525:. On May 6, a raiding party led by mixed-race Bannock warrior Mogoannoga attacked the station, killing five Americans and burning down the establishment. There are conflicting accounts as to the party's motivation. One account claimed the raid was made without cause by a renegade band from the north. Another account, given by a Paiute member in an 1880 interview, claimed the incident originated when two proprietors of Williams Station deceived a young Native, persuading him to trade his pony for a bad gun, and captured two Paiute children. In an argument to back out of the deal, the settlers' dog bit the boy, and the men laughed at him. The young Native then reported to the tribe how he had heard two missing Paiute children in the settlers' root cellar. When a Paiute party found the settlers at Williams Station, they claimed the boy only heard the dog yelp and not any missing children. Ultimately, the party killed the men and found the two children tied up. In their rage, they murdered all the Whites in the area and left. When Williams, owner of the station, returned on May 8, he found his two brothers' bodies mutilated and three patrons of the saloon murdered. Passions were aroused, and stories escalated to include tales of 500 Indians who killed every person in the vicinity of Williams Station. A third account claimed the kidnapped children were two 12-year-old girls who were sexually assaulted before being hidden. According to this account, the band who attacked Williams Station was a rescue party that included the girls' father. When the news of the situation reached Numaga, he allegedly said, "There is no longer any use for counsel; we must prepare for war."
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608:, approximately five miles south of Pyramid Lake. The party first encountered a small band of Paiutes, whom they attacked. The band fled after returning a few shots, continuing to fire sporadically as they retreated into a ravine with the Whites in pursuit. Once in the ravine, a larger group of Natives appeared, closing the escape route and firing on the settlers from all sides. The Whites were poorly armed, badly mounted, and almost completely unorganized. The survivors escaped into a patch of woods and were pursued for some 20 miles. Seventy-six settlers were dead, including Ormsby, and many of the others were wounded. According to
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convince the band to release
Weatherlow. The two men finally arrived at Chief Numaga's camp, where the Chief refused to admit or deny that his people had killed Dexter Demming. Weatherlow pressed the chief to follow the treaty, and Numaga finally stated he would not intervene if his people committed depredations against settlers, would refuse to come back to the city to resolve anything peacefully, and, aware of the recent silver discoveries, demanded $ 16,000 for the grazing land.
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did not come to wage a war to defend white civilization, but rather to protect threatened communities. He advised his men that the
Williams brothers had a bad reputation for shady dealings with both Whites and Natives, and that the Natives probably had a good reason for their attack. Come morning, he, his men, and a few others from the other groups, returned to Carson City. The remaining men proceeded north to the
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Each group of riders constituted no more than an undisciplined, leaderless mob of more than one hundred poorly armed riders with few rifles between them. One man in the group, Samuel
Buckland, later stated the men were full of whiskey and without discipline. While Ormsby assumed a leadership position
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to determine whether to drive the Whites out. While a majority of the men voted for war, without a unanimous decision they were forced to postpone their plans. Chief Numaga had voted against war. As Numaga debated whether to go to war, two Paiute children went missing, and what was later known as the
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After returning, Weatherlow warned that all out war was inevitable. The local population, however, started to doubt the
Paiutes were really to blame, because although Dexter Demming had been killed, it became known that his brother Jack had once killed a Native, and persons seeking revenge might have
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The Carson City
Rangers arrived first at the ruins of Williams Station, stopping to rest and wait for the other volunteer groups. All the men met at the Williams Station to bury the dead and gather and stay the night. That night, Judge John Cradlebaugh of the Carson City Rangers told his men that he
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trampled or ate the sparse vegetation. In addition, settlers and
Paiutes competed for grazing lands, where the settlers tried to run cattle. Native Americans partly adapted to the change by trading finely woven baskets, deer, and rabbit skins for food and goods. Other times, settlers gave them food
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and aired the grievances of the
Paiutes. Herders had driven cattle all over Paiute grazing land, letting their livestock eat grass used by Paiute ponies. Worst, he claimed, these cattlemen threatened violence if Chief Numaga did not return cattle they claimed as missing from their herds. Cattlemen
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While traveling to
Pyramid Lake, the two settlers were captured by Paiutes of the Smoke Creek Sam band. When the warriors wanted to kill them, one warrior known as "Pike" (who had lived in Harvey's home as a child) intervened for Harvey, who was allowed to leave. Pike was also eventually able to
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was made public and sparked a rush of silver prospectors to the area. However, tensions had already been mounting since the first rush of silver miners had come across the Sierra Nevada. With the influx of so many people, many
Natives believed that an evil spirit had been angered and was sending
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Early settlement of what is now northwestern Nevada had a disruptive effect on the
Northern Paiute and Shoshone. The Shoshone and Paiute had subsisted on the sparse resources of the desert by hunting deer and rabbit and eating grasshoppers, rodents, seeds, nuts, berries, and roots. Miners felled
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sent Captain William Weatherlow to ascertain whether Paiute or Pit River Indians were responsible. After catching up with the raiding party it was ascertained that the raiders were part of the Smoke Creek Sam (Chief Saaba) band of Paiutes—a band that had broken off from Numaga and
333:. The war was preceded by a series of increasingly violent incidents, culminating in two pitched battles in which 79 Whites and 25 Indigenous people were killed. Smaller raids and skirmishes continued until a cease-fire was agreed to in August 1860; there was no treaty.
