-0-19-517133-4
1818:978-0-9648825-0-8
1799:Rowe, N. (1996).
1772:978-0-9832448-2-0
1747:978-0-9832448-2-0
1722:978-0-226-20721-6
1680:978-0-9705678-1-9
1554:10.1002/ajp.22269
1485:10.1002/ajp.21998
1372:978-0-387-25854-6
1212:secondary forests
1054:Facial expression
1010:anti-inflammatory
901:gracile capuchins
797:huevos de caballo
407:within the genus
378:New World monkeys
240:
239:
63:
5054:
5022:Capuchin monkeys
4995:
4994:
4982:
4981:
4969:
4968:
4956:
4955:
4943:
4942:
4930:
4929:
4917:
4916:
4904:
4903:
4891:
4890:
4889:
4876:
4875:
4874:
4844:
4843:
4833:
4828:
4827:
4826:
4771:Ateles geoffroyi
4731:Ateles fusciceps
4716:
4707:
4700:
4693:
4684:
4683:
4651:Ateles geoffroyi
4626:
4617:
4610:
4603:
4594:
4593:
4502:
4501:
4489:
4488:
4468:S. xanthosternos
4448:Black capuchin (
4430:Blond capuchin (
4405:
4404:
4330:C. leucocephalus
4303:C. aequatorialis
4249:
4248:
4236:
4235:
4177:
4170:
4163:
4154:
4153:
4132:
4120:
4110:
4100:
4071:
4041:
4031:
3994:
3977:
3976:
3960:
3950:
3944:
3943:
3927:
3916:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3906:
3892:
3886:
3885:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3851:
3845:. Archived from
3820:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3778:
3769:
3768:
3752:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3692:
3683:
3682:
3666:
3656:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3630:. Archived from
3619:
3613:
3612:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3579:
3573:
3572:
3554:
3548:
3547:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3485:
3475:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3429:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3396:
3370:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3341:
3332:
3331:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3290:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3224:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3190:
3175:
3174:
3157:(3–4): 177–186.
3148:
3135:
3126:
3125:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3019:
3013:. Archived from
2988:
2975:
2966:
2965:
2955:
2945:
2910:
2901:
2900:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2857:
2822:
2821:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2731:
2722:
2721:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2639:
2629:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2593:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2541:
2532:
2531:
2503:
2488:
2487:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2432:
2421:
2420:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2351:Animal Behaviour
2346:
2340:
2339:
2329:
2303:
2294:
2285:
2284:
2261:Animal Behaviour
2256:
2235:
2234:
2224:
2200:
2189:
2188:
2165:Animal Behaviour
2160:
2151:
2150:
2127:Animal Behaviour
2122:
2111:
2110:
2092:
2061:
2060:
2050:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2015:
2002:
2001:
1985:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1947:Primate Ethology
1942:
1936:
1935:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1894:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1859:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1806:
1796:
1777:
1776:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1708:
1685:
1684:
1666:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1578:
1572:. Archived from
1539:
1530:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1509:
1503:. Archived from
1470:
1461:
1452:
1451:
1433:
1422:
1421:
1386:
1377:
1376:
1360:
1349:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1328:
1298:
1277:Acacia collinsii
1267:Bursera simaruba
1261:Gustavia superba
1022:capuchin monkeys
909:robust capuchins
862:. The amount of
680:squirrel monkeys
646:
645:
641:
638:
632:
631:
627:
624:
618:
617:
613:
556:Social structure
538:
537:
533:
530:
520:
519:
515:
512:
506:
505:
501:
498:
492:
491:
487:
484:
421:Kaapori capuchin
386:squirrel monkeys
382:capuchin monkeys
376:, the family of
262:New World monkey
224:Distribution of
219:
201:
181:C. imitator
78:
77:
57:
52:
51:
33:
21:
20:
5062:
5061:
5057:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5052:
5051:
5007:
5006:
5003:
4998:
4990:
4985:
4977:
4972:
4964:
4959:
4951:
4946:
4938:
4933:
4925:
4920:
4912:
4907:
4899:
4894:
4885:
4884:
4879:
4870:
4869:
4864:
4851:
4841:
4836:
4829:
4824:
4822:
4816:
4761:Cebus capucinus
4718:
4714:
4711:
4681:
4676:
4628:
4624:
4621:
4591:
4586:
4571:
4499:
4498:
4497:
4474:
4402:
4401:
4400:
4390:
4246:
4245:
4244:
4225:
4187:
4181:
4139:
4128:Cebus capucinus
4079:Cebus capucinus
3985:
3983:Further reading
3980:
3973:
3951:
3947:
3940:
3917:
3913:
3904:
3902:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3882:
3868:
3864:
3855:
3853:
3849:
3818:
3814:Cebus capucinus
3808:
3804:
3797:
3779:
3772:
3765:
3743:
3739:
3732:
3718:
3714:
3707:
3693:
3686:
3679:
3657:
3646:
3637:
3635:
3620:
3616:
3605:
3601:
3592:
3590:
3585:Cebus capucinus
3581:
3580:
3576:
3569:
3555:
3551:
3503:
3499:
3446:Cebus capucinus
3440:
3436:
3427:
3425:
3414:
3410:
3368:
3362:
3358:
3350:Life of Mammals
3343:
3342:
3335:
3328:
3320:. p. 109.
