729:-colored ink, similar in consistency to candle wax, which are melted and fed into a piezo crystal operated print-head. A Thermal transfer printhead jets the liquid ink on a rotating, oil coated drum. The paper then passes over the print drum, at which time the image is immediately transferred, or transfixed, to the page. Solid ink printers are most commonly used as color office printers and are excellent at printing on transparencies and other non-porous media. Solid ink is also called phase-change or hot-melt ink and was first used by Data Products and Howtek, Inc., in 1984. Solid ink printers can produce excellent results with text and images. Some solid ink printers have evolved to print 3D models, for example, Visual Impact Corporation of Windham, NH was started by retired Howtek employee, Richard Helinski whose 3D patents US4721635 and then US5136515 was licensed to Sanders Prototype, Inc., later named Solidscape, Inc. Acquisition and operating costs are similar to
552:
a desktop-based badge maker is probably suitable for their needs. Typically, large organizations who have high employee turnover will have their own printer. A desktop-based badge maker is also required if a company needs their IDs make instantly. An example of this is the private construction site that has restricted access. However, if a company does not already have a local (or network) printer that has the features they need, then the web-based option is a perhaps a more affordable solution. The web-based solution is good for small businesses that do not anticipate a lot of rapid growth, or organizations who either can not afford a card printer, or do not have the resources to learn how to set up and use one. Generally speaking, desktop-based solutions involve software, a database (or spreadsheet) and can be installed on a single computer or network.
66:
1165:
character form is printed onto the paper. Each system could have slight timing issues, which could cause minor misalignment of the resulting printed characters. For drum or typebar printers, this appeared as vertical misalignment, with characters being printed slightly above or below the rest of the line. In chain or bar printers, the misalignment was horizontal, with printed characters being crowded closer together or farther apart. This was much less noticeable to human vision than vertical misalignment, where characters seemed to bounce up and down in the line, so they were considered as higher quality print.
951:
564:). Thus card printers enable the encoding of plastic cards both visually and logically. Plastic cards can also be laminated after printing. Plastic cards are laminated after printing to achieve a considerable increase in durability and a greater degree of counterfeit prevention. Some card printers come with an option to print both sides at the same time, which cuts down the time taken to print and less margin of error. In such printers one side of id card is printed and then the card is flipped in the flip station and other side is printed.
1666:
694:
776:
1269:
472:
with the printer's effectiveness. Other issues are often caused by operator errors, such as users attempting to feed non-compatible cards into the card printer, while other printing defects may result from environmental abnormalities such as dirt or contaminants on the card or in the printer. Reverse transfer printers are less vulnerable to common printing problems than direct-to-card printers, since with these printers the card does not come into direct contact with the printhead.
1248:
800:
991:
904:
1127:
500:, also known as "High Definition Printing" or "Over the Edge Printing". The print-head prints to a transfer film backwards (hence the reverse) and then the printed film is rolled onto the card with intense heat (hence the transfer). The term "over the edge" is due to the fact that when the printer prints onto the film it has a "bleed", and when rolled onto the card the bleed extends to completely over the edge of the card, leaving no border.
33:
686:
1107:
2876:
942:. Some models used a "typebox" that was positioned, in the X- and Y-axes, by a mechanism, and the selected letter form was struck by a hammer. Others used a type cylinder in a similar way as the Selectric typewriters used their type ball. In either case, the letter form then struck a ribbon to print the letterform. Most teleprinters operated at ten characters per second although a few achieved 15 CPS.
832:
791:. The process is usually to lay one color at a time using a ribbon that has color panels. Dye-sub printers are intended primarily for high-quality color applications, including color photography; and are less well-suited for text. While once the province of high-end print shops, dye-sublimation printers are now increasingly used as dedicated consumer photo printers.
444:. The technology prints images onto the underside of a special film that fuses to the surface of a card through heat and pressure. Since this process transfers dyes and resins directly onto a smooth, flexible film, the print-head never comes in contact with the card surface itself. As such, card surface interruptions such as smart chips, ridges caused by internal
1054:
vertical dot position was controlled by a synchronized longitudinally ribbed platen behind the paper that rotated rapidly with a rib moving vertically seven dot spacings in the time it took to print one pixel column. 24-pin print heads were able to print at a higher quality and started to offer additional type styles and were marketed as
44:
82:
250:, requiring minimal setup time to produce a hard copy of a given document. However, they are generally slow devices ranging from 6 to around 25 pages per minute (ppm), and the cost per page is relatively high. However, this is offset by the on-demand convenience. Some printers can print documents stored on
1164:
In each case, to print a line, precisely timed hammers strike against the back of the paper at the exact moment that the correct character to be printed is passing in front of the paper. The paper presses forward against a ribbon which then presses against the character form and the impression of the
471:
Many printing problems are caused by physical defects in the card material itself, such as deformation or warping of the card that is fed into the machine in the first place. Printing irregularities can also result from chip or antenna embedding that alters the thickness of the plastic and interferes
551:
There are basically two categories of card printer software: desktop-based, and web-based (online). The biggest difference between the two is whether or not a customer has a printer on their network that is capable of printing identification cards. If a business already owns an ID card printer, then
383:
format. Card printers are controlled by corresponding printer drivers or by means of a specific programming language. Generally card printers are designed with laminating, striping, and punching functions, and use desktop or web-based software. The hardware features of a card printer differentiate
1383:
or unique character sequences to control various printer functions. These may range from shifting from lower to upper case or from black to red ribbon on typewriter printers to switching fonts and changing character sizes and colors on raster printers. Early printer controls were not standardized,
1224:
Worldwide, most survey offices used this printer before color inkjet plotters become popular. Liquid ink electrostatic printers were mostly available in 36 to 54 inches (910 to 1,370 mm) width and also 6 color printing. These were also used to print large billboards. It was first introduced by
1182:
and line printing. In these printers, a comb of hammers prints a portion of a row of pixels at one time, such as every eighth pixel. By shifting the comb back and forth slightly, the entire pixel row can be printed, continuing the example, in just eight cycles. The paper then advances, and the next
919:
printers were the most-common examples. The
Flexowriter printed with a conventional typebar mechanism while the Selectric used IBM's well-known "golf ball" printing mechanism. In either case, the letter form then struck a ribbon which was pressed against the paper, printing one character at a time.
458:
In contrast to the majority of other card printers, in the thermal rewrite process the card is not personalized through the use of a color ribbon, but by activating a thermal sensitive foil within the card itself. These cards can be repeatedly personalized, erased and rewritten. The most frequent
230:
became an area of intense interest, allowing the creation of physical objects with the same sort of effort as an early laser printer required to produce a brochure. As of the 2020s, 3D printing has become a widespread hobby due to the abundance of cheap 3D printer kits, with the most common process
1260:
they were able to produce technical drawings of higher resolution than was achievable with dot-matrix technology. Some plotters used roll-fed paper, and therefore had a minimal restriction on the size of the output in one dimension. These plotters were capable of producing quite sizable drawings.