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By 1858 the Native Americans and Whites agreed to a treaty with the principle of equal justice for all. Thieves and killers, white or Native, were to be turned over to the authorities. Thereafter, Paiutes under Numaga fought alongside Whites against raiding parties of
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In late June, Stewart and Hays retraced the steps of Ormsby's command and attacked Numaga's Paiutes at the same location as Ormsby's fight. Hays and Stewart defeated Numaga, and the Paiute forces scattered across the Great Basin. After a minor skirmish in the
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at the southern end of Pyramid Lake to deny that area to the Paiutes. Small skirmishes and raids continued until August, when an informal cease-fire between Numaga and white surveyors working in the area north of Pyramid Lake was achieved during a meeting at
406:. For the next two years, the Paiutes and Whites lived in relative peace. However, the winter of 1858 was especially harsh, making it impossible to get provisions or people over the Sierra Nevada. Food became scarce, forcing residents to hunt for wild game.
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One reporter stated the whole group had taken an immense punishment of whiskey, and thought peace could easily be restored by shouting "An Indian for breakfast and a pony to ride..." (Warren Wasson, Nevada Historical Society, Vol XIII, No. 3 (1969) p.
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Weatherlow and Harvey left the meeting warning the cattlemen on their journey home of the impending crisis. The men informed them that Chief Numaga was blackmailing them by requiring they turn over two cows a week to them, which they had been doing.
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due to murders and robberies. Ormsby then allied with the Paiutes, who had been in conflict with the Washoe for some time. With 20-30 settlers and 300-400 Paiutes, Ormsby went in pursuit of the Washoes and Little Indians into the
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reported in December 1859 that Whites were doing all they could to alleviate the starving Natives, offering them bread and provisions. However, the Natives refused to eat, fearing that the food was poisoned.
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with Governor Roop and Captain Weatherlow. The governor directed Weatherlow and Thomas Harvey to meet Numaga at Pyramid Lake and ask him about the murders and to honor the treaty and turn over the killers.
380:) and a man known as "Smith" were agents for the overland stagecoach. On October 5, 1857, Ormsby sent an express letter for ammunition to be ready for an emergency, foreseeing conflict with the
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mistaken the two men. However, on February 12, 1860, Governor Roop wrote to Brevet Brigadier General Newman S. Clarke, commander of the Department of the Pacific, stating that the
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of 1878 may be viewed as a continuation of the Pyramid Lake War, as some Paiutes and Bannock fought in both wars. The war is of particular note because of its effect on the famed
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590:. They noticed that the path left by the Natives to follow was obvious. Articles from the shop were laid out like a trail and tracks of unshod Native ponies were visible.
635:, who organized a militia of local volunteers dubbed the "Washoe Regiment". It was composed of 13 companies from the areas surrounding Carson City, Virginia City,
821:, further south on the Carson River. The disruption to food gathering activities, especially fishing in Pyramid Lake, may have killed more from starvation. The
612:, three Natives were killed in the battle. Paiute Johnny Calico, who was 12 at the time, told a historian in 1924 that only three were injured and no one died.
829:. Several stations were ambushed and the service experienced its only delays in delivery. A few riders distinguished themselves during this time, especially
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reported that the Whites panicked when the assault began and threw down their guns, surrendering, but instead were killed. Among them was Major Ormsby.
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northeast of Pyramid Lake, the volunteer forces were disbanded, and Stewart's regulars returned to the Carson River near Williams Station to construct
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as being the first to arrive at the station, the five different groups never selected an overall commander and were disorganized in battle.
