Plug-in hybrid - Knowledge

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a fundamental tension between electricity load management and environmental goals as the hours when electricity is the least expensive to produce tend to be the hours with the greatest emissions. This occurs because coal-fired units, which have higher emission rates, are most commonly used to meet base-level and off-peak electricity demand; while natural gas units, which have relatively low emissions rates, are often brought online to meet peak demand. This pattern of fuel shifting explains why emission rates tend to be higher at night and lower during periods of peak demand in the morning and evening.

1171: 12589: 1578: 3622: 2140:. In May 2016, Ford reported, based on data collected from more than 610 million miles (976 million km) logged by its electrified vehicles through its telematics system, that drivers of these vehicles run an average of 13,500 mi (21,700 km) annually on their vehicles, with about half of those miles operating in all-electric mode. A breakdown of these figures show an average daily commute of 42 mi (68 km) for Ford Energi plug-in hybrid drivers. Ford notes that with the enhanced electric range of the 2017 model year model, the average 1205:, which was delivered in June 2008. This demonstration fleet of plug-ins has been in field testing with utility company fleets in the U.S. and Canada, and during the first two years since the program began, the fleet has logged more than 75,000 miles. In August 2009 Ford delivered the first Escape Plug-in equipped with intelligent vehicle-to-grid (V2G) communications and control system technology, and Ford plans to equip all 21 plug-in hybrid Escapes with the vehicle-to-grid communications technology. Sales of the Escape PHEV were scheduled for 2012. 83: 3162:, which uses both energy stored in the battery and energy from the gasoline tank to propel the vehicle, but that can deliver substantial all-electric driving in blended mode. In addition, since the all-electric range of plug-in hybrids depends on the size of the battery pack, the analysis introduced a utility factor as a projection, on average, of the percentage of miles that will be driven using electricity (in electric only and blended modes) by an average driver. The following table shows the overall EV/hybrid fuel economy expressed in terms of 1751: 3913: 3932: 2242: 1302: 4341: 1280: 4570: 3586: 3097: 47: 2220: 2377:(SAE) developed their recommended practice in 1999 for testing and reporting the fuel economy of hybrid vehicles and included language to address PHEVs. An SAE committee is currently working to review procedures for testing and reporting the fuel economy of PHEVs. The Toronto Atmospheric Fund tested ten retrofitted plug-in hybrid vehicles that achieved an average of 5.8 litres per 100 kilometre or 40.6 miles per gallon over six months in 2008, which was considered below the technology's potential. 12595: 3852: 3753: 1767: 1712: 1596: 1438: 134: 1080: 2945:, as these regions include major metropolitan areas with significant variations in their energy generation mixes. The full cycle analysis results were also reported for the US generation mix and renewable electricity to examine cases of average and clean mixes, respectively This 2009 study showed a wide spread of petroleum use and GHG emissions among the different fuel production technologies and grid generation mixes. The following table summarizes the main results: 725: 739: 2001: 2099:(19.0 km), while the average distance commuted to work in England and Wales in 2011 was slightly lower at 9.3 miles (15 km). Since building a PHEV with a longer all-electric range adds weight and cost, and reduces cargo and/or passenger space, there is not a specific all-electric range that is optimal. The accompanying graph shows the observed all-electric range, in miles, for four popular U.S. market plug-in hybrids, as tested by 3812: 3772: 3065:

dominated by coal or oil-fired power generation. As expected, electricity from renewable sources realized the largest reductions in petroleum energy use and GHG emissions for all PHEVs as the all-electric range increased. The study also concluded that plug-in vehicles that employ biomass-based fuels (biomass-E85 and -hydrogen) may not realize GHG emissions benefits over regular hybrids if power generation is dominated by fossil sources.

4584: 1919:; the electric motor's armature is engaged to the transmission, but is connected to the battery so that it runs as a generator and therefore recharges the battery whilst the car is in motion, although this comes at the expense of higher fuel consumption, as the combustion engine has to both power the vehicle itself and charge the battery. This is useful for 'charging on the move' when there are limited places to plug the vehicle in. 3559:(NBER), published in November 2014, developed a methodology to estimate marginal emissions of electricity demand that vary by location and time of day across the United States. The study used emissions and consumption data for 2007 through 2009, and used the specifications for the Chevrolet Volt (all-electric range of 35 mi (56 km)). The analysis found that marginal emission rates are more than three times as large in the 3873: 1023: 3793: 3892: 3833: 1731:) on diesel, while still being both roadworthy and practical. The model is built with a 800 cc (49 cu in) TDI twin-cylinder, common-rail 35 kW (47 hp) turbo-diesel and a 20 kW (27 hp) electric motor. The model is unique in that it is one of the only mass produced plug-in diesel hybrid vehicles and one of the only mass produced diesel hybrid vehicles in general. 4265: 2818:

electrical grid (fossil or renewable, for example) and the pollution profile of the power plants themselves. Identifying, regulating and upgrading single point pollution source such as a power plant—or replacing a plant altogether—may also be more practical. From a human health perspective, shifting pollution away from large urban areas may be considered a significant advantage.

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light-duty plug-in hybrids were sold in 2016, raising the global stock to almost 800,000 highway legal plug-in hybrid electric cars at the end of 2016. A total of 398,210 plug-in hybrid cars were sold in 2017, with China as the top selling country with 111,000 units, and the global stock of plug-in hybrids passed the one million unit milestone by the end of 2017.

2366:(EPA) issued two separate fuel economy labels for plug-in hybrids because of their design complexity, as PHEVS can operate in two or three operating modes: all-electric, blended, and gasoline-only. One label is for series hybrid or extended range electric vehicle (like the Chevy Volt), with all-electric and gasoline-only modes; and a second label for blended mode or 10412:"Global sales totaled 2,209,831 plug-in passenger cars in 2019, with a BEV to PHEV ratio of 74:26, and a global market share of 2.5%. The world's top selling plug-in car was the Tesla Model 3 with 300,075 units delivered, and Tesla was the top selling manufacturer of plug-in passenger cars in 2019 with 367,820 units, followed by BYD with 229,506." 1666:. Retail deliveries of the Prius Prime began in the U.S. in November 2016, and is scheduled to be released Japan by the end of 2016. The Prime has an EPA-rated all-electric range of 25 mi (40 km), over twice the range of the first generation model, and an EPA rated fuel economy of 133 mpg‑e (25.3 kW⋅h/100 mi) in 10341:

country markets are Norway (135,276), the Netherlands (113,636), France (108,065), and the UK (91,000). Total Chinese sales of domestically produced new energy vehicles, including buses and truck, totaled 951,447 vehicles. China was the top selling plug-in car market in 2016, and also has the world's largest stock of plug-in electric cars.

2070:, the top selling Leaf market. According to international market research, 60% of respondents believe a battery driving range of less than 160 km (99 mi) is unacceptable even though only 2% drive more than that distance per day. Among popular current all-electric vehicles, only the Tesla (with the most expensive version of the 1938:

that for urban driving conditions and frequent charges every 10 miles or less, a low-capacity PHEV sized with an AER (all-electric range) of about 7 miles would be a robust choice for minimizing gasoline consumption, cost, and greenhouse gas emissions. For less frequent charging, every 20–100 miles, PHEVs release fewer GHGs, but

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powerplant emissions factor, the middle of the range represented by the national average powerplant emissions factor, and the upper end of the range corresponding to the powerplant emissions factor for the Rockies. The EPA estimates that the electricity GHG emission factors for various regions of the country vary from 346 g CO

3567:, and within regions, rates for some hours of the day are more than twice those for others. Applying the results of the marginal analysis to plug-in electric vehicles, the NBER researchers found that the emissions of charging PEVs vary by region and hours of the day. In some regions, such as the Western U.S. and Texas, CO 2835:

was charged, for example, by using a timer to restrict charging to off-peak hours. Thus, an accurate comparison of the benefit requires each household to evaluate its current electrical usage tier and tariffs weighed against the cost of gasoline and the actual observed operational cost of electric mode vehicle operation.

1047:, produced as early as 1899, was the first hybrid electric car. Early hybrids could be charged from an external source before operation. The term "plug-in hybrid" has come to mean a hybrid vehicle that can be charged from a standard electrical wall socket. The term "plug-in hybrid electric vehicle" was coined by 3999:) with about 174,600 units sold worldwide of both generations through December 2018. The United States is the leading market with over 93,000 units delivered through December 2018. Japan ranks next with about 61,200 units through December 2018, followed by Europe with almost 14,800 units through June 2018. 11148:

Global cumulative sales of plug-in electric vehicles totaled about 1.9 million units through November 2016. The Nissan Leaf is the world's leading plug-in car with more than 240,000 units delivered. As of November 2016, the Tesla Model S ranks next with over 151,000, followed by the Vollt/Ampera

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was the world's all-time best selling plug-in hybrid. Since inception, 290,000 units have been sold worldwide through September 2021. Europe is the Outlander P-HEV leading market with 126,617 units sold through January 2019, followed by Japan 42,451 units through March 2018. European sales are led by

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emissions per mile from driving PEVs are less than those from driving a hybrid car. In other regions, such as the Upper Midwest, charging during the recommended hours of midnight to 4 a.m. implies that PEVs generate more emissions per mile than the average car currently on the road. The results show

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According to the 2010 NRC study, although a mile driven on electricity is cheaper than one driven on gasoline, lifetime fuel savings are not enough to offset plug-ins' high upfront costs, and it will take decades before the break-even point is achieved. Furthermore, hundreds of billions of dollars in

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Three BYD Auto models topped the Chinese ranking of best-selling new energy passenger cars in 2016. The BYD Tang SUV was the top selling plug-in electric car in China in 2016 with 31,405 units sold, followed by the BYD Qin with 21,868 units sold, and ranking third overall in 2016 was the BYD e6 with

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As of March 2016, the world's top selling plug-in electric cars are the Nissan Leaf (over 218,000), Tesla Model S (about 120,000), Chevrolet Volt and Ampera variants (over 110,000), Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV (over 100,000), and Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid (75,000). All figures cumulative global

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The Netherlands, Sweden, the UK, and the United States have the largest shares of plug-in hybrid sales as percentage of total plug-in electric passenger vehicle sales. The Netherlands has the world's largest share of plug-in hybrids among its plug-in electric passenger car stock, with 86,162 plug-in

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emissions associated with the production and distribution of electricity required to charge the PHEVs. Since electricity production in the United States varies significantly from region to region, the EPA considered three scenarios/ranges with the low end of the range corresponding to the California

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compared the operating costs of PHEVs of various electric ranges (10, 20, 30, and 40 miles) with conventional gasoline vehicles and non-plugin hybrid-electric vehicles (HEVs) for different payback periods, considering different charging infrastructure deployment levels and gasoline prices. The study

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will still be available to boost the battery charge. On some PHEVs, vehicle services that use the traction battery (such as heating and air conditioning) are placed in a low power consumption mode to further conserve the remaining battery charge. The lock-out of the electric motor is automatically

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analyzed oil use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of plug-in hybrids relative to hybrid electric vehicles under several scenarios for years 2020 and 2030. The study considered the mix of power sources for 13 U.S. regions that would be used during recharging of vehicles, generally a combination of

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is likely to convert fuel to motive energy on average at about 30% efficiency (well below the engine's 38% peak efficiency), the engine of a PHEV-70 would be likely to operate far more often near its peak efficiency because the batteries can serve the modest power needs at times when the combustion

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allows a fully charged PHEV to operate exclusively (or depending on the vehicle, almost exclusively, except during hard acceleration) on electric power until its battery state of charge is depleted to a predetermined level, at which time the vehicle's internal combustion engine or fuel cell will be

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The battery charger can be on-board or external to the vehicle. The process for an on-board charger is best explained as AC power being converted into DC power, resulting in the battery being charged. On-board chargers are limited in capacity by their weight and size, and by the limited capacity of

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See Statistical annex, pp. 247–252 (See Tables A.1 and A.12). The global stock of plug-in electric passenger vehicles totaled 7.2 million cars at the end of 2019, of which, 47% were on the road in China. The stock of plug-in cars consist of 4.8 million battery electric cars (66.6%) and 2.4 million

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The additional electrical consumption to recharge the plug-in vehicles could push many households in areas that do not have off-peak tariffs into the higher priced tier and negate financial benefits. Customers under such tariffs could see significant savings by being careful about when the vehicle

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for a PHEV-40. According to the same study, even though costs are expected to decline by 35% by 2020, market penetration is expected to be slow and therefore PHEVs are not expected to significantly impact oil consumption or carbon emissions before 2030, unless a fundamental breakthrough in battery

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The optimum battery size varies depending on whether the aim is to reduce fuel consumption, running costs, or emissions, but a 2009 study concluded that "The best choice of PHEV battery capacity depends critically on the distance that the vehicle will be driven between charges. Our results suggest

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Most emission analysis use average emissions rates across regions instead of marginal generation at different times of the day. The former approach does not take into account the generation mix within interconnected electricity markets and shifting load profiles throughout the day. An analysis by

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more expensive. The study also examined how this balance will change over the next 10 to 20 years, assuming that battery costs will decrease while gasoline prices increase. Under the future scenarios considered, the study found that BEVs will be significantly less expensive than conventional cars

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Nickel–metal hydride and lithium-ion batteries can be recycled; Toyota, for example, has a recycling program in place under which dealers are paid a US$ 200 credit for each battery returned. Plug-in hybrids typically use larger battery packs than comparable conventional hybrids, however, and thus

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Using the electric motor's inverter allows the motor windings to act as the transformer coils, and the existing high-power inverter as the AC-to-DC charger. As these components are already required on the car, and are designed to handle any practical power capability, they can be used to create a

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An estimated 2,032,000 highway-legal plug-in passenger cars and vans have been sold worldwide at the end of 2016. The top selling markets are China (645,708 new energy cars, including imports), Europe (638,000 plug-in cars and vans), and the United States (570,187 plug-in cars). The top European

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with 2,736 units, capturing a market share of 6.8% of new passenger cars sold that month. Again in December 2013 the Outlander PHEV ranked as the top selling new car in the country with 4,976 units, representing a 12.6% market share of new car sales. These record sales allowed the Netherlands to

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industry. Design issues and trade-offs against battery life, capacity, heat dissipation, weight, costs, and safety need to be solved. Advanced battery technology is under development, promising greater energy densities by both mass and volume, and battery life expectancy is expected to increase.

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Global sales of plug-in hybrids grew from over 300 units in 2010 to almost 9,000 in 2011, jumped to over 60,000 in 2012, and reached almost 222,000 in 2015. As of December 2015, the United States was the world's largest plug-in hybrid car market with a stock of 193,770 units. About 279,000

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PHEVs save around 60% or 40% in energy costs, compared with conventional gasoline vehicles and HEVs, respectively. For drivers with significant daily vehicle miles traveled (DVMT), however, hybrid vehicles may be even a better choice than plug-in hybrids with a range of 40 mi (64 km),

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Download file "Nyregistreringar december 2014 (prel)" see tables: "Nyregistrerade supermiljöbilar december 2014" with summary of plug-in passenger car registrations by model for 2013 (revised) and 2014, and table "Nyregistrerade eldrivna lätta lastbilar (högst 3,5 ton) per modell:" for plug-in

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cheaper), while PHEVs, will be more expensive than BEVs in almost all comparison scenarios, and only less expensive than conventional cars in a scenario with very low battery costs and high gasoline prices. BEVs are simpler to build and do not use liquid fuel, while PHEVs have more complicated

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charging and discharging cycles than conventional hybrids. Because the number of full cycles influences battery life, this may be less than in traditional HEVs, which do not deplete their batteries as fully. Nonetheless, some authors argue that PHEVs will soon become standard in the automobile

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The Argonne study found that PHEVs offered reductions in petroleum energy use as compared with regular hybrid electric vehicles. More petroleum energy savings and also more GHG emissions reductions were realized as the all-electric range increased, except when electricity used to recharge was

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could create power plants that supply grid power from coal without emitting significant amounts of such pollutants, the higher cost of the application of these technologies may increase the price of coal-generated electricity. The net effect on pollution is dependent on the fuel source of the

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describes a trip using a combination of multiple modes. For example, a car may begin a trip in low speed charge-depleting mode, then enter onto a freeway and operate in blended mode. The driver might exit the freeway and drive without the internal combustion engine until all-electric range is

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Sweden ranks next with 16,978 plug-in hybrid cars sold between 2011 and August 2016, representing 71.7% of total plug-in electric passenger car sales registrations. Plug-in hybrid registrations in the UK between up to August 2016 totaled 45,130 units representing 61.6% of total plug-in car

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Plug-in hybrids provide the extended range and potential for refueling of conventional hybrids while enabling drivers to use battery electric power for at least a significant part of their typical daily driving. The average trip to or from work in the United States in 2009 was 11.8 miles

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using a sample of 21,600 all-electric cars and plug-in hybrids, found that Volt owners traveled on average 9,112 miles in all-electric mode (e-miles) per year, while Leaf owners traveled 9,697 e-miles per year, despite the Volt's shorter all-electric range, about half of the Leaf's.

4847: 1958:, the cells will not burn or release oxygen under any charge. At early 2007 gasoline and electricity prices, the break-even point is reached after six to ten years of operation. The payback period may be longer for plug-in hybrids, because of their larger, more expensive batteries. 10965:

The Chevrolet Volt is the best selling plug-in electric car in the U.S. with 152,144 units sold through the end of 2018. American sales totaled 20,349 units in 2017 and 18,306 in 2018. Combined sales of both generations of the Toyota Prius plug-in hybrid totaled more than 93,000

10249:"Global sales totaled 2,018,247 plug-in passenger cars in 2018, with a BEV:PHEV ratio of 69:31, and a market share of 2.1%. The world's top selling plug-in car was the Tesla Model 3, and Tesla was the top selling manufacturer of plug-in passenger cars in 2018, followed by BYD." 4859:

After the PHEV model was added to the previous generation in Japan in 2013, it was sequentially launched in regions including Europe, Oceania, North America and ASEAN, and has become a leader in the PHEV category with around 290,000 total units sold thus far. (As of September

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Notes: (1) Based on 45% highway and 55% city driving. (2) The utility factor represents, on average, the percentage of miles that will be driven using electricity (in electric only and blended modes) by an average driver. (3) The EPA classifies the i3 REx as a series plug-in

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become the second country, after Norway, where plug-in electric cars have topped the monthly ranking of new car sales. As of December 2013, the Netherlands was the country with highest plug-in hybrid market concentration, with 1.45 vehicles registered per 1,000 people.

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According to a 2009 study by The National Academy of Science, "Electric vehicles and grid-dependent (plug-in) hybrid vehicles showed somewhat higher nonclimate damages than many other technologies." Efficiency of plug-in hybrids is also impacted by the overall efficiency of

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from the onboard source of power. The clean air benefit is usually local because depending on the source of the electricity used to recharge the batteries, air pollutant emissions are shifted to the location of the generation plants. In the same way, PHEVs do not emit

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sales passed the 100,000 unit milestone in October 2015. By the end of 2015, over 517,000 highway legal plug-in hybrid electric cars have been sold worldwide since December 2008 out of total global sales of more than 1.25 million light-duty plug-in electric cars.

1966:(PG&E) has suggested that utilities could purchase used batteries for backup and load leveling purposes. They state that while these used batteries may be no longer usable in vehicles, their residual capacity still has significant value. More recently, 3658:. As of December 2017, the United States ranked as the world's largest plug-in hybrid car market with a stock of 360,510 units, followed by China with 276,580 vehicles, Japan with 100,860 units, the Netherlands with 98,220, and the UK with 88,660. 10592:

Download the pdf file "Nyregistreringar augusti 2016 (II)" (PressRel1608II.pddf) See table: "Nyregistrerade miljöbilar per typ augusti 2016." A total of 6,129 plug-in hybrids and 1,627 all-electric cars were registered during the first eight months of

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engine would be forced to run well below its peak efficiency. The actual efficiency achieved depends on losses from electricity generation, inversion, battery charging/discharging, the motor controller and motor itself, the way a vehicle is used (its

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As of December 2016, the Nissan Leaf is the world's best-selling plug-in car in history with more than 250,000 units delivered, followed by the Tesla Model S with over 158,000 sales, and the Volt/Ampera family of vehicles with 134,500 vehicles

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announced the release of two competitive solicitations for up to $ 2 billion in federal funding for competitively awarded cost-shared agreements for manufacturing of advanced batteries and related drive components as well as up to $ 400 million for

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in the U.S. travel 40 mi (64 km) or less. This target range would allow most travel to be accomplished electrically driven and the assumption was made that charging will take place at home overnight. This requirement translated using a

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reached similar findings, concluding that PHEVs will reduce oil consumption but could produce very different greenhouse gas emissions for each region depending on the energy mix used to generate the electricity to recharge the plug-in hybrids.

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GM officially launched the Chevrolet Volt in the U.S. on November 30, 2010, and retail deliveries began in December 2010. Its sibling the Opel/Vauxhall Ampera was launched in Europe between late 2011 and early 2012. The first deliveries of the

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vehicles. In the case of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle when operating in hybrid mode with assistance of the internal combustion engine, tailpipe and greenhouse emissions are lower in comparison to conventional cars because of their higher

1110:, in Europe. In addition to its engine, it could be plugged into a standard outlet and recharged to 95% range in about 4 hours. After selling about 500 vehicles, primarily in France, Norway and the UK, the Elect'road was redesigned in 2007. 4843: 1523:

said they planned on making a plug-in hybrid version of every model series, and that they expect plug-in hybrids, together with natural gas vehicles and battery-electric drive systems, to have a key contribution in achieving the company's

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In February 2016, BMW announced the introduction of the "iPerformance" model designation, which will be given to all BMW plug-in hybrid vehicles from July 2016. The aim is to provide a visible indicator of the transfer of technology from

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commuter could go the entire day using no gasoline, if the car is fully charged both, before leaving for work and before leaving for home. According to Ford data, currently most customers are likely charging their vehicles only at home.

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have been shifting for several years towards fully electric battery cars. The global ratio between all-electrics (BEVs) and plug-in hybrids (PHEVs) went from 56:44 in 2012, to 60:40 in 2015, to 66:34 in 2017, and rose to 69:31 in 2018.

1655:, which is expected to achieve a fuel economy of 125 mpg‑e (27 kW⋅h/100 mi; 16.8 kW⋅h/100 km) in all-electric mode. The Ioniq Plug-in is scheduled to be released in the U.S. in the fourth quarter of 2017. 2338:

a table showing fuel economy and electricity consumed for five different scenarios: 30, 45, 60 and 75 mi (121 km) driven between a full charge, and a never charge scenario. According to this table the fuel economy goes up to

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In 2007, Chinese car manufacturer BYD Auto, owned by China's largest mobile phone battery maker, announced it would be introducing a production PHEV-60 sedan in China in the second half of 2008. BYD exhibited it in January 2008 at the

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For these cars to be battery operated, they go through charging processes that use different currents. These currents are known as Alternating Current (AC) used for on board chargers and Direct Current (DC) used for external charging.

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is expected to occur in some areas with the adoption of PHEVs, but most areas will experience a decrease. A study by the ACEEE predicts that widespread PHEV use in heavily coal-dependent areas would result in an increase in local net

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Plug-in hybrids have the potential to be even more efficient than conventional hybrids because a more limited use of the PHEV's internal combustion engine may allow the engine to be used at closer to its maximum efficiency. While a

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of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles for several scenarios, considering different on-board fuels and different sources of electricity generation for recharging the vehicle batteries. Three US regions were selected for the analysis,

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km in which the number represents the distance the vehicle can travel on battery power alone. For example, a PHEV-20 can travel 32 km (20 miles) without using its combustion engine, so it may also be designated as a PHEV32km.