1216:
Liquid ink electrostatic printers use a chemical coated paper, which is charged by the print head according to the image of the document. The paper is passed near a pool of liquid ink with the opposite charge. The charged areas of the paper attract the ink and thus form the image. This process was
1191:
Line printers are the fastest of all impact printers and are used for bulk printing in large computer centres. A line printer can print at 1100 lines per minute or faster, frequently printing pages more rapidly than many current laser printers. On the other hand, the mechanical components of line
1061:
Some dot matrix printers, such as the NEC P6300, can be upgraded to print in color. This is achieved through the use of a four-color ribbon mounted on a mechanism (provided in an upgrade kit that replaces the standard black ribbon mechanism after installation) that raises and lowers the ribbons as
330:
is a device for making a three-dimensional object from a 3D model or other electronic data source through additive processes in which successive layers of material (including plastics, metals, food, cement, wood, and other materials) are laid down under computer control. It is called a printer by
1259:
were an alternate printing technology once common in engineering and architectural firms. Pen-based plotters rely on contact with the paper (but not impact, per se) and special purpose pens that are mechanically run over the paper to create text and images. Since the pens output continuous lines,
1053:
system. This used a single solenoid with an oblique striker that would be actuated 7 times for each column of 7 vertical pixels while the head was moving at a constant speed. The angle of the striker would align the dots vertically even though the head had moved one dot spacing in the time. The
880:
of text could be done by "overstriking", that is, printing two or more impressions either in the same character position or slightly offset. Impact printers varieties include typewriter-derived printers, teletypewriter-derived printers, daisywheel printers, dot matrix printers, and line printers.
429:
panel. Each color in turn is diffused (sublimated) directly onto the card. Thus it is possible to produce a high depth of color (up to 16 million shades) on the card. Afterwards a transparent overlay (O) also known as a topcoat (T) is placed over the card to protect it from mechanical wear and
211:
of 1988 offered the same advantages as a laser printer in terms of flexibility, but produced somewhat lower-quality output (depending on the paper) from much less-expensive mechanisms. Inkjet systems rapidly displaced dot-matrix and daisy-wheel printers from the market. By the 2000s, high-quality
133:
The first patented printing mechanism for applying a marking medium to a recording medium or more particularly an electrostatic inking apparatus and a method for electrostatically depositing ink on controlled areas of a receiving medium, was in 1962 by C. R. Winston, Teletype
Corporation, using
572:
Alongside the traditional uses in time attendance and access control (in particular with photo personalization), countless other applications have been found for plastic cards, e.g. for personalized customer and members' cards, for sports ticketing and in local public transport systems for the
528:
HiD Proximity – HID's proximity technology allows fast, accurate reading while offering card or key tag read ranges from 4" to 24" inches (10 cm to 60.96 cm), dependent on the type of proximity reader being used. Since these cards and key tags do not require physical contact with the
1640:
Other manufacturers, in reaction to the challenges from using this business model, choose to make more money on printers and less on ink, promoting the latter through their advertising campaigns. Finally, this generates two clearly different proposals: "cheap printer – expensive ink" or
1183:
pixel row is printed. Because far less motion is involved than in a conventional dot matrix printer, these printers are very fast compared to dot matrix printers and are competitive in speed with formed-character line printers while also being able to print dot matrix graphics. The
1062:
needed. Color graphics are generally printed in four passes at standard resolution, thus slowing down printing considerably. As a result, color graphics can take up to four times longer to print than standard monochrome graphics, or up to 8-16 times as long at high resolution mode.
1159:
A fourth design, used mainly on very early printers such as the IBM 402, features independent type bars, one for each printable position. Each bar contains the character set to be printed. The bars move vertically to position the character to be printed in front of the print
295:
resembles that of a printer driver, but which is not connected with a physical computer printer. A virtual printer can be used to create a file which is an image of the data which would be printed, for archival purposes or as input to another program, for example to create a
1037:
In the 1970s and '80s, dot matrix printers were one of the more common types of printers used for general use, such as for home and small office use. Such printers normally had either 9 or 24 pins on the print head (early 7 pin printers also existed, which did not print
73:, designed for 14-inch (360 mm) wide paper, shown with 8.5-by-14-inch (220 mm × 360 mm) legal paper. Wide carriage printers were often used in the field of businesses, to print accounting records on 11-by-14-inch (280 mm × 360 mm)
395:
is transferred onto the card through the heat given out from the print head. The standard performance for card printing is 300 dpi (300 dots per inch, equivalent to 11.8 dots per mm). There are different printing processes, which vary in their detail:
134:
continuous inkjet printing. The ink was a red stamp-pad ink manufactured by
Phillips Process Company of Rochester, NY under the name Clear Print. This patent (US3060429) led to the Teletype Inktronic Printer product delivered to customers in late 1966.
284:
is used for printing plastic ID cards. These can now be customised with important features such as holographic overlays, HoloKotes and watermarks. This is either a direct to card printer (the more feasible option) or a retransfer printer. A
581:
The choice of print technology has a great effect on the cost of the printer and cost of operation, speed, quality and permanence of documents, and noise. Some printer technologies do not work with certain types of physical media, such as
494:, also known as "Edge to Edge Printing". The print-head comes in direct contact with the card. This printing type is the most popular nowadays, mostly due to cost factor. The majority of identification card printers today are of this type.
86:
818:
and some older inexpensive fax machines. Colors can be achieved with special papers and different temperatures and heating rates for different colors; these colored sheets are not required in black-and-white output. One example is
83:
850:
Impact printers rely on a forcible impact to transfer ink to the media. The impact printer uses a print head that either hits the surface of the ink ribbon, pressing the ink ribbon against the paper (similar to the action of a
521:– Contactless Smart Cards exhibit integrated circuit that can store and process data while communicating with the terminal via Radio Frequency. Unlike Contact Smart Card, contact less cards feature intelligent re-writable
871:
that represent each of the characters that the printer was capable of printing. In addition, most of these printers were limited to monochrome, or sometimes two-color, printing in a single typeface at one time, although
222:
through the 1990s and into the 2000s has largely displaced the need for printing as a means of moving documents, and a wide variety of reliable storage systems means that a "physical backup" is of little benefit today.
1089:. It also has security advantages as ink impressed into a paper matrix by force is harder to erase invisibly. Dot-matrix printers were being superseded even as receipt printers after the end of the twentieth century.
2654:
2776:. quote: "Many original equipment manufacturers of printers and multifunction products (MFPs), including Lexmark, utilize the international industry standards for page yields (ISO/IEC 19752, 19798, and 24711)."
539:
of tiny iron-based magnetic particles on a band of magnetic material on the card. The magnetic stripe, sometimes called swipe card or magstripe, is read by physical contact and swiping past a magnetic reading
114:. While most output is human-readable, bar code printers are an example of an expanded use for printers. Different types of printers include 3D printers, inkjet printers, laser printers, and thermal printers.
1531:
Today it is possible to print everything (even plain text) by sending ready bitmapped images to the printer. This allows better control over formatting, especially among machines from different vendors. Many
384:
a card printer from the more traditional printers, as ID cards are usually made of PVC plastic and require laminating and punching. Different card printers can accept different card thickness and dimensions.
515:
technology and require direct contact to a conductive plate to register admission or transfer of information. The transmission of commands, data, and card status held between the two physical contact points.
85:
1122:
printer is an example of a drum printer. Drum printers are also found in adding machines and other numeric printers (POS), the dimensions are compact as only a dozen characters need to be supported.
1443:. Usually pages per minute refers to sparse monochrome office documents, rather than dense pictures which usually print much more slowly, especially color images. Speeds in ppm usually apply to
604:
Cheques can be printed with liquid ink or on special cheque paper with toner anchorage so that alterations may be detected. The machine-readable lower portion of a cheque must be printed using
1058:
by some vendors. Once the price of inkjet printers dropped to the point where they were competitive with dot matrix printers, dot matrix printers began to fall out of favour for general use.