557:, who was chosen to lead the group. They did not believe that the Indians would fight back. The groups were individually led as follows:
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told William Weatherlow, a local militia captain, that Numaga and the Native Americans were extorting two cattle a week from them.
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was in danger of Paiute attack. He asked for arms, ammunition, and a platoon of men to drive the Paiutes from their strongholds.
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groves, a major food source for the Paiute, and because of the Nevada deserts, settlers grouped around water sources. Settlers'
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were later named in honor of Nightingill; he later became the first state controller of Nevada.)
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or blankets. Some Native Americans took jobs farming for settlers or served as stock tenders on
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On January 13, 1860, Dexter Demming was murdered and his home was raided. Territorial Governor
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On May 12, the Whites were attacked and routed by Paiute forces under the command of Chief
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647:, California. This contingent, known as the "Carson River Expedition", was led by Captain
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to apprehend the marauders. The volunteer force consisted of about 105 men and Major
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Vincent's semi-annual United States register: a work in which the principal ...P.402
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stations. Nonetheless, they resented the encroachment into their territory. Chief
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Orphans Preferred: The Twisted Truth and Lasting Legend of the Pony Express
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Tahoe Place Names: The Origin and History of Names in the Lake Tahoe Basin
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After the second battle of Pyramid Lake, the federal forces built a small
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Encyclopedia of Indian Wars: Western Battles and Skirmishes, 1850–1890
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In response to the First Battle of Pyramid Lake, settlers called upon
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The Deadliest Indian War in the West: The Snake Conflict, 1864-1868
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The Deadliest Indian War in the West: The Snake Conflict, 1864-1868
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With the arrival of spring in 1859, what was later known as the
1268:. Missoula: Mountain Press Publishing Company. pp. 74–75.
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800:. Three regiment members and 25 Paiutes were reported killed.
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and back with only nine hours of rest around May 10 of 1860.
817:. In 1861 the fort at Pyramid Lake was abandoned in favor of
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Company N "Highland Rangers/Vaqueros" – Captain S. B. Wallace
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448:. The Whites began to demand revenge. A meeting was held in
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storms to freeze and starve them. The Carson City newspaper
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Lieutenant Horatio G. Gibson, Asst. Commissary of Substance
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Company I, 3rd US Artillery – Lieutenant Horatio G. Gibson
854:(skirmish between US Soldiers and Paiutes in August 1860)
38:
16:
1860 armed conflict between Native Americans and settlers
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Natives interviewed in 1880 for historian Angel Myron's
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Company J "from Sacramento" – Captain Joseph Virgo (CA)
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Company G, 3rd US Artillery – Captain Joseph Stewart
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History of Nevada, Colorado, and Wyoming, 1540-1888
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Company H, 6th US Infantry – Lieutenant J. McCreary
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Company G "Sierra Guards" – Captain F. F. Patterson
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2nd Virginia City Company – Captain Archie McDonald
940:Sand in a Whirlwind: The Paiute Indian War of 1860
732:Company L "Carson Rifles" – Captain J.L. Blackburn
713:Company H "San Juan Rifles" – Captain N. C. Miller
700:Company E "Carson Rangers" – Captain P. H. Clayton
741:Company O "Sierra Guards" – Captain Creed Haymond
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780:
773:Company A, 6th US Infantry – Captain F. F. Flint
477:During March and April, the Natives gathered at
683:Company B "Sierra Guards" – Captain E. J. Smith
680:Company A "Spy Company" – Captain L. B. Fleeson
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570:1st Virginia City Company – Captain F. Johnston
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697:Company D "Sierra Guards" – Captain J. B. Reed
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1208:Nevada Place Names: A Geographical Dictionary
942:. Lincoln: University of Nevada Press, 1985.
735:Company M "Silver City Guards" – Captain Ford
329:, now in the northwest corner of present-day
232:
875:. Online Nevada Encyclopedia. Archived from
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1211:. University of Nevada Press. p. 177.
651:. Hays' volunteers went into action at the
368:1857: Raids in the north, harbingers of war
567:Silver City Guards – Captain R. G. Watkins
564:Carson City Rangers – Major William Ormsby
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900:"Tennant: Paiute's Numaga worth noting"
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655:and were joined by Stewart's regulars.
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686:Company C "Truckee Rangers" – Captain
537:was quickly formed from volunteers in
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718:Independent City Guards of Sacramento
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1026:Pony Express: An Illustrated History
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586:, and then along that river towards
561:Genoa Rangers – Captain F. F. Condon
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898:Tennant, Laura (January 31, 2015).
