PLATO (computer system)

822: 814: 2311:

of Illinois, Urbana/Champaign (UC). It was designed to assess the progress of the project relative to goals outlined in the contract; provide feedback to the Project and School personnel, as well as to the funding agent; and portray the Project as it had evolved since its inception. The techniques of responsive evaluation and portrayal were used combined with Context, Input, Process, Product (CIPP) and discrepancy evaluation. Significant results of the evaluation are reported under the headings: summary of data, major factors which impacted upon project functioning, project accomplishments, recommendations, and unresolved issues. Eight recommendations cover a variety of aspects including qualifications of staff, on-the-job training programs, and the need for a 6–12 month funded planning and recruitment phase. They provide insight into the diversity of factors that interact to influence the successful development and implementation of an educational program (VT).

262: 1661:, the online testing business exploded. Pearson VUE was founded by PLATO/Prometric veterans E. Clarke Porter, Steve Nordberg and Kirk Lundeen in 1994 to further expand the global testing infrastructure. VUE improved on the business model by being one of the first commercial companies to rely on the Internet as a critical business service and by developing self-service test registration. The computer-based testing industry has continued to grow, adding professional licensure and educational testing as important business segments. 1475:(Farsi), which uses the Arabic script. There was no funding for this work, which was undertaken only due to Sherwood's personal interest, and no curriculum development occurred for either Persian or Arabic. However, Peter Cole, Robert Lebowitz, and Robert Hart used the new system capabilities to re-do the Hebrew lessons. The PLATO hardware and software supported the design and use of one's own 8-by-16 characters, so most languages could be displayed on the graphics screen (including those written right-to-left). 2654:

to non-PLATO systems. It has successfully been transferred to other CDC 6000-series and Cyber-70 computers. This paper outlines the rationale for the creation of such a system, and gives the background of MULTI-TUTOR, its systems structure, and its compatibility problems with PLATO's Tutor. Current MULTI-TUTOR sites are listed along with an outline of the clearinghouses for lessons now being established at Northwestern. An analysis of current cost factors of the MULTI-TUTOR system is included.

1791:, most of them much smaller. In many ways Madadeni was very primitive. None of the classrooms had electricity and there was only one telephone for the whole college, which one had to crank for several minutes before an operator might come on the line. So an air-conditioned, carpeted room with 16 computer terminals was a stark contrast to the rest of the college. At times the only way a person could communicate with the outside world was through PLATO term-talk. 1029: 794:, a physicist at the University of Illinois, suggested a computerised learning system to William Everett, the engineering college dean, who, in turn, recommended that Daniel Alpert, another physicist, convene a meeting about the matter with engineers, administrators, mathematicians, and psychologists. After weeks of meetings they were unable to agree on a single design. Before conceding failure, Alpert mentioned the matter to laboratory assistant 32: 1795:

illiterate students could effectively use PLATO, but those concerns were not borne out. Within an hour or less most students were using the system proficiently, mostly to learn math and science skills, although a lesson that taught keyboarding skills was one of the most popular. A few students even used on-line resources to learn TUTOR, the PLATO programming language, and a few wrote lessons on the system in the Zulu language.

1111: 133: 3157: 3005:. Discusses his relationship with Control Data Corporation (CDC) during the development of PLATO, a computer-assisted instruction system. He describes the interest in PLATO of Harold Brooks, a CDC salesman, and his help in procuring a 1604 computer for Bitzer's use. Recalls the commercialization of PLATO by CDC and his disagreements with CDC over marketing strategy and the creation of courseware for PLATO. 693: 874: 1013:

that computer-based education would become a major market in the future. At the same time, Norris was troubled by the unrest of the late 1960s, and felt that much of it was due to social inequalities that needed to be addressed. PLATO offered a solution by providing higher education to segments of the population that would otherwise never be able to afford a university education.

1653:) in partnership with Novell, Inc. away from the mainframe model to a LAN-based client server architecture and changed the business model to deploy proctored testing at thousands of independent training organizations on a global scale. With the advent of a pervasive global network of testing centers and IT certification programs sponsored by, among others, 1060:

for access to their data center, in order to recoup some of their development costs, making it considerably more expensive than a human on a per-student basis. PLATO was, therefore, a failure as a profitable commercial enterprise, although it did find some use in large companies and government agencies willing to invest in the technology.

1645:), a private-sector regulator of the US securities markets. During the 1970s Michael Stein, E. Clarke Porter and PLATO veteran Jim Ghesquiere, in cooperation with NASD executive Frank McAuliffe, developed the first "on-demand" proctored commercial testing service. The testing business grew slowly and was ultimately spun off from 359: 1542:

posture, embouchure, hand placement, instrument position, etc.) and a set of 35mm slides of young players demonstrating those problems. In timed class exercises, trainees briefly viewed slides and recorded their diagnoses on the checklists which were reviewed and evaluated later in the training session.

2310:

Significant findings of the comprehensive evaluation of a computer-based curriculum in the basic medical sciences using the PLATO IV computer system are presented. The study was conducted by the Office of Curriculum and Evaluation (OCE) of the School of Basic Medical Sciences (SBMS) at the University

1809:

The South African subsidiary of CDC invested heavily in the development of an entire secondary school curriculum (SASSC) on PLATO, but unfortunately as the curriculum was nearing the final stages of completion, CDC began to falter in South Africa—partly because of financial problems back home, partly

1692:

did most of the implementation. This was the first port of TUTOR to a minicomputer and was largely operational by 1976. In 1980, Chen founded Global Information Systems Technology of Champaign, Illinois, to market this as the Simpler system. GIST eventually merged with the Government Group of Adayana

1664:

A number of smaller testing-related companies also evolved from the PLATO system. One of the few survivors of that group is The Examiner Corporation. Dr. Stanley Trollip (formerly of the University of Illinois Aviation Research Lab) and Gary Brown (formerly of Control Data) developed the prototype of

1545:

In 1978, William H. Sanders adapted Froseth’s program for delivery using the PLATO IV system. Sanders transferred the slides to microfiche for rear-projection through the PLATO IV terminal’s plasma display. In timed drills, trainees viewed the slides, then filled in the checklists by touching them on

1389:

PLATO's communication tools and games formed the basis for an online community of thousands of PLATO users, which lasted for well over twenty years. PLATO's games became so popular that a program called "The Enforcer" was written to run as a background process to regulate or disable game play at most

1843:

Cyber1 offers free access to the system, which contains over 16,000 of the original lessons, in an attempt to preserve the original PLATO communities that grew up at CERL and on CDC systems in the 1980s. The load average of this resurrected system is about 10–15 users, sending personal and notesfile

1700:

CDC eventually sold the "PLATO" trademark and some courseware marketing segment rights to the newly formed The Roach Organization (TRO) in 1989. In 2000 TRO changed their name to PLATO Learning and continue to sell and service PLATO courseware running on PCs. In late 2012, PLATO Learning brought its

1617:

The goal of this system was to provide tools for music educators to use in the development of instructional materials, which might possibly include music dictation drills, automatically graded keyboard performances, envelope and timbre ear-training, interactive examples or labs in musical acoustics,

1525:

In 1972, Robert W. Placek conducted a study that used computer-assisted instruction for rhythm perception. Placek used the random access audio device attached to a PLATO III terminal for which he developed music notation fonts and graphics. Students majoring in elementary education were asked to (1)

1101:

Bitzer was more forthright about CDC's failure, blaming their corporate culture for the problems. He noted that development of the courseware was averaging $ 300,000 per delivery hour, many times what the CERL was paying for similar products. This meant that CDC had to charge high prices in order to

1016:

Norris provided CERL with machines on which to develop their system in the late 1960s. In 1971, he set up a new division within CDC to develop PLATO "courseware", and eventually many of CDC's own initial training and technical manuals ran on it. In 1974, PLATO was running on in-house machines at CDC

758:

veterans, higher education was limited to a minority of the US population, though only 9% of the population was in the military. The trend towards greater enrollment was notable by the early 1950s, and the problem of providing instruction for the many new students was a serious concern to university

2653:

The HYPERTUTOR incorporates the ideas of a "hypertext" and the TUTOR-IV programing language used on the PLATO-IV system. The HYPERTUTOR is a part of Northwestern University's MULTI-TUTOR system and runs on a non-PLATO, non-dedicated CDC 6400 computer. It allows the transfer of courseware from PLATO

1708:

CDC continued development of the basic system under the name CYBIS (CYber-Based Instructional System) after selling the trademarks to Roach, in order to service their commercial and government customers. CDC later sold off their CYBIS business to University Online, which was a descendant of IMSATT.