2564:
972:, depositing the ink on the page and thus printing a character. By rotating the daisy wheel, different characters are selected for printing. These printers were also referred to as
313:
labels or tags that can be attached to, or printed directly on, physical objects. Barcode printers are commonly used to label cartons before shipment, or to label retail items with
1723:
brand color laser printers, where tiny yellow dots are added to each page. The dots are barely visible and contain encoded printer serial numbers, as well as date and time stamps.
597:, such as from an inkjet head or fabric ribbon, becomes absorbed by the paper fibers, so documents printed with liquid ink are more difficult to alter than documents printed with
1527:, can adequately reproduce all four. This is especially true of printers equipped with support for PCL or PostScript, which includes the vast majority of printers produced today.
505:
Different ID Card
Printers use different encoding techniques to facilitate disparate business environments and to support security initiatives. Known encoding techniques are:
2104:
2684:
2658:
2537:
2209:
84:
246:
printers are mainly designed to support individual users, and may be connected to only a single computer. These printers are designed for low-volume, short-turnaround
2158:
2448:
1138:, where the character set is arranged multiple times around a linked chain or a set of character slugs in a track traveling horizontally past the print line. The
2769:
2076:
1614:
that typically holds more toner and so prints more pages before the cartridge needs to be replaced, many people prefer to estimate operating expenses in terms of
1221:. Color reproduction is very accurate, and because there is no heating the scale distortion is less than ±0.1%. (All laser printers have an accuracy of ±1%.)
2821:
2216:
Interoperability and Card
Printing, a presentation by NIST Workshop on Storage and Processor Card-based Technologies, 2003. Pages 8-9. Accessed 9 March 2016.
737:
and long warm-up times from a cold state. Also, some users complain that the resulting prints are difficult to write on, as the wax tends to repel inks from
704:
operate by propelling variably sized droplets of liquid ink onto almost any sized page. They are the most common type of computer printer used by consumers.
560:
Alongside the basic function of printing cards, card printers can also read and encode magnetic stripes as well as contact and contact free RFID chip cards (
2908:
2480:
976:
because they could produce text which was as clear and crisp as a typewriter. The fastest letter-quality printers printed at 30 characters per second.
3434:
1591:—before the cartridge needs to be refilled or replaced. The actual number of pages yielded by a specific cartridge depends on a number of factors.
745:, but these traits have been significantly reduced in later models. This type of thermal transfer printer is only available from one manufacturer,
195:. Laser printers using PostScript mixed text and graphics, like dot-matrix printers, but at quality levels formerly available only from commercial
2555:
1615:
1118:, where a horizontally mounted rotating drum carries the entire character set of the printer repeated in each printable character position. The
783:
A dye-sublimation printer (or dye-sub printer) is a printer that employs a printing process that uses heat to transfer dye to a medium such as a
388:
2505:
1637:
ink cartridges. To protect their business model, several manufacturers invest heavily in developing new cartridge technology and patenting it.
1553:
1073:
printing. Impact printing, unlike laser printing, allows the pressure of the print head to be applied to a stack of two or more forms to print
968:. A hammer strikes a wheel with petals, the "daisy wheel", each petal containing a letter form at its tip. The letter form strikes a ribbon of
1146:
is a later variant where the characters are embossed on a flexible steel band. The LP27 from
Digital Equipment Corporation is a band printer.
2738:
2629:
2596:
1957:
1416:
573:
production of season tickets, for the production of school and college identity cards as well as for the production of national ID cards.
488:
This term designates the cheapest type of printing by card printers. These printers print up to 5 mm from the edge of the card stock.
1034:-based or line-based (that is, a single horizontal series of pixels across the page), referring to the configuration of the print head.
2127:
842:
The following technologies are either obsolete, or limited to special applications though most were, at one time, in widespread use.
331:
analogy with an inkjet printer which produces a two-dimensional document by a similar process of depositing a layer of ink on paper.
482:
Broadly speaking there are three main types of card printers, differing mainly by the method used to print onto the card. They are:
156:
machines. The demand for higher speed led to the development of new systems specifically for computer use. In the 1980s there were
1042:). There was a period during the early home computer era when a range of printers were manufactured under many brands such as the
2901:
2528:
2353:
1563:
A color printer can produce images of multiple colors. A photo printer is a color printer that can produce images that mimic the
232:
2714:
2680:
2098:
1931:
2206:
1990:
810:
work by selectively heating regions of special heat-sensitive paper. Monochrome thermal printers are used in cash registers,
2330:
2020:
725:, graphics sheet printer or 3D printer . They use solid sticks, crayons, pearls or granular ink materials. Common inks are
405:
Mainly used to personalize pre-printed plastic cards in monochrome. The color is "transferred" from the (monochrome) color
3439:
2148:
2441:
2237:
2047:
2894:
2766:
2425:
2072:
1055:
1010:
images in addition to text; however the text is generally of poorer quality than impact printers that use letterforms (
605:
2844:
2298:
2271:
911:
Several different computer printers were simply computer-controllable versions of existing electric typewriters. The
292:
2813:
17:
425:
color ribbon. The card to be printed passes under the print head several times each time with the corresponding
1395:(PDLs). Laser printers with greater processing power frequently offer support for variants of Hewlett-Packard's
938:
could easily be interfaced with the computer and became very popular except for those computers manufactured by
2817:
1411:. The diversity in mobile platforms have led to various standardization efforts around device PDLs such as the
1152:, where the character set is attached to a solid bar that moves horizontally along the print line, such as the
650:
printing process but differ from analog photocopiers in that the image is produced by the direct scanning of a
376:
2858:
1633:. This has caused legal disputes regarding the right of companies other than the printer manufacturer to sell
65:
3429:
2473:
1006:
to transfer ink to the page. The advantage of dot matrix over other impact printers is that they can produce
355:
which have a continuous supply feed. Card dimensions are usually 85.60 × 53.98 mm, standardized under
3297:
3268:
1385:
272:
printers are "designed for high-volume, high-speed printing". They are usually shared by many users on a
3094:
3036:
3460:
3273:
1279:
A number of other sorts of printers are important for historical reasons, or for special purpose uses.
3465:
3087:
2880:
1842:
1669:
An illustration showing small yellow tracking dots on white paper, generated by a color laser printer
1487:
1483:
1392:
742:
587:
2501:
3404:
3317:
3290:
3261:
3024:
2614:
2581:
1641:"expensive printer – cheap ink". Ultimately, the consumer decision depends on their reference
1396:
920:
The maximum speed of the
Selectric printer (the faster of the two) was 15.5 characters per second.
916:
898:
811:
722:
2735:
1439:(ppm). These measures are used primarily as a marketing tool, and are not as well standardised as
593:
A second aspect of printer technology that is often forgotten is resistance to alteration: liquid
387:
The principle is the same for practically all card printers: the plastic card is passed through a
3347:
3342:
3230:
3203:
2412:
David W. Beskeen; Carol Cram; Jennifer Duffy; Lisa
Friedrichsen; Elizabeth Eisner Reding (2008).
1953:
1827:
1404:
1043:
855:), or, less commonly, hits the back of the paper, pressing the paper against the ink ribbon (the
770:
318:
1634:
1622:
1193:
518:
314:
3237:
2266:. Great Britain: Blackie Academic & Professional for Chapman and Hall. pp. 113–138.
1768:
1674:
1412:
1086:
1082:
1031:
1024:
873:
608:
toner or ink. Banks and other clearing houses employ automation equipment that relies on the
459:
use of these are in chip-based student identity cards, whose validity changes every semester.
2207:
http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistir/IR-7056/Interoperability/Goyet-Interoperability.pdf
881:
Dot-matrix printers remain in common use in businesses where multi-part forms are printed.
