29:
436:
1087:
Pacemaker syndrome was first described in 1969 by Mitsui et al. as a collection of symptoms associated with right ventricular pacing. The name pacemaker syndrome was first coined by Erbel in 1979. Since its first discovery, there have been many definitions of pacemaker syndrome, and the understanding
104:
Individuals with a low heart rate prior to pacemaker implantation are more at risk of developing pacemaker syndrome. Normally the first chamber of the heart (atrium) contracts as the second chamber (ventricle) is relaxed, allowing the ventricle to fill before it contracts and pumps blood out of the
105:
heart. When the timing between the two chambers goes out of synchronization, less blood is delivered on each beat. Patients who develop pacemaker syndrome may require adjustment of the pacemaker, or fitting of another lead to better coordinate the timing of atrial and ventricular contraction.
1703:
Theodorakis GN, Kremastinos DT, Markianos M, Livanis E, Karavolias G, Toutouzas PK (November 1992). "Total sympathetic activity and atrial natriuretic factor levels in VVI and DDD pacing with different atrioventricular delays during daily activity and exercise".
1933:
Mitsui T, Hori M, Suma K, et al. The "pacemaking syndrome." In: Jacobs JE, ed. Proceedings of the 8th Annual
International Conference on Medical and Biological Engineering. Chicago, IL: Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation;.
1078:
of pacemaker syndrome has ranged from 2% to 83%. The wide range of reported incidence is likely attributable to two factors which are the criteria used to define pacemaker syndrome and the therapy used to resolve that diagnosis.
128:
of pacemaker syndrome are nonspecific, and many are prevalent in the elderly population at baseline. In the lab, pacemaker interrogation plays a crucial role in determining if the pacemaker mode had any contribution to symptoms.
1088:
of the cause of pacemaker syndrome is still under investigation. In a general sense, pacemaker syndrome can be defined as the symptoms associated with right ventricular pacing relieved with the return of A-V and V-V synchrony.
1664:
Theodorakis GN, Panou F, Markianos M, Fragakis N, Livanis EG, Kremastinos DT (February 1997). "Left atrial function and atrial natriuretic factor/cyclic guanosine monophosphate changes in DDD and VVI pacing modes".
869:
Diet alone cannot treat pacemaker syndrome, but an appropriate diet to the patient, in addition to the other treatment regimens mentioned, can improve the patient's symptoms. Several cases mentioned below:
1401:
Santini M, Alexidou G, Ansalone G, Cacciatore G, Cini R, Turitto G (March 1990). "Relation of prognosis in sick sinus syndrome to age, conduction defects and modes of permanent cardiac pacing".
1781:
Andersen HR, Thuesen L, Bagger JP, Vesterlund T, Thomsen PE (December 1994). "Prospective randomised trial of atrial versus ventricular pacing in sick-sinus syndrome".
1480:
Alicandri C, Fouad FM, Tarazi RC, Castle L, Morant V (July 1978). "Three cases of hypotension and syncope with ventricular pacing: possible role of atrial reflexes".
2665:
1004:
inhibited paced (VVI) patients providing they have intact sinus node function. Hysteresis reduces the amount of time spent in pacing mode, which can relieve
1025:
includes supportive treatment, in case any of the following complications happen, medical team should be ready. Possible complications include
1837:
1243:
Frielingsdorf J, Gerber AE, Hess OM (October 1994). "Importance of maintained atrio-ventricular synchrony in patients with pacemakers".
2306:
1626:
Gross JN, Keltz TN, Cooper JA, Breitbart S, Furman S (December 1992). "Profound "pacemaker syndrome" in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy".
1996:
944:
In patients with other pacing modes, other than ventricular pacing, symptoms usually resolve after adjusting and reprogramming of
2723:
2040:
1210:
2527:
2364:
1126:
Ellenbogen KA, Gilligan DM, Wood MA, Morillo C, Barold SS (May 1997). "The pacemaker syndrome -- a matter of definition".
2718:
2532:
2522:
2111:
77:
disease—an adverse effect resulting from medical treatment—that is often underdiagnosed. In general, the symptoms of the
2829:
2660:
2274:
479:
are at greater risk for developing pacemaker syndrome. Around 90% of patients with preserved AV conduction have intact
920:
are used to treat pacemaker syndrome directly because treatment consists of upgrading or reprogramming the pacemaker.