1565:

In 1979, Williams used a digitally controlled cassette tape recorder that had been interfaced to a minicomputer (Williams, M.A. "A comparison of three approaches to the teaching of auditory-visual discrimination, sight singing and music dictation to college music students: A traditional approach, a

1561:

In 1969, Ned C. Deihl and Rudolph E. Radocy conducted a computer-assisted instruction study in music that included discriminating aural concepts related to phrasing, articulation, and rhythm on the clarinet. They used a four-track tape recorder interfaced to a computer to provide pre-recorded audio

1529:

Study participants were interviewed about the experience and found it both valuable and enjoyable. Of particular value was PLATO’s immediate feedback. Though participants noted shortcomings in the quality of the audio, they generally indicated that they were able to learn the basic skills of rhythm

1513:

In 1969, G. David Peters began researching the feasibility of using PLATO to teach trumpet students to play with increased pitch and rhythmic precision. He created an interface for the PLATO III terminal. The hardware consisted of (1) filters that could determine the true pitch of a tone, and (2) a

1483:

A PLATO-compatible music language known as OPAL (Octave-Pitch-Accent-Length) was developed for these synthesizers, as well as a compiler for the language, two music text editors, a filing system for music binaries, programs to play the music binaries in real time, and print musical scores, and many

1114:

A PLATO V terminal in 1981, displaying RankTrek application, one of the first to combine simultaneous local microprocessor-based computing with remote mainframe computing. The monochromatic plasma display's characteristic orange glow is illustrated. Infrared sensors mounted around the display watch

1097:

Norris continued to praise PLATO, announcing that it would be only a few years before it represented a major source of income for CDC as late as 1984. In 1986, Norris stepped down as CEO, and the PLATO service was slowly killed off. He later claimed that Micro-PLATO was one of the reasons PLATO got

1055:

was unconvinced by their ad copy and started an investigation of the claims. In the end, they concluded that while it was not proven to be a better education system, everyone using it nevertheless enjoyed it, at least. An official evaluation by an external testing agency ended with roughly the same

1012:

As PLATO IV reached production quality, William Norris (CDC) became increasingly interested in it as a potential product. His interest was twofold. From a strict business perspective, he was evolving Control Data into a service-based company instead of a hardware one, and was increasingly convinced

1541:

By the mid-1970s, James O. Froseth (University of Michigan) had published training materials that taught instrumental music teachers to visually identify typical problems demonstrated by beginning band students. For each instrument, Froseth developed an ordered checklist of what to look for (i.e.,

1499:

Work in the School of Music continued on other platforms after the CERL PLATO system shutdown in 1994. Over the 24-year life of the music project, its many participants moved into educational institutions and into the private sector. Their influence can be traced to numerous multimedia pedagogies,

1059:

Of course, a computerized system equal to a human should have been a major achievement, the very concept for which the early pioneers in CBT were aiming. A computer could serve all the students in a school for the cost of maintaining it, and wouldn't go on strike. However, CDC charged $ 50 an hour

1549:

Sanders and Froseth subsequently conducted a study to compare traditional classroom delivery of the program to delivery using PLATO. The results showed no significant difference between the delivery methods for a) student post-test performance and b) their attitudes toward the training materials.

1102:

recoup their costs, prices that made the system unattractive. The reason, he suggested, for these high prices was that CDC had set up a division that had to keep itself profitable via courseware development, forcing them to raise the prices in order to keep their headcount up during slow periods.

1577:

Watanabe’s computer-based drill-and-practice program taught elementary music education students to identify musical instruments by sound. Students listened to randomly selected instrument sounds, identified the instrument they heard, and received immediate feedback. Watanabe found no significant

1829:

of the original CDC hardware called Desktop Cyber. Within six months, by word of mouth alone, more than 500 former users had signed up to use the system. Many of the students who used PLATO in the 1970s and 1980s felt a special social bond with the community of users who came together using the

1578:

difference in learning between the group who learned through computer-assisted drill programs and the group receiving traditional instruction in instrument identification. The study did, however, demonstrate that use of random-access audio in computer-assisted instruction in music was feasible.

1043:

CDC announced the acquisition soon after, claiming that by 1985, 50% of the company's income would be related to PLATO services. Through the 1970s, CDC tirelessly promoted PLATO, both as a commercial tool and one for re-training unemployed workers in new fields. Norris refused to give up on the

357: 1734:

received several grants from CDC to implement computer language interpreters and associated programming instruction. Royalties received from the PLATO computer-aided instruction materials developed at Evergreen support technology grants and an annual lecture series on computer-related topics.

335:

and functioned for four decades, offering coursework (elementary through university) to UIUC students, local schools, prison inmates, and other universities. Courses were taught in a range of subjects, including Latin, chemistry, education, music, Esperanto, and primary mathematics. The system

1794:

For many of the Madadeni students, most of whom came from very rural areas, the PLATO terminal was the first time they encountered any kind of electronic technology. Many of the first-year students had never seen a flush toilet before. There initially was skepticism that these technologically

1138:

Although PLATO was designed for computer-based education, perhaps its most enduring legacy is its place in the origins of online community. This was made possible by PLATO's groundbreaking communication and interface capabilities, features whose significance is only lately being recognized by

923:

A hard drive for Audio snippets: The random-access audio device used a magnetic disc with a capacity to hold 17 total minutes of pre-recorded audio. It could retrieve for playback any of 4096 audio clips within 0.4 seconds. By 1980, the device was being commercially produced by Education and

1494:

Between 1974 and 1988, 25 U of I music faculty participated in software curriculum development and more than 40 graduate students wrote software and assisted the faculty in its use. In 1988, the project broadened its focus beyond PLATO to accommodate the increasing availability and use of

1487:

From 1970 to 1994, the University of Illinois (U of I) School of Music explored the use of the Computer-based Education Research Laboratory (CERL) PLATO computer system to deliver online instruction in music. Led by G. David Peters, music faculty and students worked with PLATO’s technical

2619: 358: 1098:

off-track. They had started on the TI-99/4A, but then Texas Instruments pulled the plug and they moved to other systems like the Atari, who soon did the same. He felt that it was a waste of time anyway, as the system's value was in its online nature, which Micro-PLATO lacked initially.

1573:

Random-access audio devices interfaced to PLATO IV terminals were also available. There were issues with sound quality due to dropouts in the audio. Regardless, Watanabe deemed consistent fast access to audio clips critical to the study design and selected this device for the study.

885:

In 1972, with the introduction of PLATO IV, Bitzer declared general success, claiming that the goal of generalized computer instruction was now available to all. However, the terminals were very expensive (about $ 12,000). The PLATO IV terminal had several major innovations:

1840:, by permission of Syntegra (now British Telecom ), which had acquired the remainder of CDC's mainframe business. Cyber1 runs this software on the Desktop Cyber emulator. Desktop Cyber accurately emulates in software a range of CDC Cyber mainframe models and many peripherals. 2285:

Findings of an evaluation of the use of PLATO IV in support of a computer-based medical sciences curriculum indicate that PLATO IV can be used effectively in the creation and implementation of lessons and that it is an excellent host for lessons developed on another system

1044:

system, and invested in several non-mainstream courses, including a crop-information system for farmers, and various courses for inner-city youth. CDC even went as far as to place PLATO terminals in some shareholder's houses, to demonstrate the concept of the system.

1416:. Eventually, over 12,000 contact hours of courseware was developed, much of it developed by university faculty for higher education. PLATO courseware covers a full range of high-school and college courses, as well as topics such as reading skills, family planning, 1484:

debugging and compositional aids. A number of interactive compositional programs have also been written. Gooch's peripherals were heavily used for music education courseware as created, for example, by the University of Illinois School of Music PLATO Project.

1514:

counting device to measure tone duration. The device accepted and judged rapid notes, two notes trilled, and lip slurs. Peters demonstrated that judging instrumental performance for pitch and rhythmic accuracy was feasible in computer-assisted instruction.

1158:

In much the same way that the PLATO hardware and development platform inspired advances elsewhere (such as at Xerox PARC and MIT), many popular commercial and Internet games ultimately derived their inspiration from PLATO's early games. As one example,

1150:

PLATO's plasma panels were well suited to games, although its I/O bandwidth (180 characters per second or 60 graphic lines per second) was relatively slow. By virtue of 1500 shared 60-bit variables per game (initially), it was possible to implement

1768:, which served the "native" population, and at one time had hundreds of PLATO IV terminals all connected by leased data lines back to Johannesburg. There were several other installations at educational institutions in South Africa, among them 856:

PLATO I, II, and III were funded by small grants from a combined Army-Navy-Air Force funding pool. By the time PLATO III was in operation, everyone involved was convinced it was worthwhile to scale up the project. Accordingly, in 1967, the

347:

planned to make PLATO a force in the computer world, but found that marketing the system was not as easy as hoped. PLATO nevertheless built a strong following in certain markets, and the last production PLATO system was in use until 2006.

1562:

passages. Messages were recorded on three tracks and inaudible signals on the fourth track with two hours of play/record time available. This research further demonstrated that computer-controlled audio with four-track tape was possible.

853:. The only remote PLATO III terminal was located near the state capitol in Springfield, Illinois at Springfield High School. It was connected to the PLATO III system by a video connection and a separate dedicated line for keyboard data. 1764:. Mainly this computer was used for management and data processing tasks related to power generation and distribution, but it also ran the PLATO software. The largest PLATO installation in South Africa during the early 1980s was at the 1126:

microprocessors were introduced in the new PLATO V terminals. They could download small software modules and execute them locally. It was a way to augment the PLATO courseware with rich animation and other sophisticated capabilities.

