295:
211:
262:. In 1906, San Francisco was one of the most promising places for investment in all of the United States. Many companies were vying for a piece of the money to be made. The city's supervisors had run on a platform that included the city acquiring its own telephone system which both Home Telephone Company and Pacific States Telephone and Telegraph Company wanted to prevent. The Home Telephone Company, financed by investors from Southern California and Ohio, was trying to wrest the telephone franchise held exclusively by Pacific States Telephone and Telegraph Company in Northern California.
474:
331:
1623:
269:, the Home Telephone Company contributed $ 75,000 to a relief fund for the city, but asked that it be held until their franchise was approved. It was later revealed that the city's supervisors had received payoffs through Ruef from both the Home Telephone Company and Pacific States Telephone Co. Home Telephone paid 10 supervisors $ 3,500 each and seven supervisors $ 6,000 each (about $ 118,689 to $ 203,467 in 2024). Pacific States Telephone Co. paid 10 supervisors $ 5,000 each ($ 67,822 today). After the
367:
577:
203:
521:
541:
34:
382:), cities throughout the country converted telephone numbers to a standardized 2L-5N format, e.g. EXchange 1-2345. San Francisco completed its conversion in December 1947. In July 1948, Pacific Telephone converted most of the cities on the San Francisco Peninsula. The company announcement, “most Peninsula cities now have exchange names” confirmed that the old four- or five-digit numbers had been converted to the seven-digit exchange format.
591:
433:
of
Chinatown. The manual 25th Street office in San Francisco, serving the MIssion, ATwater, and VAlencia exchanges, was converted to dial in 1952. On September 6, 1953, JUniper 6, previously known as RAndolph in the 2L-4N era, the last manual office within the City and County, cut over its 2,700 subscribers to crossbar equipment in the new Juniper central office on Onondaga Avenue.
307:
to other Home customers. To reach both exchanges, businesses were required to pay for a line from each company. In 1916, under pressure from local politicians and subscribers, Sunset
Telephone Co. agreed to acquire the Home Company's operations. The new entity was called The Southern California Telephone Co. The two companies' operations were fully integrated in 1918.
461:. In the 1980s, Pacific Telephone's assets were valued at $ 14.5 billion, making it the largest of any of the 21 wholly owned Baby Bells owned by AT&T, which also made Pacific Telephone the "crown jewel" of the operating companies. However, Pacific Telephone was one of the least profitable Bells due to very tough local telephone regulations in
282:
automatic dial service, Bell removed the automatic equipment and replaced it with manual telephones and manual operator switchboards. The company soon realized its best manual systems were unable to keep up with the growing demand for telephone service. In the early 1920s, following the 1921 installation of the nation's first large
432:
When
Pacific Telephone converted its San Francisco operations to 2L-5N calling in 1947, the old central office names were kept in most cases, with an extra digit appended. Certain exchanges were abandoned after being converted from manual service, such as WEst, RAndolph, and the famous CHina exchange
281:
During the first part of the 20th century, Pacific
Telephone & Telegraph, along with the rest of the Bell System, initially resisted automating its services, on the premise that their people could provide better service than machines. When it acquired competing providers, if the company provided
306:
The Los
Angeles area was also served by a competitor, The Home Telephone Co., which began offering automatic (dial) service in 1902. The Sunset Telephone Co. subscribers were able to make local and long-distance calls via the Bell System, but Home Telephone Co. customers could make only local calls
310:
At the time of the 1918 merger, Home had 60,000 customers served from 16 dial offices. Sunset had 68,000 subscribers served from nine manual offices. Home's operations were sizable and the public felt Home provided better service than Sunset, so
Pacific Telephone didn't convert the dial offices to
532:
working in
California who support SBC's non-regulated services and/or services provided both within and outside California were transferred to other SBC subsidiaries, like "Pacific Telesis Shared Services" and "SBC Operations, Inc." However, for legal and regulatory purposes, employees supporting
338:
San
Francisco continued to install manual offices throughout the 1920s. When PacTel took over the operations of its San Francisco and Oakland competitor, Home Telephone Co., in the early 1920s, their customers were switched from Home's dial service to Pacific Telephone manual exchanges. A 1927
302:
Los
Angeles and San Francisco employed different approaches for adopting new automatic switching technology. The Los Angeles Telephone Co. had merged with the Sunset Telephone Co. of northern California in 1883. Sunset was subsequently acquired by Pacific Telephone & Telegraph Co. in 1906.