3314:
3310:
3303:
3281:
3277:
3267:
3265:
3222:
3216:
3212:
3205:
3191:
3178:
3146:
3142:Cebus capucinus
3136:
3129:
3122:
3108:
3104:
3071:Cebus capucinus
3061:
3057:
3050:
3036:
3032:
3023:
3021:
3017:
2986:
2982:Cebus capucinus
2976:
2969:
2911:
2904:
2897:
2883:
2879:
2872:
2858:
2825:
2802:
2798:
2767:
2763:
2732:
2725:
2686:
2682:
2663:
2659:
2652:
2630:
2621:
2612:
2610:
2591:
2585:
2581:
2542:
2535:
2504:
2491:
2460:
2456:
2433:
2424:
2401:
2397:
2392:(Suppl 1): 103.
2382:
2378:
2347:
2343:
2301:
2295:
2288:
2257:
2238:
2209:Current Biology
2201:
2192:
2161:
2154:
2123:
2114:
2107:
2093:
2064:
2048:10.1.1.619.2612
2031:
2027:
2016:
2005:
1998:
1968:
1964:
1957:
1943:
1939:
1932:
1918:
1914:
1907:
1885:
1881:
1874:
1860:
1847:
1838:
1836:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1819:
1797:
1780:
1773:
1759:
1755:
1748:
1734:
1730:
1723:
1709:
1688:
1681:
1667:
1616:
1607:
1605:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1537:
1531:
1522:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1468:
1462:
1455:
1448:
1434:
1425:
1410:
1387:
1380:
1373:
1350:
1341:
1331:
1329:
1299:
1290:
1286:
1220:
1204:montane forests
1129:Central America
1125:
1077:
1048:
949:Halloween crabs
889:
716:
657:
643:
639:
636:
634:
629:
625:
622:
620:
615:
611:
610:
607:
558:
553:
535:
531:
528:
526:
517:
513:
510:
508:
503:
499:
496:
494:
489:
485:
482:
480:
465:Capuchin friars
455:
417:weeper capuchin
390:Cebus capucinus
339:
327:herbal medicine
274:Central America
230:Cebus capucinus
210:
203:
197:
184:
72:
64:
53:
49:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5060:
5050:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5000:
4999:
4997:
4996:
4983:
4970:
4957:
4944:
4931:
4918:
4905:
4892:
4887:Cebus imitator
4877:
4861:
4859:
4857:Cebus imitator
4853:
4852:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4834:
4819:
4817:
4815:
4814:
4811:Cebus imitator
4804:
4794:
4787:Mantled howler
4784:
4774:
4764:
4754:
4744:
4734:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4710:
4709:
4702:
4695:
4687:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4674:
4671:Cebus imitator
4664:
4657:Mantled howler
4654:
4644:
4633:
4630:
4629:
4620:
4619:
4612:
4605:
4597:
4588:
4587:
4580:
4577:
4576:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4569:
4560:
4551:
4542:
4533:
4524:
4515:
4511:S. boliviensis
4505:
4503:
4486:
4480:
4479:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4472:
4463:
4454:
4445:
4441:S. libidinosus
4436:
4427:
4418:
4408:
4406:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4388:
4379:
4370:
4361:
4352:
4343:
4334:
4325:
4316:
4307:
4298:
4289:
4280:
4271:
4262:
4252:
4250:
4233:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4217:
4211:
4205:
4199:
4192:
4189:
4188:
4180:
4179:
4172:
4165:
4157:
4151:
4150:
4145:
4138:
4137:External links
4135:
4134:
4133:
4121:
4072:
4060:10.1086/345825
4054:(2): 241–268.