898:, incorporated both memory and bitmapped graphics into one display. The display was a 512×512 bitmap, with both character and vector plotting done by hardwired logic. It included fast vector line drawing capability, and ran at 1260 336:

included a number of features useful for pedagogy, including text overlaying graphics, contextual assessment of free-text answers, depending on the inclusion of keywords, and feedback designed to respond to alternative answers.

2643: 1618:

and composition and theory exercises with immediate feedback. One ear-training application, Ottaviano, became a required part of certain undergraduate music theory courses at Florida State University in the early 1980s.

1526:

recognize elements of rhythm notation, and (2) listen to rhythm patterns and identify their notations. This was the first known application of the PLATO random-access audio device to computer-based music instruction.

1047:

In the early 1980s, CDC started heavily advertising the service, apparently due to increasing internal dissent over the now $ 600 million project, taking out print and even radio ads promoting it as a general tool.

1724:. CERL was closed in 1994, with the maintenance of the PLATO code passing to UCI. UCI was later renamed NovaNET Learning, which was bought by National Computer Systems (NCS). Shortly after that, NCS was bought by 805:

computer. It included a television set for display and a special keyboard for navigating the system's function menus; PLATO II, in 1961, featured two users at once, one of the first implementations of multi-user

1675:

Between 1973 and 1980, a group under the direction of Thomas T. Chen at the Medical Computing Laboratory of the School of Basic Medical Sciences at the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign ported PLATO's

1569:

In 1981, Nan T. Watanabe researched the feasibility of computer-assisted music instruction using computer-controlled pre-recorded audio. She surveyed audio hardware that could interface with a computer system.

3021:. A program officer at the National Science Foundation (NSF) describes the impact of Don Bitzer and the PLATO system, grants related to the classroom use of computers, and NSF's Regional Computing Program. 3111: 1668:

In the early 1970s, James Schuyler developed a system at Northwestern University called HYPERTUTOR as part of Northwestern's MULTI-TUTOR computer assisted instruction system. This ran on several

1611: 1625:

speech synthesizer, and a "say" instruction (with "saylang" instruction to choose the language) was added to the Tutor programming language to support text-to-speech synthesis using the Votrax.

1491:

Peters began his work on PLATO III. By 1972, the PLATO IV system made it technically possible to introduce multimedia pedagogies that were not available in the marketplace until years later.

1550:

However, students using the computer appreciated the flexibility to set their own practice hours, completed significantly more practice exercises, and did so in significantly less time.

2131:

Bitzer, Donald D.L.; Johnson, Roger L.; Skaperdas, Dominic (August 1970). A Digitally Addressable Random-Access Image Selector and Random-Access Audio System (Report). CERL Report A-13.

1649:

as Drake Training and Technologies in 1990. Applying many of the PLATO concepts used in the late 1970s, E. Clarke Porter led the Drake Training and Technologies testing business (today

360: 1566:

Kodaly approach, and a Kodaly approach augmented by computer-assisted instruction," University of Illinois, unpublished). This device worked, yet was slow with variable access times.

1783:

This was perhaps the most unusual PLATO installation anywhere. Madadeni had about 1,000 students, all of them who were original inhabitants i.e. native population and 99.5% of

1428:) devised a large number of basic science lessons and a self-testing system for first-year students. However the most popular "courseware" remained their multi-user games and 1412:

By early 1976, the original PLATO IV system had 950 terminals giving access to more than 3500 contact hours of courseware, and additional systems were in operation at CDC and

947: 1436:, although it appears CDC was uninterested in this market. As the value of a CDC-based solution disappeared in the 1980s, interested educators ported the engine first to the 3072:. The CBE series documents CDC’s objective of creating, marketing and distributing PLATO courseware internally within various CDC departments and divisions, and externally. 1090:. Micro-PLATO could be used stand-alone for normal courses, or could connect to a CDC data center for multiuser programs. To make the latter affordable, CDC introduced the 862: 1721: 1833:

The PLATO software used on Cyber1 is the final release (99A) of CYBIS, by permission of VCampus. The underlying operating system is NOS 2.8.7, the final release of the

935: 401: 1546:

the display. The program gave immediate feedback and kept aggregate records. Trainees could vary the timing of the exercises and repeat them whenever they wished.

1614:

PLATO Project gained early hands-on experience in computing and media technologies and moved into influential positions in both education and the private sector.

703: 2180: 3400: 1806:(SAA) used PLATO simulations for cabin attendant training, and there were a number of other large companies as well that were exploring the use of PLATO. 821: 813: 2702: 1558:

In 1967, Allvin and Kuhn used a four-channel tape recorder interfaced to a computer to present pre-recorded models to judge sight-singing performances.

3118: 3057:. Archival collection containing internal reports and external reports and publications related to the development of PLATO and the operations of CERL. 2808: 1769: 1313:(later ported to the PDP-10/11 by Lawrence, who earlier had visited PLATO). and is believed to be the first dungeon crawl game and was followed by: 1461: 1056:

conclusions, suggesting that everyone enjoyed using it, but it was essentially equal to an average human teacher in terms of student advancement.

954: 939: 861:

granted the team steady funding, allowing Alpert to set up the Computer-based Education Research Laboratory (CERL) at the University of Illinois

2514:

The effect of computer-based instructional materials in a program for visual diagnostic skills training of instrumental music education students

714: 834: 1229: 1390:

sites and times – a precursor to parental-style control systems that regulate access based on content rather than security considerations.

1327: 151: 1586:

By 1988, with the spread of micro-computers and their peripherals, the University of Illinois School of Music PLATO Project was renamed

3415: 3410: 3405: 2972: 1822:

In August 2004, a version of PLATO corresponding to the final release from CDC was resurrected online. This version of PLATO runs on a

1638: 1425: 946:

that offered four-voice music synthesis to provide sound in PLATO courseware. This was later supplanted on the PLATO V terminal by the

605: 2486: 1452:

In the early 1970s, some people working in the modern foreign languages group at the University of Illinois began working on a set of

1717: 1710: 1402: 620: 977:

were given a tour of the PLATO system at the University of Illinois. At this time, they were shown parts of the system, such as the

96: 2911: 770:

artificial satellite energized the United States' government into spending more on science and engineering education. In 1958, the

49: 1905:

CSL Quarterly Report for June, July, August 1960 (Report). Coordinated Science Laboratory, University of Illinois. September 1960.

997:

communications programs. Many of the new technologies they saw were adopted and improved upon, when these researchers returned to

68: 2395:(EdD). University of Illinois, Dissertation Abstracts International, 1974, 35, 1478A-1479a, University Microfilms No. 74-14, 598. 1642: 332: 293: 308:. Many modern concepts in multi-user computing were first developed on PLATO, including forums, message boards, online testing, 1865: 3048:

University of Illinois Computer-based Education Research Laboratory PLATO Reports, PLATO Documents, and CERL Progress Reports

2375: 2151: 1951: 1810:

because of growing opposition in the United States to doing business in South Africa, and partly due to the rapidly evolving

1590:

Researchers subsequently explored the use of emerging, commercially available technologies for music instruction until 1994.

829:

The PLATO system was re-designed, between 1963 and 1969; PLATO III allowed "anyone" to design new lesson modules using their

75: 2194: 2024: 1716:

The University of Illinois also continued development of PLATO, eventually setting up a commercial on-line service called

2432:(EdD). University of Illinois, Dissertation Abstracts International, 1973, 34, 813A, University Microfilms No. 73-17-362. 2323:

Cole, Peter; Lebowitz, Robert; Hart, Robert (1984). "Teaching Hebrew with the Aid of Computers: The Illinois Program".

1488:

capabilities to produce music-related instructional materials and experimented with their use in the music curriculum.

82: 2703:

https://archives.evergreen.edu/1976/1976-26/Alumn_Office_Publications/Evergreen_Review/EvergreenReviewV01N3May1980.pdf

2565:

Deihl, Ned C.; Radocy, Rudolf E. (1969). "Computer-Assisted Instruction: Potential for Instrumental Music Education".

3104: 902:, rendering 60 lines or 180 characters per second. . Users could provide their own characters to support rudimentary 732: 115: 2714: 1373: 676:

an ambitious ICAI programming system featuring partial-order plans, used to train Con Edison steam plant operators.

527: 266: 247: 2086:"MISCELLANEOUS: 2. The University of Illinois, Coordinated Science Laboratory, PLATO II and III, Urbana, Illinois" 1856:-like game), which had both accumulated more than 1.0 million contact hours on the original PLATO system at UIUC. 1478: 64: 2607:(PhD). University of Illinois, Dissertation Abstracts International, A-42/09, University Microfilms, AAI 8203628. 2409:

Watanabe, Nan (February 1980). "Review of Audio Interfacing Literature for Computer-Assisted Music Instruction".

1917: 1394: 2777: 1765: 1598:

Educators and students used the PLATO System for music instruction at other educational institutions including

1284: 364: 53: 2527:

Kuhn, Wolfgang E.; Allvin, Raynold (1967). "Computer-Assisted Teaching: A New Approach to Research in Music".