564:
due to an internal reorganization at AT&T. Its former direct parent, Pacific
Telesis Group, was legally merged into AT&T Teleholdings. In 2007, local telephone service in California was further deregulated, resulting in price increases for AT&T California customers.
428:
and directly called numbers in those cities. These calls were indicated by a star in the telephone directory. For other call destinations, customers dialed "211" to reach a long-distance operator, who would connect the customer using manual trunks to reach a distant operator.
322:, dating from a radiotelephone service installed in the early 1920s. Pacific Telephone later laid two submarine cables to link the island to the mainland. Avalon was converted to dial in 1978, using switching equipment 23 miles away in the San Pedro central office.
311:
manual as it had in the past. Instead, they took the highly unusual step of adding a dial and trunk lines to every manual switchboard position. In this way, former Sunset customers could reach the former Home subscribers via their central office operator.
339:
Pacific Telephone & Telegraph Co. publication proudly describes the company's newest manual offices, without a word of plans to introduce dial service. San Francisco's first dial office, ORdway, opened on March 23, 1929. The first suburban
190:, and, though separate, is now marketed as “AT&T”. The company has been known by a number of names during which its service area has changed. The formal name of the company from the 1910s through the 1984 Bell System divestiture was
402:
Manual numbers were still used in some peninsula cities and were listed in the directory without the first two letters of the name capitalized, indicating a non-dialable point requiring operator assistance to reach. For example:
246:, the company was implicated in paying bribes to obtain an operations franchise in San Francisco. Theodore Halsey, a confidential political agent for the Pacific States Telephone and Telegraph Company, paid attorney
423:
To place calls to certain other Northern California exchanges, such as Sacramento, Stockton, and Vallejo in Northern California, dial customers would dial "0" to reach an operator. The operator dialed through a
273:, E.F. Pillsbury, General Counsel for the telephone company, revealed that he had never heard of Ruef's employment, and would have objected to Ruef receiving compensation greater than his own $ 1,000 per month.
436:
Riverside maintained a large manual office until 1956. Berkeley converted AShberry 3, its last manual office, to dial in 1963. Crockett, the final Bay Area manual office, was converted to dial in 1969.
194:. As of 2002, the name “Pacific Bell” is no longer used in marketing, although Pacific Bell is still the holder of record for the infrastructure of cables and fiber through much of California.
485:
in 1984, AT&T held 89.8% of Pacific Telephone. After the breakup, The Pacific Telephone and Telegraph Company changed its name to Pacific Bell Telephone Company, or PacBell for short.
932:"TCI Library - Downloads | Publications and Educational Documents (by Date) | Western Electric/Bell System | Catalogs, Manuals, Educational Docs (by Company)"
533:
local regulated services were still employed by "Pacific Bell Telephone Company dba SBC California ("SBC California")" which is the SBC subsidiary that provides regulated
609:
1671:
1555:
528:
In September 2001, SBC rebranded the telephone company "SBC Pacific Bell". In late 2002, the companies were rebranded again as "SBC". Meanwhile, employees of
999:
931:
314:
The last Los Angeles manual exchange was Thornwall 6, in Burbank, which operated until the late 1950s. The last manual office in southern California was in
493:(which PacBell had owned since 1913) as its operating companies. Since Nevada Bell had long been a PacBell subsidiary, that company was omitted from the
1098:
1676:
812:
1487:
673:
1535:
517:
corporate name disappeared fairly quickly, SBC continued to operate the local telephone companies separately under their original names.
1666:
1661:
604:
745:
1339:
1000:"Pacific Telephone News. (by Date) | Western Electric/Bell System | Catalogs, Manuals, Educational Docs (by Company)"
910:
1656:
1497:
1144:
1082:
1540:
1041:
842:
303:
Following the purchase by PacTel, the southern California company remained a separate operation and used the Sunset name.
634:
294:
458:
319:
226:. It grew by acquiring smaller telephone companies along the Pacific coast. It built and occupied San Francisco's
1601:
629:
494:
978:
653:
210:
1646:
1507:
1431:
888:
582:
266:
123:
1596:
270:
243:
1137:
1117:
1027:
959:
379:
355:
Telephone service conversion from manual to dial systems was slowed by equipment shortages during
1513:
1502:
816:
1530:
1415:
1298:
1238:
624:
619:
534:
1014:
946:
614:
506:
375:
231:
363:
had been planned for conversion before the war, but remained on manual service until 1949.