3225:
2124:
1878:
1348:
1074:
950:
666:
532:
199:
systems. By 1990, most simple printing tasks like fliers and brochures were now created on
157:
1065:
Dot matrix printers are still commonly used in low-cost, low-quality applications such as
8:
3470:
2706:
2411:
1832:
1780:
1502:
1448:
1179:
1174:
959:
734:
448:
antennae and debris do not affect print quality. Even printing over the edge is possible.
372:
168:
systems that could mix text and graphics but produced relatively low-quality output. The
165:
149:
2414:
2384:
2153:
1888:
1822:
1740:
1684:
1356:
1287:
1272:
999:
985:
912:
894:
860:
192:
74:
70:
130:
in the 19th century; however, his mechanical printer design was not built until 2000.
3247:
3111:
3009:
2921:
2421:
2376:
2304:
2294:
2267:
1923:
1898:
1772:
1665:
1572:
1380:
1197:
820:
212:
printers of this sort had fallen under the $ 100 price point and became commonplace.
200:
127:
1982:
1103:
Line printers print an entire line of text at a time. Four principal designs exist.
994:
Sample output from 9-pin dot matrix printer (one character expanded to show detail)
535:- A magnetic stripe card is a type of card capable of storing data by modifying the
3082:
2973:
2795:
2368:
2189:
1867:
1568:
1552:. Most printers can produce only two colors, black (ink) and white (no ink). With
1479:
1304:
1205:
807:
726:
422:
273:
48:
1606:
In order to fairly compare operating expenses of printers with a relatively small
440:
The standard for high-security card applications that use contact and contactless
3242:
3220:
3183:
3131:
2951:
2946:
2938:
2773:
2742:
2322:
2213:
2131:
2012:
1847:
1696:
1688:
1646:
1611:
1584:
1473:
1468:
1308:
721:
printers, also known as phase-change ink or hot-melt ink printers, are a type of
701:
415:
360:
344:
305:
287:
204:
123:
91:
52:
693:
3307:
3208:
2978:
2961:
2230:
2226:
1852:
1796:
1776:
1700:
1533:
1524:
1520:
1312:
1201:
1007:
815:
730:
639:
633:
364:
255:
2043:
1142:
is perhaps the most popular and comes in both chain and train varieties. The
3454:
3409:
3399:
3379:
3195:
3121:
3074:
3019:
3014:
2966:
2380:
1873:
1837:
1800:
1680:
1642:
1626:
1607:
1595:
1588:
1440:
1343:
Printers can be connected to computers in many ways: directly by a dedicated
1298:
1066:
775:
655:
609:
352:
348:
259:
110:
machine which makes a durable representation of graphics or text, usually on
36:
2886:
2308:
1268:
3285:
3173:
3156:
3151:
2929:
1862:
1857:
1513:
1247:
1098:
788:
784:
750:
583:
356:
161:
122:
The first computer printer designed was a mechanically driven apparatus by
1208:, which use the abbreviations "lp", "lpr", or "LPT" to refer to printers.
990:
799:
3384:
3352:
3255:
3215:
3178:
3146:
2988:
2288:
2180:
Kaplan, Soren (1999). "Discontinuous innovation and the growth paradox".
2135:
1903:
1883:
1817:
1744:
1692:
1368:
1078:
935:
929:
903:
877:
662:
643:
368:
326:
251:
227:
196:
188:
180:
153:
142:
43:
2799:
2372:
1196:(PM) to produce a top quality print. They are virtually never used with
1187:
P7000 series of line matrix printers are still manufactured as of 2013.
1126:
3116:
3046:
3041:
3031:
1893:
1736:
1630:
1545:
1536:
do not use the text mode at all, even if the printer is capable of it.
1491:
1463:
1400:
1344:
1218:
1184:
965:
868:
852:
647:
561:
508:
441:
277:
208:
184:
179:
The introduction of the low-cost laser printer in 1984, with the first
107:
2502:"The Olivetti Logos 240 Electronic Calculator - Technical Description"
2073:"The world's first smallest digital printer - and progenitor of Epson"
3394:
3389:
3373:
3302:
3141:
2993:
2956:
2488:
drum. 120 print wheels. Hammer. Print wheels. Paper. Ribbon. ... 1132
2193:
1804:
1654:
1650:
1557:
1352:
1039:
826:
758:
754:
718:
713:
536:
522:
380:
247:
173:
99:
32:
2290:
Automated fabrication : improving productivity in manufacturing
1683:– "hiding data within data" – produced by color printers, including
1407:. Most inkjet devices support manufacturer proprietary PDLs such as
685:
3332:
2983:
2918:
2786:
Artz, D. (2001). "Digital steganography: Hiding data within data".
2625:
2592:
2016:
1388:(PPDS) became a commonly used command set for dot-matrix printers.
1360:
1178:, represent the fifth major design. These printers are a hybrid of
1153:
1139:
1119:
1047:
1017:
Dot-matrix printers can be broadly divided into two major classes:
856:
674:
621:
216:
59:
56:
2736:"The Science Behind Page Counts, Cartridge Yields and The 5% Rule"
2474:"Computer Science 773 Robotics and Real-time Control THE IBM 1132"
2046:. Southwest Museum of Engineering Communications and Computation.
885:
contains a detailed description of many of the technologies used.
838:
MX-80, a popular model of dot-matrix printer in use for many years
3166:
3104:
3058:
2420:(Windows XP ed.). Boston, Mass.: Thomson Course Technology.
1792:
1764:
1748:
1732:
1716:
1708:
1704:
1583:
The page yield is the number of pages that can be printed from a
1509:
1444:
1315:
1283:
1256:
1242:
1070:
642:
rapidly produces high quality text and graphics. As with digital
310:
169:
1594:
For a fair comparison, many laser printer manufacturers use the
1384:
with each manufacturer's equipment having its own set. The IBM
689:
Liquid ink cartridge from
Hewlett-Packard HP 845C inkjet printer
627:
3280:
3053:
2875:
2681:"Introduction to the 3M Scotchprint 2000 electrostatic printer"
1625:: a company may sell a printer at cost and make profits on the
1505:, can handle only plain text data or rather simple point plots.
1106:
601:
or solid inks, which do not penetrate below the paper surface.
426:
406:
392:
138:
1497:
Some printers can process all four types of data, others not.
831:
612:
from these specially printed characters to function properly.
1784:
1760:
1756:
1731:
As of 2020–2021, the largest worldwide vendor of printers is
1720:
1712:
1564:
1549:
1408:
1226:
835:
761:, but Tektronix sold the printing business to Xerox in 2001.
746:
670:
651:
598:
391:
head at the same time as a color ribbon. The color from the
219:
148:
The first commercial printers generally used mechanisms from
111:
2557:
IBM 402, 403 and 419 Accounting
Machines Manual of Operation
3357:
3251:
2814:"List of Printers Which Do or Do Not Display Tracking Dots"
1788:
1556:
techniques, however, such a printer can produce acceptable
1364:
1293:
1192:
printers operate with tight tolerances and require regular
964:
Daisy wheel printers operate in much the same fashion as a
646:
and multifunction printers (MFPs), laser printers employ a
512:
445:
164:
that produced similar output but at much higher speed, and
1516:. Inkjet based plotters can adequately reproduce all four.
3337:
3161:
2293:. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: PTR Prentice Hall. p. 97.