4042:
3995:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3971:
3945:
3938:
3911:
3887:
3880:
3862:
3802:
3795:
3770:
3763:
3737:
3730:
3712:
3705:
3684:
3677:
3644:
3614:
3599:
3574:
3567:
3549:
3522:(3): 429–433.
3497:
3434:
3408:
3379:(4): 409–415.
3356:
3333:
3326:
3308:
3301:
3275:
3210:
3203:
3176:
3151:Folia Primatol
3127:
3120:
3102:
3083:(2): 103–114.
3055:
3048:
3030:
2997:(4): 780–785.
2967:
2928:(2): 577–581.
2902:
2895:
2877:
2870:
2823:
2812:(7): 477–510.
2796:
2761:
2742:(4): 723–741.
2723:
2696:(2): 104–106.
2680:
2657:
2650:
2619:
2602:(6): 755–775.
2579:
2552:(4): 341–346.
2533:
2514:(3): 309–330.
2489:
2470:(5): 767–786.
2454:
2422:
2411:(7): 477–510.
2395:
2376:
2341:
2312:(2): 167–182.
2286:
2236:
2190:
2171:(4): 771–782.
2152:
2133:(4): 761–769.
2112:
2105:
2062:
2041:(4): 471–498.
2025:
2003:
1996:
1962:
1955:
1937:
1930:
1912:
1905:
1879:
1872:
1845:
1824:
1817:
1778:
1771:
1765:. p. 45.
1753:
1746:
1728:
1721:
1686:
1679:
1614:
1589:
1520:
1453:
1447:978-8496553897
1446:
1423:
1408:
1378:
1371:
1339:
1305:Cebus imitator
1287:
1285:
1282:
1219:
1216:
1124:
1121:
1076:
1073:
1047:
1044:
936:Cocos nucifera
894:spider monkeys
888:
885:
715:
712:
672:mantled howler
664:monkey species
656:
653:
606:
603:
557:
554:
552:
549:
541:mantled howler
454:
451:
338:
335:
264:of the family
249:Cebus imitator
238:
237:
234:Cebus imitator
226:Cebus imitator
221:
220:
212:
211:
204:
199:Cebus imitator
193:
192:
186:
185:
178:
176:
172:
171:
164:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
66:
65:
47:
44:
43:
38:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5059:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5005:
4993:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4897:
4893:
4888:
4882:
4878:
4873:
4867:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4845:
4832:
4831:Panama portal
4821:
4812:
4808:
4805:
4802:
4801:Aotus zonalis
4798:
4795:
4792:
4788:
4785:
4782:
4778:
4775:
4772:
4768:
4765:
4762:
4758:
4755:
4752:
4748:
4745:
4742:
4738:
4735:
4732:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4721:
4717:
4708:
4703:
4701:
4696:
4694:
4689:
4688:
4685:
4672:
4668:
4665:
4662:
4658:
4655:
4652:
4648:
4645:
4642:
4638:
4635:
4634:
4631:
4627:
4618:
4613:
4611:
4606:
4604:
4599:
4598:
4595:
4585:
4584:
4578:
4568:
4566:
4561:
4559:
4557:
4552:
4550:
4548:
4543:
4541:
4539:
4534:
4532:
4530:
4525:
4523:
4521:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4496:
4495:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4481:
4471:
4469:
4464:
4462:
4460:
4455:
4453:
4451:
4446:
4444:
4442:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4428:
4426:
4424:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4399:
4398:
4393:
4387:
4385:
4380:
4378:
4376:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4366:C. versicolor
4362:
4360:
4358:
4353:
4351:
4349:
4344:
4342:
4340:
4339:C. malitiosus
4335:
4333:
4331:
4326:
4324:
4322:
4317:
4315:
4313:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4272:
4270:
4268:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4222:
4218:
4216:
4212:
4210:
4206:
4204:
4200:
4198:
4194:
4193:
4190:
4186:
4178:
4173:
4171:
4166:
4164:
4159:
4158:
4155:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4130:
4127:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4080:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4003:
3996:
3992:
3987:
3986:
3974:
3968:
3964:
3959:
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3949:
3941:
3935:
3931:
3926:
3925:
3915:
3901:
3897:
3891:
3883:
3877:
3873:
3866:
3852:on 2011-06-04
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3817:
3815:
3806:
3798:
3792:
3788:
3784:
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3766:
3760:
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3750:
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3689:
3680:
3674:
3670:
3665:
3664:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3634:on 2006-09-28
3633:
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3610:
3603:
3588:
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3578:
3570:
3564:
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3513:
3511:
3501:
3493:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3458:(8): 181002.