1377:, PLATO's most popular game, is one of the world's first MUDs and has over 1 million hours of use.. The games 1823: 1155:. Because it was an educational computer system, most of the user community were keenly interested in games. 920:

image selector that permitted colored images to be projected on the back of the screen under program control.

801:

Project PLATO was established soon afterwards, and in 1960, the first system, PLATO I, operated on the local

771: 289: 252: 2816: 1990:"Computers, Teaching Machines, and Programmed Learning - Computer Teaching Machine Project: PLATO on ILLIAC" 663:(set of about 25 commands in TUTOR that made it easy to test a student's understanding of a complex concept) 3280: 1276: 830: 1139:

computer historians. PLATO Notes, created by David R. Woolley in 1973, was among the world's first online

981:(ID/SD) application generator for pictures on PLATO (later translated into a graphics-draw program on the 950:, which had sixteen voices that could be programmed individually, or combined to make more complex sounds. 261: 1989: 1731: 1456:

lessons, originally without good system support for leftward writing. In preparation for a PLATO demo in

858: 180: 2605:

Computer-assisted music instruction utilizing compatible audio hardware in computer-assisted aural drill

1471:

would participate in, Sherwood worked with Don Lee to implement support for leftward writing, including

1975: 1261: 775: 583: 2020:

Two users limit was caused by ILLIAC memory limitation, program could handle more users (pp. 19, 23).

1063:

An attempt to mass-market the PLATO system was introduced in 1980 as Micro-PLATO, which ran the basic

3297: 3067: 3052: 3016: 3000: 3127: 1669: 1646: 1603: 1413: 1187: 1178: 543: 340: 89: 1802:

successfully used PLM (PLATO learning management) and simulations to train power plant operators,

707:

that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.

343:(CDC), the manufacturer on whose mainframe computers the PLATO IV system was built. CDC President 1921: 1870: 1777: 1429: 1270: 1181:

were developed on PLATO from around 1970 through the 1980s, with the following notable examples:

710: 592: 138: 42: 1165:

by PLATO alum Silas Warner was inspired by PLATO's dungeon games (see below), in turn inspiring

3307: 1834: 1607: 1479:

University of Illinois School of Music PLATO Project (Technology and Research-based Chronology)

1421: 1345: 1167: 958: 478:

Common Computer Game Genres, including many of the early (first?) real time multi-player games

325: 211: 20: 1067:

system on a CDC "Viking-721" terminal and various home computers. Versions were built for the

3342: 1803: 1748:

During the period when CDC was marketing PLATO, the system began to be used internationally.

1634: 1303: 1087: 1072: 998: 845:, PLATO III could simultaneously run up to 20 terminals, and was used by local facilities in 798:, who had been thinking about the problem, suggesting he could build a demonstration system. 501: 2443:

Placek, Robert (April 1, 1974). "Design and trial of a computer-assisted lesson in rhythm".

1397:

retired its PLATO system, the last system that ran the PLATO software system on a CDC Cyber

3141: 2875: 2368:

The Friendly Orange Glow: The untold story of the PLATO System and the dawn of cyberculture

846: 842: 344: 1533:

These PLATO IV terminal included many new devices and yielded two notable music projects:

989:

for "painting" new characters (later translated into a "Doodle" program at PARC); and the

8: 2300: 2272: 1309: 791: 470: 2879: 1830:

powerful communications tools (talk programs, records systems and notesfiles) on PLATO.

3076: 2516:(PhD). University of Illinois, Dissertation Abstracts International, 1979, DAI-A-41/06. 2468: 2460: 2348: 2340: 1969: 1599: 1398: 1351: 1336: 1321: 1223:, and also adapted (without permission) for the Apple II computer by fellow PLATO alum 1173: 1161: 509: 305: 218: 2863: 2842: 2167: 3260: 2891: 2833: 2748: 2472: 2371: 2147: 1957: 1947: 1725: 1650: 1466: 1367: 1299: 878: 850: 646: 317: 301: 2302:

Evaluation of a Three Year Health Sciences PLATO IV Computer-Based Education Project

3218: 2883: 2452: 2352: 2332: 1837: 1685: 1472: 313: 206: 1500:

products, and services in use today, especially by musicians and music educators.

371:

PLATO was either the first or an earlier example of many now-common technologies:

3191: 3186: 2925: 2548:

Development and Evaluation of Computer-Assisted Instruction in Instrumental Music

2202: 1453: 1224: 455:(real-time text-based chat, with six rooms each allowing five participants), 1973 231: 2798:

Darrack, Arthur (Sep–Oct 1977). "Yes... Computers Can Revolutionize Education".

2584:

Eddins, John M. (1978). "Random-access Audio in Computer-Assisted Instruction".

1798:

PLATO was also used fairly extensively in South Africa for industrial training.

3176: 2085: 2069: 2053: 2036: 1689: 1441: 895: 548:(30 person multi-player inter-terminal 2-D real-time space simulation), c. 1974 379: 321: 2686: 2070:"MISCELLANEOUS: 4. University of Illinois, PLATO II and III, Urbana, Illinois" 2054:"MISCELLANEOUS: 3. University of Illinois, PLATO II and III, Urbana, Illinois" 3394: 3231: 2393:

Feasibility of computer-assisted instruction for instrumental music education

1961: 1946:. Mark J. P. Wolf. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. 2012. p. 211. 1811: 1757: 1315: 1256: 1140: 795: 763:

increased factory production, it could do the same for academic instruction.

612: 575: 3156: 1536: 1522:

By 1970, a random access audio device was available for use with PLATO III.

3226: 3146: 3096: 2977: 2919:. CERL Report (revised ed.). Urbana, IL: University of Illinois. X-20. 2887: 1761: 1756:, the South African electrical power company, had a large CDC mainframe at 1749: 1728:, and after several name changes now operates as Pearson Digital Learning. 1116: 1051: 913:, allowing students to answer questions by touching anywhere on the screen. 807: 755: 2668: 1941: 1021:, and in 1976, they purchased the commercial rights in exchange for a new 924:

Information Systems, Incorporated with a capacity of just over 22 minutes.

3365: 2945: 2926:"PLATO: From Computer-Based Education to Corporate Social Responsibility" 2895: 2225: 1784: 1152: 1144: 1080: 1018: 943: 910: 390: 2344: 2242: 1787:

ancestry. The college was one of 10 teacher preparation institutions in

1001:. They subsequently transferred improved versions of this technology to 3302: 2464: 2336: 1123: 1002: 982: 974: 917: 760: 451: 146: 2025:"MISCELLANEOUS: 2. University of Illinois, Plato II, Urbana, Illinois" 1495:

microcomputers. The broader scope resulted in renaming the project to

1385:

can trace part of their lineage back to PLATO programmer Silas Warner.

1343:(MUDs, Object Oriented) as well as popular first-person shooters like 1028: 367:

played on the Gooch Synthetic Woodwind, a four-voice square wave synth

3379: 3319: 3244: 2144:

Adding Sense: Context and Interest in a Grammar of Multimodal Meaning

1658: 1361: 1193: 1076: 1022: 767: 751: 485: 304:

distributed worldwide, running on nearly a dozen different networked

2456: 31: 3337: 3208: 3203: 3196: 3181: 3171: 2547: 2110: 1826: 1773: 1702: 1251: 1242: 1199: 1068: 838: 802: 637: 579: 567: 297: 227: 223: 865:. The system was capable of supporting 20 time-sharing terminals. 3270: 1916:

Hosch, William L.; Tikkanen, Amy; Lowood, Henry E. (2023-05-09).

1788: 1681: 1203:

is the first networked multiplayer action game. It was ported to

1110: 132: 774:

had a conference about the topic of computer instruction at the

339:

Rights to market PLATO as a commercial product were licensed by

3312: 1654: 1622: 1457: 1437: 1417: 1356: 1083: 928: 903: 553: 516: 1581: 3370: 3285: 3275: 3026: 3010: 2994: 2973:"How to make almost any computer a modern-day PLATO terminal" 1799: 1753: 1694: 1677: 1633:

One of CDC's greatest commercial successes with PLATO was an

1064: 962: 532:(60-player 2.5-D graphical Multi-User Dungeon (MUD)), c. 1978 309: 3061: 3046: 2252: 1401:, from active duty. Existing PLATO-like systems now include 1274:(a vector graphics-based tankwar game, anticipating Atari's 3036: 2551: 2114: 899: 873: 704:

personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay

300:

computer. By the late 1970s, it supported several thousand

1752:

was one of the biggest users of PLATO in the early 1980s.

916:

Microfiche images: Compressed air powered a piston-driven

3087: 2731: 1537:

Visual diagnostic skills for instrumental music educators

1420:

training and home budgeting. In addition, authors at the

1340: 779: 2430:

Design and trial of a computer-assisted lesson in rhythm

1508: 1307:, including the original Rutherford/Whisenhunt and Wood 2273:"Basic Medical Sciences PLATO IV Project—An Evaluation" 2651:(RIE), ED ERIC, Northwestern University IL, ED111398, 2130: 1359:(Massively multiplayer online role-playing game) like 558:(32-player first-person 3D space battle game), c. 1974 2862:

Smith, Stanley G; Sherwood, Bruce Arne (April 1976).