1651:
1560:
1223:
1130:
561:
360:
187:
8:
1273:
1179:
791:
139:
749:
473:
1308:
1278:
1045:
867:
846:
529:
510:
450:
315:
286:
in Omaha, the Bell operating companies began to install automated switching equipment.
251:
74:
1627:
1318:
1288:
1268:
1078:
658:
179:
1383:
1283:
1248:
1243:
1233:
1228:
792:"Why the Bell System Opposed the Automatic Dial Telephone, Part I by Roger Conklin"
746:"Why the Bell System Opposed the Automatic Dial Telephone, Part I by Roger Conklin"
596:
227:
1071:
330:
1344:
514:
486:
482:
344:
340:
144:
218:
The Pacific Telephone and Telegraph Company, or "PacTel" for short, managed the
1323:
721:
366:
259:
255:
134:
694:
548:
On November 18, 2005, SBC completed its acquisition of AT&T Corp. to form
1640:
1492:
1313:
1263:
1253:
924:
425:
102:
234:
which has been described as a "monument to western progress and foresight".
1258:
356:
283:
202:
20:
520:
489:
was formed as a holding company for PacBell's interests, with PacBell and
1545:
1447:
1218:
1153:
490:
219:
162:
445:
Acquisitions over the years extended Pacific Telephone's territory into
1066:
462:
223:
182:
that provides telephone service in California. The company is owned by
157:
64:
42:
556:
AT&T California. In 2006, the company's direct parent, originally
1399:
1293:
770:
557:
540:
33:
247:
254:
of $ 1,250 a month for "advice" on municipal issues. Ruef was the
549:
537:
telephone services within the franchise territory in California.
298:
Pacific Telephone "Call Before You Dig" notice (pre-1984 version)
183:
149:
1550:
1239:
The Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Company of West Virginia
552:
Pacific Bell is now known as "Pacific Bell Telephone Company",
446:
1122:
553:
454:
610:
Pacific Bell Telephone Co. v. linkLine Communications, Inc.
457:. Those operations were split off on July 1, 1961, to form
214:
Pacific Telephone and Telegraph Co. service crew, Feb. 1921
1244:
The Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Company of Virginia
1234:
The Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Company of Maryland
1201:
979:"Telephone directory for communities in San Mateo County"
695:"Pacific Telephone and Telegraph Company Building - 1925"
127:
889:"333 Grant » Art and Architecture - San Francisco"
813:"Early LA Telephone Service Article TCI SW, March 2009"
56:
The Pacific Telephone and Telegraph Company (1906–1983)
815:. Telephonecollector.info. 1917-05-01. Archived from
911:"An historical review of the San Francisco Exchange"
572:
1070:
325:
1672:Telecommunications companies established in 1906
1638:
1073:The Deal of the Century: The breakup of AT&T
843:"Telephone Exchange Name Project, Yahoo! Groups"
500:
1229:The Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Company
973:
971:
969:
934:. The Pacific Telephone and Telegraph Co. 1953
289:
1138:
1099:"AT&T rates skyrocket since deregulation"
908:
748:. Singing Wires. October 2008. Archived from
206:Pacific Telephone logo used from 1908 to 1921
1488:Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site
1536:New England Telephone and Telegraph Company
966:
726:. San Francisco: The James H. Barry Company
468:
192:The Pacific Telephone and Telegraph Company
1224:The Bell Telephone Company of Pennsylvania
1145:
1131:
1002:. Pacific Telephone and Telegraph Co. 1953
913:. The Pacific Telephone & Telegraph Co
715:
713:
711:
350:
32:
605:List of United States telephone companies
440:
392:DIamond 3 & 4 - Burlingame, San Mateo
1180:American Telephone and Telegraph Company
837:
835:
833:
719:
539:
519:
472:
365:
329:
293:
209:
201:
708:
1677:American companies established in 1906
1639:
1366:
1202:Local telephone companies still extant
347:) office opened in Palo Alto in 1929.