3457:
3453:
3449:
3447:
3438:
3423:
3419:
3412:
3404:
3400:
3395:
3394:2027.42/41610
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3367:
3360:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3340:
3338:
3329:
3323:
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3304:
3298:
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3256:
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3228:
3221:
3214:
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3200:
3196:
3189:
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3082:
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3074:
3072:
3068:
3059:
3051:
3045:
3041:
3034:
3020:on 2009-02-25
3016:
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3008:
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3000:
2996:
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2985:
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2959:
2954:
2949:
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2935:
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2915:
2914:Crofoot, M.C.
2909:
2907:
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2380:
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2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2345:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2327:2027.42/38432
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2300:
2293:
2291:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
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2255:
2253:
2251:
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2245:
2243:
2241:
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2214:
2210:
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2199:
2197:
2195:
2186:
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2178:
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2166:
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2128:
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2087:
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2073:
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2069:
2067:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2029:
2021:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
1999:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1983:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1958:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1933:
1931:9781940496061
1927:
1923:
1916:
1908:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1892:
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1732:
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1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1604:on 2011-07-25
1603:
1599:
1593:
1579:on 2017-08-10
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1536:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1510:on 2016-03-04
1506:
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1498:
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1490:
1486:
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1460:
1458:
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1430:
1428:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1409:0-801-88221-4
1405:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1394:Wilson, D. E.
1391:
1390:Groves, C. P.
1385:
1383:
1374:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1358:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1306:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1288:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1244:deforestation
1241:
1237:
1229:
1224:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1151:and southern
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1120:
1116:
1114:
1113:alloparenting
1110:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1086:
1081:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1065:urine washing
1061:
1052:
1046:Communication
1043:
1041:
1040:organ grinder
1037:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
982:custard apple
979:
975:
974:
969:
968:
963:
962:
957:
952:
950:
946:
942:
941:nerite snails
938:
937:
932:
931:
930:Bactris major
927:
922:
918:
914:
911:of the genus
910:
906:
903:of the genus
902:
897:
895:
884:
881:
876:
872:
867:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
804:
802:
801:anacardiaceae
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
781:
776:
775:Euphorbiaceae
772:
768:
764:
763:Anacardiaceae
760:
756:
751:
749:
745:
741:
732:
725:
720:
711:
709:
705:
701:
696:
692:
687:
685:
681:
676:
673:
669:
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652:
648:
602:
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584:
578:
575:
571:
562:
548:
544:
542:
524:
477:
475:
470:
466:
462:
461:
450:
448:
443:
441:
437:
433:
429:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
405:species group
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
368:
364:
359:
352:
348:
343:
334:
330:
328:
324:
320:
319:invertebrates
315:
313:
308:
304:
303:
298:
294:
293:organ grinder
290:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
250:
245:
235:
231:
227:
222:
218:
213:
208:
202:
200:
194:
191:
190:Binomial name
187:
183:
182:
177:
174:
173:
170:
169:
165:
162:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
81:
76:
71:
67:
61:
56:
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
5004:
4856:
4810:
4806:
4800:
4790:
4780:
4770:
4760:
4750:
4740:
4730:
4670:
4666:
4660:
4650:
4640:
4581:
4565:S. vanzolini
4564:
4555:
4546:
4537:
4528:
4519:
4510:
4492:
4467:
4458:
4449:
4440:
4431:
4422:
4413:
4395:
4384:C. castaneus
4383:
4374:
4365:
4356:
4348:C. olivaceus
4347:
4338:
4329:
4320:
4311:
4309:
4302:
4293:
4284:
4276:C. capucinus
4275:
4266:
4258:C. albifrons
4257:
4239:
4129:
4125:
4088:
4084:
4078:
4051:
4047:
4011:
4007:
4001:
3990:
3956:
3948:
3923:
3914:
3903:. Retrieved
3899:
3890:
3871:
3865:
3854:. Retrieved
3847:the original
3829:(1): 52–66.