505:Williams Station was a combination
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1194:Life of Daniel E. Hungerford p.179
14:
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1325:Native American history of Nevada
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1146:Indians and their Wars in Nevada
1101:Michno, Gregory (June 1, 2007).
998:. Caxton Press. pp. 89–90.
992:Michno, Gregory (June 1, 2007).
707:" – Captain J. B. Van Hagan (CA)
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980:History of the State of Nevada
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720:" – Captain A. G. Snowden (CA)
669:Lt. Colonel Edward J. Saunders
446:Winnemucca (aka Chief Truckee)
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1042:Corbett, Christopher (2004).
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787:Second Battle of Pyramid Lake
781:Second Battle of Pyramid Lake
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1107:. Caxton Press. p. 74.
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600:First Battle of Pyramid Lake
594:First Battle of Pyramid Lake
393:1858: Treaty with the Paiute
378:First Battle of Pyramid Lake
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623:Organization of U.S. forces
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1293:The Paiute Indian War 1860
1205:Carlson, Helen S. (1974).
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653:Battle of Williams Station
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495:Williams Station massacre
484:Williams Station massacre
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1264:Michno, Gregory (2003).
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746:Carson River Expedition
410:1859: Winter starvation
376:(who later died in the
1330:1860 in Utah Territory
1303:July 27, 2011, at the
852:Battle of Egan Station
753:Captain Joseph Stewart
688:Alanson W. Nightingill
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422:Territorial Enterprise
121:Commanders and leaders
1158:Angel, Myron (1881).
692:Nightingale Mountains
199:Casualties and losses
1081:www.onlinenevada.org
905:Reno Gazette-Journal
728:Edward Farris Storey
666:Colonel John C. Hays
289:, also known as the
269:2nd Williams Station
259:1st Williams Station
31:American Indian Wars
1164:. Thompson and West
486:unfolded into war.
274:Second Pyramid Lake
1077:"Pyramid Lake War"
873:"Pyramid Lake War"
749:Field & Staff
662:Field & Staff
523:Lahontan Reservoir
344:single-leaf pinyon
264:First Pyramid Lake
1335:Conflicts in 1860
1161:History of Nevada
1114:978-0-87004-460-1
1005:978-0-87004-460-1
967:Lekisch, Barbara
815:Deep Hole, Nevada
617:History of Nevada
610:History of Nevada
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511:general store
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435:Treaty broken
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416:Comstock Lode
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404:Sierra Nevada
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387:Carson Valley
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382:Washoe people
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1222:. Retrieved
1207:
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1168:December 15,
1166:. Retrieved
1160:
1153:
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1118:. Retrieved
1103:
1096:
1084:. Retrieved
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877:the original
867:
827:Pony Express
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690:(The nearby
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633:John C. Hays
629:Texas Ranger
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153:John C. Hays
139:
88:Belligerents
79:U.S. victory
65:Pyramid Lake
29:Part of the
18:
1249:November 9,
1061:February 8,
911:February 6,
883:February 6,
823:Bannock War
716:Company I "
703:Company F "
637:Nevada City
547:Carson City
543:Silver City
430:Spring 1860
299:Pah Ute War
1320:Paiute War
1314:Categories
1218:087417094X
859:References
794:Lake Range
763:Companies
676:Companies
641:Sacramento
515:stagecoach
450:Susanville
441:Isaac Roop
337:Background
287:Paiute War
248:Paiute War
24:Paiute War
1086:March 29,
1048:. Crown.
804:Aftermath
348:livestock
301:, was an
209:31 killed
204:85 killed
1301:Archived
1224:March 8,
982:, p. 148
847:Ute Wars
841:See also
631:Colonel
313:and the
311:Shoshone
305:between
297:and the
193:warriors
175:Strength
111:Shoshone
60:Location
535:militia
325:in the
315:Bannock
187:militia
182:cavalry
140:†
115:Bannock
1272:
1215:
1111:
1052:
1002:
946:
639:, and
606:Numaga
549:, and
507:saloon
357:Numaga
331:Nevada
169:Numaga
136:
107:Paiute
99:
76:Result
69:Nevada
551:Genoa
191:~500
1270:ISBN
1251:2023
1226:2015
1213:ISBN
1170:2021
1122:2012
1109:ISBN
1088:2021
1063:2021
1050:ISBN
1013:2012
1000:ISBN
944:ISBN
913:2021
885:2021
810:fort
513:and
285:The
185:649
180:207
55:1860
52:Date
490:War
1316::
1135:3)
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1032:^
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240:e
233:t
226:v
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