237:
1581:
1498:Bell Homestead National Historic Site
1469:
1365:
1200:
1164:
1126:
830:
1556:Bell Telephone Manufacturing Company
1546:The Bell Telephone Company of Canada
1541:International Bell Telephone Company
1065:
676:. Preservationnation.org. 2009-01-30
1105:, 2013-01-18. Retrieved 2018-04-17.
13:
1582:
1165:
1044:. Groups.yahoo.com. Archived from
635:Telephone in United States history
14:
1688:
1667:Financial District, San Francisco
1111:
378:, the precursor to customer DDD (
1662:Companies based in San Francisco
1621:
1219:Bell Telephone Company of Nevada
589:
575:
1602:Regional Bell Operating Company
1152:
1091:
1059:
1034:
992:
902:
881:
860:
771:"Los Angeles Telephone History"
630:Regional Bell Operating Company
497:that broke up the Bell System.
334:PacBell Building, San Francisco
16:Telephone company in California
1470:
1340:Southern New England Telephone
868:"Los Angeles Pacific Bell-SBC"
805:
784:
763:
738:
687:
666:
646:
495:Modification of Final Judgment
326:Northern California operations
172:Pacific Bell Telephone Company
27:Pacific Bell Telephone Company
1:
1508:Telephone Pioneers of America
1432:Advanced Mobile Phone Service
1118:Pacific Bell official website
845:. TEN Project. Archived from
794:. Singing Wires. October 2008
640:
583:San Francisco Bay Area portal
501:Mergers and subsequent growth
1657:Communications in California
544:Pacific Bell logo, 2001-2002
524:Pacific Bell logo, 1999-2001
477:Pacific Bell logo, 1984–1997
370:Pacific Bell telephone booth
86:; 118 years ago
7:
1561:AT&T Technologies, Inc.
891:. Artandarchitecture-sf.com
568:
290:Southern California service
222:'s telephone operations in
105:, California, United States
10:
1693:
697:. Sfmuseum.org. 1924-01-01
674:"On Hold in San Francisco"
267:massive earthquake of 1906
244:San Francisco graft trials
228:Pacific Telephone Building
197:
18:
1618:
1592:
1588:
1577:
1523:
1480:
1476:
1465:
1440:
1424:
1408:
1392:
1376:
1372:
1361:
1332:
1211:
1207:
1196:
1175:
1171:
1160:
276:
156:
133:
119:
109:
98:
80:
70:
60:
52:
40:
31:
720:Hichborn, Frank (1915).
469:Separation from AT&T
398:EMerson 6 - Redwood City
380:Direct Distance Dialling
19:Not to be confused with
1514:Spirit of Communication
1503:Bell Telephone Memorial
1441:Regional Bell companies
1249:Diamond State Telephone
1103:San Francisco Chronicle
773:. Los Angeles Telephone
386:DAvenport 2 - Palo Alto
351:Dial service conversion
1531:Bell Telephone Company
1299:Pacific Northwest Bell
1077:. New York: Atheneum.
1022:Cite journal requires
954:Cite journal requires
909:R. S. Masters (1927).
870:. Thecentraloffice.com
625:Pacific Northwest Bell
620:Pacific Bell Directory
545:
535:local exchange carrier
525:
478:
459:Pacific Northwest Bell
441:Northwest acquisitions
395:FIreside 5 - San Mateo
371:
335:
299:
215:
207:
1647:AT&T subsidiaries
1628:Telephones portal
1274:New England Telephone
615:Pacific Bell Wireless
562:AT&T Teleholdings
543:
523:
507:Pacific Telesis Group
476:
376:Operator Toll Dialing
369:
333:
297:
232:New Montgomery Street
213:
205:
188:AT&T Teleholdings
140:AT&T Corporation
1324:Wisconsin Telephone
662:. 11 December 2002.