3826:
3822:
3813:
3805:
3786:
3748:
3740:
3721:
3715:
3696:
3662:
3636:. Retrieved
3632:the original
3617:
3608:
3602:
3591:. Retrieved
3584:
3577:
3558:
3552:
3519:
3515:
3509:
3500:
3455:
3451:
3445:
3437:
3426:. Retrieved
3421:
3411:
3376:
3372:
3359:
3353:. BBC Video.
3348:
3317:
3311:
3286:
3278:
3266:. Retrieved
3230:
3226:
3213:
3194:
3154:
3150:
3141:
3111:
3105:
3080:
3076:
3070:
3066:
3058:
3039:
3033:
3022:. Retrieved
3015:the original
2994:
2990:
2981:
2925:
2921:
2886:
2880:
2861:
2809:
2805:
2799:
2777:(1): 19–58.
2774:
2770:
2764:
2739:
2735:
2693:
2689:
2683:
2666:
2660:
2635:
2611:. Retrieved
2599:
2595:
2582:
2549:
2545:
2511:
2507:
2467:
2463:
2457:
2440:
2436:
2408:
2404:
2398:
2389:
2385:
2379:
2354:
2350:
2344:
2309:
2305:
2264:
2260:
2215:(5): 156–7.
2212:
2208:
2168:
2164:
2130:
2126:
2096:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2019:
1981:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1946:
1940:
1921:
1915:
1890:
1882:
1863:
1837:. Retrieved
1835:. Farlex Inc
1827:
1802:
1762:
1756:
1737:
1731:
1712:
1670:
1606:. Retrieved
1602:the original
1592:
1581:. Retrieved
1574:the original
1545:
1541:
1512:. Retrieved
1505:the original
1476:
1472:
1437:
1398:
1356:
1330:. Retrieved
1316:
1310:
1304:
1275:
1265:
1259:
1233:
1230:, Costa Rica
1210:or advanced
1197:
1177:
1126:
1117:
1098:
1090:
1087:, Costa Rica
1083:Juvenile in
1075:Reproduction
1057:
1033:
1015:
984:. Ants and
971:
965:
959:
953:
945:hermit crabs
934:
924:
921:hammerstones
912:
904:
898:
890:
868:
812:caterpillars
805:
778:
752:
737:
726:, Costa Rica
688:
677:
658:
649:
608:
599:
587:
579:
567:
545:
478:
467:– the
458:
456:
447:C. capucinus
446:
444:
439:
436:C. capucinus
435:
431:
427:
425:
408:
402:C. capucinus
401:
397:
389:
371:
350:
331:
321:, and small
316:
300:
286:
268:, subfamily
257:
253:
248:
247:
243:
241:
233:
229:
225:
198:
196:
180:
179:
167:
143:Infraorder:
18:
4922:iNaturalist
4881:Wikispecies
4547:S. sciureus
4538:S. oerstedi
4529:S. collinsi
4484:Saimiriinae
4459:S. robustus
4450:S. nigritus
4357:C. unicolor
4312:C. imitator
4294:C. cuscinus
4267:C. brunneus
3065:"Why don't
3040:On the Move
2443:(2): 1–34.
2357:: 165–170.
2267:: 187–199.
1548:(8): 1–16.
1479:(4): 1–13.
1332:29 November
1272:germination
1252:harpy eagle
1060:communicate
1018:paraplegics
1006:bactericide
799:fruits and
767:Leguminosae
432:C. imitator
380:containing
323:vertebrates
147:Simiiformes
5011:Categories
4432:S. flavius
4375:C. yuracus
4321:C. kaapori
4221:Haplorhini
4219:Suborder:
3905:2017-03-05
3856:2009-10-06
3638:2009-02-07
3593:2009-02-07
3428:2008-09-01
3233:(5): 663.