2715:"Computer Science | the Evergreen State College" 2554:

Document Reproduction Service. ERIC Number: ED035314.

2306:(Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Assoc…) 2111:

Critical Incidents in the Evolution of PLATO Projects

469:, used by instructors to help students, precursor of 2649:(paper presented at the Association for the Develop) 1553: 868: 1915: 1701:online learning solutions to market under the name 1255:, probably the direct inspiration for (PLATO alum) 523:, likely the first graphical dungeon computer game. 56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2308:(RIE), ED Eric, University of Illinois, ED161424, 2126: 2124: 1143:, and years later became the direct progenitor of 625:(2-D outdoor wilderness quest simulation), c. 1977 278:Programmed Logic for Automatic Teaching Operations 1814:, a paradigm shift that CDC failed to recognize. 1517: 3392: 2322: 1943:Before the crash : early video game history 1844:notes, and playing inter-terminal games such as 833:, conceived in 1967 by biology graduate student 2864:"Educational Uses of the PLATO Computer System" 2121: 2299:Sorlie, William E; Essex, Diane L (Mar 1978), 2183:, J. E. Stifle, CERL Report X-50, August 1977. 968: 849:that could enter the system with their custom 772:U.S. Air Force's Office of Scientific Research 442:(General-purpose computer message board), 1973 428:(graphics application generator (TUTOR)), 1975 3112: 2861: 2258: 2141: 3401:Computer-based Education Research Laboratory 3126: 2843:"PLATO Rising: Online learning for Atarians" 2271:Sorlie, William; Essex, Diane L (Feb 1979), 1918:"Virtual reality - Living in virtual worlds" 1610:. Many alumni of the University of Illinois 1588:The Illinois Technology-based Music Project. 1503: 1497:The Illinois Technology-based Music Project. 2564: 2404: 2402: 2298: 2270: 2195:"The History of Microsoft Flight Simulator" 1688:, A.B. Baskin, Tom Szolyga, Vincent Wu and 1582:The Illinois Technology-based music project 1424:School of Basic Medical Sciences (now, the 1191:a top-view multiplayer space game based on 446:Notesfiles (precursor to newsgroups), 1973. 3119: 3105: 3093:: online preservation of the PLATO system. 2946:"PLATO: The Emergence of Online Community" 2840: 2526: 2146:. Cambridge University Press. p. 33. 2109:Steinberg, Esther R., ed. (June 3, 1977). 1639:National Association of Securities Dealers 1426:University of Illinois College of Medicine 590: 131: 3078:Historic PLATO Manuals & Publications 2831: 2726: 2724: 2135: 2108: 1593: 733:Learn how and when to remove this message 615:, the first PLATO 3-D walkthru maze game. 116:Learn how and when to remove this message 2924:Van Meer, Elisabeth (November 5, 2003). 2923: 2841:Small, David; Small, Sandy (July 1984). 2806: 2641: 2602: 2408: 2399: 2227:PLATO: The Emergence of Online Community 1447: 1109: 1027: 872: 820: 812: 759:administrators. To wit, if computerized 754:that provided free college education to 490:(Multiplayer space battle game), c. 1969 406:(music device for the terminal), c. 1972 355: 292:system. Starting in 1960, it ran on the 260: 2943: 2797: 2511: 1709:University Online was later renamed to 1693:Inc. Vincent Wu went on to develop the 1643:Financial Industry Regulatory Authority 644: 635: 603: 565: 3393: 3008: 2992: 2970: 2909: 2721: 2583: 2577: 2567:Council of Research in Music Education 2529:Council of Research in Music Education 2445:Journal of Research in Music Education 2442: 2436: 2427: 2390: 1866:Category:PLATO (computer system) games 1105: 574:; this probably inspired UIUC student 3217: 3100: 2993:Bitzer, Donald L (19 February 1988), 2849:. Vol. 3, no. 3. p. 36 2617: 2586:Journal of Computer-based Instruction 2545: 2411:Journal of Computer-based Instruction 2277:Journal of Computer-Based Instruction 1509:Pitch recognition/performance judging 669: 3009:Gallie, Thomas Muir (11 July 1990), 2370:. Pantheon Books. pp. 186–187. 2365: 2142:Kalantzis, Mary; Cope, Bill (2020). 2035:(2): 18–24. Apr 1962. Archived from 1335:(a medical variation)—all presaging 686: 582:which was acquired and later became 331:PLATO was designed and built by the 54:adding citations to reliable sources 25: 2971:Kaiser, Cameron (25 October 2023). 2785:(revised ed.). CDC. April 1981 2223: 2117:. p. 1. ERIC Number: ED148298. 1133: 961:in 1972, created the first digital 909:Touch panel: A 16×16 grid infrared 881:for a PLATO IV terminal, circa 1976 672:The Procedure Logic Simulator (PLS) 419:(bitmapped picture drawing program) 13: 3066:, Computer-based education (CBE), 3024: 2811:. The History of Computer Gaming. 2770: 2746: 2487:"Visual Diagnostic Skills Program" 2192: 1889: 1743: 1246:by Alfille (from Baker's concept). 674:(intelligent CAI authoring system) 265:A working PLATO V terminal at the 14: 3427: 3416:History of electronic engineering 3411:Control Data Corporation software 3406:Control Data Corporation hardware 2964: 2944:Woolley, David R (January 1994). 2809:"Part 5 – PLATO Ain't Just Greek" 2684: 2666: 1738: 1554:Musical instrument identification 1331:(a western-style variation), and 869:Multimedia experiences (PLATO IV) 766:The USSR's 1957 launching of the 3155: 3063:Control Data Corporation records 2834:"A Little History of e-Learning" 1628: 1298:Countless games inspired by the 973:Early in 1972, researchers from 691: 631:with monsters, trees, treasures. 30: 2740: 2707: 2696: 2678: 2660: 2635: 2611: 2596: 2558: 2539: 2520: 2505: 2479: 2421: 2384: 2359: 2316: 2292: 2264: 2235: 2217: 2186: 2174: 2160: 1395:Federal Aviation Administration 1295:, believed to be the first FPS. 267:Living Computers: Museum + Labs 41:needs additional citations for 2645:Hypertext + Tutor = Hypertutor 2642:Schuyler, James A (Aug 1975), 2102: 2045: 2014: 1982: 1934: 1909: 1898: 1883: 1766:University of the Western Cape 1722:University Communications, Inc 1518:Rhythm notation and perception 1039:-1980, with an IST-II terminal 778:; interested parties, notably 421:storing in downloadable fonts. 351: 137:PLATO running a simulation of 1: 2832:Cope, Bill; Kalantzis, Mary. 2618:Gooch, Sherwin (March 1978). 2493:. GIA Publications, Inc. 2018 1877: 1824:free and open-source software 1672:mainframes at various sites. 1665:The Examiner System in 1984. 1033: 1032:Using the CDC Plato network, 506:(dungeon crawl game), 1974–75 290:computer-assisted instruction 253:Computer-assisted instruction 2512:Sanders, William H. (1979). 2325:Computers and the Humanities 2168:"CDC Viking 721 - Terminals" 1760:in the northwest suburbs of 1197:. Either Empire or Colley's 1007: 948:Gooch Cybernetic Synthesizer 288:, was the first generalized 65:"PLATO" computer system 7: 2090:Digital Computer Newsletter 2074:Digital Computer Newsletter 2058:Digital Computer Newsletter 2029:Digital Computer Newsletter 1859: 1732:The Evergreen State College 1621:Another peripheral was the 1406: 979:Insert Display/Show Display 969:Influence on PARC and Apple 859:National Science Foundation 188:; 52 years ago 163:; 64 years ago 10: 3432: 1678:TUTOR programming language 1262:Microsoft Flight Simulator 831:TUTOR programming language 785: 776:University of Pennsylvania 745: 682: 584:Microsoft Flight Simulator 18: 3356: 3330: 3298:Chippewa Operating System 3253: 3164: 3153: 3134: 3070:, University of Minnesota 3068:Charles Babbage Institute 3055:, University of Minnesota 3053:Charles Babbage Institute 3019:, University of Minnesota 3017:Charles Babbage Institute 3003:, University of Minnesota 3001:Charles Babbage Institute 2913:The Plato IV Architecture 2836:– via ResearchGate. 