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With the availability of hybrid vehicles and the rising gas prices in the United States starting around 2002, interest in plug-in hybrids increased. Some plug-in hybrids were conversions of existing hybrids; for example, the 2004

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As of March 2016, a total of 65,529 units have been sold in Europe (21,052 in the UK and 44,477 in the rest of Europe), 33,730 in Japan, 2,015 in Australia and 259 in the rest of the world, for a total of 101,533 units sold

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In real world testing using normal drivers, some Prius PHEV conversions may not achieve much better fuel economy than HEVs. For example, a plug-in Prius fleet, each with a 30 miles (48 km) all-electric range, averaged only

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For more details see: Xing Wu, Jing Dong, Zhenhong Lin (2014) Cost analysis of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles using GPS-based longitudinal travel data, Energy Policy, Volume 68, Pages 206–217, doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2013.12.054

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per kilowatt hour by 2022. Cost reductions through advances in battery technology and higher production volumes will allow plug-in electric vehicles to be more competitive with conventional internal combustion engine vehicles.

1970:(GM) has said it has been "approached by utilities interested in using recycled Volt batteries as a power storage system, a secondary market that could bring down the cost of the Volt and other plug-in vehicles for consumers". 10177: 6537: 5135:

plug-in hybrids (33.3%). In addition, the stock of light commercial plug-in electric vehicles in use totaled 378 thousand units in 2019, and about half a million electric buses were in circulation, most of which are in China.

3166:(mpg-e) and the utility factor for the ten MY2014 plug-in hybrids available in the U.S. market. The study used the utility factor (since in pure EV mode there are no tailpipe emissions) and the EPA best estimate of the CO 2108:

A key design parameter of the Chevrolet Volt was a target of 40 miles (64 km) for the all-electric range, selected to keep the battery size small and lower costs, and mainly because research showed that 78% of daily

1215:(CARB) modified their regulations, requiring automobile manufacturers to produce 58,000 plug-in hybrids during 2012 through 2014. This requirement is an asked-for alternative to an earlier mandate to produce 25,000 pure 4246:

related taxes on passenger cars as a disincentive. The incentives consist of tax reductions and exemptions, as well as of bonus payments for buyers of all-electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles, hybrid vehicles, and some

1908:; the electric motor is locked out and the vehicle operates exclusively on combustion power, so that whatever charge is left in the battery remains for when mixed mode or full electric operation are re-engaged, whilst 7365: 4761: 1899:

exhausted. The vehicle can revert to a charge sustaining-mode until the final destination is reached. This contrasts with a charge-depleting trip that would be driven within the limits of a PHEV's all-electric range.

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rating in EV mode of any vehicle rated by EPA. Unlike its predecessor, the Prime runs entirely on electricity in EV mode. Global sales of the Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV passed the 100,000 unit milestone in March 2016.

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announced that the company's main emphasis regarding alternative drives in the next years will be on plug-in hybrids. The carmaker plans to introduce 10 new plug-in hybrid models by 2017, and its next release was the

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in March 2010, but because the F3DM nearly doubles the price of cars that run on conventional fuel, BYD expects subsidies from the local government to make the plug-in affordable to personal buyers. Toyota tested 600

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utility vans registrations for the same two years. A total of 303,866 new passenger vehicles were registered in 2014, and a total of 4,656 super clean cars, resulting in a PEV market share of 1.53% of new car sales.

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The cathodes of some early 2007 lithium-ion batteries are made from lithium-cobalt metal oxide. This material is expensive, and cells made with it can release oxygen if overcharged. If the cobalt is replaced with

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In recent years, demand for all- electric vehicles, especially in the United States market, has been driven by government incentives through subsidies, lobbyists, and taxes. In particular, American sales of the

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family of vehicles with 130,500 vehicles sold including over 10,000 Opel/Vauxhall Amperas sold in Europe, the Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV with about 116,500 units, and the Toyota Prius PHV with about 76,200.

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produced by these vehicles in real world city and highway operation based on the EPA 5-cycle label methodology, using a weighted 55% city/45% highway driving. The results are shown in the following table.

2826:. Transmission and distribution losses in the USA were estimated at 7.2% in 1995 and 6.5% in 2007. By life cycle analysis of air pollution emissions, natural gas vehicles are currently the lowest emitter. 2314:, with an EPA rated all-electric range of 35 mi (56 km) and an additional gasoline-only extended range of 344 mi (554 km), has an EPA combined city/highway fuel economy of 93 MPG-e in 1845:

general-purpose AC outlets. Dedicated off-board chargers can be as large and powerful as the user can afford, but require returning to the charger; high-speed chargers may be shared by multiple vehicles.

3984:) through December 2018. Volt sales are led by the United States with 152,144 units delivered through December 2018, followed by Canada with 17,311 units through November 2018. Until September 2018, the 3975:

Combined global sales of the Chevrolet Volt and its variants totaled about 186,000 units by the end of 2018, including about 10,000 Opel/Vauxhall Amperas sold in Europe through June 2016, and over 4,300

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There were 1.2 million plug-in hybrid cars on the world roads at the end of 2017. The stock of plug-in hybrids increased to 1.8 million in 2018, out of a global stock of about 5.1 million

11214:

A total of 52,013 plug-in cars were sold in Japan in 2018, with a market share of 1.0%. The Nissan Leaf was the top selling plug-in model with 25,722 units, followed by the Prius PHEV with 12,401 units.

5872: 1071:

lead–acid batteries in the trunk area and a transverse-mounted DC electric motor turning a front-wheel drive. The car could be plugged into a standard North American 120 volt AC outlet for recharging.

9335: 8539: 1992:

and a lead acid battery in a single unit, creating a hybrid car battery that lasts longer, costs less and is more powerful than current technologies used in plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs).

2042:

and adding an on-board AC-to-DC charger. Ideally, the vehicle's powertrain software would be reprogrammed to make full use of the battery pack's additional energy storage capacity and power output.

2434:

The incremental battery cost of large-battery plug-in hybrids is difficult to justify based on the incremental savings of PHEVs' operating costs unless a subsidy is offered for large-battery PHEVs.

7070: 4002:

The following table presents plug-in hybrid models with cumulative global sales of around or more than 100,000 units since the introduction of the first modern production plug-in hybrid car, the

2053:. Some of the systems have involved replacement of the vehicle's original NiMH battery pack and its electronic control unit. Others add an additional battery back onto the original battery pack. 10759: 7369: 11605: 8251: 11229: 1208:

On January 14, 2008, Toyota announced they would start sales of lithium-ion battery PHEVs by 2010, but later in the year Toyota indicated they would be offered to commercial fleets in 2009.

10471: 7156: 3154:

2014. For purposes of an accurate estimation of emissions, the analysis took into consideration the differences in operation between those PHEVs like the Chevrolet Volt that can operate in

7638: 6725: 6588: 4493: 2495:

of usable energy, and considering that a PHEV-10 requires about 2.0 kW·h and a PHEV-40 about 8 kW·h, the estimated manufacturer cost of the battery pack for a PHEV-10 is around

30:

This article is about hybrid vehicles whose battery may be externally charged. For vehicles that are propelled only by electric motors, using energy stored in rechargeable batteries, see

7518: 10989: 10522: 4992: 9205: 6703: 6201: 10496: 6533: 4496:

will support a large European "electromobility" project on electric vehicles and related infrastructure with a total budget of around €50 million as part of the Green Car Initiative.

1877:, either at low speeds only or at all speeds. These modes manage the vehicle's battery discharge strategy, and their use has a direct effect on the size and type of battery required: 1383:

pack provides an all-electric range of 60 kilometres (37 mi), and the 1.2-liter flex-fuel engine kicks in to allow to extend the range to more than 500 kilometres (310 mi).

10579: 10551: 4971: 12241:

Cradle-to-Grave Lifecycle Analysis of U.S. Light-Duty Vehicle-Fuel Pathways: A Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Economic Assessment of Current (2015) and Future (2025–2030) Technologies

11544: 7723: 5799: 1701:, with an EPA rated electric-only range of 48 km (30 miles). This was the first hybrid minivan of any type. It was first sold in the United States, Canada, and Mexico in 2017. 9368: 1001:

Other popular terms sometimes used for plug-in hybrids are "grid-connected hybrids", "Gas-Optional Hybrid Electric Vehicle" (GO-HEV) or simply "gas-optional hybrids". GM calls its

8034: 6452: 6424: 6254: 1326:, becoming the first production plug-in hybrid sold in the world, though initially was available only for corporate and government customers. Sales to the general public began in 11262: 6647: 6125: 7761: 7608: 3687:

hybrids registered at the end of October 2016, out of 99,945 plug-in electric cars and vans, representing 86.2% of the country's stock of light-duty plug-in electric vehicles.

897:. As opposed to conventional hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), PHEVs generally have a larger battery pack that can be recharged (theoretically) from anywhere with access to the 7548: 6563: 10038: 2762:, found that the gasoline costs savings of PHEVs over the vehicles' lifetimes do not offset their higher purchase prices. This finding was estimated comparing their lifetime 2078:

5-cycle test) significantly exceeds this threshold. In 2021, for the 2022 model year, the Nissan Leaf has an EPA rated range of 212 miles (341 km) for the 60 kWh model.

10442: 8601: 6785: 6677: 10681: 11171: 8632: 6976: 11431: 11135: 10356: 6862: 7130: 6224: 4310:

calls for deployment of 1 million plug-in hybrid vehicles by 2015, and on March 19, 2009, he announced programs directing $ 2.4 billion to electric vehicle development.

3633:

Since 2008, plug-in hybrids have been commercially available from both specialty manufacturers and from mainstream producers of internal combustion engine vehicles. The

3194:/kW-hr. The following table shows the tailpipe emissions and the combined tailpipe and upstream emissions for each of the 10 MY 2014 PHEVs available in the U.S. market. 4937: 4215: 2156:

plug-in hybrids to represent the percentage of miles that will be driven using electricity by an average driver, whether in electric only or blended modes: 83% for the

6155: 4384:

announced the selection of Navistar Corporation for a cost-shared award of up to $ 10 million to develop, test, and deploy plug-in hybrid electric (PHEV) school buses.

4207: 2767: 10729: 10508:

Download file "Nyregistreringar December 2013 prel.pdf" see table "NYREGISTRERADE SUPERMILJÖBILAR DECEMBER 2013" with summary of PEV sales by model for 2013 and 2012.

7272: 7100: 6282: 10818: 8848: 5967: 975:

on the world's roads. As of December 2019, China had the world's largest stock of PHEVs with 767,900 units, followed by the United States with 567,740, and the

9851: 8103: 3694:

In November 2013 the Netherlands became the first country where a plug-in hybrid topped the monthly ranking of new car sales. During November sales were led by the

12464: 964:

emerged as the largest plug-in hybrid vehicle manufacturer in the world. As of May 2024, BYD plug-in hybrid cumulative sales surpassed 3.6 million units. The

7660: 6016: 5944: 4426:

announced a nine-step policy plan for transforming the Bay Area into the "Electric Vehicle (EV) Capital of the U.S." and of the world There are partnerships with

4598: 10879: 9817: 8485: 7044: 6618: 5880: 6511: 4672: 1484:

In December 2014 BMW announced the group is planning to offer plug-in hybrid versions of all its core-brand models using eDrive technology developed for its

12452: 10327: 9303: 6751: 6179: 5697: 9503: 9456: 8506: 7485: 7399: 7347: 10134: 7014: 5394: 5194: 1395:

was released in Japan in January 2012, followed by the United States in February 2012. Deliveries of the Prius PHV in Europe began in late June 2012. The

13125: 12318: 11027: 9034: 6892: 6477: 6340: 4635: 4199: 4193: 2755: 1243:

mini-van, both PHEV-40s with series powertrains, and an all-electric Dodge sports car, and said that one of the three vehicles would go into production.

12462:

Interim Guidance Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles Equipped with High Voltage Batteries – Law Enforcement/Emergency Medical Services/Fire Department

11974: 7330: 7066: 4872: 4844:"Mitsubishi Motors Launches the All-New Outlander PHEV - PHEV Model of Flagship SUV Combines Leading Electrification and All-Wheel Control Technologies" 3691:

registrations since 2011. In the United States, plug-in hybrids represent 47.2% of the 506,450 plug-in electric cars sold between 2008 and August 2016.

13498: 11334: 11311:

BYD Auto sold in China 227,152 plug-in cars, up 109% from 2017. During 2018 BYD Qin sales totaled 47,425 units and BYD Tang sales totaled 37,146 units.

10755: 10646: 9438: 5744: 2302:

for PHEVs depends on their powertrain's operating modes, the all-electric range, and the amount of driving between charges. If no gasoline is used the

2094:

magazine. Providing greater all-electric range adds cost and entails compromises, so different all-electric ranges may suit different customers' needs.

11597: 8991: 7578: 6807: 10264: 9630: 9478: 9241: 12305: 11063: 10707: 6954: 921:. Although a PHEV's battery pack is smaller than that of all-electric vehicles of the same weight, as it must accommodate its combustion engine and 12851: 12418: 12226: 11399: 11225: 10915: 10400: 10237: 10201: 7303: 5676: 4816: 2727: 11626: 11366: 10848: 10463: 9394:"Environmental Assessment of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles Volume 2: United States Air Quality Analysis Based on AEO-2006 Assumptions for 2030" 9274: 7924: 7152: 2136:

system since Volt deliveries began, and with over 1 billion miles (1.6 billion km) traveled, that Volt owners drive about 62.5% of their trips in

11514: 8248: 8231: 7698: 7630: 6729: 4698: 11660: 11298: 11099: 8717: 1129:

announced plans for plug-in hybrids. GM's Saturn Vue project was cancelled, but the Toyota plug-in was certified for road use in Japan in 2007.

12444: 12028: 11874: 11709: 10789: 9520: 8764: 7890: 7510: 7343:

About 520,000 highway legal light-duty plug-in electric vehicles were sold worldwide in 2015, with cumulative global sales reaching 1,235,000.

5357: 4314: 2359: 1259: 10981: 10518: 9946: 9197: 7429: 7241: 6699: 5147: 2844: 10080: 8908: 7811: 6267:

BYD was the first company in the world to launch a production plug-in hybrid; its F3DM in 2008 was two years ahead of the 2011 Chevrolet Volt

6198: 5311: 2363: 2081: 1798:

from its engine only, a plug-in hybrid can obtain a significant amount of the energy required to recharge its battery from external sources.

10492: 5904: 4905: 3702:

The following table presents the top ranking countries according to its plug-in hybrid segment market share of total new car sales in 2013:

1686:

car in Japan before March 2017. The series plug-in hybrid will use a new hybrid system, dubbed e-Power, which debuted with the Nissan Gripz

13056: 11536: 11201: 10612: 10575: 10564:

Download the pdf file "Nyregistreringar december 2015 def" (PressRel1512_def.pdf) See table: Nyregistrerade miljöpersonbilar december 2015.

10547: 10297: 9754:

Fargione, Joseph; Hill, Jason; Tilman, D; Polasky, S; Hawthorne, P; et al. (2008-02-29). "Land Clearing and the Biofuel Carbon Debt".

8936: 4963: 4299: 4295: 3143:

because as their market share is approaching 1%, PEVs began to have a measurable impact on the U.S. overall new vehicle fuel economy and CO

3054: 2367: 2252: 1775: 1247: 905:

and cost-effectiveness when compared to relying solely on the on-board generator. Additionally, PHEVs can support longer and more frequent

770: 12007: 11827: 11464: 9978: 9170: 7975: 7727: 7208: 7182: 6367: 5823: 5791: 5336: 13278: 12520: 9361: 7841: 7455: 6414: 9876: 8281: 8027: 6448: 6246: 6075: 6038: 5843: 3972:

the UK with 50,000 units by April 2020, followed by the Netherlands with 25,489 units, and Norway with 14,196, both through March 2018.

14393: 11254: 9113: 8799: 8743: 6639: 6117: 6096: 4552: 12293: 12165: 9796:

Originally published online in Science Express on 2008-02-07. There are rebuttals to these findings for assuming a worst-case scenario

2370:, that includes a combination of both gasoline and plug-in electric operation; and gasoline only, like a conventional hybrid vehicle. 12202: 8210: 8000: 7905: 7753: 7600: 7540: 5539: 5417:"Coalition Turns On to 'Plug-In Hybrids': Utilities, Localities, DaimlerChrysler Give Traction to Professor's Drive For High Mileage" 4378:

announced it would dole out $ 30 million in funding to three companies over three years to further the development of plug-in hybrids

11566:"Ultra-low carbon cars: Next steps on delivering the £250 million consumer incentive programme for electric and plug-in hybrid cars" 10011: 8456: 6924: 6559: 92:

plug-in hybrid SUV series is the world's all-time best-selling plug-in hybrid with over 1,050,000 cumulative sales in December 2023.

14414: 12397: 11745: 10168: 8327: 7270: 12243: 10434: 10073:"Spatial and temporal heterogeneity of marginal emissions: Implications for electric cars and other electricity-shifting policies" 8597: 6777: 6669: 5269: 1492:

and BMW i8). The goal of the company is to use plug-in technology to continue offering high performance vehicles while reducing CO

110:

was once world's all-time best-selling plug-in hybrid until 2022. Cumulative global sales reached 290,000 units in September 2021.

14248: 10673: 9418: 9233: 9142: 7949: 4206:(PEVs) including plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, and usually the economic incentive depends on battery size. The U.S. offers a 2480: 1723:, a two-person limited production diesel-powered plug-in hybrid vehicle designed to be able to travel 100 km/L (280 mpg 11924: 11167: 8624: 8380: 8070: 5121: 14386: 13491: 11127: 10952: 9905: 9667: 6858: 5771: 5717: 1513: 1160: 265: 11680: 11423: 7122: 6392: 5424: 14428: 14407: 14400: 12283: 9624: 9591: 9164: 8667: 8507:"Atlanta's Incentives Lift Electric Car Sales Tax Credit, Cheap Power Help Make Georgia Capitol a Hotbed for Battery Buggies" 7783: 5514: 11572: 9393: 9014: 8964: 7092: 6147: 5219: 2449:, a plug-in hybrid with a range of 10 mi (16 km) is the least costly option even if the battery cost is $ 200/kWh. 2389:) in a 17,000-mile (27,000 km) test in Seattle, and similar results with the same kind of conversion battery models at 971:

As of December 2019, the global stock of PHEVs totalled 2.4 million units, representing one-third of the stock of

14580: 14442: 14421: 12942: 12844: 12407: 12398:

Plugging into the Grid: How Plug-In Hybrid-Electric Vehicles Can Help Break America's Oil Addiction and Slow Global Warming

12144: 12115: 12086: 12057: 11953: 11806: 8352: 8154: 7279: 6290: 3556: 3221: 3163: 3128: 2303: 2205: 2075: 12450:

Interim Guidance Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles Equipped with High Voltage Batteries – Vehicle Owner/General Public

12315: 11489: 10814: 9975:"EPA Trends on EVs and PHEVs; beginning of a "measurable and meaningful impact" on new vehicle fuel economy and emissions" 9050: 8880: 8133: 5988: 5964: 5590: 14449: 14435: 12461: 9843: 8845: 8436: 8303: 7876: 6058: 5873:"Ford Motor Company – Press Release – Ford Motor Company Delivers Flexible Fuel, Plug-In Vehicle to Department of Energy" 5244: 1825: 10001:"Model Year 2014 Fuel Economy Guide – Electric vehicles & Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (updated September 2014)" 6013: 5561: 3150:

EPA's report included the analysis of 12 all-electric passengers cars and 10 plug-in hybrids available in the market as

1118:

conversion of a Prius to add lead acid batteries and a range of up to 15 km (9 mi) using only electric power.

12820: 11777: 8826: 8540:"Gauging interest for plug-in hybrid and electric vehicles in select markets: Alternative powertrain survey highlights" 8412: 4603: 4170: 3981: 2351: 2248: 2226: 1829: 1542: 1509: 9079: 8028:"Impact of battery weight and charging patterns on the economic and environmental benefits of plug-in hybrid vehicles" 6832: 4558:

FPL and Duke Energy has said that by 2020 all new purchases of fleet vehicles will be plug-in hybrid or all-electric.

2874:, the electricity used to recharge the batteries must be generated from zero-emission sources such as renewable (e.g. 2723:

government subsidies and incentives are likely to be required to achieve rapid plug-in market penetration in the U.S.

1679:

sales in China reached the 50,000 unit milestone in April 2016, becoming the fourth plug-in hybrid to pass that mark.

13484: 13085: 12649: 12573: 12363: 12334: 12265: 10872: 9810: 9401: 9397: 7036: 5475: 4678: 4621: 4485: 938: 592: 412: 133: 10170: 8477: 14575: 14570: 12805: 12745: 10097: 8572: 6984: 6610: 1963: 1663: 1538: 763: 200: 12449: 10278:

Global light-duty plug-in vehicles sales totaled almost 775,000 units in 2016, of which, 36% were plug-in hybrids.

8177: 6755: 6507: 4321:

and for 2 or 3 wheel vehicles. The ultimate total included in the Act that is going to PHEVs is over $ 6 billion.

13100: 12837: 12513: 12230: 11903: 11856: 10319: 9296: 8687: 8514: 7477: 6534:"Prius Plug-In Hybrid On Sale January in Japan – Charging Stations at 5,500 Dealerships and Car Rental Locations" 6176: 5694: 5449: 4646: 4548: 4524: 4489: 2445:

per gallon, the number of drivers who benefit from a larger battery increases significantly. If the gas price is

2374: 2038:

of an existing production hybrid to a plug-in hybrid typically involves increasing the capacity of the vehicle's

1989: 1255: 1048: 456: 12411: 10169:

International Energy Agency (IEA), Clean Energy Ministerial, and Electric Vehicles Initiative (EVI) (May 2018).

10126: 9498: 8095: 7391: 7344: 7271:

International Energy Agency (IEA), Clean Energy Ministerial, and Electric Vehicles Initiative (EVI) (May 2016).

7006: 5086: 5062: 5038: 4785: 3951:(1) Market share of highway-capable plug-in hybrids as percentage of total new car sales in the country in 2013. 14549: 13014: 12383:"CMU team finds regional temperature differences have significant impact on EV efficiency, range and emissions" 5633: 5390: 5186: 4330: 1955: 1212: 100: 14306: 11019: 9031: 6884: 6485: 6337: 6317: 2890:

for PEVs to have almost none or zero well-to-wheel emissions. On the other hand, when PEVs are recharged from

14202: 13678: 13404: 13115: 11982: 10421: 7322: 4630: 4435: 3074: 2422: 1422:

began in February 2013. BYD Auto stopped production of its BYD F3DM due to low sales, and its successor, the

1323: 285: 13009: 11326: 10638: 5737: 5014: 14208: 13200: 12401: 8988: 7570: 6811: 4509: 4477: 4466: 4227: 2195: 1821: 10260: 9470: 9237: 6946: 13418: 12927: 12412:

Application of Life-Cycle Assessment to Nanoscale Technology: Lithium-ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles

12302: 12298: 12289: 12236: 11055: 10703: 10392: 10229: 5113: 4392: 4318: 3992: 3467: 3417: 3392: 3079: 3078:

coal, natural gas and nuclear energy, and to a lesser extent renewable energy. A 2010 study conducted at

3048: 2917: 2900: 2823: 2607: 2299: 2046: 2017: 1790:

is propelled both by its internal combustion engine and by electric motors operating concurrently, and a

1771: 1671: 1454: 1442: 1407: 1392: 1335: 902: 756: 12353: 11391: 10907: 9940:"Light-Duty Automotive Technology, Carbon Dioxide Emissions, and Fuel Economy Trends: 1975 Through 2014" 9899:"Well-to-Wheels Analysis of Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles" 9614: 8765:"Light-Duty Automotive Technology, Carbon Dioxide Emissions, and Fuel Economy Trends: 1975 Through 2015" 5680: 4812: 2813:

emissions, given emissions levels from most coal plants currently supplying power to the grid. Although

1617:

to the BMW core brand. The new designation will be used first on the plug-in hybrid variants of the new

14585: 14466: 14268: 13411: 13167: 12506: 11633: 11358: 10840: 10039:"The ZEV's invisible tailpipe – Are zero-emission vehicles cleaner than petrol cars? It all depends..." 4544: 4505: 4353: 3695: 2960: 2895: 2457: 1984:, in order to keep batteries within safe resistive heating limits and extend battery life. The CSIRO's 1745: 1411: 1194: 1190: 1017: 812: 626: 11510: 9694:"Use of U.S. Croplands for Biofuels Increases Greenhouse Gases Through Emissions from Land-Use Change" 8709: 7690: 4175:(2) Sales in China only. BYD Qin total does not include sales of the all-electric variant (Qin EV300). 14242: 13258: 12492: 11657: 11290: 11091: 9939: 9661:"Well-to-Wheels Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Analysis of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles" 5654: 5291: 4532: 4163:

about 10,000 Vauxhall/Opel Ampera and 1,750 Volts sold in Europe, 246 Holden Volt sold in Australia,

4048: 3968: 3637:, released in China in December 2008, was the first production plug-in hybrid sold in the world. The 2739: 2713:

with a larger battery pack. The Prius Plug-in estimated all-electric range is 23 km (14.5 miles)

2536: 2279:

of battery capacity in use will displace up to 50 U.S. gallons (190 L; 42 imp gal) of

2177: 1240: 957: 922: 729: 305: 107: 12488: 12032: 10781: 9528: 8771: 7421: 5365: 4434:

and others are also advancing. The first charging stations went up in San Jose (more information in

2957:

for an all-electric range between 10 and 40 miles (16 and 64 km) with different on-board fuels.