510:
contribution to ventricular filling and have a greater chance of developing the syndrome. This includes patients with
2700:
2695:
2564:
2345:
2640:
2635:
2559:
958:
2986:
2862:
2791:
2623:
2359:
495:
may not be apparent at the time of pacemaker implantation or even may develop at any time after implantation.
803:. VA conduction, sometimes referred to as retrograde conduction, leads to delayed, nonphysiologic timing of
2981:
2774:
2757:
2690:
2610:
1989:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
166:
3079:
2824:
2269:
986:
591:
519:
515:
334:
94:
1732:
2806:
2294:
2279:
1580:
Heldman D, Mulvihill D, Nguyen H, et al. (December 1990). "True incidence of pacemaker syndrome".
822:
778:
740:
716:
697:
595:
587:
523:
2353:
2884:
2581:
2549:
2476:
2203:
826:
744:
703:
70:
1767:
3008:
2834:
2764:
2554:
2451:
2432:
2262:
2035:
886:
853:
66:
3041:
3015:
3003:
2991:
2976:
2710:
2652:
2456:
2437:
2089:
2029:
1982:
420:
408:
192:
2630:
2596:
2539:
2517:
2339:
2321:
2257:
2124:
2077:
2005:
1353:, Holmes DR (November 1982). "Hemodynamic and symptomatic consequences of ventricular pacing".
484:
472:
paced beats is the only variable that significantly predicts development of pacemaker syndrome.
2394:
2389:
2284:
2199:
2094:
1889:
1754:
1717:
1256:
1042:
759:
355:
62:
2890:
2418:
2399:
2299:
2210:
2153:
709:
351:
274:
245:
8:
2895:
2752:
2747:
2670:
2574:
2544:
2503:
2129:
2046:
1746:
1059:
901:
416:
412:
404:
215:
3084:
2998:
2618:
2569:
2194:
2141:
2051:
1911:
1884:
1851:
1808:
1605:
1593:
1559:
1378:
1366:
1324:
1312:
849:
838:
811:
574:, and in turn will lead to systemic hypotensive reflex response with varying symptoms.
465:
457:
144:
1796:
1678:
1139:
28:
3058:
2909:
2867:
2782:
2600:
2498:
2215:
2158:
2056:
1916:
1856:
1800:
1721:
1682:
1643:
1639:
1597:
1551:
1497:
1493:
1462:
1418:
1414:
1370:
1316:
1260:
1206:
1183:
1143:
1001:
962:
952:
930:
904:
808:
736:
655:
583:
563:
542:
499:
469:
297:
207:
196:
90:
45:
1812:
1609:
1563:
1382:
1328:
1200:
566:
contractions, or sometimes called AV dyssynchrony, leads to different mechanisms of
3031:
2923:
2816:
2512:
1906:
1898:
1846:
1792:
1713:
1674:
1635:
1589:
1543:
1489:
1410:
1362:
1308:
1252:
1135:
890:
671:
814:. Nevertheless, many conditions other than VA conduction promote AV dyssynchrony.
529:
Other factors correlated with development of pacemaker syndrome include decreased
3053:
2445:
2426:
2413:
2220:
2099:
1974:
1534:
SchĂĽller H, Brandt J (April 1991). "The pacemaker syndrome: old and new causes".
879:
678:
632:
303:
132:
Symptoms commonly documented in patients history, classified according to cause:
685:
460:
period, two variables are predicted to predispose to the syndrome. First is low
3046:
2954:
2852:
2844:
2742:
2252:
2245:
2232:
982:
978:
818:
804:
782:
774:
770:
732:
728:
724:
667:
628:
623:
611:
607:
603:
599:
571:
559:
534:
511:
318:
307:
203:
98:
82:
1075:
3073:
3036:
2947:
2082:
1350:
1026:
970:
966:
875:
800:
794:
530:
492:
488:
480:
476:
424:
391:
184:
154:
37:
974:
2968:
2942:
2786:
2734:
2407:
2383:
2330:
2189:
1860:
1547:
1187:
1022:
755:
659:
444:
341:
337:
263:
136:
1920:
1804:
1725:
1686:
1647:
1601:
1555:
1466:
1422:
1374:
1320:
1264:
1147:
2903:
2801:
2591:
2508:
2490:
2316:
2289:
2240:
2181:
1902:
1501:
1066:
lead placement is needed, which eventually relieve some of the symptoms.