1752:
1435:(lpm) for line printers. Modern printers are measured in
1003:
969:
939:
738:
594:
297:
291:
is a piece of computer software whose user interface and
1367:), or on a standalone basis without a computer, using a
421:
This process uses four panels of color according to the
172:
was used for those requiring high-quality line art like
1954:"0271-2834-MTDC; Assembling a Bar-Code Tracking System"
1539:
1230:
1002:
is used for impact printers that use a matrix of small
137:
The first compact, lightweight digital printer was the
1069:, or in demanding, very high volume applications like
907:
Typeball print element from IBM Selectric-type printer
1427:
The speed of early printers was measured in units of
1326:
Laser etching (product packaging) industrial printers
624:
technologies are routinely found in modern printers:
529:
reader, they are virtually maintenance and wear-free.
347:
with single card feeders which print and personalize
276:
and can print at speeds of 45 to around 100 ppm. The
2351:
1924:"Printer - Definition of printer by Merriam-Webster"
1211:
2753:
2751:
2413:
1303:Barcode printer multiple technologies, including:
923:
827:Obsolete and special-purpose printing technologies
430:tear and to render the printed image UV resistant.
351:. In this respect they differ from, for example,
1726:
3452:
1451:paper size, about 6% shorter, in North America.
1204:. The legacy of line printers lives on in many
27:Computer peripheral that prints text or graphics
2748:
2553:
2416:Microsoft Office 2007 illustrated: Introductory
2225:
2100:40 years since Epson's first Electronic Printer
1657:between cost per copy and cost of the printer.
2146:
1970:Printers designed to print bar-code labels ...
1598:process to measure the toner cartridge yield.
1379:Most printers other than line printers accept
888:
77:. They were also called "132-column printers".
3435:History of computing hardware (1960s–present)
2916:
2902:
2859:"The Ultimate Guide to Printer Manufacturers"
628:Laser printers and other toner-based printers
2845:"Global printer market share by vendor 2021"
2149:"Peripherals - the allure of Laser Printers"
1374:
525:that can be transcribed through radio waves.
2617:CK1368 CK1369 Printer-type cathode ray tube
2584:CK1366 CK1367 Printer-type cathode ray tube
2526:
764:
733:. Drawbacks of the technology include high
2909:
2895:
1610:to printers with a larger, more expensive
615:
300:or to transmit to another system or user.
191:set off a revolution in printing known as
145:and released in 1968, according to Epson.
2655:"Madison's website on Renn Zaphiropoulos"
1200:and have now been replaced by high-speed
680:
2352:J. L. Zable; H. C. Lee (November 1997).
1664:
1660:
1391:Today, most printers accept one or more
1267:
1246:
1125:
1105:
989:
949:
902:
830:
798:
779:A disassembled dye sublimation cartridge
774:
692:
684:
207:systems were being dumped as scrap. The
80:
64:
42:
31:
2442:"VIC-1525 Graphics Printer User Manual"
2361:IBM Journal of Research and Development
2261:
2140:
1459:The data received by a printer may be:
1371:or other portable data storage device.
945:
14:
3453:
2530:IBM 1443 PRINTER for 1620/1710 Systems
2499:
2179:
1544:A monochrome printer can only produce
979:
803:Receipt printer printing an X timeline
359:as ID-1. This format is also used in
309:is a computer peripheral for printing
69:This is an example of a wide-carriage
2890:
2486:from the original on 9 October 2022.
2286:
1993:from the original on 21 February 2020
1323:Billboard / sign paint spray printers
707:
3440:List of pioneers in computer science
2824:from the original on 20 January 2017
2785:
2570:from the original on 9 October 2022.
2543:from the original on 9 October 2022.
2333:from the original on 17 January 2023
2067:
2065:
2050:from the original on 21 October 2021
2023:from the original on 11 January 2009
1946:
1540:Monochrome, color and photo printers
1519:Modern printing technology, such as
1447:in most countries in the world, and
1225:Versatec, which was later bought by
741:, and are difficult to feed through
2635:from the original on 9 October 2022
2602:from the original on 9 October 2022
2454:from the original on 9 October 2022
2243:from the original on 9 October 2022
2147:Peter H. Lewis (20 November 1984).
1934:from the original on 18 August 2017
1870:(also known as a printable version)
1679:Printer steganography is a type of
1351:, through a short-range radio like
794:
661:Another toner-based printer is the
334:
24:
2508:from the original on 26 March 2015
2107:from the original on 6 August 2017
1233:also used to make these printers.
1030:Dot matrix printers can either be
845:
203:and then laser printed; expensive
25:
3482:
2868:
2657:. Cms.ironk12.org. Archived from
2231:"Protection Against Cheque Fraud"
2161:from the original on 3 April 2019
2062:
1916:
1431:(cpm) for character printers, or
1422:
1263:
1212:Liquid ink electrostatic printers
753:office printer line. Previously,
379:. This is commonly known as the
55:released as a peripheral for the
2874:
2717:from the original on 3 July 2014
2687:from the original on 15 May 2012
2354:"An overview of impact printing"
2079:from the original on 5 July 2022
1960:from the original on 1 June 2017
1454:
1092:
749:, manufactured as part of their
555:
160:systems similar to typewriters,
2851:
2837:
2806:
2779:
2760:
2729:
2699:
2673:
2647:
2574:
2547:
2520:
2493:
2466:
2434:
2405:
2345:
2315:
2280:
2255:
2219:
2200:
2173:
2041:
1548:, with only shades of a single
1338:
924:Teletypewriter-derived printers
823:(a portmanteau of "zero ink").
567:
141:, invented by Japanese company
2818:Electronic Frontier Foundation
2118:
2091:
2035:
2013:"Babbage printer finally runs"
2005:
1975:
1751:. Other known vendors include
1727:Manufacturers and market share
1217:developed from the process of
883:An overview of impact printing
757:printers were manufactured by
511:– The Contact Smart Cards use
13:
1:
3430:History of computing hardware
1910:
1578:
1333:
697:HP Deskjet, an inkjet printer
576:
454:Thermal rewrite print process
3298:Network interface controller
2683:. Wide-format-printers.org.
1653:viewpoint, there is a clear
1601:
1501:Character printers, such as
1386:Personal Printer Data Stream
1110:Print drum from drum printer
7:
3095:Refreshable braille display
3037:Refreshable braille display
2504:. John Wolff's Web Museum.
1810:
1329:Microsphere (special paper)
1236:
1077:such as sales invoices and
954:"Daisy wheel" print element
889:Typewriter-derived printers
859:for example). All but the
546:
477:Variations in card printers
10:
3487:
1672:
1621:Retailers often apply the
1393:page description languages
1359:using cables (such as the
1251:A Calcomp 565 drum plotter
1240:
1096:
983:
957:
927:
892:
768:
743:automatic document feeders
711:
654:beam across the printer's
631:
280:could achieve 120 ppm. An
117:
3422:
3366:
3325:
3316:
3194:
3130:
3073:
3002:
2937:
2928:
2182:Strategy & Leadership
1843:List of printer companies
1484:page description language
1375:Printer control languages
233:Fused deposition modeling
215:The rapid improvement of
2834:Retrieved 11 March 2011.
2741:15 February 2015 at the
2554:IBM Corporation (1963).
2287:Burns, Marshall (1993).
2130:27 February 2017 at the
2103:, Digital Photographer,
1623:"razor and blades" model
1397:Printer Command Language
899:IBM Selectric typewriter
765:Dye-sublimation printers
723:thermal transfer printer
466:Common printing problems
436:Reverse image technology
238:
3204:Central processing unit
2788:IEEE Internet Computing
2401:(subscription required)
1828:Dye-sublimation printer
1629:, paper, or some other
1405:XML Paper Specification
1136:Chain or train printers
1021:Ballistic wire printers
974:letter-quality printers
865:fully formed characters
771:Dye-sublimation printer
665:which uses an array of
616:Modern print technology
49:Game Boy Pocket Printer
2447:. Commodore Computer.