14197: 14153: 13655: 13120: 13078: 12860: 12729: 12724: 12624: 12614: 12423: 11904:"Department of Energy and Sweden Sign MOU to Advance Market Integration of Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles" 9266: 9110:"Study finds energy savings of PHEVs relative to HEVs dependent on charging coverage and daily VMT" 7233: 6036:"Preliminary Summary of Air Resources Board Action (3/27/08) – Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) Program" 5158: 4692: 4536: 4279: 4248: 4243: 4203: 3674: 3665: 3140: 3136: 2929: 2775: 2470: 2035: 1928: 1889: 1795: 1698: 1683: 1474: 1400: 1345: 1251: 1051: 883: 863: 800: 678: 616: 290: 245: 235: 165: 35: 31: 11882: 11717: 10802:

Around 1,800 Tesla Roadsters and 1,600 Fisker Karmas had been sold in the U.S. by the end of 2013.

9998: 8904: 8870: 7807: 6315:"Warren Buffett's Electric Car Hits the Chinese Market, But Rollout Delayed For U.S. & Europe" 14278: 14253: 13872: 13340: 13299: 13105: 13068: 12609: 12382: 11193: 7254:

About 102,000 units of the Volt/Ampera family have been sold worldwide by the end of October 2015

6919: 5912: 4901: 4713: 4462: 4375: 4325: 2976: 2854: 2456:

can reduce charging time, they contribute little to energy cost savings for PHEVs, as opposed to

2005: 1939: 1708:

in the United States and Canada, with an EPA rated electric-only range of 76 km (47 miles).

1179: 1167:)-based batteries instead of lithium-ion, and can be recharged to 70% of capacity in 10 minutes. 796: 743: 621: 611: 315: 250: 14057: 11857:"Department of Energy – DOE Announces $ 30 Million for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Projects" 10604: 10521:[New registrations in December 2014 (preliminar)] (in Swedish). Bil Sweden. 2015-01-02. 10289: 8932: 8905:"Volt receives EPA ratings and label: 93 mpg-e all-electric, 37 mpg gas-only, 60 mpg-e combined" 4302:, signed into law on October 3, 2008, grants a tax credits for the purchase of PHEVs. President 2326:) in gasoline-only mode, for an overall combined gas-electric fuel economy rating of 60 mpg 14501: 14273: 14183: 14110: 13683: 13465: 13304: 13142: 12981: 12922: 12765: 12714: 12003: 9974: 9583: 9577: 9146: 8659: 8453: 7967: 7204: 7178: 6363: 5332: 4660: 4431: 4307: 2867: 1720: 1648: 1216: 1170: 707: 516: 501: 449: 310: 230: 13599: 12284:

Driving Electrification – A Global Comparison of Fiscal Incentive Policy for Electric Vehicles

11456: 9897:

Amgad Elgowainy; J. Han; L. Poch; M. Wang; A. Vyas; M. Mahalik & A. Rousseau (June 2010).

8273: 7833: 7451: 14002: 13867: 13622: 13335: 13263: 13215: 13090: 12435: 12429: 12079:"Obama's Briefing; Sandalow To DOE; Automaker News; Nat'l Wildlife Federation Embraces PHEVs" 11975:"Climate Change – What are we doing about it in Washington State? – Electrify Transportation" 11835: 10756:"Netherlands December 2013: Mitsubishi Outlander at 12.7% share, Volvo V40 and V60 on podium" 10361: 9872: 6035: 5937:"Ford Unveils 'Intelligent' System for Plug-In Hybrids To Communicate with the Electric Grid" 5851: 5820: 5506: 5500: 2971: 2952: 2925: 2849:

The effect of PHEVs on greenhouse emissions is complex. Plug-in hybrid vehicles operating on

2814: 2418: 1946: 1652: 1636: 1630: 1622: 1550: 1266:

and the credit phases out after the automaker has sold at least 200,000 vehicles in the U.S.

1064: 933:, akin to a conventional HEV if the battery charge is depleted. This feature helps alleviate 551: 496: 486: 325: 240: 12588: 9109: 8739: 6088: 4734: 1782:

PHEVs are based on the same three basic powertrain architectures of conventional hybrids; a

1496:

emissions below 100g/km. At the time of the announcement the carmaker was already testing a

14496: 14460: 13460: 13044: 12173: 9763: 9705: 7909: 4528: 4411: 4398: 4333:

demonstration and deployment projects. This announcement will also help meet the President

3655: 2088:, in miles, for several popular model year 2013 plug-in hybrids, as observed in testing by 2067: 1909: 972: 685: 580: 424: 330: 190: 17: 12194: 11168:"Toyota sells 1.52 million electrified vehicles in 2017, three years ahead of 2020 target" 8527:

Atlanta has been the top U.S. market for Nissan's Leaf car for eight of the past 10 months

8206: 8009: 6914: 1577: 8: 14354: 14075: 13887: 13632: 13309: 12568: 11226:"46% of Toyota Motor Europe (TME) sales in H1 are self-charging hybrid electric vehicles" 10000: 8373: 6419: 5531: 4419: 3621: 2871: 2453: 2115: 1691: 1558: 1505: 1478: 1083: 506: 372: 355: 300: 155: 143: 11738: 10815:"Electric vehicle market share in 19 countries – Plug-in Hybrid EV Market Share in 2013" 10550:[New Registrations December 2015 (final)] (in Swedish). Bil Sweden. 2016-01-04. 10495:[New registrations in December 2013 prel] (in Swedish). Bil Sweden. 2014-01-02. 9767: 9744:

by Wang and Haq. There are critics to these findings for assuming a worst-case scenario.

9709: 8324: 5265: 3599:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

3110:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

2291:). Also, electricity is multi-sourced and, as a result, it gives the greatest degree of 1391:

took place in July 2011, and deliveries to retail customers began in November 2011. The

1349: 60:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

34:. For the more general category of vehicles with plug-in rechargeable capabilities, see 14486: 14364: 14336: 14080: 14012: 13516: 12976: 12655: 12240: 9787: 9731: 9450: 9148:

Transitions to Alternative Transportation Technologies—Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles

6700:"Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV On Sale In Japan Today, Extended Promotional Video Released" 4666: 4441: 4158: 3996: 3367: 3206:

for the MY 2014 plug-in hybrids available in the U.S. market as of September 2014

3170: 2759: 2335: 2161: 2141: 2085: 1750: 1659: 1584: 1565: 1470: 1419: 1332: 1044: 1027: 828: 816: 387: 215: 125: 9521:"Question: Where can I find data on electricity transmission and distribution losses?" 9415: 8961:"Fact Sheet: New Fuel Economy and Environment Labels for a New Generation of Vehicles" 7953: 6056:"ARB passes new ZEV amendment – Measure could produce 65,000 cleaner vehicles by 2012" 1849:

very powerful form of on-board charger with no significant additional weight or size.

1500:

plug-in hybrid prototype. The first model available for retail sales will be the 2016

14511: 14374: 14359: 14346: 14326: 14301: 14145: 13382: 13248: 13095: 13019: 12951: 12876: 12629: 12543: 12369: 12359: 12340: 12330: 12271: 12261: 12255: 11928: 10195: 9791: 9779: 9723: 9620: 9610: 9587: 9367:. Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Kennedy School of Government. 9338:. Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Kennedy School of Government. 9160: 8663: 8059: 7297: 5629: 5510: 5117: 3642: 3342: 3155: 2850: 2810: 2763: 2315: 2292: 2241: 2137: 2101: 2090: 2009: 1874: 1866: 1667: 1644: 1396: 1356: 1137: 1133: 461: 377: 11925:"Mayors Aim to Make San Francisco Bay Area the Electric Vehicle Capital of the U.S." 10982:"Nissan's Quarter-Millionth Leaf Means It's The Best-Selling Plug-in Car In History" 10944: 9898: 9811:"Potential Impacts of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles on Regional Power Generation" 9735: 9660: 9550: 5768: 5714: 5416: 4451:'s proposal for a state $ 5,000 tax credit for PHEVs in "non-attainment" communities 14316: 14263: 14193: 14090: 13967: 13797: 13273: 13253: 13220: 13073: 13024: 12996: 12894: 12693: 12688: 12645: 12558: 12529: 11688: 10578:[New Registrations August 2016 (II)] (in Swedish). Bil Sweden. 2016-09-01. 10089: 9771: 9713: 9152: 6388: 5738:"Drive the Future with Fisker Automotive, A New Green American Premium Car Company" 5303: 4540: 4090: 3669:

Evolution of the ratio between global sales of BEVs and PHEVs between 2011 and 2023

3159: 3133:

Light-Duty Automotive Technology, Carbon Dioxide Emissions, and Fuel Economy Trends

2999: 2938: 2883: 2859: 2414: 2173: 2150:

Light-Duty Automotive Technology, Carbon Dioxide Emissions, and Fuel Economy Trends

1932: 1862: 1810: 1183: 1163:

in Detroit. Based on BYD's midsize F6 sedan, it uses lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO

906: 867: 856: 568: 563: 397: 382: 343: 295: 270: 210: 13917: 12250:(includes estimated cost of avoided GHG emissions from BEVs and PHEVs), June 2016. 11347:

During 2017, BYD Qin sales totaled 20,738 units and BYD Tang totaled 14,592 units.

9011: 8571:. U.S. Department of Transportation – Federal Highway Administration. p. 13. 8161:(Press release). Nano Science and Technology Institute. 2006-09-07. Archived from 7862: 6810:[BYD Presents its Hybrid Car Qin] (in Spanish). Puro Motor. Archived from 1457:

began deliveries in the U.S. in November 2013. The first retail deliveries of the

82: 14506: 14331: 14321: 14311: 13942: 13450: 13440: 13330: 12966: 12660: 12468: 12456: 12327:

Two Cents per Mile: Will President Obama Make it Happen With the Stroke of a Pen?

12309: 12247: 11664: 11565: 10464:"2012 (Full Year) Sweden: Best-Selling Electric Cars & Plug-In Hybrid Models" 9999:

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy (2014-09-10).

9659:

A. Elgowainy; A. Burnham; M. Wang; J. Molburg & A. Rousseau (February 2009).

9573: 9507: 9422: 9238:"Plug-In Hybrid Vehicle Costs Likely to Remain High, Benefits Modest for Decades" 9038: 9018: 8995: 8960: 8871:

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy (2011-05-27).

8852: 8830: 8440: 8331: 8255: 8155:"Altair Nanotechnologies Details Long Life Features of its Nano Titanate Battery" 7351: 6344: 6321: 6205: 6183: 6062: 6042: 6020: 5975: 5971: 5827: 5775: 5721: 5701: 5569: 5496: 5292:"Sustainable transportation based on electric vehicle concepts: a brief overview" 5215: 4930:"BYD Auto to Offer F3DM Plug-in Hybrid to Chinese Individuals Starting Next Week" 4683: 4520: 4481: 4458: 4340: 2613: 2307: 2209: 2123: 1380: 1290: 1224: 1152: 1059: 926: 898: 320: 275: 205: 12136: 12107: 12078: 12053: 11945: 11798: 11769: 11485: 10071:

Graff Zivina, Joshua S.; Kotchenb, Matthew J.; Mansur, Erin T. (November 2014).

8823: 8404: 8344: 8162: 7808:"Chrysler introduces Pacifica plug-in hybrid minivan; 80 mpge city, 30-mile AER" 7661:"2016 Toyota Prius Prime: details on 120 MPGe plug-in hybrid, all-electric mode" 4230:

provide tax incentives for electrically chargeable vehicles, which includes all

2894:-fired plants, they usually produce slightly more greenhouse gas emissions than 2475:

Disadvantages of PHEVs include the additional cost, weight and size of a larger

1888:. This period is the vehicle's all-electric range. This is the only mode that a 1873:

or mixed-mode. These vehicles can be designed to drive for an extended range in

1434:

scheduled to begin in 2014. Qin deliveries began in China in mid December 2013.

14047: 14022: 14007: 13912: 13859: 13541: 13350: 13268: 13063: 13001: 12578: 12393: 11112: 10093: 9262: 9058: 8872: 8125: 5992: 5601: 4268: 4235: 4231: 4166: 4157:(1) In addition to the Volt model sold in North America, combined sales of the 4069: 3985: 3977: 3857: 3638: 3626: 2806: 2347:) equivalent (MPG-e) with 45 mi (72 km) driven between full charges. 2311: 2280: 1973: 1967: 1755: 1529: 1466: 1301: 1279: 1126: 1002: 976: 953: 918: 910: 808: 690: 663: 636: 587: 466: 255: 225: 12594: 11681:"Barack Obama and Joe Biden: The Change We Need | New Energy for America" 11040:

Canadian sales totaled 4,313 units in 2017 and 4,114 in 2018 through November.

8433: 8311: 7541:"Several Plug-Ins Hit New 2016 Highs, As November EV Sales In US Rise Sharply" 6055: 5240: 2219: 1227:

compact. Volkswagen uses the term 'TwinDrive' to denote a PHEV. In September,

14564: 14544: 14526: 14238: 14188: 14085: 14037: 14027: 13777: 13731: 13627: 13566: 13455: 13387: 13365: 13225: 13137: 13034: 12986: 12956: 12917: 12553: 12373: 12344: 12294:

Global EV Outlook 2013 – Understanding the Electric Vehicle Landscape to 2020

10730:"Netherlands November 2013: Mitsubishi Outlander shoots up to pole position!" 9740:

Originally published online in Science Express on 2008-02-07. See Letters to

8824:"Senate OKs Plug-In Credits, Toyota Frets; Free Press Lyrical about Plug-Ins" 8460: 7205:"Mercedes-Benz to introduce 10 plug-in hybrids by 2017; GLE PHEV coming soon" 4707: 4640: 4589: 4403: 3964: 3918: 3560: 2887: 2866:, the extent of the benefit also depends on the fuel and technology used for 2863: 2668: 2276: 2230: 2199: 2129:

In October 2014 General Motors reported, based on data collected through its

2119: 1981: 1850: 1759: 1705: 1640: 1554: 1533: 1501: 1431: 1376: 1360: 1236: 1198: 1148: 1103: 1005: 949: 934: 930: 894: 882:) to be largely emission-free, or a fossil plant in which case they displace 879: 820: 702: 668: 575: 558: 439: 429: 280: 13992: 12829: 12275: 11255:"Tesla Model S Is World's Best-Selling Plug-in Car For Second Year In A Row" 10625:

A total of 992 plug-in hybrids were registered during 2012 and 1,072 in 2013

9775: 9718: 9693: 9471:"Hidden Costs of Energy: Unpriced Consequences of Energy Production and Use" 7601:"2017 Prius Prime Offers Industry's Best 'MPGe' and 25 Miles Electric Range" 7345:

Plug-in hybrids represent about 40% of global plug-in electric vehicle sales

4337:'s goal of putting one million plug-in hybrid vehicles on the road by 2015. 1766: 1711: 1437: 13987: 13982: 13892: 13736: 13711: 13561: 13345: 13210: 13190: 13175: 13110: 13051: 13039: 12563: 12548: 11632:. European Automobile Manufacturers Association. 2011-03-14. Archived from 11486:"Notice 2009–89: New Qualified Plug-in Electric Drive Motor Vehicle Credit" 11327:"BYD #1 In World For Plug-In Electric Car Sales In 2017, Beats Tesla Again" 11275:

See also detailed 2016 sales and cumulative global sales in the two graphs.

10355:

Hertzke, Patrick; Müller, Nicolai; Schenk, Stephanie; Wu, Ting (May 2018).

9783: 9727: 9087: 7891:"For Sale: Ultra-Rare 2015 Volkswagen XL1 Diesel-Hybrid Capable of 260 MPG" 7754:"China's BYD Qin PHEV Sells 50,000th Unit As Quickly As Did The Chevy Volt" 7067:"2016 BMW X5 xDrive 40e Plug-In Hybrid SUV To Debut In Shanghai Next Month" 6836: 4710: – Fear of insufficient vehicle range, especially in electric vehicles 4612: 4407: 4345: 4334: 4303: 4283: 3564: 3317: 2879: 2710: 2550: 2476: 2272:), and the opportunities to recharge by connecting to the electrical grid. 2264: 2050: 2039: 1985: 1870: 1626: 1618: 1595: 1497: 1458: 1388: 1372: 1175: 1141: 1091: 1079: 836: 641: 526: 195: 160: 11828:"EERE News: President Obama Announces $ 2.4 Billion for Electric Vehicles" 8683: 8478:"Electric Vehicle Tax Credit Survives, but G.M. and Tesla Aren't Cheering" 7037:"BMW Commits To Offering Plug-In Hybrid Versions Of All Core-Brand Models" 5471: 4324:

In March 2009, as part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, the

3158:

without using gasoline, and those that operate in a blended mode like the

2766:

at 2010 purchase and operating costs for the U.S. market, and assuming no

1885: 1223:

announced that they would be introducing production plug-ins based on the

14539: 14481: 14476: 14293: 14233: 14218: 14173: 14105: 14042: 13997: 13902: 13787: 13772: 13767: 13762: 13650: 13556: 13195: 12909: 12886: 11627:"Overview of Purchase and Tax Incentives for Electric Vehicles in the EU" 6177:"Bailout bill includes tax breaks for buyers of plug-in hybrid vehicles," 5844:"Ford Delivers First Escape Plug-In Hybrid To Southern California Edison" 4815:(Press release). Tokyo: Mitsubishi Motors Corporation (MMC). 2019-04-11. 4575: 4423: 4317:

modifies the tax credits, including a new one for plug-in electric drive

4272: 3937: 3758: 2990: 2921: 2484: 2306:(MPG-e) depends only on the efficiency of the electric system. The first 2288: 2063: 2029: 1977: 1814: 1687: 1473:

was also released in Europe and the U.S. in 2014. The first units of the

1445:

was launched in Japan and the U.S. in early 2012, and Europe by mid-2012.

1364: 890: 871: 646: 521: 471: 434: 417: 402: 220: 10072: 8565: 4964:"First Chevy Volts Reach Customers, Will Out-Deliver Nissan in December" 1980:'s concept prototype, to store rapidly available energy with their high 14135: 14120: 14115: 13882: 13721: 13703: 13614: 13576: 13551: 11907: 11860: 10945:"Top 3 Plug-In Hybrid Cars In U.S. In 2018: Prius Prime, Clarity, Volt" 10435:"The Netherlands Becomes Sixth Country To Buy 100,000 Plug-in Vehicles" 9658: 8185: 7452:"Hyundai unveils Ioniq HEV, PHEV and EV for US market at New York show" 7153:"Plug-in Electric Car Sales in Canada, October 2015: The Wallet Ballot" 6670:"2014 Honda Accord Plug-in Hybrid Now Available in Calif. And New York" 6640:"2013 (Q1) Sweden: Best-Selling Electric Cars and Plugin Hybrid Models" 4995:(Press release). Tokyo: Mitsubishi Motors Corporation (MMC). 2019-04-11 4448: 4415: 4371: 4349: 3492: 3269: 3151: 3135:. For the first time, the report presents an analysis of the impact of 2934: 2875: 2774:

more expensive than a conventional internal combustion engine, while a

2661: 2394: 2390: 2355: 2269: 2165: 2157: 2153: 2133: 1450: 1427: 1341: 1220: 1031: 875: 848: 824: 804: 656: 481: 476: 444: 407: 392: 175: 8787:

See Table 7.2 – MY 2015 Alternative Fuel Vehicle Powertrain and Range.

8232:"PG&E's Battery Power Plans Could Jump Start Electric Car Market". 7179:"Audi to have a plug-in hybrid in every model series; new BEV in 2018" 5445: 5015:"BYD releases 5th-generation DM hybrid technology with 2,100-km range" 2000: 1516:, and retail deliveries began in the U.S. and Canada in October 2015. 1197:. As part of this demonstration program Ford also developed the first 14283: 14223: 14163: 14130: 14032: 14017: 13977: 13972: 13952: 13932: 13877: 13845: 13840: 13835: 13830: 13825: 13820: 13815: 13810: 13805: 13716: 13693: 13589: 13546: 13375: 13370: 13355: 13180: 13152: 13147: 12937: 12932: 12868: 12800: 12795: 12790: 12785: 12780: 12775: 12770: 12683: 12137:"Senate Alert/GM Reaches Out/EDTA/Tracking Carmakers/TED/Wellinghoff" 10146:

The sure values Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV and Chevrolet Volt follow (

9937: 8770:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. December 2015. Archived from 7726:(Press release). UK: Mitsubishi Motors UK. 2016-05-19. Archived from 7631:"At 133 MPGe, Toyota Prius Prime wallops BMW i3 on energy efficiency" 6585:"Solid 13% Q2 sales increase for Toyota and Lexus vehicles in Europe" 5307: 2995: 2981: 2801: 2110: 1913:

overridden (charge permitting) should full acceleration be required.

1532:

will follow the A3 e-tron already in the market. Also in March 2015,

1368: 511: 491: 260: 170: 12498: 11799:"Do You Realize Plug-Ins Get $ 5–$ 10+ Billion in Stimulus Package?" 9527:. U.S. Energy Information Administration. 2009-11-19. Archived from 7123:"2016 Volts Account For 1,324 Sales Out Of 2,035 October Deliveries" 6833:"BYD Announces Sales Launch of Qin Electric Hybrid in Latin America" 2431:

particularly when there is a lack of public charging infrastructure.

738: 14521: 14516: 14491: 14228: 13957: 13947: 13937: 13922: 13897: 13741: 13726: 13688: 13660: 13604: 13594: 13531: 13445: 13240: 13230: 11128:"Chevy Volt and Nissan Leaf Celebrate Their Sixth-Year Anniversary" 9896: 9666:. Center for Transportation Research, Argonne National Laboratory. 9156: 8662:. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Quarto Group Motorbooks. pp. 91–16. 7478:"Hyundai IONIQ Electric Has A 28 kWh Battery, 105 Miles Real Range" 6314: 4651: 4492:

presented November 2008, in the frame of the Green Car Initiative.

4357: 4287: 4132: 4003: 3634: 2942: 2284: 1546: 1327: 1319: 1286: 1232: 965: 961: 925:, it provides the added flexibility of reverting to the use of its 887: 651: 536: 531: 185: 180: 150: 89: 9198:"Study Says Big Impact of the Plug-In Hybrid Will Be Decades Away" 7093:"Chevy Bolt electric car targets Tesla with low price, long range" 6915:"Cadillac ELR Arrives Early, Manages To Sell 6 Copies In December" 5821:"Detroit Show Preview: BYD's New Plug-in Hybrid on Sale Next Year" 2862:

from the onboard source of power, but from the point of view of a

2066:

have depended on generous incentives and special treatment in the

1794:

operates in either mode. While a plain hybrid vehicle charges its

1697:

In January 2016, Chrysler debuted its plug-in hybrid minivan, the

14168: 14158: 14125: 14100: 14095: 13962: 13927: 13746: 13642: 13584: 13536: 13314: 13294: 13164: 13029: 12899: 12709: 12489:

eGallon Calculator: Compare the costs of driving with electricity

11511:"State and Federal Incentives for EVs, PHEVs and Charge Stations" 11444:

About 10,000 Opel Amperas were sold in Europe by the end of 2015.