1034:
1030:
897:
848:. Where patients with optimized AV synchrony have shown great results of
720:
663:
538:
435:
369:
289:
285:
281:
267:
225:
188:
176:
1964:
1011:
If symptoms persist after all these treatment modalities, replacing the
2931:
2481:
1783:
1747:"Pacemaker Syndrome: Treatment & Medication - eMedicine Cardiology"
997:
948:
766:
555:
461:
379:
259:
74:
61:
is a condition that represents the clinical consequences of suboptimal
50:
1702:
1063:
1038:
1012:
973:
is by experimenting with successive reprogramming and measurement of
945:
856:
of pacemaker syndrome than those with suboptimal AV synchronization.
842:
503:
403:
Studies have shown that patients with
Pacemaker syndrome and/or with
387:
383:
373:
359:
293:
162:
148:
140:
118:
114:
2857:
2014:
1016:
1005:
990:
938:
845:
712:
640:
253:
219:
211:
125:
121:
78:
1008:, particularly when the pacing mode is generating AV dyssynchrony.
969:
of these parameters for each individual differ. So, achieving the
606:. Because in such cases the atrias are required to provide 50% of
1663:
1400:
1201:
Baumgartner, William A.; Yuh, David D.; Luca A. Vricella (2007).
1055:
675:
636:
567:
363:
330:
273:
In particular, the examiner should look for the following in the
237:
233:
180:
158:
841:, AV synchrony should be optimized to prevent the occurrence of
2937:
2917:
2072:
1780:
955:
934:
748:
691:
570:
production. This altered ventricular contraction will decrease
507:
86:
1348:
1125:
1000:
to help maintain AV synchrony can help alleviate symptoms in
917:
763:
682:
644:
411:
that calls for the patients to be carefully monitored in the
347:
324:
249:
229:
170:
1832:
752:
314:
277:, as these are frequent findings at the time of admission:
36:
Ventricular pacemaker with 1:1 retrograde ventriculoatrial
1479:
1943:
2 Erbel R. Pacemaker syndrome. AmJ Cardiol 1979;44:771-2.
1625:
464:, and second is a higher programmed lower rate limit. In
241:
1242:
1579:
937:
lead and optimizing the AV synchrony usually resolves
1173:
1954:
586:
compliance, which may be caused by diseases such as
113:No specific set of criteria has been developed for
2004:
1203:The Johns Hopkins manual of cardiothoracic surgery
1174:Chalvidan T, Deharo JC, Djiane P (July 2000). "".
506:dysfunction are particularly sensitive to loss of
1349:Nishimura RA, Gersh BJ, Vlietstra RE, Osborn MJ,
1015:itself is sometimes beneficial and can alleviate
3071:
1452:
1194:
582:Inappropriate pacing in patients with decreased
443:The cause is poorly understood. However several
1830:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1299:Furman S (January 1994). "Pacemaker syndrome".
1878:
1876:
1698:
1696:
1659:
1657:
1621:
1619:
1575:
1573:
1533:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1453:Petersen HH, Videbaek J (September 1992). "".
1294:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1121:
1990:
1885:"Pacemaker syndrome: an iatrogenic condition"
1882:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
577:
483:, and about 30-40% of patients with complete
1819:
1058:intervention is needed. After consulting an
951:, such as tuning the AV delay, changing the
727:filling pressure, which is due to decreased
692:Increased production of natriuretic peptides
650:
610:, which normally provides only 15% - 25% of
1873:
1838:Indian Pacing and Electrophysiology Journal
1774:
1693:
1654:
1616:
1570:
1508:
1154:
2307:Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia
1997:
1983:
1429:
1389:
1335:
1271:
1219:
1098:
27:
1910:
1850:
1473:
1718:10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a060089
1298:
1257:10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a060408
541:total emptying fraction associated with
447:are associated with pacemaker syndrome.