513:, and although the
374:In preparation for
343:(electromechanical
238:San Francisco graft
48:AT&T California
28:
1367:Other subsidiaries
1309:South Central Bell
1284:New York Telephone
546:
526:
511:SBC Communications
479:
416:Half Moon Bay 3497
372:
336:
300:
271:graft prosecutions
258:behind S.F. Mayor
216:
208:
75:Telecommunications
26:
1634:
1633:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1551:Northern Electric
1461:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1319:Southwestern Bell
1304:Pacific Telephone
1289:Northwestern Bell
1192:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1084:978-0-689-11757-2
659:Los Angeles Times
389:OXford - Millbrae
180:telephone company
168:
167:
1684:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1590:
1589:
1579:
1578:
1478:
1477:
1467:
1466:
1384:Western Electric
1374:
1373:
1363:
1362:
1209:
1208:
1198:
1197:
1173:
1172:
1162:
1161:
1147:
1140:
1133:
1124:
1123:
1106:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1076:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1053:
1048:on June 30, 2013
1038:
1032:
1031:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1010:
1008:
1007:
996:
990:
989:
987:
986:
975:
964:
963:
957:
952:
950:
942:
940:
939:
928:
922:
921:
919:
918:
906:
900:
899:
897:
896:
885:
879:
878:
876:
875:
864:
858:
857:
855:
854:
849:on June 30, 2013
839:
828:
827:
825:
824:
809:
803:
802:
800:
799:
788:
782:
781:
779:
778:
767:
761:
760:
758:
757:
742:
736:
735:
733:
731:
717:
706:
705:
703:
702:
691:
685:
684:
682:
681:
670:
664:
663:
650:
599:
597:Companies portal
594:
593:
592:
585:
580:
579:
578:
509:was acquired by
483:AT&T breakup
413:Pescadero 2349-R
410:San Carlos 932-J
94:
92:
87:
36:
29:
25:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1622:
1620:
1606:
1584:
1565:
1519:
1472:
1453:
1436:
1420:
1404:
1388:
1368:
1349:
1345:Cincinnati Bell
1333:Partially owned
1328:
1279:New Jersey Bell
1203:
1184:
1167:
1156:
1151:
1114:
1109:
1097:Temple, James,
1096:
1092:
1085:
1064:
1060:
1051:
1049:
1042:"Yahoo! Groups"
1040:
1039:
1035:
1023:
1021:
1012:
1011:
1005:
1003:
998:
997:
993:
984:
982:
977:
976:
967:
955:
953:
944:
943:
937:
935:
930:
929:
925:
916:
914:
907:
903:
894:
892:
887:
886:
882:
873:
871:
866:
865:
861:
852:
850:
841:
840:
831:
822:
820:
811:
810:
806:
797:
795:
790:
789:
785:
776:
774:
769:
768:
764:
755:
753:
744:
743:
739:
729:
727:
718:
709:
700:
698:
693:
692:
688:
679:
677:
672:
671:
667:
652:
651:
647:
643:
595:
590:
588:
581:
576:
574:
571:
515:Pacific Telesis
503:
487:Pacific Telesis
471:
453:, and northern
443:
353:
345:stepping switch
328:
320:Catalina Island
292:
279:
240:
200:
148:
145:Pacific Telesis
143:
112:
90:
88:
85:
45:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1690:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1632:
1631:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1593:
1586:
1585:
1583:Related topics
1575:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1484:
1482:
1474:
1473:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1434:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1418:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1386:
1380:
1378:
1370:
1369:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1215:
1213:
1205:
1204:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1176:
1169:
1168:
1166:Parent company
1158:
1157:
1150:
1149:
1142:
1135:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1113:
1112:External links
1110:
1108:
1107:
1090:
1083:
1058:
1033:
1024:|journal=
991:
965:
956:|journal=
923:
901:
880:
859:
829:
804:
783:
762:
737:
707:
686:
665:
644:
642:
639:
638:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
601:
600:
586:
570:
567:
502:
499:
470:
467:
442:
439:
421:
420:
419:San Gregorio 2
417:
414:
411:
408:
400:
399:
396:
393:
390:
387:
352:
349:
327:
324:
291:
288:
278:
275:
260:Eugene Schmitz
256:political boss
239:
236:
199:
196:
166:
165:
160:
154:
153:
152:(1997–present)
137:
131:
130:
121:
117:
116:
113:
110:
107:
106:
100:
96:
95:
82:
78:
77:
72:
68:
67:
62:
58:
57:
54:
50:
49:
46:
41:
38:
37:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1689:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1629:
1617:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1587:
1580:
1576:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1493:Bell Boatyard
1491:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1481:Commemorative
1479:
1475:
1468:
1464:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1409:Long distance
1407:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1377:Manufacturing
1375:
1371:
1364:
1360:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1314:Southern Bell
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1269:Mountain Bell
1267:
1265:
1264:Michigan Bell
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1254:Illinois Bell
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1199:
1195:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1148:
1143:
1141:
1136:
1134:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1104:
1100:
1094:
1086:
1080:
1075:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1029:
1016:
1001:
995:
980:
974:
972:
970:
961:
948:
933:
927:
912:
905:
890:
884:
869:
863:
848:
844:
838:
836:
834:
819:on 2011-03-20
818:
814:
808:
793:
787:
772:
766:
752:on 2013-05-14
751:
747:
741:
725:
724:
716:
714:
712:
696:
690:
675:
669:
661:
660:
655:
649:
645:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
602:
598:
587:
584:
573:
566:
563:
559:
555:
551:
550:AT&T Inc.