2603:Watanabe, Nan T. (1981). 2391:Peters, G. David (1974). 2259:Smith & Sherwood 1976 1817: 1504:Significant early efforts 1339:(Multi-User Domains) and 1094:service for $ 5 an hour. 591:Haefeli, John (c. 1975), 462:Screen software sharing: 246: 238: 217: 205: 201: 179: 175: 157: 145: 130: 16:Mainframe computer system 3128:Control Data Corporation 3038:PLATO History Foundation 2807:Goldberg, Marty (2000). 2749:"Desktop CYBER Emulator" 2199:Flight Simulator History 1997:Computers and Automation 1604:Florida State University 1430:role-playing video games 1414:Florida State University 1287:, most notably Bowery's 1233:fame), as a game called 1179:multiplayer online games 965:on the PLATO IV system. 936:Gooch Synthetic Woodwind 661:Answer Judging Machinery 645:Lockard, Brodie (1981), 403:Gooch Synthetic Woodwind 341:Control Data Corporation 3348:PLATO (computer system) 2428:Placek, Robert (1973). 1922:Encyclopedia Britannica 1871:The Mother of All Demos 1268:Haefeli and Bridwell's 863:Urbana–Champaign campus 604:Wallace, Bruce (1975), 566:Fortner, Brand (1974), 326:multiplayer video games 139:fractional distillation 3012:Oral history interview 2996:Oral history interview 2888:10.1126/science.769165 2813:Midwest Classic Review 1974:: CS1 maint: others ( 1776:township just outside 1608:University of Delaware 1594:Influences and impacts 1530:notation recognition. 1422:University of Illinois 1393:In September 2006 the 1304:Dungeons & Dragons 1291:and Witz and Boland's 1120: 1040: 959:University of Illinois 938:(named after inventor 882: 826: 818: 713:by rewriting it in an 636:Alfille, Paul (1979), 611:, based on a story by 589:Military simulations: 572:(3-D flight simulator) 368: 333:University of Illinois 294:University of Illinois 270: 152:University of Illinois 21:Plato (disambiguation) 3343:Storage Module Device 2910:Stifle, Jack (1972). 2283:(3): 50–6, EJ209808, 2096:(4): 41–43. Oct 1964. 2080:(3): 14–17. Jul 1964. 2064:(2): 24–26. Apr 1964. 2003:(2): 16, 18. Feb 1962 1804:South African Airways 1637:system developed for 1448:Custom character sets 1285:first-person shooters 1113: 1088:IBM Personal Computer 1073:Atari 8-bit computers 1031: 999:Palo Alto, California 890:Plasma Display Screen 876: 824: 816: 782:, presented studies. 597:(3-D tank simulation) 508:. Included the first 363: 264: 3357:Affiliated companies 2546:Deihl, N.C. (1969). 2491:Music for the Church 2366:Dear, Brian (2017). 2181:The Plato V Terminal 1720:in partnership with 670:Kaven, Luke (1979), 459:Term-talk (1:1 chat) 50:improve this article 19:For other uses, see 2880:1976Sci...192..344S 2621:PLATO Music Systems 1106:PLATO V: multimedia 1052:Minneapolis Tribune 957:, a student at the 841:, given to them by 792:Chalmers W. Sherwin 564:Flight Simulation: 435:Online communities 395:(PLATO IV), c. 1964 384:(PLATO IV), c. 1964 306:mainframe computers 2779:PLATO User's Guide 2337:10.1007/BF02274163 1600:Indiana University 1162:Castle Wolfenstein 1121: 1041: 985:workstation); the 883: 827: 825:PLATO III keyboard 819: 817:PLATO III terminal 715:encyclopedic style 702:is written like a 668:Training systems; 618:Quest Simulation: 481:Multiplayer Games 369: 302:graphics terminals 271: 186:PLATO IV / 1972 3388: 3387: 3240: 3239: 2377:978-1-101-87155-3 2279:(CIJE), ED ERIC, 2247:, Pearson digital 2153:978-1-108-49534-9 1953:978-0-8143-3722-6 1697:PLATO cartridge. 1684:IV minicomputer. 1651:Thomson Prometric 1368:World of Warcraft 1300:role-playing game 931:voice synthesizer 743: 742: 735: 648:Mahjong solitaire 426:Show Display Mode 412:Display Graphics 365:Minuet in G major 361: 318:instant messaging 314:picture languages 280:), also known as 259: 258: 126: 125: 118: 100: 3423: 3215: 3214: 3159: 3121: 3114: 3107: 3098: 3097: 3092: 3082: 3071: 3056: 3041: 3031: 3020: 3004: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2920: 2918: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2874:(4237): 344–52. 2858: 2856: 2854: 2837: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2819:on July 19, 2013 2815:. Archived from 2803: 2800:Consumers Digest 2794: 2792: 2790: 2784: 2765: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2744: 2738: 2736: 2728: 2719: 2718: 2711: 2705: 2700: 2694: 2692: 2685:Jones, "Tutor", 2682: 2676: 2674: 2664: 2658: 2656: 2650: 2639: 2633: 2632: 2630: 2629: 2615: 2609: 2608: 2600: 2594: 2593: 2581: 2575: 2574: 2562: 2556: 2555: 2543: 2537: 2536: 2524: 2518: 2517: 2509: 2503: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2483: 2477: 2476: 2440: 2434: 2433: 2425: 2419: 2418: 2406: 2397: 2396: 2388: 2382: 2381: 2363: 2357: 2356: 2320: 2314: 2313: 2307: 2296: 2290: 2288: 2268: 2262: 2256: 2250: 2248: 2239: 2233: 2231: 2224:Woolley, David, 2221: 2215: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2205:on 20 March 2016 2201:. Archived from 2190: 2184: 2178: 2172: 2171: 2164: 2158: 2157: 2139: 2133: 2132: 2128: 2119: 2118: 2106: 2100: 2097: 2081: 2065: 2049: 2043: 2040: 2039:on June 3, 2018. 2018: 2012: 2011: 2009: 2008: 1994: 1986: 1980: 1979: 1973: 1965: 1938: 1932: 1931: 1929: 1928: 1913: 1907: 1906: 1902: 1896: 1894: 1887: 1838:operating system 1770:Madadeni College 1686:Douglas W. Jones 1470: 1444:-based systems. 1134:Online community 1038: 1035: 1017:headquarters in 894:Bitzer's orange 847:Champaign–Urbana 750:Before the 1944 738: 731: 727: 724: 718: 695: 694: 687: 675: 664: 651: 642: 626: 610: 598: 573: 559: 549: 533: 522: 507: 491: 468: 456: 443: 429: 420: 407: 396: 385: 362: 207:Operating system 196: 194: 189: 171: 169: 164: 135: 128: 127: 121: 114: 110: 107: 101: 99: 58: 34: 26: 3431: 3430: 3426: 3425: 3424: 3422: 3421: 3420: 3391: 3390: 3389: 3384: 3358: 3352: 3326: 3249: 3236: 3213: 3192:CDC 6000 series 3187:CDC 3000 series 3160: 3151: 3130: 3125: 3086: 3075: 3060: 3045: 3035: 2983: 2981: 2967: 2954: 2952: 2934: 2932: 2916: 2900: 2898: 2852: 2850: 2822: 2820: 2788: 2786: 2782: 2776: 2773: 2771:Further reading 2768: 2758: 2756: 2745: 2741: 2730: 2729: 2722: 2713: 2712: 2708: 2701: 2697: 2683: 2679: 2665: 2661: 2648: 2640: 2636: 2627: 2625: 2616: 2612: 2601: 2597: 2582: 2578: 2563: 2559: 2544: 2540: 2525: 2521: 2510: 2506: 2496: 2494: 2485: 2484: 2480: 2457:10.2307/3344614 2441: 2437: 2426: 2422: 2407: 2400: 2389: 2385: 2378: 2364: 2360: 2321: 2317: 2305: 2297: 2293: 2269: 2265: 2257: 2253: 2241: 2240: 2236: 2222: 2218: 2208: 2206: 2193:Havlik, Josef. 2191: 2187: 2179: 2175: 2166: 2165: 2161: 2154: 2140: 2136: 2129: 2122: 2107: 2103: 2084: 2068: 2052: 2050: 2046: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2006: 2004: 1992: 1988: 1987: 1983: 1967: 1966: 1954: 1940: 1939: 1935: 1926: 1924: 1914: 1910: 1904: 1903: 1899: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1862: 1820: 1746: 1744:In South Africa 1741: 1631: 1612:School of Music 1596: 1584: 1556: 1539: 1520: 1511: 1506: 1481: 1464: 1450: 1440:, and later to 1235:Galactic Attack 1225:Robert Woodhead 1177:. Thousands of 1136: 1130: 1108: 1036: 1010: 971: 871: 788: 748: 739: 728: 722: 719: 711:help improve it 708: 696: 692: 685: 659: 619: 602:3D Maze games: 552: 542: 526: 515: 510:video game boss 500: 484: 463: 449: 438: 424: 415: 400: 397:. Donald Bitzer 389: 386:. Donald Bitzer 378: 356: 354: 232:CDC 6000 series 226:(PLATO I, II), 197: 192: 190: 187: 167: 165: 162: 158:Initial release 141: 122: 111: 105: 102: 59: 57: 47: 35: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3429: 3419: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3403: 3386: 3385: 3383: 3382: 3376: 3375: 3374: 3373: 3362: 3360: 3354: 3353: 3351: 3350: 3345: 3340: 3334: 3332: 3331:Other products 3328: 3327: 3325: 3324: 3323: 3322: 3317: 3316: 3315: 3305: 3300: 3291: 3290: 3289: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3264: 3263: 3257: 3255: 3251: 3250: 3248: 3247: 3241: 3238: 3237: 3235: 3234: 3229: 3223: 3221: 3212: 3211: 3206: 3201: 3200: 3199: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3177:CDC 160 series 3174: 3168: 3166: 3162: 3161: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3149: 3144: 3142:William Norris 3138: 3136: 3132: 3131: 3124: 3123: 3116: 3109: 3101: 3095: 3094: 3084: 3073: 3058: 3043: 3033: 3022: 3006: 2990: 2966: 2965:External links 2963: 2962: 2961: 2941: 2921: 2907: 2859: 2838: 2829: 2804: 2795: 2772: 2769: 2767: 2766: 2739: 2720: 2706: 2695: 2677: 2659: 2634: 2610: 2595: 2576: 2573:(Winter): 1–7. 