434:
769:attempting to compensate for decreased
407:are at higher risk of developing fatal
69:, regardless of the pacing mode, after
3072:
2041:Spontaneous coronary artery dissection
602:contraction and significantly reduces
1978:
1831:Farmer DM, Estes NA, Link MS (2004).
1205:. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical Pub.
108:
2365:Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis
1883:Travill CM, Sutton R (August 1992).
1833:"New concepts in pacemaker syndrome"
799:A major cause of AV dyssynchrony is
635:can cause pulsation in the neck and
715:exhibit increased plasma levels of
658:pacing is associated with elevated
598:, and aging, can result in loss of
13:
2661:Accelerated idioventricular rhythm
1594:10.1111/j.1540-8159.1990.tb06883.x
1367:10.1111/j.1540-8159.1982.tb00029.x
1313:10.1111/j.1540-8159.1994.tb01342.x
933:paced, usually the addition of an
549:
14:
3096:
1950:
617:
1049:
961:, the sensing level, and pacing
788:
398:
2346:Subacute bacterial endocarditis
1937:
1927:
1069:
923:
666:pressures, as well as elevated
450:
366:may be present in severe cases.
81:are a combination of decreased
1:
2863:Pulseless electrical activity
2792:Multifocal atrial tachycardia
2666:Catecholaminergic polymorphic
1797:10.1016/S0140-6736(94)90347-6
1679:10.1016/S0002-9149(97)89285-5
1140:10.1016/S0002-9149(97)00085-4
1091:
989:, as well as observations of
911:
832:
777:have higher plasma levels of
674:pressures, which can lead to
631:contraction against a closed
468:, an increased percentage of
97:response, and nonphysiologic
1640:10.1016/0002-9149(92)90313-N
1494:10.1016/0002-9149(78)90998-0
1415:10.1016/0002-9149(90)91379-K
859:
821:, and secondary increase in
719:. That's due to increase in
167:paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
7:
1176:Ann Cardiol Angeiol (Paris)
987:total peripheral resistance
889:insufficiency, a high-salt
817:This will further decrease
807:contraction in relation to
592:hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
588:hypertensive cardiomyopathy
498:Patients with noncompliant
95:total peripheral resistance
10:
3101:
2807:Wandering atrial pacemaker
2354:non-infective endocarditis
2295:Endocardial fibroelastosis
1582:Pacing Clin Electrophysiol
1355:Pacing Clin Electrophysiol
1301:Pacing Clin Electrophysiol
1082:
929:For some patients who are
792:
731:caused by dyssynchrony in
701:
698:atrial natriuretic peptide
695:
621:
596:restrictive cardiomyopathy
578:Loss of atrial contraction
526:) and elderly individuals.
350:may be pulsatile, and the
3024:
2967:
2885:hexaxial reference system
2876:
2843:
2830:Jervell and Lange-Nielsen
2815:
2773:
2732:
2709:
2683:
2651:
2609:
2590:
2489:
2475:
2375:
2360:Libman–Sacks endocarditis
2329:
2315:
2231:
2180:
2173:
2110:
2065:
2022:
2013:
1958:
1062:, possibly an additional
996:In rare instances, using
837:At the time of pacemaker
704:brain natriuretic peptide
651:Increased atrial pressure
439:ECG of pacemaker syndrome
430:
44:
35:
26:
21:
2765:Ventricular fibrillation
2036:Coronary artery aneurysm
773:. Usually patients with
415:. Complications include
124:. Most of the signs and
3042:Diastolic heart failure
3016:Athletic heart syndrome
2977:Ventricular hypertrophy
2711:Pre-excitation syndrome
2565:Left posterior fascicle
2090:Acute coronary syndrome
2030:Coronary artery disease
864:
382:examination may reveal
333:examination may reveal
193:orthostatic hypotension
2560:Left anterior fascicle
2340:infective endocarditis
2125:Hibernating myocardium
2006:Cardiovascular disease
1762:Cite journal requires
1548:10.1002/clc.4960140410
440:
421:thrombo-embolic events
222:, and lightheadedness.
71:pacemaker implantation
40:to the atria (arrows).