542:
538:
536:
531:
522:
518:
516:
512:
508:
498:
496:
492:
488:
484:
481:Prior to the
475:
466:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
438:
434:
430:
427:
426:tandem switch
418:
415:
412:
409:
406:
405:
404:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
384:
383:
381:
377:
368:
364:
362:
358:
348:
346:
342:
332:
323:
321:
317:
312:
308:
304:
296:
287:
285:
274:
272:
268:
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
235:
233:
229:
225:
221:
212:
204:
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
176:Pac Bell
173:
164:
161:
159:
155:
151:
146:
141:
138:
136:
132:
129:
125:
122:
118:
114:
108:
104:
103:San Francisco
101:
97:
83:
79:
76:
73:
69:
66:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
44:
39:
35:
30:
22:
1512:
1303:
1259:Indiana Bell
1212:Wholly owned
1102:
1093:
1072:
1061:
1050:. Retrieved
1046:the original
1036:
1015:cite journal
1004:. Retrieved
994:
983:. Retrieved
981:. 1948-07-04
947:cite journal
936:. Retrieved
926:
915:. Retrieved
904:
893:. Retrieved
883:
872:. Retrieved
862:
851:. Retrieved
847:the original
821:. Retrieved
817:the original
807:
796:. Retrieved
786:
775:. Retrieved
765:
754:. Retrieved
750:the original
740:
728:. Retrieved
722:
699:. Retrieved
689:
678:. Retrieved
668:
657:
648:
547:
527:
504:
480:
444:
435:
431:
422:
401:
373:
357:World War II
354:
341:step-by-step
337:
313:
309:
305:
301:
284:panel switch
280:
264:
241:
217:
191:
175:
171:
169:
158:Subsidiaries
99:Headquarters
61:Company type
21:Packard Bell
1652:Bell System
1597:Divestiture
1450:(1880-1975)
1448:Bell Canada
1154:Bell System
1067:Coll, Steve
491:Nevada Bell
407:Belmont 120
242:During the
220:Bell System
163:Nevada Bell
147:(1984–1997)
142:(1906–1983)
111:Area served
1641:Categories
1471:Historical
1416:Long Lines
1052:2013-06-11
1006:2013-06-11
985:2013-06-11
938:2013-06-11
917:2013-06-11
895:2013-06-11
874:2013-06-11
853:2013-06-11
823:2013-06-12
798:2013-06-12
777:2013-06-12
756:2013-06-12
723:The System
701:2012-11-09
680:2012-11-09
654:"Archives"
641:References
463:California
451:Washington
265:After the
224:California
115:California
65:Subsidiary
43:Trade name
1400:Bell Labs
1294:Ohio Bell
560:, became
558:Ameritech
505:In 1997,
1425:Wireless
1393:Research
1069:(1986).
569:See also
361:San Jose
252:retainer
248:Abe Ruef
186:through
184:AT&T
150:AT&T
120:Products
71:Industry
53:Formerly
1524:Defunct
730:June 6,
198:History
178:) is a
89: (
81:Founded
1081:
447:Oregon
316:Avalon
277:Growth
135:Parent
455:Idaho
318:, on
1079:ISBN
1028:help
960:help
732:2013
170:The
124:POTS
91:1906
84:1906
554:dba
530:SBC
230:on
128:DSL
1643::
1101:,
1019::
1017:}}
1013:{{
968:^
951::
949:}}
945:{{
832:^
710:^
656:.
465:.
449:,
359:.
250:a
126:,
1146:e
1139:t
1132:v
1087:.
1055:.
1030:)
1026:(
1009:.
988:.
962:)
958:(
941:.
920:.
898:.
877:.
856:.
826:.
801:.
780:.
759:.
734:.
704:.
683:.
174:(
93:)
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