1670:
1464:A string of characters
1276:
1252:
1194:preventive maintenance
1131:
1111:
1025:Stored energy printers
995:
955:
908:
839:
804:
780:
698:
690:
681:Liquid inkjet printers
519:Contactless Smart Card
377:health insurance cards
226:Starting around 2010,
183:, and the addition of
95:
78:
62:
40:
2820:. 20 September 2007.
2772:6 August 2017 at the
2212:10 March 2016 at the
1675:Printer steganography
1668:
1661:Printer steganography
1429:characters per minute
1413:Printer Working Group
1294:Electrolytic printers
1275:QL-500 label printer
1271:
1250:
1219:electrostatic copying
1130:IBM 1403 line printer
1129:
1109:
1087:carbonless copy paper
1083:continuous stationery
993:
953:
906:
834:
802:
778:
696:
688:
94:while printing a page
89:
68:
46:
35:
2883:at Wikimedia Commons
2707:"HP Computer Museum"
1983:"What is a Printer?"
1879:Printer (publishing)
1571:of prints made from
1503:daisy wheel printers
1363:) or radio (such as
1175:line matrix printers
1075:multi-part documents
946:Daisy wheel printers
150:electric typewriters
2800:10.1109/4236.935180
2628:. 1 November 1960.
2595:. 1 November 1960.
2373:10.1147/rd.416.0651
2262:Gregory, P (1996).
1928:merriam-webster.com
1858:Print screen button
1833:History of printing
1180:dot matrix printing
1056:Near Letter Quality
1046:VIC-1525 using the
980:Dot-matrix printers
960:Daisy wheel printer
917:IBM Selectric-based
863:rely on the use of
816:gasoline dispensers
677:to the print drum.
533:ISO Magnetic Stripe
90:A video showing an
2757:. Hewlett-Packard.
2661:on 1 December 2012
2323:"Uses of Printer?"
2154:The New York Times
1889:See What You Print
1823:Cardboard modeling
1671:
1512:typically process
1381:control characters
1357:local area network
1288:photographic paper
1277:
1253:
1198:personal computers
1132:
1112:
1000:dot matrix printer
996:
986:Dot matrix printer
956:
913:Friden Flexowriter
909:
895:Friden Flexowriter
861:dot matrix printer
840:
805:
781:
735:energy consumption
708:Solid ink printers
699:
691:
509:Contact Smart Card
201:personal computers
193:desktop publishing
96:
79:
75:tractor-feed paper
71:dot matrix printer
63:
41:
3461:Computer printers
3448:
3447:
3418:
3417:
3348:Analog audio jack
3069:
3068:
2879:Media related to
2767:"ISO Page Yields"
2527:IBM Corporation.
2390:on 9 October 2022
2327:PrintersBuddy.com
2019:. 13 April 2000.
1899:Typewriter ribbon
1573:photographic film
1546:monochrome images
1469:A bitmapped image
1206:operating systems
373:driver's licenses
343:is an electronic
189:Apple LaserWriter
128:difference engine
87:
16:(Redirected from
3478:
3466:Office equipment
3323:
3322:
2974:Optical trackpad
2939:Pointing devices
2935:
2934:
2911:
2904:
2897:
2888:
2887:
2878:
2863:
2862:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2841:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2783:
2777:
2764:
2758:
2755:
2746:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2711:www.hpmuseum.net
2703:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2634:
2626:Raytheon Company
2623:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2601:
2593:Raytheon Company
2590:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2562:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2535:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2478:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2453:
2446:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2419:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2389:
2383:. Archived from
2358:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2242:
2236:. abagnale.com.
2235:
2223:
2217:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2194:10.1108/eb054631
2177:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2144:
2138:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2069:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2009:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1987:computerhope.com
1979:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1965:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1920:
1868:Printer friendly
1631:replacement part
1480:computer program
1437:pages per minute
1433:lines per minute
1305:thermal printing
808:Thermal printers
795:Thermal printers
498:Reverse Transfer
442:smart chip cards
401:Thermal transfer
335:ID Card printers
88:
21:
18:Pages per minute
3486:
3485:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3444:
3414:
3362:
3312:
3190:
3184:USB flash drive
3133:
3126:
3065:
2998:
2952:Game controller
2947:Graphics tablet
2924:
2915:
2871:
2866:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2827:
2825:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2784:
2780:
2774:Wayback Machine
2765:
2761:
2756:
2749:
2743:Wayback Machine
2734:
2730:
2720:
2718:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2690:
2688:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2664:
2662:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2621:
2613:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2588:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2567:
2560:
2552:
2548:
2540:
2533:
2525:
2521:
2511:
2509:
2498:
2494:
2483:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2444:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2428:
2410:
2406:
2400:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2356:
2350:
2346:
2336:
2334:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2301:
2285:
2281:
2274:
2260:
2256:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2233:
2227:Abagnale, Frank
2224:
2220:
2214:Wayback Machine
2205:
2201:
2178:
2174:
2164:
2162:
2145:
2141:
2132:Wayback Machine
2123:
2119:
2110:
2108:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2082:
2080:
2071:
2070:
2063:
2053:
2051:
2040:
2036:
2026:
2024:
2011:
2010:
2006:
1996:
1994:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1963:
1961:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1937:
1935:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1848:Print (command)
1813:
1733:Hewlett-Packard
1729:
1677:
1663:
1647:time preference
1612:toner cartridge
1604:
1585:toner cartridge
1581:
1542:
1534:printer drivers
1525:inkjet printers
1457:
1425:
1377:
1341:
1336:
1309:inkjet printing
1284:Digital minilab
1266:
1245:
1239:
1214:
1101:
1095:
1081:receipts using
988:
982:
962:
948:
932:
926:
901:
893:Main articles:
891:
848:
846:Impact printers
829:
797:
773:
767:
716:
710:
702:Inkjet printers
683:
673:to cause toner
636:
630:
618:
579:
570:
558:
549:
416:Dye sublimation
365:telephone cards
345:desktop printer
337:
306:barcode printer
288:virtual printer
282:ID Card printer
256:digital cameras
241:
205:offset printing
187:in next year's
124:Charles Babbage
120:
81:
53:thermal printer
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3484:
3474:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3329:
3327:
3320:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3308:Expansion card
3305:
3300:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3245:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3218:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3209:Microprocessor
3200:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3149:
3144:
3138:
3136:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3097:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3079:
3077:
3075:Output devices
3071:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3017:
3012:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2979:Pointing stick
2976:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2943:
2941:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2914:
2913:
2906:
2899:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2870:
2869:External links
2867:
2865:
2864:
2861:. 12 May 2023.
2850:
2836:
2805:
2778:
2759:
2747:
2728:
2698:
2672:
2646:
2573:
2546:
2519:
2492:
2465:
2433:
2427:978-1418860479
2426:
2404:
2367:(6): 651–668.