2724:Wolff–Parkinson–White
2684:Premature contraction
2582:Adams–Stokes syndrome
2285:Loeffler endocarditis
2095:Myocardial infarction
1890:British Heart Journal
767:baroreceptor reflexes
475:Patients with intact
438:
370:The lower extremities
327:may exhibit crackles.
2891:Right axis deviation
2853:Sudden cardiac death
2211:Pericardial effusion
2154:Ventricular aneurysm
1903:10.1136/hrt.68.8.163
1588:(12 Pt 2): 1742–50.
977:parameters, such as
275:physical examination
246:right upper quadrant
2896:Left axis deviation
2753:Atrial fibrillation
2748:Ventricular flutter
2671:Torsades de pointes
2545:Bundle branch block
2504:Sick sinus syndrome
2290:Cardiac amyloidosis
2275:Tachycardia-induced
2130:Myocardial stunning
2078:Prinzmetal's angina
2047:Coronary thrombosis
1455:Ugeskrift for Læger
1060:electrophysiologist
893:may be appropriate.
781:than those without
417:atrial fibrillation
405:sick sinus syndrome
340:and variability of
216:dyspnea on exertion
3080:Cardiac arrhythmia
2999:Atrial enlargement
2797:Pacemaker syndrome
2719:Lown–Ganong–Levine
2641:Junctional ectopic
2636:AV nodal reentrant
2142:Myocardial rupture
2052:Coronary vasospasm
896:For patients with
885:For patients with
874:For patients with
758:that can override
672:pulmonary arterial
441:
321:in the neck veins.
109:Signs and symptoms
65:(AV) synchrony or
59:Pacemaker syndrome
22:Pacemaker syndrome
3067:
3066:
3059:Obstructive shock
2963:
2962:
2910:Short QT syndrome
2877:Other / ungrouped
2868:Sinoatrial arrest
2783:Ectopic pacemaker
2679:
2678:
2499:Sinus bradycardia
2471:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2216:Cardiac tamponade
2169:
2168:
2159:Dressler syndrome
2057:Myocardial bridge
1972:
1971:
1212:978-0-07-141652-8
963:threshold voltage
959:refractory period
905:fluid rehydration
298:oxygen saturation
93:filling, loss of
56:
55:
16:Medical condition
3092:
3032:Cardiac fibrosis
2924:T wave alternans
2817:Long QT syndrome
2611:Supraventricular
2607:
2606:
2540:Intraventricular
2487:
2486:
2327:
2326:
2178:
2177:
2023:Coronary disease
2020:
2019:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1976:
1975:
1956:
1955:
1944:
1941:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1914:
1880:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1867:
1854:
1828:
1817:
1816:
1791:(8936): 1523–8.
1778:
1772:
1771:
1765:
1760:
1758:
1750:
1743:
1730:
1729:
1700:
1691:
1690:
1661:
1652:
1651:
1623:
1614:
1613:
1577:
1568:
1567:
1531:
1506:
1505:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1450:
1427:
1426:
1398:
1387:
1386:
1346:
1333:
1332:
1296:
1269:
1268:
1240:
1217:
1216:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1171:
1152:
1151:
1123:
725:left ventricular
668:pulmonary venous
647:, and jaw pain.
537:, and decreased
466:postimplantation
266:associated with
232:in the neck and
89:contribution to
63:atrioventricular
38:(V-A) conduction
31:
19:
18:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3054:Rheumatic fever
3020:
2959:
2872:
2839:
2811:
2769:
2728:
2705:
2675:
2647:
2594:
2586:
2480:
2463:
2371:
2320:
2311:
2227:
2221:Hemopericardium
2165:
2106:
2100:Unstable angina
2073:Angina pectoris
2066:Active ischemia
2061:
2009:
2003:
1973:
1968:
1967:
1953:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1928:
1881:
1874:
1865:
1863:
1829:
1820:
1779:
1775:
1763:
1761:
1752:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1733:
1712:(11): 1477–81.
1701:
1694:
1662:
1655:
1634:(18): 1507–11.
1624:
1617:
1578:
1571:
1532:
1509:
1478:
1474:
1461:(38): 2547–51.