8566:"Summary of Travel Trends: 2009 National Household Travel Survey" 8249:"Toyota laughs while Chevy Volt battery power is ripped in half". 8002:

Energy Management Strategies for Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles

7368:(Press release). Munich: BMW Group PressClub Global. 2016-02-12. 6726:"2013 Ford Fusion Energi: Fuel Economy, Pricing and Release Date" 6611:"Ford's Electric Cars: Starting Slow, and Waiting for the Market" 6449:"Lotus unveils range-extended electric city car concept in Paris" 5112: 4583: 4513: 4454: 4427: 4239: 4214:, and several states have additional incentives. The UK offers a 4111: 3817: 3777: 2071: 2023: 1976:(or "supercapacitors") are used in some plug-in hybrids, such as 1676: 1423: 1308: 1115: 1099: 1087: 1054:, who has been called the "father of the modern plug-in hybrid". 1022: 673: 631: 367: 350: 12303:

Hybrid and Electric Vehicles – The Electric Drive Gains Traction

10357:"The global electric-vehicle market is amped up and on the rise" 8008:. SAE World Congress. Detroit. NREL/CP-540-40970. Archived from 7834:"2018 Honda Clarity Plug-in Hybrid Pricing to Start at $ 33,400" 6587:(Press release). Toyota Motor Europe. 2012-07-13. Archived from 5118:"Global EV Outlook 2020: Enterign the decade of electric drive?" 4813:"Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV Hits 200,000 Global Sales Milestones" 3629:

was the world's top selling plug-in hybrid until September 2018.

2492: 2012:

installed into WhiteBird, a PHEV-10 conversion of a Toyota Prius

1853:

uses this charging method, referred to as "reductive charging".

956:, which was the best selling PHEV until it was surpassed by the 14178: 13435: 13185: 12719: 11770:"Conference Results: Stunning Expansion of Plug-In Tax Credits" 11710:"President Obama Announces $ 2.4 Billion for Electric Vehicles" 11228:(Press release). Brussels: Toyota Europe Newsroom. 2018-07-11. 6778:"China's BYD Opens Electric Bus Production Plant in California" 5647:"How We Green-Tuned an '04 Prius into a PRIUS+ Plug-In Hybrid!" 4993:"Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV Hits 200,000 Global Sales Milestone" 4388: 3897: 3878: 3798: 3442: 2169: 2130: 1602: 1489: 1469:

were released to retail customers in Germany in June 2014. The

1462: 1410:

was released in selected U.S. markets in January 2013, and the

1122: 1107: 914: 852: 362: 10207:

See pp. 9–10, 19–23, 29–28, and Statistical annex, pp. 107–113

9809:

Hadley, Stanton W. & Tsvetkova, Alexandra (January 2008).

8740:"2017 Ford Fusion Energi PHEV boosts total range to 610 miles" 8026:

Shiau, C.-S.; Samaras, C.; Hauffe, R.; Michalek, J.J. (2009).

7724:"Global Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV Sales Pass the 100,000 Mark" 6076:"VW starts testing electric cars, sees launching them by 2010" 2906: 1902:

Most PHEV's also have two additional charge sustaining modes:

917:, are more responsive in acceleration, and overall have lower 14052: 13907: 13476: 12108:"Plug-In Endorsements: Inauguration + Senate '09 Freedom Act" 11927:

San Francisco Office of the Mayor. 2008-11-20. Archived from

11115:

sales in China totaled 1,629 units in 2017 and 2,688 in 2018.

7925:"How Electric Turbochargers Are Changing Internal Combustion" 7511:"Toyota gets bullish on plug-in hybrids with new Prius Prime" 6199:"Bush signs $ 7,500 plug-in hybrid tax credit bill into law," 5715:"Japan Certifies Toyota Plug-in Hybrid for Public-road Tests" 4841: 4663: – Rocky Mountain Institute's ultra-efficient car design 4624: – Driving using techniques that reduce fuel consumption 4381: 4367: 4264: 3838: 2986: 2189: 1833: 1662:

in the U.S. and Prius PHV in Japan, was unveiled at the 2016

1614: 1485: 1228: 945: 844: 597: 12482: 9107: 8933:"EPA, DOT unveil the next generation of fuel economy labels" 8274:"Closing the Power Gap Between a Hybrid's Supply and Demand" 7903: 6247:"2016 BYD Tang: Plug-In Hybrid SUV Is First Of Four To Come" 5505:. Gabriola Island, Canada: New Society Publishers. pp. 4457:, that includes City's public fleet converted vehicles, the 4294:

Incentives for the development of PHEVs are included in the

1140:. Fisker intended to build a US$ 80,000 luxury PHEV-50, the 987:

A plug-in hybrid's all-electric range is designated by PHEV-

11242:

Toyota sold 1,693 Prius PHEV during the first half of 2018.

7007:"Germany Plug-In Electric Vehicle Sales Report August 2014" 6283:"BYD Launches Qin Plugin Hybrid – 189,800RMB to 209,800RMB" 5646: 5155:

Alternative Transport Energies Conference, Perth, Australia

5148:"Large Oil and GHG Reductions with Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles" 4182: 2891: 2829: 2742:

has set cost targets for its sponsored battery research of

1682:

In June 2016, Nissan announced it will introduce a compact

1520: 1250:. The legislation provided tax credits for the purchase of 811:

source, in addition to charging internally by its on-board

695: 12436:

Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicles Data Center (AFDC)

10070: 8025: 7273:"Global EV Outlook 2016: Beyond one million electric cars" 6752:"February 2013 Plug-In Electric Vehicle Sales Report Card" 3190:/kW-hr in the Rockies, with a national average of 648 g CO 3057:

included in the WTW analysis for bio-mass fuel feedstocks.

2334:) equivalent (MPG-e). The EPA also included in the Volt's 866:(BEVs), plug-in hybrids can use centralized generators of 14212: 13782: 13670: 13507: 13205: 9753: 9359: 9333: 9297:"Plug-in Electric Vehicles: Challenges and Opportunities" 9294: 9232: 9195: 9141: 4275: 3051:(2009). See Table 1. Notes: (1) Simulations for year 2020 1415: 1263: 1202: 944:

Mass-produced PHEVs have been available to the public in

840: 832: 8345:"Can Congress Hear From 6,692 Plug-In Supporters Today?" 8304:"Plug-in hybrids promise more power, greater efficiency" 7392:"BMW 330e iPerformance brings new name to $ 44,695 PHEV" 6977:"First Volkswagen XL1 gets delivered to German customer" 6560:"Plug-In Car Sales Soar In March, Led By Chevrolet Volt" 6389:"TMC Introduces 'Prius Plug-in Hybrid' into Key Markets" 4902:"BYD Auto To Begin Sales of F3DM Plug-in to Individuals" 4873:"Hybrid boats to revolutionise sustainable river travel" 4606: – Vehicle propelled by one or more electric motors 4395:

to advance market integration of plug-in hybrid vehicles

2702:

760 L (200 US gal; 170 imp gal)

2397:

initiative. Moreover, the additional battery pack costs

1311:, released in China in December 2013, replaced the F3DM. 1067:

plug-in hybrid. The concept commuter vehicle housed six

12424:

Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Value Proposition Study

12231:

Plug-in Electric Vehicles: Challenges and Opportunities

11946:"SF Plug-In Vehicle Bonanza:Watch Video, Read About It" 11291:"BYD Sold Record 37,000 Electric Cars In December 2018" 9336:"Will Electric Cars Transform the U.S. Vehicle Market?" 8434:"Where Plug-In Hybrid Conversions (mostly Priuses) Are" 7309:

See pp. 4–5, and 24–25 and Statistical annex, pp. 34–37

6014:"Toyota Plans Electric Car, Earlier Plug-In Prius Test" 5446:"Plug-In Hybrids: State Of Play, History & Players" 4703:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

4656:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

4626:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

4608:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

4599:

Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing Loan Program

4504:

Organizations that support plug-in hybrids include the

4012:

Top selling highway legal plug-in hybrid electric cars

3641:, launched in the U.S. in December 2010, was the first 3549: 2795: 1704:

In December 2017, Honda began retail deliveries of the

9962:

See table 7.3 - Overall fuel economy (mpg-e), pp. 100.

9938:

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (October 2014).

9873:"Different energy mixes will fuel plug-in hybrid cars" 8600:. Office for National Statistics (UK). 26 March 2014. 8454:

A123Systems Battery Co Acquires Hymotion Conversion Co

7366:"BMW at the 86th Geneva International Motor Show 2016" 6947:"World's First BMW i8 Owners Take Delivery In Germany" 6508:"PHOTOS: Kleiner's Ray Lane receives his Fisker Karma" 5695:"GM Announces Intention to Produce Plug-in Hybrid SUV" 2647:

260 L (70 US gal; 58 imp gal)

1449:

Deliveries to retail customers of the limited edition

27:

Hybrid vehicle whose battery may be externally charged

12316:

Will Electric Cars Transform the U.S. Vehicle Market?

12292:(IEA) and Electric Vehicles Initiative (April 2013), 11086: 11084: 11082: 11080: 10841:"Outlander PHEV Is Best-Selling Mitsubishi In Europe" 10379:

See Exhibit 1: Global electric-vehicle sales, 2010-17

10354: 10320:"The World Just Bought Its Two-Millionth Plug-in Car" 9362:"WillElectricCars Transform the U.S. Vehicle Market?" 8822:

International Humanities Center (September 24, 2008)

5677:"Toyota charging ahead with plans for plug-in hybrid" 5180: 5178: 4673:

Patent encumbrance of large automotive NiMH batteries

2845:

Greenhouse gas emissions in plug-in electric vehicles

2792:

powertrains and still have gasoline-powered engines.

2122:

considering that the battery would be used until the

1995: 1806:

These contain two different energy recovery systems.

1008:

plug-in hybrid an "Extended-Range Electric Vehicle".

12355:

Plug-In Electric Vehicles: What Role for Washington?

12257:

Plug-in Hybrids: The Cars that will Recharge America

11658:"Charge! Fuel economy law promotes plug-in hybrids," 11284: 11282: 10908:"Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV Racks Up 50,000 UK Sales" 10873:"New (MY19) Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV - Summer 2018" 10150:), with the Japanese SUV surpassing the GM hatchback 10120: 10118: 9616:

Plug-In Electric Vehicles: What Role for Washington?

9302:. American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy. 6885:"McLaren P1 hits 62 mph in 2.8 seconds, 186 in 16.5" 5679:. Chicago Sun-Times/Associated Press. Archived from 5502:

Plug-in Hybrids: The Cars that will Recharge America

5187:"What is the difference between AC and DC Charging?" 4688:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

4617:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

4565: 4187: 2715:(2) Assuming 24,000 km (15,000 miles) per year. 2709:

Notes: (1) Considers the HEV technology used in the

2184: 1231:

was reported to be planning PHEVs. On September 23,

11412:

A total of 18,375 Tangs were sold in China in 2015.

11014: 11012: 11010: 10938: 10936: 10934: 10932: 10350: 10348: 10223: 10221: 10219: 10217: 10215: 8999:

Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicles Data Center

7323:"Top Six Plug-in Vehicle Adopting Countries – 2015" 6221:"Nissan will sell electric car for just over $ 25K" 5991:(Press release). Toyota. 2008-01-14. Archived from 5290:Eberle, Ulrich; von Helmolt, Rittmar (2010-05-14). 4636:

Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles

4194:

Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles

2152:" estimates the following utility factors for 2015 1658:The second generation Prius plug-in hybrid, called 1504:, with the production version unveiled at the 2015 1430:in November 2013, with sales in other countries in 1106:, a plug-in series hybrid version of their popular 11598:"Europe's Incentive Plans for Spurring E.V. Sales" 11077: 10127:"Global All-Time Top 5 (Until Oct. '18 - Updated)" 8963:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. May 2011. 8598:"2011 Census Analysis, Distance Travelled to Work" 7716: 7091:Thevenot, Brian & Hirsch, Jerry (2015-01-12). 6859:"BYD Qin Plug-In Hybrid Now On Sale In Costa Rica" 6632: 6391:(Press release). Toyota News release. 2009-12-14. 5175: 3177:In addition, the EPA accounted for the upstream CO 3086: 1869:modes. Combinations of these two modes are termed 1453:supercar began in the UK in October 2013, and the 1219:, reducing that requirement to 5,000. On June 26, 1155:two seater. That company folded in December 2011. 968:line of SUVs contributed over 1.05 million units. 960:at the Volt's end of production in 2019. By 2021, 11279: 10609:Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders (SMMT) 10115: 9609: 6471: 6469: 5767:Shirouzu, N., and Buckman, R. (January 14, 2008) 5730: 5289: 4958: 4956: 4954: 2955:Petroleum energy use and greenhouse gas emissions 2770:. According to the study estimates, a PHEV-40 is 2233:plug-in hybrid or extended range electric vehicle 1352:was released in 2011 and was available for sale. 1348:in 2009 but did not proceed with production. The 1318:On December 15, 2008, BYD Auto began selling its 1136:, LLC announced the launch of a joint venture in 14562: 12419:Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy 12227:American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy 11426:[Opel brings new electric car in 2017]. 11351: 11218: 11007: 10975: 10973: 10929: 10867: 10865: 10639:"Americans Buy Their Half-Millionth Plug-in Car" 10540: 10511: 10485: 10456: 10384: 10345: 10252: 10212: 10171:"Global EV Outlook 2017: 3 million and counting" 9933: 9931: 9929: 9927: 9925: 9692:Searchinger, Timothy; et al. (2008-02-29). 9455:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 8126:"Johnson Controls partnership wins new contract" 8058:Romm, Joseph J.; Frank, Andrew A. (April 2006). 6743: 6717: 6499: 6148:"Chrysler Reveals Alternative-Energy Prototypes" 6054:California Air Resources Board (March 27, 2008) 5108: 5106: 3131:published the 2014 edition of its annual report 2728:American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy 2354:that will be mandatory in the U.S. beginning in 2074:offering a 265 miles (426 km) range in the 2028:There are several companies that are converting 1545:. Other plug-in hybrid released in 2015 are the 1418:plug-in hybrid in the market. Deliveries of the 12282:International Council on Clean Transportation, 11162: 11160: 11158: 11156: 11049: 11047: 10773: 10164: 10162: 10160: 10158: 9808: 9579:Two billion cars: driving toward sustainability 9196:Jad Mouawad & Kate Galbraith (2009-12-14). 9108:Xing Wu; Jing Dong; Zhenhong Lin (2014-03-11). 6577: 6364:"BYD F3DM Plug-in Hybrid Goes On Sale in China" 5600:(Press release). March 10, 2003. Archived from 5472:"Can Plug-In Hybrids Ride to America's Rescue?" 4699:Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Research Center 3708:Top 10 countries by plug-in hybrid market share 2508:Cost comparison between a PHEV-10 and a PHEV-40 1254:of battery capacity over 4 kilowatt-hours. The 1038: 1030:was the first gasoline-electric plug-in hybrid 12445:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 11320: 11318: 11246: 10668: 10666: 9890: 9865: 9685: 9582:. Oxford University Press, New York. pp. 9572: 9568: 9566: 9564: 9360:Henry Lee & Grant Lovellette (July 2011). 9334:Henry Lee & Grant Lovellette (July 2011). 9295:Siddiq Khan & Martin Kushler (June 2013). 8899: 8897: 8757: 8710:"Chevy Volt Owners Pass 1 Billion Total Miles" 7682: 7592: 7571:"Toyota Prius Prime plugs in with 22 EV miles" 7266: 7264: 7262: 7090: 6661: 6525: 6466: 6381: 5792:"Unable to Raise Financing, Aptera Shuts Down" 4951: 4701: – Public university in Davis, California 4315:American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 2413:A study published in 2014 by researchers from 2360:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 1719:In 2013, Volkswagen started production on the 1399:was released in the U.S. in October 2012, the 1338:in Europe and North America in 2009 and 2010. 1262:, but now the battery capacity must be over 5 1260:American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009 13492: 12859: 12845: 12514: 11919: 11917: 10970: 10862: 10832: 10568: 10081:Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 9922: 9510:(2003). US Climate Change Technology Program. 8989:"Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Conversions" 8987:US Department of Energy (September 18, 2007) 8800:"Calif. considers a plea for plug-in hybrids" 7504: 7502: 6998: 6277: 6275: 6191: 6118:"Chrysler plans to sell electric car in 2010" 5350: 5103: 4762:"2021年全球新能源乘用车销量榜：冠亚军分别是特斯拉、比亚迪、上汽通用五菱-华夏EV网" 2148:The 2015 edition of the EPA's annual report " 1461:took place in the U.S. in December 2013. The 1414:in Japan in January 2013, becoming the first 1235:announced that they had prototyped a plug-in 764: 12358:(1st. ed.). The Brookings Institution. 12004:"Seattle Mayor Introduces City's First PHEV" 11940: 11938: 11384: 11170:(Press release). Japan: Toyota. 2018-02-02. 11153: 11044: 10597: 10200:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 10155: 10066: 10064: 10062: 9619:(1st. ed.). The Brookings Institution. 8397: 7998: 7897: 7652: 7562: 7302:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 7150: 6505: 6338:"China's First Plug-In Hybrid Car Rolls Out" 6169: 5651:CalCars.com – The California Cars Initiative 5618: 5216:"Making the Case for Grid-Connected Hybrids" 4924: 4922: 4842:Mitsubishi Motors Corporation (2021-10-27). 4837: 4835: 4833: 4807: 4805: 4300:Energy Improvement and Extension Act of 2008 4296:Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 3988:was the world's top selling plug-in hybrid. 3053:with PHEV model year 2015. (2) No direct or 3047:Source: Center for Transportation Research, 2310:PHEV available in the U.S. market, the 2011 1541:, Mercedes' second plug-in hybrid after the 1248:Energy Improvement and Extension Act of 2008 823:, there are also plug-in hybrid variants of 13279:Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle 12438:, including list of books and publications. 11537:"£5,000 grant to buy plug-in electric cars" 11315: 10695: 10663: 10282: 9875:. Argonne National Laboratory. 2010-08-17. 9747: 9691: 9654: 9652: 9650: 9648: 9561: 9445:. Archived from the original on 2012-07-14. 9228: 9226: 9224: 9222: 9191: 9189: 9187: 9137: 9135: 9133: 8955: 8953: 8927: 8925: 8894: 8866: 8864: 8654:Edsall, Larry (2010). Endres, Chris (ed.). 8083:– via The California Cars Initiative. 7904:Holger Wittich, Patrick Lang (2021-02-22). 7691:"Mitsubishi Sells 100,000th Outlander PHEV" 7259: 7227: 7225: 6602: 6223:. Yahoo Finance. 2010-03-30. Archived from 5899: 5897: 5626:Electric and Hybrid Cars: A History, 2d ed. 4985: 4499: 4254: 2907:Life cycle energy and emissions assessments 2838: 2730:reported that battery costs came down from 2118:pack with an energy storage capacity of 16 1892:can operate in, hence their limited range. 1639:made the official debut of its three model 1481:were registered in Germany in August 2014. 937:, particularly in areas lacking sufficient 13499: 13485: 12852: 12838: 12521: 12507: 11914: 11589: 11448: 11416: 11185: 10878:(Press release). Mitsubishi Motors. 2018. 10782:"Top 6 Plug-In Vehicle Adopting Countries" 10605:"December 2013 – EV and AFV registrations" 10426: 10311: 9966: 9255: 8686:. NBC News. Associated Press. 2007-01-07. 7994: 7992: 7499: 7413: 7314: 7144: 6968: 6938: 6850: 6825: 6799: 6551: 6358: 6356: 6272: 6124:. New York. Associated Press. 2008-09-23. 4714:List of hybrid and plug-in hybrid vehicles 4553:Plug-in Hybrid Electric School Bus Project 2437:When the price of gasoline increases from 2190:Fuel efficiency and petroleum displacement 2160:, 66% for the Chevrolet Volt, 45% for the 1715:Volkswagen XL driver side with door opened 771: 757: 132: 12056:. World Wildlife Foundation. 2008-04-02. 11935: 11503: 11119: 11092:"Buick Velite 5 (Chinese Car Sales Data)" 10112:Published on line 2014-03-24. See pp. 251 10059: 9717: 9386: 9329: 9327: 9012:$ 3.83 to power hybrid plug-in for 6 days 9004: 8123: 8057: 7658: 7532: 7443: 7064: 6876: 6667: 6608: 6332: 6330: 6213: 5789: 5713:Toyota Motor Corporation (July 25, 2007) 5639: 4919: 4896: 4894: 4892: 4830: 4802: 4654: – Subsidiary company of A123Systems 4643: – Environmentally friendly vehicles 3648: 1922: 952:since 2010, with the introduction of the 13903:Cabriolet / Convertible / Drophead coupe 12380: 12351: 12314:Lee, Henry, and Grant Lovellette (2011). 12260:(1st ed.). New Society Publishers. 12253: 11595: 11488:. Internal Revenue Service. 2009-11-30. 11478: 11454: 10905: 9992: 9972: 9835: 9804: 9802: 9645: 9605: 9603: 9551:"How Plug-in Hybrids Will Save the Grid" 9525:Frequently Asked Questions – Electricity 9436: 9392:Knipping, E. and Duvall, M. (June 2007) 9219: 9184: 9130: 8950: 8922: 8861: 8737: 8684:"GM to unveil Volt electric concept car" 8656:Chevrolet Volt: Charging into the Future 8295: 8175: 7628: 7508: 7449: 7234:"GM Sells Its 100,000th Volt in October" 7222: 7202: 7176: 7114: 7084: 6974: 6856: 6557: 6244: 6145: 6006: 5894: 5769:"Electric-Car Firms Get Star Investors," 5559: 5495: 5333:"Chevy Volt: The Future is Electrifying" 4339: 4263: 4183:Government support and public deployment 3707: 3664: 3620: 2963:vehicle that uses fossil fuel gasoline) 2830:Tiered rate structure for electric bills 2080: 2032:non-hybrid vehicles to plug-in hybrids: 1999: 1786:is propelled by electric motors only, a 1765: 1749: 1710: 1436: 1285:Launched in China in December 2008, the 1193:of a fleet of 20 demonstration PHEVs to 1169: 1078: 1021: 14249:Homogeneous charge compression ignition 11571:. Department for Transport. July 2009. 10753: 10727: 10630: 10519:"Nyregistreringar december 2014 (prel)" 9844:"The Dirty Truth about Plug-in Hybrids" 9353: 9267:"Toyota to Sell Plug-In Hybrid in 2011" 9261: 8707: 8475: 8301: 8241: 7989: 7922: 7810:. Green Car Congress. 11 January 2016. 7781: 7745: 7422:"Hyundai launches Ioniq hybrid compact" 7419: 7196: 7034: 6944: 6769: 6691: 6475: 6412: 6353: 6309: 6307: 5489: 5469: 5184: 4686: – electric vehicle advocacy group 4669: – Type of wireless power transfer 4539:(Project Get Ready), the San Francisco 3575: 1801: 803:that can be directly replenished via a 14: 14563: 12324: 11619: 11534: 11392:"Best-selling China-made SUVs in 2015" 11191: 10899: 10812: 10701: 10674:"Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV top seller" 10261:"World Top 20 December 2016 (Updated)" 10124: 9548: 9324: 8797: 8653: 8604:from the original on 24 September 2015 8546:from the original on 24 September 2015 8265: 8224: 8093: 7916: 7784:"Nissan's to-do list: Range, autonomy" 7598: 7568: 7389: 7383: 6906: 6882: 6835:. EV World. 2013-12-04. Archived from 6531: 6443: 6441: 6327: 6068: 5931: 5929: 5674: 5668: 5583: 5414: 5302:(6). Royal Society of Chemistry: 689. 5139: 4889: 4354:General Motors Auto Plant in Hamtramck 3200:Comparison of tailpipe and upstream CO 2343:(1.40 L/100 km; 202 mpg 1514:North American International Auto Show 1161:North American International Auto Show 1074: 266:List of low-energy building techniques 13480: 12833: 12528: 12502: 12054:"Cars should plug-in to a new future" 12031:. European Commission. Archived from 11359:"Best-selling China-made EVs in 2016" 10493:"Nyregistreringar december 2013 prel" 9841: 9799: 9600: 9240:. U.S. National Academy of Sciences. 8505: 8169: 8096:"Are Lithium-Ion Electric Cars Safe?" 7999:Gonder, J.; Markel, T. (2007-04-16). 7950:""AC Propulsion's Reductive Charger"" 7814:from the original on 28 November 2020 6723: 6478:"Lotus City Car Concept – Auto Shows" 5865: 5761: 5145: 4846:(Press release). Tokyo: PR Newswire. 4488:. It also figures prominently in the 1856: 1144:, initially scheduled for late 2009. 12408:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 12166:"Plug-in Hybrid Electric School Bus" 11424:"Opel bringt 2017 neues Elektroauto" 11324: 11288: 11252: 11125: 11053: 10979: 10942: 10838: 10779: 10636: 10576:"Nyregistreringar augusti 2016 (II)" 10548:"Nyregistreringar december 2015 def" 10432: 10390: 10317: 10267:from the original on 5 February 2017 10258: 10227: 9439:"Plug in your hybrid, pollute less?" 9416:"A reality check on plug-in hybrids" 8635:from the original on 18 October 2014 8578:from the original on 31 October 2014 8271: 7751: 7688: 7538: 7475: 7320: 7231: 7151:Klippenstein, Matthew (2015-11-06). 7120: 7004: 6912: 6775: 6749: 6697: 6304: 6197:Vijayenthiran, V. (October 3, 2008) 5087:"【易车销量榜】全国2020年比亚迪插电混动零售量销量榜-易车榜-易车" 5063:"【易车销量榜】全国2022年比亚迪插电混动零售量销量榜-易车榜-易车" 5039:"【易车销量榜】全国2023年比亚迪插电混动零售量销量榜-易车榜-易车" 4756: 4754: 4615: – Electric powertrain supplier 3645:plug-in hybrid by a major carmaker. 3616: 3579: 3557:National Bureau of Economic Research 3555:three economist affiliated with the 3550:National Bureau of Economic Research 3164:miles per gallon gasoline equivalent 3129:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 3090: 2796:Emissions shifted to electric plants 2464: 2385:(4.6 L/100 km; 61 mpg 2330:(3.9 L/100 km; 72 mpg 2322:(6.4 L/100 km; 44 mpg 2304:miles per gallon gasoline equivalent 2206:Plug-in hybrid car energy efficiency 2076:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 1605:was released in Europe in June 2014. 1344:built two demonstration versions of 1269: 40: 10659:See details in captions and graphs. 8238:, 2007-06-12. Retrieved 2007-08-19. 8178:"Lithium Batteries for Hybrid Cars" 6438: 6175:Schoenberger, R. (October 2, 2008) 5926: 5813: 5693:General Motors (November 29, 2006) 5591:"Kangoo reinvents the electric car" 5283: 5079: 5031: 4519:Other supportive organizations are 4198:Several countries have established 2479:. According to a 2010 study by the 2176:. A 2014 analysis conducted by the 1839: 1246:On October 3, the U.S. enacted the 913:often have higher power output and 24: 12381:Michalek, Jeremy (February 2015). 12220: 12006:. Green Car Congress. 2008-05-31. 8935:. Green Car Congress. 2011-05-25. 8907:. Green Car Congress. 2010-11-24. 8432:California Cars Initiative (2007) 7278:. IEA Publications. Archived from 6808:"BYD Presenta su Auto Híbrido Qin" 6506:Fehrenbacher, Katie (2011-07-26). 6366:. Green Car Congress. 2008-12-15. 5687: 5624:Curtis D. Anderson, Judy Anderson, 5296:Energy & Environmental Science 5055: 4904:. Green Car Congress. 2010-03-23. 4735:"BYD Song Pro DM - Sales in China" 4604:Electric transportation technology 4226:). As of April 2011, 15 of the 27 4006:, in 2008 up until December 2020: 2408: 2352:fuel economy and environment label 2126:(SOC) of the battery reached 30%. 1996:Conversions of production vehicles 1830:electrically assisted turbocharger 1258:were extended and modified by the 1132:In 2007, Quantum Technologies and 1090:"PRIUS+" plug-in hybrid converted 25: 14597: 13913:Coupé de Ville / Sedanca de Ville 13086:Electric motorcycles and scooters 12574:Electric motorcycles and scooters 12476: 9816:. Oak Ridge National Laboratory. 9414:Clayton, M. (September 25, 2006) 9402:Natural Resources Defense Council 9398:Electric Power Research Institute 9030:Westneat, D. (February 22, 2009) 8564: 8452:A123 Systems, Inc. (May 3, 2007) 8262:, 2008-6-16. Retrieved 2008-6-17. 7877:"2014 Volkswagen XL1 First Drive" 7840:(Press release). US. 2017-11-16. 7065:Edelstein, Stephen (2015-03-06). 6975:Gnaticov, Cristian (2014-06-03). 6805: 5965:Plug-in car production race is on 5560:Holinger, Heinrich (2003-10-11). 5393:. Ultimate Car Page. 2007-11-19. 5391:"Lohner-Porsche Mixte Voiturette" 5191:Electric Vehicle Charging Network 4786:"【易车销量榜】全国2023年插电混动批发量销量榜-易车榜-易车" 4751: 4727: 4679:Phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles 4622:Fuel economy-maximizing behaviors 4486:European Union Research Programme 4363:Public deployments also include: 4286:converted to plug-in hybrid with 4188:Subsidies and economic incentives 2928:(WTW) analysis of energy use and 2870:. From the perspective of a full 2754:A study published in 2011 by the 2185:Comparison to non-plug-in hybrids 1512:was unveiled at the January 2015 1379:as well as regular gasoline. The 1189:In 2007 Ford delivered the first 12593: 12587: 12430:Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles 12352:Sandalow, David B., ed. (2009). 12187: 12158: 12129: 12100: 12071: 12046: 12021: 11996: 11967: 11896: 11867: 11849: 11820: 11791: 11762: 11731: 11702: 11673: 11650: 11558: 11528: 10806: 10747: 10721: 10415: 10259:Jose, Pontes (31 January 2017). 10031: 9542: 9513: 9492: 9463: 9430: 9408: 9288: 9151:. The National Academies Press. 9101: 9072: 9043: 9024: 8981: 8838: 8816: 8791: 8731: 8701: 8676: 8647: 8616: 8590: 8558: 8532: 8499: 8469: 8446: 8426: 8366: 8337: 8318: 8199: 8147: 8117: 8087: 8051: 8019: 7960: 7942: 7883: 7869: 7855: 7826: 7800: 7775: 7622: 7569:Blanco, Sebastian (2016-03-23). 7390:Blanco, Sebastian (2016-03-22). 6336:Balfour, F. (December 15, 2008) 6313:Crippen, A. (December 15, 2008) 5562:"Renault Electric Kangoo Can Do" 5185:Tilsley, Rachelle (2017-03-07). 5146:James, Walter (September 2006). 4582: 4568: 3930: 3911: 3890: 3871: 3850: 3831: 3810: 3791: 3770: 3751: 3584: 3186:/kW-hr in California to 986 g CO 3095: 2240: 2218: 2056: 1964:Pacific Gas and Electric Company 1690:crossover showcased at the 2015 1664:New York International Auto Show 1594: 1576: 1510:second generation Chevrolet Volt 1300: 1278: 819:. While PHEVs are predominantly 737: 724: 723: 201:Energy efficiency implementation 99: 81: 45: 13133:Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle 12620:Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle 12205:from the original on 2011-06-06 12147:from the original on 2009-06-06 12118:from the original on 2009-06-05 12089:from the original on 2009-06-04 12060:from the original on 2009-05-14 12010:from the original on 2010-12-31 11956:from the original on 2009-06-06 11809:from the original on 2009-04-04 11780:from the original on 2009-03-31 11751:from the original on 2010-11-11 11608:from the original on 2015-01-23 11578:from the original on 2009-12-12 11547:from the original on 2010-06-01 11517:from the original on 2011-07-27 11492:from the original on 2010-03-28 11467:from the original on 2018-09-26 11434:from the original on 2018-06-20 11402:from the original on 2016-01-16 11369:from the original on 2017-01-25 11337:from the original on 2018-08-13 11301:from the original on 2019-01-14 11265:from the original on 2017-01-26 11232:from the original on 2019-02-02 11204:from the original on 2019-01-30 11174:from the original on 2018-10-23 11138:from the original on 2016-12-14 11102:from the original on 2018-07-20 11066:from the original on 2017-09-10 11030:from the original on 2019-01-31 10992:from the original on 2017-01-11 10955:from the original on 2019-01-26 10918:from the original on 2020-06-17 10885:from the original on 2018-10-30 10851:from the original on 2019-04-16 10821:from the original on 2014-04-13 10792:from the original on 2016-05-10 10762:from the original on 2014-01-08 10736:from the original on 2014-01-06 10710:from the original on 2014-01-06 10684:from the original on 2013-12-20 10649:from the original on 2016-09-03 10615:from the original on 2014-01-18 10582:from the original on 2016-09-19 10554:from the original on 2016-04-15 10525:from the original on 2015-01-04 10499:from the original on 2014-01-03 10474:from the original on 2013-06-05 10445:from the original on 2016-11-18 10403:from the original on 2020-12-27 10393:"Global Top 20 - December 2019" 10369:from the original on 2019-01-28 10330:from the original on 2017-01-18 10300:from the original on 2017-02-05 10290:"Global Plug-in Sales for 2016" 10240:from the original on 2019-02-01 10230:"Global Top 20 - December 2018" 10183:from the original on 2020-06-16 10137:from the original on 2018-12-02 10103:from the original on 2018-06-02 10048:from the original on 2014-12-07 10017:from the original on 2014-10-14 9981:from the original on 2014-10-16 9952:from the original on 2015-04-02 9911:from the original on 2011-07-16 9904:. 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Archived from 5836: 5802:from the original on 2012-10-15 5783: 5750:from the original on 2009-03-20 5707: 5657:from the original on 2016-05-29 5553: 5542:from the original on 2007-05-09 5524: 5478:from the original on 2008-08-09 5463: 5452:from the original on 2015-05-02 5438: 5427:from the original on 2015-04-04 5408: 5397:from the original on 2012-01-19 5383: 5339:from the original on 2010-03-10 5325: 5314:from the original on 2021-03-07 5272:from the original on 2010-02-07 5258: 5247:from the original on 2011-11-18 5233: 5222:from the original on 2009-06-16 5208: 5197:from the original on 2018-05-07 5124:from the original on 2021-09-10 5006: 4974:from the original on 2010-12-18 4908:from the original on 2010-03-26 4850:from the original on 2021-11-09 4819:from the original on 2019-04-12 4647:History of the electric vehicle 4549:Silicon Valley Leadership Group 4525:Alliance for Climate Protection 4490:European Economic Recovery Plan 3656:plug-in electric passenger cars 3087:Environmental Protection Agency 3073:A 2008 study by researchers at 2738:per kilowatt hour in 2012. The 2375:Society of Automotive Engineers 2364:Environmental Protection Agency 1945:PHEVs typically require deeper 1086:pack, with cover removed, in a 973:plug-in electric passenger cars 785:plug-in hybrid electric vehicle 457:Ocean thermal energy conversion 14550:Template:EC car classification 13506: 13015:Battery electric multiple unit 12396:and Fox-Penne, Peter. (2007). 