3024:2008-09-04
2613:2008-11-14
1839:2008-09-01
1608:2008-09-01
1583:2018-12-30
1514:2018-12-30
1284:References
1236:vulnerable
1193:Bluefields
1141:Costa Rica
1100:Copulation
1093:polygamous
1026:television
986:millipedes
875:Costa Rica
871:Guanacaste
864:vertebrate
844:Costa Rica
840:Guanacaste
785:bromeliads
748:prehensile
724:Frío River
704:white hawk
474:prehensile
363:Gatun Lake
312:prehensile
307:paraplegic
278:rainforest
137:Haplorhini
133:Suborder:
55:Vulnerable
4872:Q31836365
4414:S. apella
4285:C. cesare
4195:Kingdom:
3783:Strier, K
3544:218773276
3536:1573-8604
3422:The Times
3255:437741616
3247:1432-0762
2806:Behaviour
2596:Behaviour
2437:Behaviour
2405:Behaviour
2043:CiteSeerX
2035:Behaviour
1149:Guatemala
1137:Nicaragua
1104:gestation
1069:olfactory
1042:monkeys.
1002:fungicide
990:parasites
978:dumb cane
880:chitinous
858:and baby
848:squirrels
793:heliconia
771:Rubiaceae
661:sympatric
175:Species:
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
4953:81265980
4866:Wikidata
4583:Category
4556:S. ustus
4215:Primates
4209:Mammalia
4203:Chordata
4201:Phylum:
4197:Animalia
4117:28739946
4068:54755518
4038:21357221
3843:12209573
3785:(eds.).
3492:30225086
3424:. London
3373:Primates
3347:(2003).
3263:13839857
3097:24192169
2962:18184811
2756:19279800
2718:35102249
2710:15010584
2566:12910384
2546:Primates
2528:20334207
2371:53198039
2336:37033722
2281:53154942
2231:16527729
2185:10044824
2147:53701873
1976:Alouatta
1570:14778572
1562:24668460
1501:12171529
1493:22311697
1418:62265494
1392:(2005).
1248:bushmeat
1200:mangrove
1133:Honduras
1071:signal.
992:such as
967:Clematis
907:and the
887:Tool use
836:mollusks
759:Moraceae
740:omnivore
706:and the
590:macaques
574:arboreal
551:Behavior
419:and the
337:Taxonomy
297:American
153:Family:
127:Primates
117:Mammalia
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
4979:6145184
4966:2715852
4927:1369296
4914:8028197
4494:Saimiri
4397:Sapajus
4231:Cebinae
4213:Order:
4207:Class:
4185:Cebidae
4108:5544268
4029:3049088
3483:6124021
3460:Bibcode
3268:20 July
3171:2391047
2953:2206578
2930:Bibcode
2791:4215710
2574:6573597
2484:3032455
1208:primary
1185:Ometepe
1109:Weaning
1035:Friends
998:insects
973:Sloanea
913:Sapajus
852:magpies
828:lizards
803:stems.
795:seeds,
695:agoutis
642:⁄
628:⁄
614:⁄
570:diurnal
534:⁄
516:⁄
502:⁄
488:⁄
374:Cebidae
289:monkeys
270:Cebinae
266:Cebidae
209:, 1903)
163:Genus:
157:Cebidae
123:Order:
113:Class:
58: (
4992:390426
4940:944168
4423:S. cay
4115:
4105:
4066:
4036:
4026:
3969:
3965:–571.
3936:
3932:–186.
3878:
3841:
3793:
3761:
3757:–405.
3728:
3703:
3675:
3671:–455.
3565:
3542:
3534:
3490:
3480:
3403:146496
3401:
3324:
3299:
3295:–360.
3261:
3253:
3245:
3201:
3169:
3118:
3095:
3046:
3011:430769
3009:
2960:
2950:
2893:
2868:
2789:
2754:
2716:
2708:
2648:
2644:–382.
2572:
2564:
2526:
2482:
2369:
2334:
2279:
2229:
2183:
2145:
2103:
2045:
1994:
1990:–344.
1953:
1928:
1903:
1870:
1815:
1769:
1744:
1719:
1677:
1568:
1560:
1499:
1491:
1444:
1416:
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