1451:
1430:
1399:
1390:
1347:
1336:
1297:
1272:
1251:(10): 1431–40.
1241:
1220:
1213:
1199:
1195:
1172:
1155:
1124:
1099:
1094:
1085:
1072:
1052:
953:postventricular
926:
914:
867:
862:
835:
797:
791:
706:
700:
694:
653:
633:tricuspid valve
626:
620:
580:
552:
550:Pathophysiology
487:have preserved
458:preimplantation
453:
433:
401:
317:distension and
304:Pulse amplitude
191:, and signs of
111:
67:AV dyssynchrony
17:
12:
11:
5:
3098:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3047:Cardiac asthma
3044:
3034:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3006:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2973:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2955:Strain pattern
2952:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2849:
2847:
2845:Cardiac arrest
2841:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2825:Andersen–Tawil
2821:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2779:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2750:
2745:
2743:Atrial flutter
2739:
2737:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2715:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2657:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2615:
2613:
2604:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2542:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2515:
2506:
2501:
2495:
2493:
2484:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2335:
2333:
2324:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2253:Cardiomyopathy
2250:
2249:
2248:
2246:Chagas disease
2237:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2197:
2186:
2184:
2175:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2116:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2038:
2033:
2026:
2024:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2002:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1979:
1970:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:Classification
1952:
1951:External links
1949:
1946:
1945:
1936:
1926:
1872:
1845:(4): 195–200.
1818:
1773:
1764:|journal=
1731:
1692:
1667:Am. J. Cardiol
1653:
1628:Am. J. Cardiol
1615:
1569:
1507:
1482:Am. J. Cardiol
1472:
1428:
1409:(11): 729–35.
1403:Am. J. Cardiol
1388:
1334:
1270:
1218:
1211:
1193:
1153:
1128:Am. J. Cardiol
1096:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1084:
1081:
1071:
1068:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1020:
1009:
994:
991:symptomatology
983:cardiac output
979:blood pressure
971:optimal values
967:optimal values
942:
925:
922:
913:
910:
909:
908:
894:
883:
866:
863:
861:
858:
834:
831:
819:blood pressure
793:Main article:
790:
787:
783:cannon a waves
775:cannon a waves
771:blood pressure
729:cardiac output
708:Patients with
702:Main article:
696:Main article:
693:
690:
652:
649:
624:Cannon A waves
622:Main article:
619:
618:Cannon A waves
616:
612:cardiac output
608:cardiac output
604:cardiac output
579:
576:
572:cardiac output
551:
548:
547:
546:
535:cardiac output
527:
512:cardiomyopathy
496:
473:
452:
449:
432:
429:
400:
397:
396:
395:
377:
367:
345:
328:
322:
313:Look for neck
311:
310:may fluctuate.
308:blood pressure
306:may vary, and
301:
271:
270:
257:
223:
204:cardiac output
200:
174:
152:
110:
107:
99:pressure waves
83:cardiac output
54:
53:
48:
42:
41:
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3097:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3037:Heart failure
3035:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3017:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2956:
2953:
2949:
2948:ST depression
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2766:
2763:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2731:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2593:
2589:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2575:Trifascicular
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2478:
2474:
2458:
2457:regurgitation
2455:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2438:regurgitation
2436:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2419:regurgitation
2417:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2400:regurgitation
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2305:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2083:Stable angina
2081:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2000:
1995:
1993:
1988:
1986:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1940:
1930:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1879:
1877:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1777:
1769:
1756:
1749:. 2018-04-22.
1748:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1699:
1697:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1673:(3): 366–70.
1672:
1668:
1660:
1658:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1622:
1620:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1576:
1574:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1542:(4): 336–40.
1541:
1537:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1488:(1): 137–42.
1487:
1483:
1476:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1457:(in Danish).
1456:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1361:(6): 903–10.
1360:
1356:
1352:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1214:
1208:
1204:
1197:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1178:(in French).
1177:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1134:(9): 1226–9.
1133:
1129:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1097:
1089:
1080:
1077:
1074:The reported
1067:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1050:Surgical care
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1027:heart failure
1024:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1003:
1002:ventricularly
999:
995:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
957:
954:
950:
947:
943:
940:
936:
932:
931:ventricularly
928:
927:
921:
919:
906:
903:
899:
895:
892:
888:
884:
882:is indicated.