11656:Evarts, E. (January 11, 2008) 11056:"Chevrolet Volt Sales Figures" 11054:Cain, Timothy (October 2018). 11020:"Chevrolet Volt Sales Numbers" 10906:Fossdyke, James (2020-04-20). 10813:Shahan, Zachary (2013-03-07). 10678:Automotive Industry Data (AID) 6668:Brissette, Pete (2013-01-21). 6532:Munday, Stephen (2011-09-30). 6413:English, Andrew (2010-01-05). 6324:CNBC. Retrieved December 2008. 6012:Ohnsman, A. (August 28, 2008) 5415:Fialka, John J. (2006-01-25). 5268:. The Ergosphere. 2005-05-12. 5012: 4865: 4778: 4331:transportation electrification 3006:Petroleum energy use reduction 2930:greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions 2746:per kilowatt hour in 2015 and 1739: 1213:California Air Resources Board 982: 13: 1: 13116:Neighborhood Electric Vehicle 11670:. Retrieved January 15, 2008. 11596:Hockenos, Paul (2011-07-29). 11455:Costello, Mike (2015-04-25). 9973:Millikin, Mike (2014-10-11). 9426:The Christian Science Monitor 9032:Reality check on plug-in cars 8738:Millikin, Mike (2016-05-27). 8513:. 4 June 2014. Archived from 8476:Stewart, James (2018-01-11). 8176:Voelcker, John (2007-01-02). 7923:Perkins, Chris (2023-02-11). 7629:Voelcker, John (2016-10-10). 7509:Kageyama, Yuri (2016-06-17). 7450:Millikin, Mike (2016-03-24). 7203:Millikin, Mike (2015-03-18). 7177:Millikin, Mike (2015-03-11). 6857:Voelcker, John (2013-12-09). 6728:. Cars Direct. Archived from 6609:Motavalli, Jim (2012-11-02). 6558:Voelcker, John (2012-04-03). 6451:. AutoblogGreen. 2010-10-02. 6415:"Toyota Plug-In Prius review" 6245:Voelcker, John (2015-01-29). 6146:Spinelli, Mike (2008-09-23). 5833:. Retrieved October 26, 2007. 5790:Motavalli, Jim (2011-12-02). 5675:Thomas, Ken (July 19, 2006). 4720: 4695: – Type of vehicle (PEV) 4631:Glossary of automotive design 4436:Plug-in hybrids in California 4169:sold only in China (rebadged 3980:sold only in China (rebadged 3681: 3075:Oak Ridge National Laboratory 2734:per kilowatt hour in 2007 to 2423:Oak Ridge National Laboratory 1861:A plug-in hybrid operates in 1734: 799:equipped with a rechargeable 286:Passive solar building design 13405:Who Killed the Electric Car? 13201:Common ethanol fuel mixtures 12485:– Non-profit advocacy group. 12402:Progressive Policy Institute 11834:. 2009-03-19. Archived from 11687:. 2008-06-22. Archived from 9842:Moyer, Michael (July 2010). 8708:Loveday, Eric (2014-10-03). 8130:Wisconsin Technology Network 8094:Bullis, Kevin (2006-08-03). 7782:Greimel, Hans (2016-06-25). 7420:Jin-hai, Park (2016-01-14). 7035:Loveday, Eric (2014-12-01). 6945:Loveday, Eric (2014-06-06). 6754:. Inside EVs. Archived from 6476:Gillies, Mark (2010-10-02). 6289:. 2013-12-19. Archived from 5905:"Ford Escape Plug-in Hybrid" 5704:. Retrieved January 8, 2009. 5470:Clayton, Mark (2008-07-19). 5364:. 2006-03-27. Archived from 5358:"History of Hybrid Vehicles" 4936:. 2010-03-23. Archived from 4510:National Wildlife Federation 4478:Electrification of transport 4467:Puget Sound Clean Air Agency 4228:European Union member states 4130: 4109: 4088: 4067: 4046: 4038: 3905: 3865: 3825: 3785: 3745: 3244:Tailpipe + Total Upstream CO 3068: 2959:(as a % relative to an 2196:Energy conversion efficiency 2047:electric vehicle conversions 1822:Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W206) 1706:Honda Clarity Plug-In Hybrid 1587:began in Europe in May 2014. 1039:Invention and early interest 7: 14581:Electric vehicle conversion 13419:Revenge of the Electric Car 13010:Battery-electric locomotive 12301:(IEA) – IA-HEV (May 2013), 12299:International Energy Agency 12290:International Energy Agency 12237:Argonne National Laboratory 11535:Hudson, Paul (2010-02-28). 11192:Pontes, Jose (2019-01-29). 10754:Gasnier, Mat (2014-01-03). 10728:Gasnier, Mat (2013-12-04). 10704:"Netherlands December 2013" 10702:Pontes, Jose (2014-01-04). 10391:Jose, Pontes (2020-01-31). 10228:Jose, Pontes (2019-01-31). 10125:Pontes, Jose (2018-11-30). 9475:National Academy of Science 9437:Kanellos, M. (2006-04-28). 9001:Retrieved November 8, 2007. 8798:Nelson, Gabe (2015-03-28). 8538: 8302:Downing, Jim (2008-05-21). 6883:Joseph, Noah (2013-10-21). 6776:Webb, Alysha (2013-05-02). 6724:Sears, Jesse (2013-02-27). 6065:(government agency release) 5819:Edmunds (October 15, 2007) 5114:International Energy Agency 4561: 4543:, the Apollo Alliance, the 3993:Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid 3958: 3468:Porsche Panamera S E-Hybrid 3418:Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid 3393:Honda Accord Plug-in Hybrid 3080:Argonne National Laboratory 3049:Argonne National Laboratory 2918:Argonne National Laboratory 2824:electric power transmission 2350:For the more comprehensive 2018:Electric vehicle conversion 1772:Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid 1455:Porsche Panamera S E-Hybrid 1443:Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid 1408:Honda Accord Plug-in Hybrid 1393:Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid 1063:featured an article on the 1045:Lohner–Porsche Mixte Hybrid 1028:Lohner–Porsche Mixte Hybrid 744:Renewable energy portal 462:Renewable energy transition 10: 14602: 14239:Gasoline / petrol 14003:Roadster / Spider / Spyder 12630:Fuel cell electric vehicle 11668:Consumer Reports Cars Blog 10758:. Best Selling Cars Blog. 10732:. Best Selling Cars Blog. 10094:10.1016/j.jebo.2014.03.010 9576:; Gordon, Deborah (2009). 9405:. Retrieved July 21, 2007. 9383:Discussion Paper #2011-08. 8834:California Cars Initiative 8622: 8272:Wald, M. L. (2008-01-13). 7712:sales since market launch. 7599:LeSage, Jon (2016-10-05). 6350:. Retrieved December 2008. 6026:. Retrieved December 2008. 5727:. Retrieved July 25, 2007. 5532:"Hybrid Car Ready in 1969" 4545:Set America Free Coalition 4506:World Wide Fund for Nature 4191: 4148: 4131: 4127: 4110: 4106: 4089: 4085: 4068: 4064: 4047: 3928: 3909: 3888: 3869: 3848: 3829: 3808: 3789: 3768: 3749: 3491: 3466: 3441: 3416: 3391: 3366: 3341: 3316: 3293: 3268: 3204:emissions estimated by EPA 2961:internal combustion engine 2911: 2896:internal combustion engine 2842: 2468: 2203: 2193: 2045:Many early plug-in hybrid 2021: 2015: 1942:are more cost effective." 1926: 1746:Hybrid vehicle drivetrains 1743: 1412:Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV 1363:, a plug-in series hybrid 1293:plug-in hybrid automobile. 1195:Southern California Edison 1191:Ford Escape Plug-in Hybrid 1018:History of plug-in hybrids 1015: 1011: 813:internal combustion engine 29: 14535: 14459: 14379:(engine / drive) 14373: 14345: 14292: 14144: 14066: 13858: 13796: 13755: 13702: 13669: 13641: 13613: 13575: 13524: 13515: 13428: 13412:What Is the Electric Car? 13396: 13323: 13287: 13259:Hydrogen-powered aircraft 13239: 13163: 12995: 12965: 12908: 12885: 12867: 12861:Alternative fuel vehicles 12818: 12758: 12738: 12702: 12676: 12669: 12638: 12602: 12585: 12536: 12493:U.S. Department of Energy 12254:Boschert, Sherry (2007). 11457:"The Holden Volt is dead" 11430:(in German). 2016-02-11. 11325:Kane, Mark (2018-01-26). 11289:Kane, Mark (2019-01-14). 11253:Cobb, Jeff (2017-01-26). 11126:Cobb, Jeff (2016-12-12). 10980:Cobb, Jeff (2017-01-09). 10943:Kane, Mark (2019-01-25). 10839:Kane, Mark (2019-03-13). 10780:Cobb, Jeff (2014-01-16). 10637:Cobb, Jeff (2016-09-01). 10433:Cobb, Jeff (2016-11-17). 10318:Cobb, Jeff (2017-01-16). 9549:Bullis, K. (2006-12-21). 9234:National Research Council 9143:National Research Council 8443:. Retrieved July 8, 2007. 8102:. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT. 7752:Cobb, Jeff (2016-05-19). 7689:Cobb, Jeff (2016-05-03). 7321:Cobb, Jeff (2016-01-18). 7232:Cobb, Jeff (2015-11-04). 7121:Cobb, Jeff (2015-11-03). 7005:Kane, Mark (2014-09-24). 6074:Thompson (June 26, 2008) 4675: – Conspiracy theory 4533:Rainforest Action Network 4249:alternative fuel vehicles 4242:. Also 17 countries levy 4208:federal income tax credit 4204:plug-in electric vehicles 4152: 4049:Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV 4034: 4029: 4026: 4021: 4018: 4011: 3969:Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV 3946: 3710:of new car sales in 2013 3696:Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV 3675:plug-in electric vehicles 3593:This section needs to be 3539: 3243: 3235: 3226: 3213: 3210: 3199: 3141:plug-in electric vehicles 3137:alternative fuel vehicles 3104:This section needs to be 3055:indirect land use changes 3045: 2950: 2740:U.S. Department of Energy 2707: 2481:National Research Council 2178:Idaho National Laboratory 1346:Volvo V70 Plug-in Hybrids 1289:became the world's first 1252:plug-in electric vehicles 1241:Chrysler Town and Country 958:Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV 864:battery electric vehicles 807:plugged into an external 306:Sustainable refurbishment 108:Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV 54:This article needs to be 14018:Sedan delivery/Panel van 13121:Plug-in electric vehicle 13101:Gyro flywheel locomotive 13079:Battery electric vehicle 12625:Battery electric vehicle 12615:Plug-in electric vehicle 12426:Final Report, July 2010. 9500:Technology Options 2003. 9319:ACEEE Report Number T133 8209:. Canada: Toyota. 2016. 7539:Cole, Jay (2016-12-02). 7476:Cole, Jay (2016-02-21). 6913:Cole, Jay (2014-01-03). 6750:Cole, Jay (2013-03-03). 6698:Cole, Jay (2013-01-24). 6089:"Mazda plans Volt rival" 5243:. EV World. 2005-04-07. 5218:. EV World. 2001-09-23. 4693:Plug-in electric vehicle 4537:Rocky Mountain Institute 4500:Supportive organizations 4255:Other government support 4202:for the purchase of new 2916:In 2009, researchers at 2864:well-to-wheel assessment 2839:Greenhouse gas emissions 2776:battery electric vehicle 2547:compared to conventional 2471:Electric vehicle battery 1962:require more resources. 1929:Electric vehicle battery 1890:battery electric vehicle 1758:operates primarily as a 1699:Chrysler Pacifica Hybrid 1488:brand plug-in vehicles ( 1475:Audi A3 Sportback e-tron 1465:and the limited edition 1403:in Sweden by late 2012. 1401:Volvo V60 Plug-in Hybrid 1174:Three plug-in converted 884:greenhouse gas emissions 291:Sustainable architecture 246:Glass in green buildings 236:Environmental technology 166:Compact fluorescent lamp 36:plug-in electric vehicle 32:battery electric vehicle 14576:Automotive technologies 14571:Plug-in hybrid vehicles 14279:Liquified petroleum gas 14091:Driverless (autonomous) 13341:Hybrid electric vehicle 13305:Liquid nitrogen vehicle 13300:Hybrid electric vehicle 13106:Hybrid electric vehicle 13069:Electric platform truck 12610:Hybrid electric vehicle 9832:Report ORNL/TM-2007/150 9776:10.1126/science.1152747 9719:10.1126/science.1151861 8511:The Wall Street Journal 5421:The Wall Street Journal 4484:) is a priority in the 4376:US Department of Energy 4352:during his tour of the 4326:US Department of Energy 4165:and 4,317 units of the 3967:, in December 2018 the 3026:GHG emissions reduction 2977:Ultra-low sulfur diesel 2815:clean coal technologies 2049:have been based on the 1670:(EV mode), the highest 1649:electric drive vehicles 1217:zero-emissions vehicles 1180:San Francisco City Hall 1057:The July 1969 issue of 939:charging infrastructure 797:hybrid electric vehicle 612:Human-powered transport 316:Tropical green building 251:Green building and wood 14184:Compressed natural gas 14111:Personal rapid transit 13466:Zero-emissions vehicle 12982:Compressed-air vehicle 12923:Solar-powered aircraft 10895:See tables in pp. 3-4. 10362:McKinsey & Company 9977:. Green Car Congress. 9112:. Green Car Congress. 8742:. Green Car Congress. 7454:. Green Car Congress. 7207:. Green Car Congress. 7181:. Green Car Congress. 6187:Cleveland Plain Dealer 4877:www.thamesclippers.com 4360: 4348:behind the wheel of a 4308:New Energy for America 4291: 4280:White House South Lawn 4200:grants and tax credits 4171:second generation Volt 4014:between 2008 and 2020 3982:second generation Volt 3670: 3649:Sales and main markets 3630: 2868:electricity generation 2487:battery pack is about 2368:series-parallel hybrid 2095: 2036:Aftermarket conversion 2013: 1923:Electric power storage 1792:series-parallel hybrid 1779: 1776:series-parallel hybrid 1763: 1716: 1647:. The Ioniq family of 1446: 1186: 1095: 1052:Professor Andrew Frank 1035: 708:Personal rapid transit 450:Tidal stream generator 311:Thermal energy storage 231:Environmental planning 14450:Dual motor-four-wheel 14048:Town (Coupé de Ville) 13336:Flexible-fuel vehicle 13264:Hydrogen-powered ship 13216:Flexible-fuel vehicle 13091:Electric kick scooter 12725:EE/FF (CCS Combo 1/2) 12325:Nevres, Cefo (2009). 11879:Apps1.eere.energy.gov 11832:Apps1.eere.energy.gov 11714:Apps1.eere.energy.gov 11194:"Japan December 2018" 10817:. ABB Conversations. 8873:"2011 Chevrolet Volt" 8846:"Our Electric Future" 7155:. Green Car Reports. 7069:. Green Car Reports. 6861:. Green Car Reports. 6562:. Green Car Reports. 6536:. Integrity Exports. 5019:www.chinadaily.com.cn 4343: 4267: 3991:Ranking third is the 3668: 3624: 3127:In October 2014, the 2972:Reformulated gasoline 2504:technologies occurs. 2419:Iowa State University 2084: 2016:Further information: 2003: 1927:Further information: 1881:Charge-depleting mode 1769: 1753: 1714: 1637:Hyundai Motor Company 1631:BMW 330e iPerformance 1623:BMW 740e iPerformance 1551:Volkswagen Passat GTE 1539:Mercedes-Benz C 350 e 1440: 1173: 1094:converted by EnergyCS 1082: 1065:General Motors XP-883 1025: 552:Sustainable transport 497:Floating wind turbine 326:Zero heating building 241:Fossil fuel phase-out 14461:Engine configuration 13461:Wind-powered vehicle 13045:Battery electric bus 12321:, Harvard University 10176:. IEA Publications. 9584:22 to 26 and 114–139 7910:auto motor und sport 5683:on November 2, 2007. 5120:. IEA Publications. 4529:Friends of the Earth 4399:PHEV Research Center 3576:Production and sales 3517:Average gasoline car 2853:do not emit harmful 2726:A 2013 study by the 1910:regenerative braking 1802:Dual plug-in hybrids 1643:line-up at the 2016 1543:S 500 Plug-In Hybrid 901:, offering enhanced 686:Personal transporter 581:Wind-powered vehicle 425:Marine current power 331:Zero-energy building 191:Efficient energy use 14467:internal combustion 14269:Internal combustion 14076:All-terrain vehicle 13998:Retractable hardtop 13310:Natural gas vehicle 12569:Electric locomotive 11541:The Daily Telegraph 11513:. Plug In America. 10468:BestSellingCars.com 10088:(Part A): 248–268. 9848:Scientific American 9768:2008Sci...319.1235F 9762:(5867): 1235–1238. 9710:2008Sci...319.1238S 9704:(5867): 1238–1240. 9682:Report ANL/ESD/09-2 8325:"UltraBattery FAQs" 8067:Scientific American 7968:"Plug-ins Progress" 7956:on January 7, 2011. 7893:. 22 December 2019. 6644:BestSellingCars.com 6420:The Daily Telegraph 5831:Edmunds Inside Line 5779:Wall Street Journal 5241:"What's In A Name?" 5116:(IEA) (June 2020). 4420:Oakland, California 4234:countries plus the 4218:up to a maximum of 3139:, with emphasis in 2872:life cycle analysis 2855:tailpipe pollutants 2768:government subidies 2511: 2116:lithium-ion battery 2008:, PFC charger, and 2006:lead–acid batteries 1692:Frankfurt Auto Show 1559:Hyundai Sonata PHEV 1506:Shanghai Motor Show 1479:Volkswagen Golf GTE 1256:federal tax credits 1084:Lithium-ion battery 1075:Revival of interest 909:driving, and their 829:commercial vehicles 373:Carbon-neutral fuel 301:Sustainable habitat 156:Building insulation 144:Energy conservation 120:Part of a series on 12977:Compressed-air car 12943:List of prototypes 12656:Tesla Supercharger 12467:2013-12-09 at the 12455:2013-12-09 at the 12387:Green Car Congress 12308:2021-02-26 at the 12246:2020-08-12 at the 12195:"Businesswire.com" 12170:Advancedenergy.org 11685:My.barackobama.com 11663:2008-01-13 at the 11602:The New York Times 9506:2008-02-16 at the 9421:2006-10-05 at the 9271:The New York Times 9202:The New York Times 9037:2009-02-25 at the 9017:2012-10-19 at the 8994:2007-10-31 at the 8851:2014-08-25 at the 8829:2010-09-19 at the 8482:The New York Times 8439:2007-07-14 at the 8330:2011-04-15 at the 8308:The Sacramento Bee 8278:The New York Times 8254:2008-06-17 at the 8207:"How hybrids work" 8069:. pp. 72–79. 7972:Green Car Congress 7350:2015-09-17 at the 6343:2008-12-20 at the 6320:2017-11-07 at the 6209:MotorAuthority.com 6204:2008-09-28 at the 6182:2008-10-06 at the 6061:2009-01-12 at the 6041:2008-05-16 at the 6019:2009-01-01 at the 5970:2008-06-22 at the 5826:2007-10-19 at the 5796:The New York Times 5774:2017-12-02 at the 5720:2007-09-28 at the 5700:2011-06-10 at the 4667:Inductive charging 4444:PHEV Pilot Project 4361: 4292: 4159:Volt/Ampera family 3997:Toyota Prius Prime 3671: 3631: 3368:Ford Fusion Energi 3171:tailpipe emissions 2924:to conduct a full 2760:Harvard University 2510:(prices for 2010) 2507: 2499:and it goes up to 2336:fuel economy label 2249:fuel economy label 2227:fuel economy label 2172:, and 29% for the 2162:Ford Energi models 2096: 2086:All-electric range 2014: 1857:Modes of operation 1826:Mercedes C254/X254 1780: 1764: 1717: 1585:Porsche 918 Spyder 1566:Volt/Ampera family 1471:Porsche 918 Spyder 1447: 1420:Ford Fusion Energi 1350:V60 plug-in hybrid 1187: 1102:began selling the 1096: 1036: 907:all-electric range 388:Geothermal heating 216:Energy saving lamp 126:Sustainable energy 14586:Electric vehicles 14558: 14557: 13854: 13853: 13623:Compact executive 13474: 13473: 13383:Electric aircraft 13249:Fuel cell vehicle 13096:Fuel cell vehicle 13020:Electric aircraft 12952:Electric aircraft 12877:Fuel cell vehicle 12827: 12826: 12814: 12813: 12754: 12753: 12689:Type 2 (Mennekes) 12544:Electric aircraft 12530:Electric vehicles 11910:on July 14, 2008. 11863:on June 13, 2008. 10296:. February 2017. 10148:the Tesla Model S 9626:978-0-8157-0305-1 9611:David B. Sandalow 9593:978-0-19-537664-7 9555:Technology Review 9166:978-0-309-14850-4 9010:Hamilton, Tyler. 8669:978-0-7603-3893-3 8629:Popular Mechanics 8623:Austin, Michael. 8100:Technology Review 7665:Green Car Reports 7635:Green Car Reports 7097:Los Angeles Times 6251:Green Car Reports 5628:McFarland, 2010, 5516:978-0-86571-571-4 4766:www.evinchina.com 4739:www.chinamobil.ru 4216:Plug-in Car Grant 4180: 4179: 4176: 3956: 3955: 3952: 3617:Production models 3614: 3613: 3547: 3546: 3543: 3343:Ford C-Max Energi 3156:all-electric mode 3125: 3124: 3062: 3061: 3058: 2851:all-electric mode 2764:net present value 2720: 2719: 2716: 2465:Cost of batteries 2318:, and 37 mpg 2316:all-electric mode 2293:energy resilience 2138:all-electric mode 2102:Popular Mechanics 2091:Popular Mechanics 1875:all-electric mode 1867:charge-sustaining 1668:all-electric mode 1645:Geneva Motor Show 1426:, began sales in 1397:Ford C-Max Energi 1357:Lotus Engineering 1270:Series production 1211:On March 27, the 1138:Fisker Automotive 1134:Fisker Coachbuild 923:hybrid drivetrain 903:energy efficiency 857:military vehicles 781: 780: 378:Geothermal energy 75: 74: 16:(Redirected from 14593: 14470: 14429:Front-four-wheel 14380: 14243:direct injection 14154:Alternative fuel 13968:Multi-stop truck 13522: 13521: 13501: 13494: 13487: 13478: 13477: 13274:Hydrogen vehicle 13254:Hydrogen economy 13221:Methanol economy 13074:Electric vehicle 13025:Electric bicycle 12997:Electric battery 12895:Electric bicycle 12854: 12847: 12840: 12831: 12830: 12674: 12673: 12667: 12666: 12646:Charging station 12597: 12591: 12559:Electric bicycle 12523: 12516: 12509: 12500: 12499: 12390: 12377: 12348: 12279: 12214: 12213: 12211: 12210: 12199:Businesswire.com 12191: 12185: 12184: 12182: 12181: 12172:. Archived from 12162: 12156: 12155: 12153: 12152: 12133: 12127: 12126: 12124: 12123: 12104: 12098: 12097: 12095: 12094: 12075: 12069: 12068: 12066: 12065: 12050: 12044: 12043: 12041: 12040: 12025: 12019: 12018: 12016: 12015: 12000: 11994: 11993: 11991: 11990: 11981:. Archived from 11971: 11965: 11964: 11962: 11961: 11942: 11933: 11932: 11921: 11912: 11911: 11906:. Archived from 11900: 11894: 11893: 11891: 11890: 11881:. Archived from 11871: 11865: 11864: 11859:. Archived from 11853: 11847: 11846: 11844: 11843: 11824: 11818: 11817: 11815: 11814: 11795: 11789: 11788: 11786: 11785: 11766: 11760: 11759: 11757: 11756: 11750: 11743: 11735: 11729: 11728: 11726: 11725: 11716:. Archived from 11706: 11700: 11699: 11697: 11696: 11677: 11671: 11654: 11648: 11647: 11645: 11644: 11638: 11631: 11623: 11617: 11616: 11614: 11613: 11593: 11587: 11586: 11584: 11583: 11577: 11570: 11562: 11556: 11555: 11553: 11552: 11532: 11526: 11525: 11523: 11522: 11507: 11501: 11500: 11498: 11497: 11482: 11476: 11475: 11473: 11472: 11452: 11446: 11442: 11440: 11439: 11420: 11414: 11410: 11408: 11407: 11388: 11382: 11377: 11375: 11374: 11355: 11349: 11345: 11343: 11342: 11322: 11313: 11309: 11307: 11306: 11286: 11277: 11273: 11271: 11270: 11250: 11244: 11240: 11238: 11237: 11222: 11216: 11212: 11210: 11209: 11189: 11183: 11182: 11180: 11179: 11164: 11151: 11146: 11144: 11143: 11123: 11117: 11110: 11108: 11107: 11088: 11075: 11074: 11072: 11071: 11060:Good Car Bad Car 11051: 11042: 11038: 11036: 11035: 11026:. January 2019. 