2344:
2314:
2299:
2279:
2272:
2254:
2218:
2199:
2172:
2139:
2117:
2090:
2061:
2034:
2004:
1974:
1945:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1853:Printer driver
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1797:Star Micronics
1777:Konica Minolta
1735:, followed by
1728:
1725:
1701:Konica Minolta
1673:Main article:
1662:
1659:
1603:
1600:
1580:
1577:
1541:
1538:
1529:
1528:
1521:laser printers
1517:
1506:
1495:
1494:
1476:
1474:A vector image
1471:
1466:
1456:
1453:
1424:
1423:Printing speed
1421:
1376:
1373:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1313:laser printing
1301:
1296:
1291:
1265:
1264:Other printers
1262:
1241:Main article:
1238:
1235:
1213:
1210:
1202:laser printers
1189:
1188:
1172:, also called
1162:
1161:
1157:
1147:
1124:
1123:
1097:Main article:
1094:
1091:
1067:cash registers
1028:
1027:
1022:
984:Main article:
981:
978:
958:Main article:
947:
944:
928:Main article:
925:
922:
890:
887:
847:
844:
828:
825:
796:
793:
769:Main article:
766:
763:
731:laser printers
712:Main article:
709:
706:
682:
679:
634:Laser printing
632:Main article:
629:
626:
620:The following
617:
614:
588:transparencies
578:
575:
569:
566:
557:
554:
548:
545:
544:
543:
542:
541:
530:
526:
516:
503:
502:
501:
495:
492:Direct to Card
489:
474:
473:
463:
462:
461:
460:
451:
450:
449:
433:
432:
431:
412:
411:
410:
409:onto the card.
353:label printers
336:
333:
240:
237:
119:
116:
92:inkjet printer
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3483:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3421:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3380:Parallel port
3378:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3315:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3267:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3196:Computer case
3193:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3129:
3123:
3122:Graphics card
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3020:Graphics card
3018:
3016:
3015:Image scanner
3013:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3001:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2930:Input devices
2927:
2923:
2920:
2912:
2907:
2905:
2900:
2898:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2882:
2877:
2873:
2872:
2860:
2854:
2846:
2840:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2809:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2763:
2754:
2752:
2744:
2740:
2737:
2732:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2702:
2686:
2682:
2676:
2660:
2656:
2650:
2631:
2627:
2620:
2618:
2598:
2594:
2587:
2585:
2577:
2566:
2559:
2558:
2550:
2539:
2532:
2531:
2523:
2507:
2503:
2496:
2489:
2482:
2475:
2469:
2450:
2443:
2437:
2429:
2423:
2418:
2417:
2408:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2355:
2348:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2318:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2300:0-13-119462-3
2296:
2292:
2291:
2283:
2275:
2273:0-7514-0238-9
2269:
2265:
2258:
2239:
2232:
2228:
2222:
2215:
2211:
2208:
2203:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2176:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2143:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2121:
2106:
2102:
2101:
2094:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2066:
2049:
2045:
2042:Jim, Haynes.
2038:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2008:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1971:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1919:
1915:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1874:Printer point
1872:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1838:Label printer
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1681:steganography
1676:
1667:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1643:interest rate
1638:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1627:ink cartridge
1624:
1619:
1617:
1616:cost per page
1613:
1609:
1608:ink cartridge
1599:
1597:
1596:ISO/IEC 19752
1592:
1590:
1589:ink cartridge
1586:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1537:
1535:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1515:
1514:vector images
1511:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1482:written in a
1481:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1455:Printing mode
1452:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1387:
1382:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1320:Label printer
1319:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1300:
1299:Spark printer
1297:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1274:
1270:
1261:
1258:
1249:
1244:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1220:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1170:Comb printers
1168:
1167:
1166:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1121:
1117:
1116:Drum printers
1114:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1093:Line printers
1090:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1057:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1035:
1033:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
992:
987:
977:
975:
971:
967:
961:
952:
943:
941:
937:
931:
921:
918:
914:
905:
900:
896:
886:
884:
879:
875:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
843:
837:
833:
824:
822:
817:
813:
809:
801:
792:
790:
786:
777:
772:
762:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
715:
705:
703:
695:
687:
678:
676:
672:
669:instead of a
668:
664:
659:
657:
656:photoreceptor
653:
649:
645:
641:
640:laser printer
635:
625:
623:
613:
611:
610:magnetic flux
607:
602:
600:
596:
591:
589:
585:
574:
565:
563:
556:Other options
553:
538:
534:
531:
527:
524:
520:
517:
514:
510:
507:
506:
504:
499:
496:
493:
490:
487:
486:Near to Edge.
484:
483:
481:
480:
479:
478:
470:
469:
468:
467:
457:
456:
455:
452:
447:
443:
439:
438:
437:
434:
428:
424:
420:
419:
418:
417:
413:
408:
404:
403:
402:
399:
398:
397:
394:
390:
389:thermal print
385:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
349:plastic cards
346:
342:
332:
329:
328:
322:
320:
316:
312:
308:
307:
301:
299:
294:
290:
289:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
236:
234:
229:
224:
221:
218:
213:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
177:
175:
171:
167:
163:
162:line printers
159:
155:
151:
146:
144:
140:
135:
131:
129:
125:
115:
113:
109:
105:
101:
93:
76:
72:
67:
61:
58:
54:
50:
45:
38:
37:HP LaserJet 5
34:
30:
19:
3286:Power MOSFET
3269:Power supply
3238:Data storage
3174:Flash memory
3152:Optical disc
3134:data storage
3099:
2853:
2839:
2826:. Retrieved
2808:
2794:(3): 75–80.
2791:
2787:
2781:
2762:
2731:
2719:. Retrieved
2710:
2701:
2689:. Retrieved
2675:
2663:. Retrieved
2659:the original
2649:
2637:. Retrieved
2616:
2604:. Retrieved
2583:
2576:
2556:
2549:
2529:
2522:
2510:. Retrieved
2500:John Wolff.
2495:
2487:
2468:
2456:. Retrieved
2436:
2415:
2407:
2392:. Retrieved
2385:the original
2364:
2360:
2347:
2335:. Retrieved
2326:
2317:
2289:
2282:
2263:
2257:
2245:. Retrieved
2221:
2202:
2188:(2): 16–21.