881:
880:low-salt diet
877:
876:heart failure
873:
872:
871:
857:
855:
852:and very low
851:
847:
844:
840:
830:
828:
824:
820:
815:
813:
810:
806:
802:
801:VA conduction
796:
795:VA conduction
789:VA conduction
786:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
765:
761:
757:
754:
750:
746:
742:
739:contraction.
738:
734:
730:
726:
723:pressure and
722:
718:
714:
711:
705:
699:
689:
687:
684:
680:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
648:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
625:
615:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
575:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
544:
540:
536:
532:
531:stroke volume
528:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
494:
493:VA conduction
490:
489:VA conduction
486:
482:
481:VA conduction
478:
477:VA conduction
474:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
454:
448:
446:
437:
428:
426:
425:heart failure
422:
418:
414:
410:
409:complications
406:
399:Complications
393:
392:mental status
390:, or altered
389:
385:
381:
378:
375:
371:
368:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
346:
343:
339:
336:
332:
329:
326:
323:
320:
316:
312:
309:
305:
302:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
280:
279:
278:
276:
269:
265:
261:
258:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
224:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
198:
194:
190:
186:
185:mental status
182:
178:
175:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
155:Heart failure
153:
150:
146:
142:
138:
135:
134:
133:
130:
127:
123:
120:
116:
106:
102:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
52:
49:
47:
43:
39:
34:
30:
25:
20:
2969:Cardiomegaly
2943:ST elevation
2930:
2916:
2902:
2883:
2796:
2787:Ectopic beat
2735:fibrillation
2570:Bifascicular
2444:
2425:
2406:
2382:
2352:
2338:
2331:Endocarditis
2270:Hypertrophic
2204:Constrictive
2190:Pericarditis
2148:
2136:
2119:
1939:
1929:
1897:(2): 163–6.
1894:
1888:
1864:. Retrieved
1842:
1836:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1755:cite journal
1709:
1706:Eur. Heart J
1705:
1670:
1666:
1631:
1627:
1585:
1581:
1539:
1536:Clin Cardiol
1535:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1458:
1454:
1406:
1402:
1358:
1354:
1304:
1300:
1248:
1245:Eur. Heart J
1244:
1202:
1196:
1182:(4): 224–9.
1179:
1175:
1131:
1127:
1086:
1073:
1070:Epidemiology
1053:
1023:Medical care
924:Medical care
916:No specific
915:
868:
850:implantation
839:implantation
836:
816:
798:
756:vasodilators
707:
654:
627:
581:
554:The loss of
553:
533:, decreased
520:hypertrophic
516:hypertensive
451:Risk factors
445:risk factors
442:
402:
342:heart sounds
319:cannon waves
272:
264:Palpitations
248:(RUQ) pain,
137:Neurological
131:
112:
103:
58:
57:
2835:Romano–Ward
2802:Parasystole
2701:Ventricular
2653:Ventricular
2592:Tachycardia
2509:Heart block
2491:Bradycardia
2317:Endocardium
2280:Restrictive
2241:Myocarditis
2182:Pericardium
1043:oxygenation
1035:tachycardia
1031:hypotension
898:dehydration
812:contraction
809:ventricular
747:are potent
737:ventricular
721:left atrial
676:symptomatic
664:left atrial
656:Ventricular
584:ventricular
564:ventricular
556:physiologic
543:ventricular
539:left atrial
524:restrictive
470:ventricular
335:regurgitant
290:tachycardia
286:hypotension
284:may reveal
282:Vital signs
268:arrhythmias
252:colds, and
240:sensation,
226:Hemodynamic
189:diaphoresis
177:Hypotension
91:ventricular
73:. It is an
3074:Categories
2733:Flutter /
2696:Junctional
2631:Junctional
2624:Multifocal
2597:paroxysmal
2513:Sinoatrial
2482:arrhythmia
2477:Conduction
2233:Myocardium
1934:1969;29-3.
1866:2009-06-19
1351:Ilstrup DM
1307:(1): 1–5.