11016: 11005: 11000: 10998: 10997: 10977: 10968: 10963: 10961: 10960: 10940: 10927: 10926: 10924: 10923: 10903: 10897: 10893: 10891: 10890: 10884: 10877: 10869: 10860: 10859: 10857: 10856: 10836: 10830: 10829: 10827: 10826: 10810: 10804: 10800: 10798: 10797: 10777: 10771: 10770: 10768: 10767: 10751: 10745: 10744: 10742: 10741: 10725: 10719: 10718: 10716: 10715: 10699: 10693: 10692: 10690: 10689: 10670: 10661: 10657: 10655: 10654: 10634: 10628: 10623: 10621: 10620: 10601: 10595: 10590: 10588: 10587: 10572: 10566: 10562: 10560: 10559: 10544: 10538: 10533: 10531: 10530: 10515: 10509: 10507: 10505: 10504: 10489: 10483: 10482: 10480: 10479: 10460: 10454: 10453: 10451: 10450: 10430: 10424: 10419: 10413: 10411: 10409: 10408: 10388: 10382: 10377: 10375: 10374: 10352: 10343: 10338: 10336: 10335: 10315: 10309: 10308: 10306: 10305: 10286: 10280: 10276: 10274: 10272: 10256: 10250: 10248: 10246: 10245: 10225: 10210: 10205: 10199: 10191: 10189: 10188: 10182: 10175: 10166: 10153: 10152: 10143: 10142: 10122: 10113: 10111: 10109: 10108: 10102: 10077: 10068: 10057: 10056: 10054: 10053: 10035: 10029: 10025: 10023: 10022: 10016: 10005: 9996: 9990: 9989: 9987: 9986: 9970: 9964: 9960: 9958: 9957: 9951: 9944: 9935: 9920: 9919: 9917: 9916: 9910: 9903: 9894: 9888: 9887: 9885: 9884: 9869: 9863: 9862: 9860: 9859: 9839: 9833: 9831: 9829: 9828: 9822: 9815: 9806: 9797: 9795: 9751: 9745: 9739: 9721: 9689: 9683: 9681: 9679: 9678: 9672: 9665: 9656: 9643: 9641: 9639: 9638: 9607: 9598: 9597: 9574:Sperling, Daniel 9570: 9559: 9558: 9546: 9540: 9539: 9537: 9536: 9517: 9511: 9496: 9490: 9489: 9487: 9486: 9467: 9461: 9460: 9454: 9446: 9434: 9428: 9412: 9406: 9390: 9384: 9382: 9380: 9379: 9373: 9366: 9357: 9351: 9350: 9348: 9347: 9331: 9322: 9317: 9315: 9314: 9308: 9301: 9292: 9286: 9285: 9283: 9282: 9259: 9253: 9252: 9250: 9249: 9230: 9217: 9216: 9214: 9213: 9193: 9182: 9181: 9179: 9178: 9139: 9128: 9124: 9122: 9121: 9105: 9099: 9098: 9096: 9095: 9086:. Archived from 9076: 9070: 9069: 9067: 9066: 9057:. Archived from 9051:"RechargeIT.org" 9047: 9041: 9028: 9022: 9008: 9002: 8985: 8979: 8977:EPA-420-F-11-017 8975: 8973: 8972: 8957: 8948: 8947: 8945: 8944: 8929: 8920: 8919: 8917: 8916: 8901: 8892: 8891: 8889: 8888: 8868: 8859: 8842: 8836: 8820: 8814: 8813: 8811: 8810: 8795: 8789: 8785: 8783: 8782: 8776: 8769: 8761: 8755: 8754: 8752: 8751: 8735: 8729: 8728: 8726: 8725: 8705: 8699: 8698: 8696: 8695: 8680: 8674: 8673: 8651: 8645: 8644: 8642: 8640: 8620: 8614: 8613: 8611: 8609: 8594: 8588: 8587: 8585: 8583: 8577: 8570: 8562: 8556: 8555: 8553: 8551: 8536: 8530: 8529: 8524: 8522: 8503: 8497: 8496: 8494: 8493: 8473: 8467: 8450: 8444: 8430: 8424: 8423: 8421: 8420: 8401: 8395: 8394: 8392: 8391: 8385: 8378: 8370: 8364: 8363: 8361: 8360: 8341: 8335: 8322: 8316: 8315: 8310:. Archived from 8299: 8293: 8292: 8290: 8289: 8269: 8263: 8245: 8239: 8228: 8222: 8221: 8219: 8218: 8203: 8197: 8196: 8194: 8193: 8184:. Archived from 8173: 8167: 8166: 8151: 8145: 8144: 8142: 8141: 8121: 8115: 8114: 8112: 8111: 8091: 8085: 8084: 8082: 8081: 8075: 8064: 8055: 8049: 8048: 8046: 8045: 8039: 8032: 8023: 8017: 8016: 8014: 8007: 7996: 7987: 7986: 7984: 7983: 7964: 7958: 7957: 7952:. Archived from 7946: 7940: 7939: 7937: 7936: 7920: 7914: 7913: 7901: 7895: 7894: 7887: 7881: 7880: 7873: 7867: 7866: 7859: 7853: 7852: 7850: 7849: 7830: 7824: 7823: 7821: 7819: 7804: 7798: 7797: 7795: 7794: 7779: 7773: 7772: 7770: 7769: 7749: 7743: 7738: 7736: 7735: 7720: 7714: 7709: 7707: 7706: 7686: 7680: 7679: 7677: 7676: 7656: 7650: 7649: 7647: 7646: 7626: 7620: 7619: 7617: 7616: 7596: 7590: 7589: 7587: 7586: 7566: 7560: 7559: 7557: 7556: 7536: 7530: 7529: 7527: 7526: 7506: 7497: 7496: 7494: 7493: 7473: 7467: 7466: 7464: 7463: 7447: 7441: 7440: 7438: 7437: 7417: 7411: 7410: 7408: 7407: 7387: 7381: 7380: 7378: 7377: 7362: 7356: 7341: 7339: 7338: 7318: 7312: 7307: 7301: 7293: 7291: 7290: 7284: 7277: 7268: 7257: 7252: 7250: 7249: 7229: 7220: 7219: 7217: 7216: 7200: 7194: 7193: 7191: 7190: 7174: 7168: 7167: 7165: 7164: 7148: 7142: 7141: 7139: 7138: 7118: 7112: 7111: 7109: 7108: 7088: 7082: 7081: 7079: 7078: 7062: 7056: 7055: 7053: 7052: 7032: 7026: 7025: 7023: 7022: 7002: 6996: 6995: 6993: 6992: 6983:. Archived from 6972: 6966: 6965: 6963: 6962: 6942: 6936: 6935: 6933: 6932: 6910: 6904: 6903: 6901: 6900: 6880: 6874: 6873: 6871: 6870: 6854: 6848: 6847: 6845: 6844: 6829: 6823: 6822: 6820: 6819: 6806:Nuñez, Beatriz. 6803: 6797: 6796: 6794: 6793: 6773: 6767: 6766: 6764: 6763: 6747: 6741: 6740: 6738: 6737: 6721: 6715: 6714: 6712: 6711: 6695: 6689: 6688: 6686: 6685: 6665: 6659: 6658: 6656: 6655: 6636: 6630: 6629: 6627: 6626: 6606: 6600: 6599: 6597: 6596: 6581: 6575: 6574: 6572: 6571: 6555: 6549: 6548: 6546: 6545: 6529: 6523: 6522: 6520: 6519: 6503: 6497: 6496: 6494: 6493: 6484:. Archived from 6473: 6464: 6463: 6461: 6460: 6445: 6436: 6435: 6433: 6432: 6410: 6404: 6403: 6401: 6400: 6385: 6379: 6378: 6376: 6375: 6360: 6351: 6334: 6325: 6311: 6302: 6301: 6299: 6298: 6279: 6270: 6265: 6263: 6262: 6242: 6236: 6235: 6233: 6232: 6217: 6211: 6195: 6189: 6173: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6163: 6143: 6137: 6136: 6134: 6133: 6114: 6108: 6107: 6105: 6104: 6085: 6079: 6072: 6066: 6052: 6046: 6033: 6027: 6010: 6004: 6003: 6001: 6000: 5985: 5979: 5962: 5956: 5955: 5953: 5952: 5933: 5924: 5923: 5921: 5920: 5911:. Archived from 5901: 5892: 5891: 5889: 5888: 5869: 5863: 5862: 5860: 5859: 5840: 5834: 5817: 5811: 5810: 5808: 5807: 5787: 5781: 5765: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5755: 5749: 5742: 5734: 5728: 5711: 5705: 5691: 5685: 5684: 5672: 5666: 5665: 5663: 5662: 5643: 5637: 5622: 5616: 5615: 5613: 5612: 5606: 5595: 5587: 5581: 5580: 5578: 5577: 5568:. Archived from 5557: 5551: 5550: 5548: 5547: 5528: 5522: 5520: 5497:Boschert, Sherry 5493: 5487: 5486: 5484: 5483: 5467: 5461: 5460: 5458: 5457: 5442: 5436: 5435: 5433: 5432: 5412: 5406: 5405: 5403: 5402: 5387: 5381: 5376: 5374: 5373: 5354: 5348: 5347: 5345: 5344: 5329: 5323: 5322: 5320: 5319: 5308:10.1039/C001674H 5287: 5281: 5280: 5278: 5277: 5262: 5256: 5255: 5253: 5252: 5237: 5231: 5230: 5228: 5227: 5212: 5206: 5205: 5203: 5202: 5182: 5173: 5172: 5170: 5169: 5163: 5157:. Archived from 5152: 5143: 5137: 5132: 5130: 5129: 5110: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5097: 5083: 5077: 5076: 5074: 5073: 5059: 5053: 5052: 5050: 5049: 5035: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5025: 5010: 5004: 5003: 5001: 5000: 4989: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4979: 4960: 4949: 4948: 4946: 4945: 4926: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4913: 4898: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4883: 4869: 4863: 4862: 4856: 4855: 4839: 4828: 4827: 4825: 4824: 4809: 4800: 4799: 4797: 4796: 4782: 4776: 4775: 4773: 4772: 4758: 4749: 4748: 4746: 4745: 4731: 4704: 4689: 4657: 4627: 4618: 4609: 4592: 4587: 4586: 4578: 4573: 4572: 4571: 4541:Bay Area Council 4442:Washington state 4232:Western European 4225: 4221: 4213: 4153: 4091:Toyota Prius PHV 4009: 4008: 3947: 3936: 3934: 3933: 3917: 3915: 3914: 3896: 3894: 3893: 3877: 3875: 3874: 3856: 3854: 3853: 3837: 3835: 3834: 3816: 3814: 3813: 3797: 3795: 3794: 3776: 3774: 3773: 3757: 3755: 3754: 3705: 3704: 3673:Global sales of 3609: 3606: 3600: 3588: 3587: 3580: 3563:compared to the 3540: 3197: 3196: 3160:Toyota Prius PHV 3120: 3117: 3111: 3099: 3098: 3091: 3046: 2948: 2947: 2884:hydroelectricity 2860:greenhouse gases 2790: 2786: 2781: 2773: 2749: 2745: 2737: 2733: 2708: 2692: 2684: 2677: 2637: 2629: 2622: 2545:additional cost 2512: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2490: 2483:, the cost of a 2458:Level-2 chargers 2448: 2444: 2440: 2426:concluded that: 2415:Lamar University 2404: 2400: 2244: 2222: 2174:Toyota Prius PHV 2068:state of Georgia 1933:Charging station 1863:charge-depleting 1840:Charging systems 1811:Mercedes-AMG ONE 1598: 1580: 1564:Global combined 1355:In October 2010 1304: 1282: 1184:charging station 1151:announced their 1070: 868:renewable energy 773: 766: 759: 746: 742: 741: 732: 727: 726: 564:Electric vehicle 413:Run-of-the-river 398:Hydroelectricity 383:Geothermal power 344:Renewable energy 296:Sustainable city 271:Low-energy house 211:Energy recycling 136: 117: 116: 103: 85: 70: 67: 61: 49: 48: 41: 21: 14601: 14600: 14596: 14595: 14594: 14592: 14591: 14590: 14561: 14560: 14559: 14554: 14531: 14502:Single-cylinder 14464: 14463: 14455: 14443:Rear-four-wheel 14394:Front mid-front 14378: 14377: 14369: 14347:Engine position 14341: 14288: 14274:Liquid nitrogen 14140: 14068: 14062: 13850: 13792: 13751: 13698: 13684:Crossover (CUV) 13665: 13637: 13609: 13571: 13511: 13505: 13475: 13470: 13451:Wave power ship 13441:Ram air turbine 13424: 13392: 13331:Bi-fuel vehicle 13319: 13283: 13235: 13159: 12999: 12991: 12968: 12967:Compressed-air 12961: 12904: 12881: 12863: 12858: 12828: 12823: 12810: 12750: 12734: 12698: 12665: 12661:Vehicle-to-grid 12634: 12598: 12592: 12583: 12532: 12527: 12483:Plug In America 12479: 12469:Wayback Machine 12457:Wayback Machine 12394:Romm, Joseph J. 12366: 12337: 12310:Wayback Machine 12268: 12248:Wayback Machine 12223: 12221:Further reading 12218: 12217: 12208: 12206: 12193: 12192: 12188: 12179: 12177: 12164: 12163: 12159: 12150: 12148: 12135: 12134: 12130: 12121: 12119: 12106: 12105: 12101: 12092: 12090: 12077: 12076: 12072: 12063: 12061: 12052: 12051: 12047: 12038: 12036: 12027: 12026: 12022: 12013: 12011: 12002: 12001: 11997: 11988: 11986: 11973: 11972: 11968: 11959: 11957: 11944: 11943: 11936: 11923: 11922: 11915: 11902: 11901: 11897: 11888: 11886: 11873: 11872: 11868: 11855: 11854: 11850: 11841: 11839: 11826: 11825: 11821: 11812: 11810: 11797: 11796: 11792: 11783: 11781: 11768: 11767: 11763: 11754: 11752: 11748: 11741: 11737: 11736: 11732: 11723: 11721: 11708: 11707: 11703: 11694: 11692: 11679: 11678: 11674: 11665:Wayback Machine 11655: 11651: 11642: 11640: 11636: 11629: 11625: 11624: 11620: 11611: 11609: 11594: 11590: 11581: 11579: 11575: 11568: 11564: 11563: 11559: 11550: 11548: 11533: 11529: 11520: 11518: 11509: 11508: 11504: 11495: 11493: 11484: 11483: 11479: 11470: 11468: 11453: 11449: 11437: 11435: 11422: 11421: 11417: 11405: 11403: 11390: 11389: 11385: 11372: 11370: 11357: 11356: 11352: 11340: 11338: 11323: 11316: 11304: 11302: 11287: 11280: 11268: 11266: 11251: 11247: 11235: 11233: 11224: 11223: 11219: 11207: 11205: 11190: 11186: 11177: 11175: 11166: 11165: 11154: 11141: 11139: 11124: 11120: 11105: 11103: 11098:. 17 May 2017. 11090: 11089: 11078: 11069: 11067: 11052: 11045: 11033: 11031: 11018: 11017: 11008: 10995: 10993: 10978: 10971: 10958: 10956: 10941: 10930: 10921: 10919: 10904: 10900: 10888: 10886: 10882: 10875: 10871: 10870: 10863: 10854: 10852: 10837: 10833: 10824: 10822: 10811: 10807: 10795: 10793: 10778: 10774: 10765: 10763: 10752: 10748: 10739: 10737: 10726: 10722: 10713: 10711: 10700: 10696: 10687: 10685: 10672: 10671: 10664: 10652: 10650: 10635: 10631: 10618: 10616: 10603: 10602: 10598: 10585: 10583: 10574: 10573: 10569: 10557: 10555: 10546: 10545: 10541: 10528: 10526: 10517: 10516: 10512: 10502: 10500: 10491: 10490: 10486: 10477: 10475: 10462: 10461: 10457: 10448: 10446: 10431: 10427: 10420: 10416: 10406: 10404: 10389: 10385: 10372: 10370: 10353: 10346: 10333: 10331: 10316: 10312: 10303: 10301: 10288: 10287: 10283: 10270: 10268: 10263:. EVSales.com. 10257: 10253: 10243: 10241: 10226: 10213: 10193: 10192: 10186: 10184: 10180: 10173: 10167: 10156: 10140: 10138: 10123: 10116: 10106: 10104: 10100: 10075: 10069: 10060: 10051: 10049: 10037: 10036: 10032: 10020: 10018: 10014: 10008:fueleconomy.gov 10003: 9997: 9993: 9984: 9982: 9971: 9967: 9955: 9953: 9949: 9942: 9936: 9923: 9914: 9912: 9908: 9901: 9895: 9891: 9882: 9880: 9871: 9870: 9866: 9857: 9855: 9840: 9836: 9826: 9824: 9820: 9813: 9807: 9800: 9752: 9748: 9690: 9686: 9676: 9674: 9670: 9663: 9657: 9646: 9636: 9634: 9627: 9608: 9601: 9594: 9571: 9562: 9547: 9543: 9534: 9532: 9519: 9518: 9514: 9508:Wayback Machine 9497: 9493: 9484: 9482: 9469: 9468: 9464: 9448: 9447: 9435: 9431: 9423:Wayback Machine 9413: 9409: 9391: 9387: 9377: 9375: 9371: 9364: 9358: 9354: 9345: 9343: 9332: 9325: 9312: 9310: 9306: 9299: 9293: 9289: 9280: 9278: 9263:Tabuchi, Hiroko 9260: 9256: 9247: 9245: 9231: 9220: 9211: 9209: 9194: 9185: 9176: 9174: 9167: 9140: 9131: 9119: 9117: 9106: 9102: 9093: 9091: 9078: 9077: 9073: 9064: 9062: 9049: 9048: 9044: 9039:Wayback Machine 9029: 9025: 9019:Wayback Machine 9009: 9005: 8996:Wayback Machine 8986: 8982: 8970: 8968: 8959: 8958: 8951: 8942: 8940: 8931: 8930: 8923: 8914: 8912: 8903: 8902: 8895: 8886: 8884: 8877:Fueleconomy.gov 8869: 8862: 8853:Wayback Machine 8843: 8839: 8831:Wayback Machine 8821: 8817: 8808: 8806: 8804:Automotive News 8796: 8792: 8780: 8778: 8774: 8767: 8763: 8762: 8758: 8749: 8747: 8736: 8732: 8723: 8721: 8706: 8702: 8693: 8691: 8682: 8681: 8677: 8670: 8652: 8648: 8638: 8636: 8621: 8617: 8607: 8605: 8596: 8595: 8591: 8581: 8579: 8575: 8568: 8563: 8559: 8549: 8547: 8537: 8533: 8520: 8518: 8504: 8500: 8491: 8489: 8474: 8470: 8451: 8447: 8441:Wayback Machine 8431: 8427: 8418: 8416: 8403: 8402: 8398: 8389: 8387: 8383: 8376: 8372: 8371: 8367: 8358: 8356: 8343: 8342: 8338: 8332:Wayback Machine 8323: 8319: 8300: 8296: 8287: 8285: 8270: 8266: 8256:Wayback Machine 8246: 8242: 8229: 8225: 8216: 8214: 8205: 8204: 8200: 8191: 8189: 8174: 8170: 8153: 8152: 8148: 8139: 8137: 8122: 8118: 8109: 8107: 8092: 8088: 8079: 8077: 8073: 8062: 8056: 8052: 8043: 8041: 8037: 8030: 8024: 8020: 8012: 8005: 7997: 7990: 7981: 7979: 7966: 7965: 7961: 7948: 7947: 7943: 7934: 7932: 7921: 7917: 7902: 7898: 7889: 7888: 7884: 7879:. 14 June 2013. 7875: 7874: 7870: 7861: 7860: 7856: 7847: 7845: 7832: 7831: 7827: 7817: 7815: 7806: 7805: 7801: 7792: 7790: 7788:Automotive News 7780: 7776: 7767: 7765: 7750: 7746: 7733: 7731: 7722: 7721: 7717: 7704: 7702: 7687: 7683: 7674: 7672: 7657: 7653: 7644: 7642: 7627: 7623: 7614: 7612: 7597: 7593: 7584: 7582: 7567: 7563: 7554: 7552: 7537: 7533: 7524: 7522: 7507: 7500: 7491: 7489: 7474: 7470: 7461: 7459: 7448: 7444: 7435: 7433: 7426:The Korea Times 7418: 7414: 7405: 7403: 7388: 7384: 7375: 7373: 7364: 7363: 7359: 7352:Wayback Machine 7336: 7334: 7319: 7315: 7295: 7294: 7288: 7286: 7282: 7275: 7269: 7260: 7247: 7245: 7230: 7223: 7214: 7212: 7201: 7197: 7188: 7186: 7175: 7171: 7162: 7160: 7149: 7145: 7136: 7134: 7119: 7115: 7106: 7104: 7089: 7085: 7076: 7074: 7063: 7059: 7050: 7048: 7033: 7029: 7020: 7018: 7003: 6999: 6990: 6988: 6973: 6969: 6960: 6958: 6943: 6939: 6930: 6928: 6911: 6907: 6898: 6896: 6881: 6877: 6868: 6866: 6855: 6851: 6842: 6840: 6831: 6830: 6826: 6817: 6815: 6804: 6800: 6791: 6789: 6774: 6770: 6761: 6759: 6748: 6744: 6735: 6733: 6722: 6718: 6709: 6707: 6696: 6692: 6683: 6681: 6666: 6662: 6653: 6651: 6638: 6637: 6633: 6624: 6622: 6607: 6603: 6594: 6592: 6583: 6582: 6578: 6569: 6567: 6556: 6552: 6543: 6541: 6530: 6526: 6517: 6515: 6504: 6500: 6491: 6489: 6474: 6467: 6458: 6456: 6447: 6446: 6439: 6430: 6428: 6411: 6407: 6398: 6396: 6387: 6386: 6382: 6373: 6371: 6362: 6361: 6354: 6345:Wayback Machine 6335: 6328: 6322:Wayback Machine 6312: 6305: 6296: 6294: 6287:China Car Times 6281: 6280: 6273: 6260: 6258: 6243: 6239: 6230: 6228: 6219: 6218: 6214: 6206:Wayback Machine 6196: 6192: 6184:Wayback Machine 6174: 6170: 6161: 6159: 6152:Popular Science 6144: 6140: 6131: 6129: 6116: 6115: 6111: 6102: 6100: 6087: 6086: 6082: 6073: 6069: 6063:Wayback Machine 6053: 6049: 6043:Wayback Machine 6034: 6030: 6021:Wayback Machine 6011: 6007: 5998: 5996: 5989:"News Releases" 5987: 5986: 5982: 5976:Chicago Tribune 5972:Wayback Machine 5963: 5959: 5950: 5948: 5935: 5934: 5927: 5918: 5916: 5903: 5902: 5895: 5886: 5884: 5871: 5870: 5866: 5857: 5855: 5842: 5841: 5837: 5828:Wayback Machine 5818: 5814: 5805: 5803: 5788: 5784: 5776:Wayback Machine 5766: 5762: 5753: 5751: 5747: 5740: 5736: 5735: 5731: 5722:Wayback Machine 5712: 5708: 5702:Wayback Machine 5692: 5688: 5673: 5669: 5660: 5658: 5645: 5644: 5640: 5623: 5619: 5610: 5608: 5604: 5593: 5589: 5588: 5584: 5575: 5573: 5558: 5554: 5545: 5543: 5530: 5529: 5525: 5517: 5494: 5490: 5481: 5479: 5468: 5464: 5455: 5453: 5444: 5443: 5439: 5430: 5428: 5413: 5409: 5400: 5398: 5389: 5388: 5384: 5371: 5369: 5356: 5355: 5351: 5342: 5340: 5331: 5330: 5326: 5317: 5315: 5288: 5284: 5275: 5273: 5264: 5263: 5259: 5250: 5248: 5239: 5238: 5234: 5225: 5223: 5214: 5213: 5209: 5200: 5198: 5183: 5176: 5167: 5165: 5161: 5150: 5144: 5140: 5127: 5125: 5111: 5104: 5095: 5093: 5085: 5084: 5080: 5071: 5069: 5061: 5060: 5056: 5047: 5045: 5037: 5036: 5032: 5023: 5021: 5011: 5007: 4998: 4996: 4991: 4990: 4986: 4977: 4975: 4962: 4961: 4952: 4943: 4941: 4928: 4927: 4920: 4911: 4909: 4900: 4899: 4890: 4881: 4879: 4871: 4870: 4866: 4853: 4851: 4840: 4831: 4822: 4820: 4811: 4810: 4803: 4794: 4792: 4784: 4783: 4779: 4770: 4768: 4760: 4759: 4752: 4743: 4741: 4733: 4732: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4702: 4687: 4684:Plug In America 4655: 4625: 4616: 4607: 4588: 4581: 4574: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4521:Plug In America 4502: 4482:electromobility 4459:Port of Seattle 4447:Texas Governor 4319:conversion kits 4257: 4223: 4219: 4211: 4196: 4190: 4185: 4174: 4164: 4162: 4040:Since inception 4031: 4023: 4013: 3978:Buick Velite 5s 3961: 3931: 3929: 3912: 3910: 3891: 3889: 3872: 3870: 3851: 3849: 3832: 3830: 3811: 3809: 3792: 3790: 3771: 3769: 3752: 3750: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3709: 3684: 3651: 3643:mass-production 3619: 3610: 3604: 3601: 3598: 3589: 3585: 3578: 3570: 3552: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3247: 3240: 3239: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3205: 3203: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3180: 3169: 3146: 3121: 3115: 3112: 3109: 3100: 3096: 3089: 3071: 3052: 3041: 3036: 3031: 3021: 3016: 3011: 2998: 2985: 2974: 2958: 2956: 2914: 2909: 2847: 2841: 2832: 2798: 2788: 2784: 2779: 2771: 2747: 2743: 2735: 2731: 2714: 2703: 2698: 2693: 2690: 2685: 2682: 2678: 2675: 2671: 2664: 2657: 2654: 2648: 2643: 2638: 2635: 2630: 2627: 2623: 2620: 2616: 2604: 2601: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2568:upgrade at home 2567: 2566:electric system 2565: 2559:of battery pack 2558: 2557:Estimated cost 2548: 2546: 2544: 2535: 2528: 2526: 2519: 2517: 2509: 2500: 2496: 2488: 2473: 2467: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2411: 2409:Operating costs 2402: 2398: 2388: 2384: 2346: 2342: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2308:mass production 2281:petroleum fuels 2260: 2259: 2258: 2257: 2256: 2253:series-parallel 2251:for blended or 2245: 2236: 2235: 2234: 2223: 2212: 2210:Fuel efficiency 2202: 2194:Main articles: 2192: 2187: 2124:state of charge 2059: 2026: 2020: 1998: 1974:Ultracapacitors 1956:iron phosphates 1935: 1925: 1859: 1842: 1804: 1788:parallel hybrid 1748: 1742: 1737: 1730: 1726: 1610: 1609: 1608: 1607: 1606: 1599: 1590: 1589: 1588: 1581: 1527: 1495: 1381:lithium battery 1316: 1315: 1314: 1313: 1312: 1305: 1296: 1295: 1294: 1283: 1272: 1201:plug-in hybrid 1166: 1077: 1068: 1060:Popular Science 1041: 1020: 1014: 985: 919:operating costs 911:electric motors 899:electrical grid 777: 736: 735: 722: 715: 714: 554: 544: 543: 346: 336: 335: 321:Waste-to-energy 276:Microgeneration 206:Energy recovery 146: 115: 114: 113: 112: 111: 104: 95: 94: 93: 86: 71: 65: 62: 59: 50: 46: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 14599: 14589: 14588: 14583: 14578: 14573: 14556: 14555: 14553: 14552: 14547: 14542: 14536: 14533: 14532: 14530: 14529: 14524: 14519: 14514: 14509: 14504: 14499: 14494: 14489: 14484: 14479: 14473: 14471: 14457: 14456: 14454: 14453: 14446: 14439: 14436:Mid-four-wheel 14432: 14425: 14418: 14411: 14404: 14397: 14390: 14383: 14381: 14371: 14370: 14368: 14367: 14362: 14357: 14351: 14349: 14343: 14342: 14340: 14339: 14334: 14329: 14324: 14319: 14314: 14309: 14304: 14298: 14296: 14290: 14289: 14287: 14286: 14281: 14276: 14271: 14266: 14261: 14251: 14246: 14236: 14231: 14226: 14221: 14216: 14206: 14200: 14191: 14186: 14181: 14176: 14171: 14166: 14161: 14156: 14150: 14148: 14142: 14141: 14139: 14138: 14133: 14128: 14123: 14118: 14113: 14108: 14103: 14098: 14093: 14088: 14083: 14078: 14072: 14070: 14064: 14063: 14061: 14060: 14055: 14050: 14045: 14040: 14035: 14030: 14025: 14023:Shooting brake 14020: 14015: 14013:Saloon / Sedan 14010: 14005: 14000: 13995: 13990: 13985: 13980: 13975: 13970: 13965: 13960: 13955: 13950: 13945: 13940: 13935: 13930: 13925: 13920: 13915: 13910: 13905: 13900: 13895: 13890: 13885: 13880: 13875: 13870: 13864: 13862: 13856: 13855: 13852: 13851: 13849: 13848: 13843: 13838: 13833: 13828: 13823: 13818: 13813: 13808: 13802: 13800: 13794: 13793: 13791: 13790: 13785: 13780: 13775: 13770: 13765: 13759: 13757: 13753: 13752: 13750: 13749: 13744: 13739: 13734: 13729: 13724: 13719: 13714: 13708: 13706: 13700: 13699: 13697: 13696: 13691: 13686: 13681: 13675: 13673: 13667: 13666: 13664: 13663: 13658: 13653: 13647: 13645: 13639: 13638: 13636: 13635: 13630: 13625: 13619: 13617: 13611: 13610: 13608: 13607: 13602: 13597: 13592: 13587: 13581: 13579: 13573: 13572: 13570: 13569: 13564: 13559: 13554: 13549: 13544: 13539: 13534: 13528: 13526: 13519: 13517:Classification 13513: 13512: 13504: 13503: 13496: 13489: 13481: 13472: 13471: 13469: 13468: 13463: 13458: 13453: 13448: 13443: 13438: 13432: 13430: 13426: 13425: 13423: 13422: 13415: 13408: 13400: 13398: 13394: 13393: 13391: 13390: 13385: 13380: 13379: 13378: 13373: 13363: 13361:Plug-in hybrid 13358: 13353: 13351:Hybrid vehicle 13348: 13343: 13338: 13333: 13327: 13325: 13321: 13320: 13318: 13317: 13312: 13307: 13302: 13297: 13291: 13289: 13285: 13284: 13282: 13281: 13276: 13271: 13269:Hydrogen train 13266: 13261: 13256: 13251: 13245: 13243: 13237: 13236: 13234: 13233: 13228: 13223: 13218: 13213: 13208: 13203: 13198: 13193: 13188: 13183: 13178: 13172: 13170: 13161: 13160: 13158: 13157: 13156: 13155: 13150: 13145: 13135: 13130: 13129: 13128: 13118: 13113: 13108: 13103: 13098: 13093: 13088: 13083: 13082: 13081: 13071: 13066: 13064:Electric truck 13061: 13060: 13059: 13049: 13048: 13047: 13037: 13032: 13027: 13022: 13017: 13012: 13006: 13004: 12993: 12992: 12990: 12989: 12984: 12979: 12973: 12971: 12963: 12962: 12960: 12959: 12954: 12949: 12948: 12947: 12946: 12945: 12935: 12930: 12925: 12914: 12912: 12906: 12905: 12903: 12902: 12897: 12891: 12889: 12883: 12882: 12880: 12879: 12873: 12871: 12865: 12864: 12857: 12856: 12849: 12842: 12834: 12825: 12824: 12819: 12816: 12815: 12812: 12811: 12809: 12808: 12803: 12798: 12793: 12788: 12783: 12778: 12773: 12768: 12762: 12760: 12756: 12755: 12752: 12751: 12749: 12748: 12742: 12740: 12736: 12735: 12733: 12732: 12727: 12722: 12717: 12712: 12706: 12704: 12700: 12699: 12697: 12696: 12694:Type 3 (Scame) 12691: 12686: 12680: 12678: 12671: 12664: 12663: 12658: 12653: 12642: 12640: 12636: 12635: 12633: 12632: 12627: 12622: 12617: 12612: 12606: 12604: 12600: 12599: 12586: 12584: 12582: 12581: 12579:Electric truck 12576: 12571: 12566: 12561: 12556: 12551: 12546: 12540: 12538: 12534: 12533: 12526: 12525: 12518: 12511: 12503: 12497: 12496: 12486: 12478: 12477:External links 12475: 12474: 12473: 12472: 12471: 12459: 12441: 12440: 12439: 12433: 12427: 12415: 12405: 12391: 12378: 12364: 12349: 12335: 12322: 12312: 12296: 12287: 12280: 12266: 12251: 12234: 12222: 12219: 12216: 12215: 12201:. 