2557: 2538: 2519: 2504: 2478: 2435: 2420: 2398: 2383: 2376: 2358: 2315: 2291: 2263: 2261:, p. 344. 2251: 2234: 2216: 2185: 2173: 2159: 2152: 2134: 2120: 2101: 2099: 2098: 2082: 2044: 2042: 2041: 2013: 1981: 1952: 1933: 1908: 1897: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1875: 1874: 1868: 1861: 1858: 1819: 1816: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1739:Other versions 1737: 1690:Lou Bloomfield 1635:online testing 1630: 1627: 1595: 1592: 1583: 1580: 1555: 1552: 1538: 1535: 1519: 1516: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1480: 1477: 1462:Bruce Sherwood 1449: 1446: 1387: 1386: 1296: 1281: 1266: 1247: 1238: 1141:message boards 1135: 1132: 1107: 1104: 1009: 1006: 987:Charset Editor 970: 967: 952: 951: 932: 925: 921: 914: 907: 896:plasma display 870: 867: 843:William Norris 787: 784: 747: 744: 741: 740: 699: 697: 690: 684: 681: 680: 679: 678: 677: 666: 654: 653: 652: 632: 616: 600: 587: 562: 561: 560: 550: 537: 536: 535: 524: 513: 497:Dungeon Games 495: 494: 493: 476: 475: 474: 460: 457: 447: 444: 433: 432: 431: 422: 417:Charset Editor 410: 409: 408: 398: 387: 381:Plasma display 353: 350: 345:William Norris 322:screen sharing 312:, chat rooms, 257: 256: 250: 244: 243: 240: 236: 235: 221: 215: 214: 209: 203: 202: 199: 198: 185: 183: 177: 176: 173: 172: 159: 155: 154: 149: 143: 142: 136: 124: 123: 38: 36: 29: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3428: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3402: 3399: 3398: 3396: 3381: 3378: 3377: 3372: 3369: 3368: 3367: 3364: 3363: 3361: 3355: 3349: 3346: 3344: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3335: 3333: 3329: 3321: 3318: 3314: 3311: 3310: 3309: 3306: 3304: 3301: 3299: 3296: 3295: 3293: 3292: 3287: 3284: 3282: 3279: 3277: 3274: 3272: 3269: 3268: 3266: 3265: 3262: 3259: 3258: 3256: 3252: 3246: 3243: 3242: 3233: 3232:CDC Cyber 200 3230: 3228: 3225: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3216: 3210: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3198: 3195: 3194: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3169: 3167: 3163: 3158: 3148: 3145: 3143: 3140: 3139: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3122: 3117: 3115: 3110: 3108: 3103: 3102: 3099: 3091: 3090: 3085: 3080: 3079: 3074: 3069: 3065: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3050: 3049: 3044: 3040: 3039: 3034: 3030: 3029: 3023: 3018: 3014: 3013: 3007: 3002: 2998: 2997: 2991: 2980: 2979: 2974: 2969: 2968: 2951: 2947: 2942: 2931: 2927: 2922: 2915: 2914: 2908: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2860: 2848: 2844: 2839: 2835: 2830: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2805: 2801: 2796: 2781: 2780: 2775: 2774: 2754: 2750: 2747:Hunter, Tom. 2743: 2735: 2734: 2727: 2725: 2716: 2710: 2704: 2699: 2690: 2689: 2681: 2672: 2671: 2663: 2655: 2647: 2646: 2638: 2623: 2622: 2614: 2606: 2599: 2591: 2587: 2580: 2572: 2568: 2561: 2553: 2549: 2542: 2535:(Fall): 1–13. 2534: 2530: 2523: 2515: 2508: 2492: 2488: 2482: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2439: 2431: 2424: 2416: 2412: 2405: 2403: 2394: 2387: 2379: 2373: 2369: 2362: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2319: 2312: 2304: 2303: 2295: 2287: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2267: 2260: 2255: 2246: 2245: 2238: 2230:, Think of it 2229: 2228: 2220: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2189: 2182: 2177: 2169: 2163: 2155: 2149: 2145: 2138: 2127: 2125: 2116: 2112: 2105: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2066: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2048: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2021: 2017: 2002: 1998: 1991: 1985: 1977: 1971: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1949: 1945: 1944: 1937: 1923: 1919: 1912: 1901: 1893: 1886: 1882: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1863: 1857: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1815: 1813: 1812:microcomputer 1807: 1805: 1801: 1796: 1792: 1790: 1786: 1781: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1758:Megawatt Park 1755: 1751: 1736: 1733: 1729: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1714: 1712: 1706: 1704: 1698: 1696: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1673: 1671: 1666: 1662: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1629:Other efforts 1626: 1624: 1619: 1615: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1591: 1589: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1534: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1515: 1501: 1498: 1492: 1489: 1485: 1476: 1474: 1468: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1410: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1391: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1375: 1370: 1369: 1364: 1363: 1358: 1354: 1353: 1348: 1347: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1329: 1324: 1323: 1318: 1317: 1312: 1311: 1306: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1279: 1278: 1273: 1272: 1267: 1264: 1263: 1258: 1257:Bruce Artwick 1254: 1253: 1248: 1245: 1244: 1240:The original 1239: 1236: 1232: 1231: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1201: 1196: 1195: 1190: 1189: 1184: 1183: 1182: 1180: 1176: 1175: 1170: 1169: 1164: 1163: 1156: 1154: 1148: 1146: 1142: 1131: 1128: 1125: 1118: 1115:for a user's 1112: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1061: 1057: 1054: 1053: 1045: 1030: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1014: 1005: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 966: 964: 960: 956: 955:Bruce Parello 949: 945: 941: 940:Sherwin Gooch 937: 933: 930: 926: 922: 919: 915: 912: 908: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 888: 887: 880: 875: 866: 864: 860: 854: 852: 848: 844: 840: 837:. Built on a 836: 832: 823: 815: 811: 809: 804: 799: 797: 796:Donald Bitzer 793: 790:Around 1959, 783: 781: 777: 773: 769: 764: 762: 757: 753: 737: 734: 726: 716: 712: 706: 705: 700:This section 698: 689: 688: 673: 667: 662: 658: 657: 655: 650: 649: 641: 640: 633: 630: 624: 623: 617: 614: 613:J. G. Ballard 609: 608: 601: 596: 595: 588: 585: 581: 577: 576:Bruce Artwick 571: 570: 563: 557: 556: 551: 547: 546: 541: 540: 539:Space combat 538: 531: 530: 525: 520: 519: 514: 511: 505: 504: 499: 498: 496: 492:. Rick Bloome 489: 488: 483: 482: 480: 479: 477: 472: 466: 461: 458: 454: 453: 448: 445: 441: 437: 436: 434: 427: 423: 418: 414: 413: 411: 405: 404: 399: 394: 393: 388: 383: 382: 377: 376: 374: 373: 372: 366: 349: 346: 342: 337: 334: 329: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 286:Project PLATO 283: 282:Project Plato 279: 275: 268: 263: 254: 251: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 230:(PLATO III), 229: 225: 222: 220: 216: 213: 210: 208: 204: 200: 184: 182: 181:Final release 178: 174: 160: 156: 153: 150: 148: 144: 140: 134: 129: 120: 117: 109: 98: 95: 91: 88: 84: 81: 77: 74: 70: 67: – 66: 62: 61:Find sources: 55: 51: 45: 44: 39:This article 37: 33: 28: 27: 22: 3359:and products 3347: 3227:CDC STAR-100 3147:Seymour Cray 3088: 3081:, Bit savers 3077: 3062: 3047: 3037: 3027: 3011: 2995: 2982:. Retrieved 2978:Ars Technica 2976: 2953:. Retrieved 2949: 2933:. Retrieved 2929: 2912: 2899:. Retrieved 2871: 2867: 2851:. Retrieved 2846: 2821:. Retrieved 2817:the original 2812: 2799: 2787:. Retrieved 2778: 2757:. Retrieved 2755:. Tom Hunter 2752: 2742: 2732: 2709: 2698: 2687: 2680: 2669: 2662: 2652: 2644: 2637: 2626:. Retrieved 2620: 2613: 2604: 2598: 2589: 2585: 2579: 2570: 2566: 2560: 2541: 2532: 2528: 2522: 2513: 2507: 2495:. Retrieved 2490: 2481: 2451:(1): 13–23. 