1092:References
1054:Sometimes
998:hysteresis
949:parameters
912:Medication
907:is needed.
833:Prevention
686:congestion
558:timing of
500:ventricles
462:sinus rate
380:Neurologic
262:related -
260:Heart rate
85:, loss of
75:iatrogenic
51:Cardiology
3085:Syndromes
2992:Pulmonary
2775:Pacemaker
2446:pulmonary
2427:tricuspid
2263:Alcoholic
1076:incidence
1064:pacemaker
1039:tachypnea
1013:pacemaker
946:pacemaker
887:autonomic
860:Treatment
854:incidence
843:pacemaker
710:pacemaker
679:pulmonary
504:diastolic
491:. Intact
388:dizziness
384:confusion
374:edematous
360:palpation
296:, or low
294:tachypnea
230:Pulsation
163:orthopnea
149:confusion
141:Dizziness
119:pacemaker
115:diagnosis
46:Specialty
2858:Asystole
2758:Familial
2452:stenosis
2433:stenosis
2414:stenosis
2395:stenosis
2390:prolapse
2112:Sequelae
2015:Ischemia
1861:16943933
1813:31506854
1610:33907579
1564:29038128
1383:12190701
1329:42141301
1188:12555483
1056:surgical
1045:deficit.
1017:symptoms
1006:symptoms
975:relevant
939:symptoms
846:syndrome
749:arterial
713:syndrome
641:headache
568:symptoms
485:AV block
254:headache
220:lethargy
212:weakness
187:change,
126:symptoms
122:syndrome
79:syndrome
2258:Dilated
2200:Chronic
2008:(heart)
1921:1389730
1912:1025005
1852:1502063
1805:7983951
1726:1334465
1687:9036762
1648:1442632
1602:1704534
1556:2032410
1467:1413181
1423:2316455
1375:6184693
1321:7511223
1265:7821326
1148:9164889
1083:History
760:carotid
683:hepatic
637:abdomen
545:pacing.
456:In the
372:may be
364:Ascites
354:may be
338:murmurs
331:Cardiac
238:choking
234:abdomen
208:Fatigue
181:Seizure
159:Dyspnea
145:syncope
143:, near
2938:J wave
2691:Atrial
2619:Atrial
2408:aortic
2384:mitral
2376:Valves
2322:valves
2174:Layers
2043:(SCAD)
1919:
1909:
1859:
1849:
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1784:Lancet
1724:
1685:
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1041:, and
985:, and
965:. The
956:atrial
935:atrial
805:atrial
764:aortic
753:venous
733:atrial
629:Atrial
600:atrial
560:atrial
508:atrial
431:Causes
423:, and
356:tender
244:pain,
169:, and
147:, and
87:atrial
3025:Other
3009:Right
2987:Right
2601:sinus
2550:Right
2300:Viral
2195:Acute
2149:weeks
2120:hours
2032:(CAD)
1809:S2CID
1606:S2CID
1560:S2CID
1379:S2CID
1325:S2CID
918:drugs
660:right
645:cough
348:Liver
325:Lungs
250:chest
197:shock
171:edema
3004:Left
2982:Left
2599:and
2555:Left
2137:days
1917:PMID
1857:PMID
1801:PMID
1768:help
1722:PMID
1683:PMID
1644:PMID
1598:PMID
1552:PMID
1498:PMID
1463:PMID
1419:PMID
1371:PMID
1317:PMID
1261:PMID
1207:ISBN
1184:PMID
1144:PMID
902:oral
891:diet
865:Diet
825:and
762:and
751:and
743:and
735:and
681:and
670:and
662:and
562:and
502:and
315:vein
202:Low
195:and
1907:PMC
1899:doi
1847:PMC
1793:doi
1789:344
1714:doi
1675:doi
1636:doi
1590:doi
1544:doi
1490:doi
1459:154
1411:doi
1363:doi
1309:doi
1253:doi
1136:doi
827:BNP
823:ANP
779:ANP
745:BNP
741:ANP
717:ANP
413:ICU
358:to
352:RUQ
242:jaw
117:of
3076::
2932:ST
2904:QT
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2533:3°
2528:2°
2523:1°
2518:AV
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