2185:
2181:
2175:
2163:. Retrieved
2152:
2142:
2120:
2109:, retrieved
2099:
2093:
2081:. Retrieved
2052:. Retrieved
2037:
2025:. Retrieved
2007:
1995:. Retrieved
1986:
1977:
1969:
1962:. Retrieved
1948:
1936:. Retrieved
1927:
1918:
1863:Print server
1730:
1678:
1639:
1620:
1605:
1593:
1582:
1567:(gamut) and
1562:
1554:half-tonning
1543:
1530:
1496:
1458:
1441:toner yields
1436:
1432:
1428:
1426:
1390:
1378:
1347:such as the
1342:
1339:Connectivity
1278:
1254:
1223:
1215:
1190:
1173:
1169:
1163:
1150:Bar printers
1149:
1144:band printer
1143:
1135:
1115:
1102:
1099:Line printer
1064:
1060:
1050:
1036:
1029:
1016:
1011:
997:
973:
963:
933:
910:
882:
864:
849:
841:
806:
787:, paper, or
785:plastic card
782:
751:Xerox Phaser
717:
700:
660:
644:photocopiers
637:
619:
603:
592:
584:carbon paper
580:
571:
568:Applications
559:
550:
497:
491:
485:
476:
475:
465:
464:
453:
435:
414:
400:
386:
369:credit cards
357:ISO/IEC 7810
341:card printer
340:
338:
325:
323:
304:
302:
286:
281:
269:
265:
264:
252:memory cards
243:
242:
225:
214:
178:
147:
136:
132:
121:
103:
97:
29:
3385:Serial port
3376:(IEEE 1394)
3353:DisplayPort
3343:Thunderbolt
3216:Motherboard
3179:Memory card
3147:Floppy disk
2989:Touchscreen
2619:data sheet"
2586:data sheet"
2512:22 February
2458:22 February
2394:29 December
2125:About Epson
2083:17 February
2044:"Archivist"
1904:3D printing
1884:Printmaking
1818:Campus card
1745:Seiko Epson
1565:color range
1560:images too
1369:memory card
1079:credit card
936:teleprinter
934:The common
930:Teleprinter
878:underlining
869:letterforms
663:LED printer
648:xerographic
562:smart cards
228:3D printing
197:typesetting
181:HP LaserJet
158:daisy wheel
3471:Typography
3455:Categories
3132:Removable
3117:Sound card
3047:Sound chip
3042:Sound card
3032:Microphone
2922:components
2691:2 November
2665:2 November
2027:6 December
1911:References
1894:Smart card
1707:, Lanier,
1649:. From an
1635:compatible
1579:Page yield
1569:resolution
1558:grey-scale
1492:PostScript
1486:, such as
1417:PWG Raster
1401:PostScript
1345:data cable
1334:Attributes
1255:Pen-based
1185:Printronix
1051:Uni-Hammer
1040:descenders
966:typewriter
853:typewriter
577:Technology
327:3D printer
278:Xerox 9700
248:print jobs
209:HP Deskjet
185:PostScript
174:blueprints
166:dot-matrix
108:peripheral
3395:PS/2 port
3390:Game port
3303:Fax modem
3142:Disk pack
2994:Trackball
2957:Light pen
2381:0018-8646
1805:Panasonic
1655:trade-off
1651:economics
1645:or their
1602:Economics
1353:Bluetooth
1044:Commodore
1032:character
1008:graphical
998:The term
759:Tektronix
755:solid ink
719:Solid ink
714:Solid ink
537:magnetism
523:microchip
381:bank card
266:Networked
100:computing
3374:FireWire
3367:Obsolete
3333:Ethernet
3112:Speakers
3010:Keyboard
2984:Touchpad
2919:computer
2881:Printers
2828:11 March
2822:Archived
2770:Archived
2739:Archived
2715:Archived
2685:Archived
2630:Archived
2597:Archived
2565:Archived
2538:Archived
2506:Archived
2481:Archived
2449:Archived
2331:Archived
2309:27810960
2238:Archived
2229:(2007).
2210:Archived
2159:Archived
2128:Archived
2105:archived
2077:Archived
2048:Archived
2021:Archived
2017:BBC News
1991:Archived
1958:Archived
1938:6 August
1932:Archived
1811:See also
1691:, Dell,
1510:plotters
1445:A4 paper
1415:(PWG's)
1361:Ethernet
1316:barcodes
1257:plotters
1237:Plotters
1154:IBM 1443
1140:IBM 1403
1120:IBM 1132
1048:Seikosha
857:IBM 1403
675:adhesion
622:printing
547:Software
361:EC-cards
260:scanners
254:or from
244:Personal
217:internet
154:Teletype
126:for his
60:Game Boy
57:Nintendo
3423:Related
3326:Current
3167:Blu-ray
3105:Plotter
3100:Printer
3083:Monitor
3059:Softcam
2967:Optical
2721:10 June
2639:29 July
2606:29 July
2247:27 June
2165:3 April
1997:3 April
1964:3 April
1801:Citizen
1793:Toshiba
1781:Samsung
1765:Lexmark
1749:Kyocera
1741:Brother
1717:Toshiba
1709:Lexmark
1705:Kyocera
1699:, IBM,
1685:Brother
1618:(CPP).
1399:(PCL),
1273:Brother
1243:Plotter
1160:hammer.
1071:invoice
874:bolding
311:barcode
274:network
170:plotter
118:History
104:printer
39:printer
3281:MOSFET
3221:Memory
3088:Screen
3054:Webcam
2917:Basic
2424:
2379:
2337:7 June
2307:
2297:
2270:
2264:Editor
2054:29 May
1449:letter
1311:, and
789:canvas
427:ribbon
407:ribbon
393:ribbon
270:shared
231:being
139:EP-101
3400:eSATA
3318:Ports
3003:Other
2962:Mouse
2633:(PDF)
2622:(PDF)
2600:(PDF)
2589:(PDF)
2568:(PDF)
2561:(PDF)
2541:(PDF)
2534:(PDF)
2484:(PDF)
2477:(PDF)
2452:(PDF)
2445:(PDF)
2388:(PDF)
2357:(PDF)
2241:(PDF)
2234:(PDF)
2136:Epson
2111:6 May
1785:Kodak
1773:Sharp
1761:Xerox
1757:Ricoh
1737:Canon
1721:Xerox
1713:Ricoh
1693:Epson
1689:Canon
1550:color
1409:ESC/P
1227:Xerox
1085:with
836:Epson
747:Xerox
671:laser
652:laser
599:toner
540:head.
239:Types
220:email
143:Epson
112:paper
106:is a
3358:HDMI
3274:SMPS
3262:SSHD
3256:NVMe
3252:SATA
3231:BIOS
2830:2011
2723:2014
2693:2012
2667:2012
2641:2017
2608:2017
2514:2015
2460:2015
2422:ISBN
2396:2008
2377:ISSN
2339:2022
2305:OCLC
2295:ISBN
2268:ISBN
2249:2007
2167:2019
2113:2017
2085:2022
2056:2021
2029:2010
1999:2020
1966:2019
1940:2017
1803:and
1789:Dell
1747:and
1719:and
1523:and
1508:Pen
1365:WiFi
1355:, a
1012:type
1004:pins
915:and
897:and
876:and
821:Zink
812:ATMs
739:pens
727:CMYK
667:LEDs
606:MICR
513:RFID
446:RFID
423:CMYK
375:and
319:EANs
315:UPCs
258:and
152:and
102:, a
51:, a
47:The
3410:VGA
3405:DVI
3338:USB
3291:VRM
3248:SSD
3243:HDD
3226:RAM
3162:DVD
3025:GPU
2796:doi
2369:doi
2190:doi
1769:OKI
1753:NEC
1587:or
1490:or
1488:PCL
1403:or
1349:USB
1014:).
970:ink
940:IBM
595:ink
586:or
317:or
298:PDF
293:API
268:or
98:In
3457::
3254:/
3157:CD
2816:.
2790:.
2750:^
2713:.
2709:.
2624:.
2612:;
2591:.
2563:.
2536:.
2479:.
2375:.
2365:41
2363:.
2359:.
2329:.
2325:.
2303:.
2186:27
2184:.
2157:.
2151:.
2134:,
2075:.
2064:^
2015:.
1989:.
1985:.
1968:.
1956:.
1930:.
1926:.
1807:.
1799:,
1795:,
1791:,
1787:,
1783:,
1779:,
1775:,
1771:,
1767:,
1763:,
1759:,
1755:,
1743:,
1739:,
1715:,
1711:,
1703:,
1697:HP
1695:,
1687:,
1575:.
1478:A
1419:.
1307:,
1231:3M
1229:.
867:,
814:,
658:.
638:A
590:.
371:,
367:,
363:,
339:A
324:A
321:.
303:A
262:.
235:.
176:.
3258:)
3250:(
2910:e
2903:t
2896:v
2847:.
2832:.
2802:.
2798::
2792:5
2745:.
2725:.
2695:.
2669:.
2643:.
2615:"
2610:.
2582:"
2516:.
2462:.
2430:.
2398:.
2371::
2341:.
2311:.
2276:.
2251:.
2196:.
2192::
2169:.
2087:.
2058:.
2031:.
2001:.
1942:.
1290:)
1286:(
1156:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