2448: 2444: 2438: 2429: 2423: 2414: 2410: 2392: 2386: 2367: 2361: 2331:(2): 87–99. 2328: 2324: 2318: 2309: 2301: 2294: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2266: 2254: 2243: 2237: 2226: 2219: 2207:. Retrieved 2203:the original 2198: 2188: 2176: 2162: 2143: 2137: 2104: 2093: 2089: 2077: 2073: 2061: 2057: 2047: 2037:the original 2032: 2028: 2016: 2005:. Retrieved 2000: 1996: 1984: 1942: 1936: 1925:. Retrieved 1911: 1900: 1891: 1890:Don Bitzer, 1885: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1842: 1832: 1821: 1808: 1797: 1793: 1782: 1762:Johannesburg 1750:South Africa 1747: 1730: 1715: 1707: 1699: 1674: 1667: 1663: 1632: 1620: 1616: 1597: 1587: 1585: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1557: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1521: 1512: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1451: 1433: 1411: 1392: 1388: 1382: 1378: 1372: 1366: 1360: 1350: 1344: 1333:Bugs-n-Drugs 1332: 1326: 1320: 1314: 1308: 1302: 1292: 1288: 1275: 1269: 1260: 1250: 1241: 1234: 1228: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1198: 1192: 1186: 1172: 1166: 1160: 1157: 1153:online games 1149: 1137: 1129: 1122: 1117:touch screen 1100: 1096: 1091: 1079:and, later, 1077:Zenith Z-100 1062: 1058: 1049: 1046: 1042: 1015: 1011: 995:Monitor Mode 994: 990: 986: 978: 972: 953: 891: 884: 855: 835:Paul Tenczar 828: 808:time-sharing 800: 789: 765: 756:World War II 749: 729: 723:October 2021 720: 701: 671: 660: 656:Educational 647: 638: 628: 621: 606: 593: 568: 554: 544: 528: 517: 502: 486: 465:Monitor Mode 464: 450: 439: 425: 416: 402: 391: 380: 370: 338: 330: 285: 281: 277: 273: 272: 239:Available in 147:Developer(s) 112: 106:October 2021 103: 93: 86: 79: 72: 60: 48:Please help 43:verification 40: 3366:ETA Systems 3267:Languages: 2950:Matrix News 2497:February 8, 2209:12 November 1465: [ 1283:Many other 1145:Lotus Notes 1081:Radio Shack 1037: 1979 1019:Minneapolis 944:synthesizer 911:touch panel 877:A standard 643:solitaire, 634:Solitaire: 392:Touchscreen 352:Innovations 3395:Categories 3303:CDC Kronos 3135:Key people 3028:Grapenotes 2984:7 November 2930:Iterations 2759:30 October 2628:2006-04-13 2550:(Report). 2113:(Report). 2007:2020-09-05 1927:2023-05-19 1878:References 1606:, and the 1277:Battlezone 1249:Fortner's 1185:Daleske's 1124:Intel 8080 1003:Apple Inc. 983:Xerox Star 975:Xerox PARC 918:microfiche 761:automation 452:Talkomatic 234:(PLATO IV) 76:newspapers 3380:Cray Inc. 3320:CDC SCOPE 3245:CDC Cyber 3165:Computers 2955:March 11, 2935:March 11, 2901:March 11, 2853:March 11, 2823:March 11, 2789:March 11, 2473:145786171 1970:cite book 1962:794667914 1854:Star Trek 1827:emulation 1778:Newcastle 1659:Microsoft 1641:(now the 1399:mainframe 1362:EverQuest 1328:Dry Gulch 1293:Futurewar 1194:Star Trek 1025:machine. 1023:CDC Cyber 1008:CDC years 991:Term Talk 906:graphics. 851:terminals 768:Sputnik I 752:G.I. Bill 578:to start 521:, c. 1974 487:Spacewar! 375:Hardware 320:, remote 3338:CDC Wren 3254:Software 3209:CDC 8600 3204:CDC 7600 3197:CDC 6600 3182:CDC 1700 3172:CDC 1604 3025:Gräper, 2691:, U Iowa 2673:, U Iowa 2624:. ED.gov 2592:: 22–29. 2417:(3): 87. 2345:30199999 1860:See also 1774:Madadeni 1703:Edmentum 1432:such as 1252:Airfight 1243:Freecell 1230:Wizardry 1213:ROBOTREK 1200:Maze War 1092:Homelink 1069:TI-99/4A 879:keyboard 839:CDC 1604 803:ILLIAC I 639:Freecell 607:Build-Up 580:Sublogic 569:Airfight 471:Timbuktu 298:ILLIAC I 228:CDC 1604 224:ILLIAC I 219:Platform 3271:COMPASS 2876:Bibcode 2868:Science 2670:Modcomp 2667:Jones, 2465:3344614 2353:1185100 2244:Novanet 1789:kwaZulu 1772:in the 1726:Pearson 1718:NovaNET 1711:VCampus 1682:MODCOMP 1680:to the 1473:Persian 1460:, that 1403:NovaNET 1357:MMORPGs 1271:Panther 786:Genesis 746:Impetus 709:Please 683:History 627:, like 622:Think15 594:Panther 269:in 2018 242:English 191: ( 166: ( 90:scholar 3313:NOS/VE 3219:Vector 3089:Cyber1 2896:769165 2894: 2733:Cyber1 2471: 2463: 2374: 2351: 2343: 2150: 1960: 1950: 1873:(1968) 1850:Empire 1846:Avatar 1818:Cyber1 1655:Novell 1623:Votrax 1458:Tehran 1454:Hebrew 1438:IBM PC 1418:Lamaze 1409:.org. 1407:Cyber1 1374:Avatar 1355:, and 1289:Spasim 1221:Netrek 1219:, and 1209:Trek83 1205:Trek82 1188:Empire 1119:input. 1086:, and 1084:TRS-80 963:emojis 929:Votrax 904:bitmap 555:Spasim 545:Empire 529:Avatar 518:Pedit5 467:, 1974 324:, and 255:system 92: 85: 78: 71: 63: 3371:ETA10 3286:MIMIC 3281:Cybil 3276:SYMPL 2917:(PDF) 2847:Antic 2783:(PDF) 2753:iiNet 2688:Plato 2469:S2CID 2461:JSTOR 2349:S2CID 2341:JSTOR 2286:(RAO) 1993:(PDF) 1892:Email 1800:Eskom 1754:Eskom 1695:Atari 1469:] 1383:Quake 1352:Quake 1322:Rogue 1316:Moria 1217:Xtrek 1174:Quake 1065:TUTOR 942:), a 310:email 274:PLATO 97:JSTOR 83:books 3294:OS: 2986:2023 2957:2012 2937:2012 2903:2012 2892:PMID 2855:2012 2825:2012 2791:2012 2761:2015 2552:ERIC 2499:2018 2372:ISBN 2211:2017 2148:ISBN 2115:ERIC 1976:link 1958:OCLC 1948:ISBN 1848:and 1785:Zulu 1657:and 1405:and 1381:and 1379:Doom 1365:and 1349:and 1346:Doom 1341:MOOs 1337:MUDs 1227:(of 1171:and 1168:Doom 1050:The 993:and 934:The 900:baud 629:Trek 284:and 248:Type 193:1972 168:1960 161:1960 69:news 3308:NOS 3261:026 2884:doi 2872:192 2453:doi 2333:doi 1852:(a 1835:NOS 1670:CDC 1647:CDC 1442:web 1434:dnd 1310:dnd 1259:'s 780:IBM 503:dnd 440:Pad 296:'s 212:NOS 52:by 3397:: 3051:, 3015:, 2999:, 2975:. 2948:. 2928:. 2890:. 2882:. 2870:. 2866:. 2845:. 2751:. 2723:^ 2588:. 2571:15 2569:. 2533:11 2531:. 2489:. 2467:. 2459:. 2449:22 2447:. 2413:. 2401:^ 2347:. 2339:. 2329:18 2327:. 2275:, 2197:. 2123:^ 2094:16 2092:. 2088:. 2078:16 2076:. 2072:. 2062:16 2060:. 2056:. 2033:14 2031:. 2027:. 2001:XI 1999:. 1995:. 1972:}} 1968:{{ 1956:. 1920:. 1780:. 1713:. 1705:. 1602:, 1467:eo 1371:. 1325:, 1319:, 1280:). 1215:, 1211:, 1207:, 1147:. 1075:, 1071:, 1034:c. 927:A 810:. 328:. 316:, 3120:e 3113:t 3106:v 3083:. 3042:. 3032:. 2988:. 2959:. 2939:. 2905:. 2886:: 2878:: 2857:. 2827:. 2802:. 2793:. 2763:. 2737:. 2717:. 2693:. 2675:. 2657:. 2631:. 2590:5 2501:. 2475:. 2455:: 2415:6 2380:. 2355:. 2335:: 2289:. 2281:5 2249:. 2232:. 2213:. 2170:. 2156:. 2051:* 2010:. 1978:) 1964:. 1930:. 1895:. 1265:. 1237:. 892:: 736:) 730:( 725:) 721:( 717:. 665:. 599:. 586:. 534:. 512:. 473:. 430:. 276:( 195:) 170:) 119:) 113:( 108:) 104:( 94:· 87:· 80:· 73:· 46:. 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index