2009-09-24. 12186: 12157: 12128: 12114:. 2009-01-16. 12099: 12085:. 2009-03-27. 12070: 12045: 12029:"Ec.europa.eu" 12020: 11995: 11966: 11934: 11931:on 2009-10-03. 11913: 11895: 11866: 11848: 11819: 11805:. 2008-12-31. 11790: 11776:. 2009-02-12. 11761: 11730: 11701: 11672: 11649: 11618: 11588: 11557: 11527: 11502: 11477: 11447: 11415: 11398:. 2016-02-13. 11396:China Auto Web 11383: 11365:. 2017-01-19. 11363:China Auto Web 11350: 11314: 11278: 11259:HybridCars.com 11245: 11217: 11184: 11152: 11132:HybridCars.com 11118: 11113:Buick Velite 5 11096:Car Sales Base 11076: 11043: 11006: 10986:HybridCars.com 10969: 10928: 10898: 10861: 10831: 10805: 10786:HybridCars.com 10772: 10746: 10720: 10694: 10680:. 2013-12-17. 10662: 10643:HybridCars.com 10629: 10611:. 2014-01-07. 10596: 10567: 10539: 10510: 10484: 10470:. 2013-04-02. 10455: 10439:HybridCars.com 10425: 10414: 10383: 10344: 10324:HybridCars.com 10310: 10294:EV-Volumes.com 10281: 10251: 10211: 10154: 10114: 10058: 10044:. 2014-11-24. 10030: 9991: 9965: 9921: 9889: 9864: 9834: 9798: 9746: 9684: 9644: 9625: 9613:, ed. (2009). 9599: 9592: 9560: 9541: 9512: 9491: 9477:. 2009-10-19. 9462: 9429: 9407: 9385: 9352: 9323: 9287: 9265:(2009-12-14). 9254: 9236:(2009-12-14). 9218: 9183: 9165: 9157:10.17226/12826 9129: 9100: 9071: 9042: 9023: 9021:. June 9, 2008 9003: 8980: 8949: 8921: 8893: 8860: 8858:(American.com) 8837: 8815: 8790: 8756: 8730: 8700: 8675: 8668: 8658:. Foreword by 8646: 8615: 8589: 8557: 8531: 8517:on 6 June 2014 8498: 8468: 8459:2012-07-07 at 8445: 8425: 8396: 8365: 8336: 8317: 8314:on 2008-05-28. 8294: 8264: 8247:Jansen, Matt. 8240: 8223: 8198: 8168: 8165:on 2007-09-27. 8146: 8116: 8086: 8050: 8018: 8015:on 2007-09-25. 7988: 7974:. 2006-09-29. 7959: 7941: 7929:Rand and Track 7915: 7896: 7882: 7868: 7854: 7825: 7799: 7774: 7758:HybridCars.com 7744: 7715: 7695:HybridCars.com 7681: 7651: 7621: 7605:HybridCars.com 7591: 7561: 7531: 7498: 7468: 7442: 7412: 7382: 7357: 7327:HybridCars.com 7313: 7258: 7238:HybridCars.com 7221: 7195: 7169: 7143: 7127:HybridCars.com 7113: 7083: 7057: 7027: 6997: 6967: 6937: 6905: 6875: 6849: 6824: 6798: 6782:PluginCars.com 6768: 6742: 6716: 6702:. Inside EVs. 6690: 6674:HybridCars.com 6660: 6646:. 2013-04-12. 6631: 6615:PluginCars.com 6601: 6576: 6550: 6524: 6510:. earth2tech. 6498: 6482:Car and Driver 6465: 6437: 6405: 6380: 6352: 6326: 6303: 6271: 6237: 6212: 6190: 6168: 6138: 6109: 6095:. 2008-08-28. 6080: 6067: 6047: 6028: 6005: 5980: 5957: 5925: 5909:hybridCars.com 5893: 5864: 5848:Media.Ford.Com 5835: 5812: 5782: 5760: 5743:. 2007-09-05. 5729: 5706: 5686: 5667: 5638: 5617: 5582: 5552: 5538:. 2007-01-09. 5523: 5515: 5488: 5462: 5437: 5407: 5382: 5362:HybridCars.com 5349: 5324: 5282: 5266:"The glossary" 5257: 5232: 5207: 5174: 5138: 5102: 5078: 5054: 5030: 5005: 4984: 4970:. 2010-12-16. 4968:plugincars.com 4950: 4918: 4888: 4864: 4829: 4801: 4777: 4750: 4725: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4716: 4711: 4705: 4696: 4690: 4681: 4676: 4670: 4664: 4658: 4649: 4644: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4619: 4610: 4601: 4595: 4594: 4593: 4579: 4563: 4560: 4501: 4498: 4475: 4474: 4473:European Union 4470: 4469: 4452: 4445: 4439: 4401: 4396: 4385: 4379: 4269:President Bush 4262: 4261: 4256: 4253: 4244:carbon dioxide 4236:Czech Republic 4192:Main article: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4178: 4177: 4167:Buick Velite 5 4150: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4141: 4138: 4135: 4129: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4120: 4117: 4114: 4108: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4099: 4096: 4093: 4087: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4078: 4075: 4072: 4070:Chevrolet Volt 4066: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4057: 4054: 4051: 4045: 4044: 4041: 4037: 4036: 4033: 4028: 4025: 4020: 4016: 4015: 3986:Chevrolet Volt 3960: 3957: 3954: 3953: 3944: 3943: 3940: 3927: 3924: 3921: 3908: 3904: 3903: 3900: 3887: 3884: 3881: 3868: 3864: 3863: 3860: 3858:United Kingdom 3847: 3844: 3841: 3828: 3824: 3823: 3820: 3807: 3804: 3801: 3788: 3784: 3783: 3780: 3767: 3764: 3761: 3748: 3744: 3743: 3734: 3731: 3728: 3719: 3716: 3712: 3711: 3683: 3680: 3650: 3647: 3639:Chevrolet Volt 3627:Chevrolet Volt 3618: 3615: 3612: 3611: 3592: 3590: 3583: 3577: 3574: 3568: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3544: 3537: 3536: 3533: 3530: 3527: 3524: 3521: 3518: 3514: 3513: 3510: 3507: 3504: 3501: 3498: 3495: 3489: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3464: 3463: 3460: 3457: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3445: 3439: 3438: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3426: 3423: 3420: 3414: 3413: 3410: 3407: 3404: 3401: 3398: 3395: 3389: 3388: 3385: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3370: 3364: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3354: 3351: 3348: 3345: 3339: 3338: 3335: 3332: 3329: 3326: 3323: 3320: 3314: 3313: 3310: 3307: 3304: 3301: 3298: 3295: 3294:Chevrolet Volt 3291: 3290: 3287: 3284: 3281: 3278: 3275: 3272: 3266: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3249: 3248: 3245: 3242: 3237: 3234: 3225: 3212: 3208: 3207: 3201: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3178: 3167: 3144: 3123: 3122: 3103: 3101: 3094: 3088: 3085: 3070: 3067: 3060: 3059: 3043: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3023: 3022: 3019: 3017: 3014: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3003: 3002: 2993: 2979: 2969: 2965: 2964: 2953:well-to-wheels 2926:well-to-wheels 2920:adapted their 2913: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2840: 2837: 2831: 2828: 2807:sulfur dioxide 2797: 2794: 2718: 2717: 2705: 2704: 2701: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2688: 2686: 2681: 2679: 2674: 2672: 2667: 2665: 2660: 2658: 2655: 2650: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2633: 2631: 2626: 2624: 2619: 2617: 2612: 2610: 2605: 2602: 2597: 2596: 2583: 2570: 2561: 2554: 2540: 2531: 2522: 2469:Main article: 2466: 2463: 2462: 2461: 2454:quick chargers 2450: 2441:per gallon to 2435: 2432: 2410: 2407: 2386: 2382: 2344: 2340: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2312:Chevrolet Volt 2255:plug-in hybrid 2246: 2239: 2238: 2237: 2224: 2217: 2216: 2215: 2214: 2213: 2191: 2188: 2186: 2183: 2168:, 37% for the 2164:, 43% for the 2058: 2055: 1997: 1994: 1990:supercapacitor 1968:General Motors 1924: 1921: 1858: 1855: 1841: 1838: 1803: 1800: 1756:Chevrolet Volt 1744:Main article: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1728: 1727:; 235 mpg 1724: 1721:Volkswagen XL1 1684:range extender 1600: 1593: 1592: 1591: 1582: 1575: 1574: 1573: 1572: 1571: 1530:Audi Q7 e-tron 1525: 1519:In March 2015 1493: 1467:Volkswagen XL1 1336:Prius Plug-ins 1333:pre-production 1306: 1299: 1298: 1297: 1284: 1277: 1276: 1275: 1274: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1178:recharging at 1164: 1127:General Motors 1121:In 2006, both 1076: 1073: 1040: 1037: 1016:Main article: 1013: 1010: 1003:Chevrolet Volt 984: 981: 979:with 159,910. 977:United Kingdom 954:Chevrolet Volt 837:utility trucks 821:passenger cars 809:electric power 805:charging cable 793:plug-in hybrid 779: 778: 776: 775: 768: 761: 753: 750: 749: 748: 747: 733: 717: 716: 713: 712: 711: 710: 700: 699: 698: 691:Rail transport 688: 683: 682: 681: 676: 671: 666: 664:Roller skating 661: 660: 659: 654: 649: 644: 639: 637:Cycle rickshaw 634: 624: 619: 609: 608: 607: 602: 601: 600: 593:Human-electric 588:Hybrid vehicle 585: 584: 583: 578: 573: 572: 571: 555: 550: 549: 546: 545: 542: 541: 540: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 479: 474: 469: 467:Renewable heat 464: 459: 454: 453: 452: 447: 442: 432: 427: 422: 421: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 359: 358: 347: 342: 341: 338: 337: 334: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 288: 283: 278: 273: 268: 263: 258: 256:Green building 253: 248: 243: 238: 233: 228: 226:Energy storage 223: 218: 213: 208: 203: 198: 193: 188: 183: 178: 173: 168: 163: 158: 153: 147: 142: 141: 138: 137: 129: 128: 122: 121: 105: 98: 97: 96: 87: 80: 79: 78: 77: 76: 73: 72: 53: 51: 44: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14598: 14587: 14584: 14582: 14579: 14577: 14574: 14572: 14569: 14568: 14566: 14551: 14548: 14546: 14543: 14541: 14538: 14537: 14534: 14528: 14525: 14523: 14520: 14518: 14515: 14513: 14510: 14508: 14505: 14503: 14500: 14498: 14497:Reciprocating 14495: 14493: 14490: 14488: 14485: 14483: 14480: 14478: 14475: 14474: 14472: 14468: 14462: 14458: 14451: 14447: 14444: 14440: 14437: 14433: 14430: 14426: 14423: 14419: 14416: 14415:Rear mid-rear 14412: 14409: 14405: 14402: 14398: 14395: 14391: 14388: 14385: 14384: 14382: 14376: 14372: 14366: 14363: 14361: 14358: 14356: 14353: 14352: 14350: 14348: 14344: 14338: 14335: 14333: 14330: 14328: 14325: 14323: 14320: 14318: 14315: 14313: 14310: 14308: 14305: 14303: 14300: 14299: 14297: 14295: 14291: 14285: 14282: 14280: 14277: 14275: 14272: 14270: 14267: 14265: 14262: 14259: 14255: 14252: 14250: 14247: 14244: 14240: 14237: 14235: 14232: 14230: 14227: 14225: 14222: 14220: 14217: 14214: 14210: 14207: 14204: 14201: 14199: 14195: 14192: 14190: 14187: 14185: 14182: 14180: 14177: 14175: 14172: 14170: 14167: 14165: 14162: 14160: 14157: 14155: 14152: 14151: 14149: 14147: 14143: 14137: 14134: 14132: 14129: 14127: 14124: 14122: 14119: 14117: 14114: 14112: 14109: 14107: 14104: 14102: 14099: 14097: 14094: 14092: 14089: 14087: 14084: 14082: 14079: 14077: 14074: 14073: 14071: 14065: 14059: 14056: 14054: 14051: 14049: 14046: 14044: 14041: 14039: 14036: 14034: 14031: 14029: 14028:Station wagon 14026: 14024: 14021: 14019: 14016: 14014: 14011: 14009: 14006: 14004: 14001: 13999: 13996: 13994: 13991: 13989: 13986: 13984: 13981: 13979: 13976: 13974: 13971: 13969: 13966: 13964: 13961: 13959: 13956: 13954: 13951: 13949: 13946: 13944: 13941: 13939: 13936: 13934: 13931: 13929: 13926: 13924: 13921: 13919: 13918:Coupé utility 13916: 13914: 13911: 13909: 13906: 13904: 13901: 13899: 13896: 13894: 13891: 13889: 13886: 13884: 13881: 13879: 13876: 13874: 13871: 13869: 13866: 13865: 13863: 13861: 13857: 13847: 13844: 13842: 13839: 13837: 13834: 13832: 13829: 13827: 13824: 13822: 13819: 13817: 13814: 13812: 13809: 13807: 13804: 13803: 13801: 13799: 13795: 13789: 13786: 13784: 13781: 13779: 13776: 13774: 13771: 13769: 13766: 13764: 13761: 13760: 13758: 13754: 13748: 13745: 13743: 13740: 13738: 13735: 13733: 13732:Sport compact 13730: 13728: 13725: 13723: 13720: 13718: 13715: 13713: 13710: 13709: 13707: 13705: 13701: 13695: 13692: 13690: 13687: 13685: 13682: 13680: 13677: 13676: 13674: 13672: 13668: 13662: 13659: 13657: 13654: 13652: 13649: 13648: 13646: 13644: 13643:Minivan / MPV 13640: 13634: 13631: 13629: 13626: 13624: 13621: 13620: 13618: 13616: 13612: 13606: 13603: 13601: 13598: 13596: 13593: 13591: 13588: 13586: 13583: 13582: 13580: 13578: 13574: 13568: 13565: 13563: 13560: 13558: 13555: 13553: 13550: 13548: 13545: 13543: 13540: 13538: 13535: 13533: 13530: 13529: 13527: 13523: 13520: 13518: 13514: 13509: 13502: 13497: 13495: 13490: 13488: 13483: 13482: 13479: 13467: 13464: 13462: 13459: 13457: 13456:Windmill ship 13454: 13452: 13449: 13447: 13444: 13442: 13439: 13437: 13434: 13433: 13431: 13427: 13421: 13420: 13416: 13414: 13413: 13409: 13407: 13406: 13402: 13401: 13399: 13397:Documentaries 13395: 13389: 13388:Electric boat 13386: 13384: 13381: 13377: 13374: 13372: 13369: 13368: 13367: 13366:Solar vehicle 13364: 13362: 13359: 13357: 13354: 13352: 13349: 13347: 13344: 13342: 13339: 13337: 13334: 13332: 13329: 13328: 13326: 13324:Multiple-fuel 13322: 13316: 13313: 13311: 13308: 13306: 13303: 13301: 13298: 13296: 13293: 13292: 13290: 13286: 13280: 13277: 13275: 13272: 13270: 13267: 13265: 13262: 13260: 13257: 13255: 13252: 13250: 13247: 13246: 13244: 13242: 13238: 13232: 13229: 13227: 13226:Methanol fuel 13224: 13222: 13219: 13217: 13214: 13212: 13209: 13207: 13204: 13202: 13199: 13197: 13194: 13192: 13189: 13187: 13184: 13182: 13179: 13177: 13174: 13173: 13171: 13169: 13166: 13162: 13154: 13151: 13149: 13146: 13144: 13141: 13140: 13139: 13138:Solar vehicle 13136: 13134: 13131: 13127: 13124: 13123: 13122: 13119: 13117: 13114: 13112: 13109: 13107: 13104: 13102: 13099: 13097: 13094: 13092: 13089: 13087: 13084: 13080: 13077: 13076: 13075: 13072: 13070: 13067: 13065: 13062: 13058: 13055: 13054: 13053: 13050: 13046: 13043: 13042: 13041: 13038: 13036: 13035:Electric boat 13033: 13031: 13028: 13026: 13023: 13021: 13018: 13016: 13013: 13011: 13008: 13007: 13005: 13003: 12998: 12994: 12988: 12987:Tesla turbine 12985: 12983: 12980: 12978: 12975: 12974: 12972: 12970: 12964: 12958: 12957:Electric boat 12955: 12953: 12950: 12944: 12941: 12940: 12939: 12936: 12934: 12931: 12929: 12926: 12924: 12921: 12920: 12919: 12918:Solar vehicle 12916: 12915: 12913: 12911: 12907: 12901: 12898: 12896: 12893: 12892: 12890: 12888: 12884: 12878: 12875: 12874: 12872: 12870: 12866: 12862: 12855: 12850: 12848: 12843: 12841: 12836: 12835: 12832: 12822: 12817: 12807: 12804: 12802: 12799: 12797: 12794: 12792: 12789: 12787: 12784: 12782: 12779: 12777: 12774: 12772: 12769: 12767: 12764: 12763: 12761: 12757: 12747: 12744: 12743: 12741: 12737: 12731: 12728: 12726: 12723: 12721: 12718: 12716: 12713: 12711: 12708: 12707: 12705: 12701: 12695: 12692: 12690: 12687: 12685: 12682: 12681: 12679: 12675: 12672: 12668: 12662: 12659: 12657: 12654: 12651: 12647: 12644: 12643: 12641: 12637: 12631: 12628: 12626: 12623: 12621: 12618: 12616: 12613: 12611: 12608: 12607: 12605: 12601: 12596: 12590: 12580: 12577: 12575: 12572: 12570: 12567: 12565: 12562: 12560: 12557: 12555: 12554:Electric boat 12552: 12550: 12547: 12545: 12542: 12541: 12539: 12535: 12531: 12524: 12519: 12517: 12512: 12510: 12505: 12504: 12501: 12494: 12490: 12487: 12484: 12481: 12480: 12470: 12466: 12463: 12460: 12458: 12454: 12451: 12448: 12447: 12446: 12442: 12437: 12434: 12431: 12428: 12425: 12422: 12421: 12420: 12416: 12414:, April 2013. 12413: 12409: 12406: 12403: 12399: 12395: 12392: 12388: 12384: 12379: 12375: 12371: 12367: 12365:9780815703051 12361: 12357: 12356: 12350: 12346: 12342: 12338: 12336:9780615293912 12332: 12328: 12323: 12320: 12319:Belfer Center 12317: 12313: 12311: 12307: 12304: 12300: 12297: 12295: 12291: 12288: 12285: 12281: 12277: 12273: 12269: 12267:9780865715714 12263: 12259: 12258: 12252: 12249: 12245: 12242: 12238: 12235: 12232: 12228: 12225: 12224: 12204: 12200: 12196: 12190: 12176:on 2010-07-11 12175: 12171: 12167: 12161: 12146: 12142: 12138: 12132: 12117: 12113: 12109: 12103: 12088: 12084: 12080: 12074: 12059: 12055: 12049: 12035:on 2011-03-19 12034: 12030: 12024: 12009: 12005: 11999: 11985:on 2011-06-12 11984: 11980: 11976: 11970: 11955: 11951: 11947: 11941: 11939: 11930: 11926: 11920: 11918: 11909: 11905: 11899: 11885:on 2010-05-27 11884: 11880: 11876: 11870: 11862: 11858: 11852: 11838:on 2009-03-20 11837: 11833: 11829: 11823: 11808: 11804: 11800: 11794: 11779: 11775: 11771: 11765: 11747: 11740: 11734: 11720:on 2011-07-16 11719: 11715: 11711: 11705: 11691:on 2009-04-11 11690: 11686: 11682: 11676: 11669: 11666: 11662: 11659: 11653: 11639:on 2011-09-27 11635: 11628: 11622: 11607: 11603: 11599: 11592: 11574: 11567: 11561: 11546: 11542: 11538: 11531: 11516: 11512: 11506: 11491: 11487: 11481: 11466: 11462: 11458: 11451: 11445: 11433: 11429: 11425: 11419: 11413: 11401: 11397: 11393: 11387: 11381: 11380:20,605 units. 11368: 11364: 11360: 11354: 11348: 11336: 11332: 11331:InsideEVs.com 11328: 11321: 11319: 11312: 11300: 11296: 11295:InsideEVs.com 11292: 11285: 11283: 11276: 11264: 11260: 11256: 11249: 11243: 11231: 11227: 11221: 11215: 11203: 11199: 11195: 11188: 11173: 11169: 11163: 11161: 11159: 11157: 11150: 11137: 11133: 11129: 11122: 11116: 11114: 11101: 11097: 11093: 11087: 11085: 11083: 11081: 11065: 11061: 11057: 11050: 11048: 11041: 11029: 11025: 11021: 11015: 11013: 11011: 11004: 10991: 10987: 10983: 10976: 10974: 10967: 10954: 10950: 10949:InsideEVs.com 10946: 10939: 10937: 10935: 10933: 10917: 10913: 10912:InsideEVs.com 10909: 10902: 10896: 10881: 10874: 10868: 10866: 10850: 10846: 10845:InsideEVs.com 10842: 10835: 10820: 10816: 10809: 10803: 10791: 10787: 10783: 10776: 10761: 10757: 10750: 10735: 10731: 10724: 10709: 10705: 10698: 10683: 10679: 10675: 10669: 10667: 10660: 10648: 10644: 10640: 10633: 10626: 10614: 10610: 10606: 10600: 10594: 10581: 10577: 10571: 10565: 10553: 10549: 10543: 10537: 10524: 10520: 10514: 10498: 10494: 10488: 10473: 10469: 10465: 10459: 10444: 10440: 10436: 10429: 10423: 10418: 10402: 10398: 10394: 10387: 10380: 10368: 10364: 10363: 10358: 10351: 10349: 10342: 10329: 10325: 10321: 10314: 10299: 10295: 10291: 10285: 10279: 10266: 10262: 10255: 10239: 10235: 10231: 10224: 10222: 10220: 10218: 10216: 10208: 10203: 10197: 10179: 10172: 10165: 10163: 10161: 10159: 10151: 10149: 10136: 10132: 10128: 10121: 10119: 10099: 10095: 10091: 10087: 10083: 10082: 10074: 10067: 10065: 10063: 10047: 10043: 10042:The Economist 10040: 10034: 10028: 10013: 10009: 10002: 9995: 9980: 9976: 9969: 9963: 9948: 9941: 9934: 9932: 9930: 9928: 9926: 9907: 9900: 9893: 9878: 9874: 9868: 9853: 9849: 9845: 9838: 9819: 9812: 9805: 9803: 9793: 9789: 9785: 9781: 9777: 9773: 9769: 9765: 9761: 9757: 9750: 9743: 9737: 9733: 9729: 9725: 9720: 9715: 9711: 9707: 9703: 9699: 9695: 9688: 9669: 9662: 9655: 9653: 9651: 9649: 9632: 9628: 9622: 9618: 9617: 9612: 9606: 9604: 9595: 9589: 9585: 9581: 9580: 9575: 9569: 9567: 9565: 9556: 9552: 9545: 9531:on 2010-04-01 9530: 9526: 9522: 9516: 9509: 9505: 9502: 9501: 9495: 9480: 9476: 9472: 9466: 9458: 9452: 9444: 9440: 9433: 9427: 9424: 9420: 9417: 9411: 9404: 9403: 9399: 9395: 9389: 9370: 9363: 9356: 9341: 9337: 9330: 9328: 9320: 9305: 9298: 9291: 9276: 9272: 9268: 9264: 9258: 9243: 9239: 9235: 9229: 9227: 9225: 9223: 9207: 9203: 9199: 9192: 9190: 9188: 9172: 9168: 9162: 9158: 9154: 9150: 9149: 9144: 9138: 9136: 9134: 9127: 9115: 9111: 9104: 9090:on 2009-03-21 9089: 9085: 9081: 9075: 9061:on 2009-03-08 9060: 9056: 9052: 9046: 9040: 9036: 9033: 9027: 9020: 9016: 9013: 9007: 9000: 8997: 8993: 8990: 8984: 8978: 8966: 8962: 8956: 8954: 8938: 8934: 8928: 8926: 8910: 8906: 8900: 8898: 8882: 8878: 8874: 8867: 8865: 8857: 8854: 8850: 8847: 8841: 8835: 8832: 8828: 8825: 8819: 8805: 8801: 8794: 8788: 8777:on 2016-06-02 8773: 8766: 8760: 8745: 8741: 8734: 8719: 8715: 8714:InsideEVs.com 8711: 8704: 8689: 8685: 8679: 8671: 8665: 8661: 8657: 8650: 8634: 8630: 8626: 8619: 8603: 8599: 8593: 8574: 8567: 8561: 8545: 8541: 8535: 8528: 8516: 8512: 8508: 8502: 8487: 8483: 8479: 8472: 8466:press release 8465: 8464:Business Wire 8462: 8461:archive.today 8458: 8455: 8449: 8442: 8438: 8435: 8429: 8414: 8410: 8406: 8405:"Calcars.org" 8400: 8382: 8375: 8374:"Calcars.org" 8369: 8354: 8350: 8346: 8340: 8333: 8329: 8326: 8321: 8313: 8309: 8305: 8298: 8283: 8279: 8275: 8268: 8261: 8257: 8253: 8250: 8244: 8237: 8233: 8230:Woody, Todd. 8227: 8212: 8208: 8202: 8188:on 2007-01-22 8187: 8183: 8182:IEEE Spectrum 8179: 8172: 8164: 8160: 8159:Business Wire 8156: 8150: 8135: 8131: 8127: 8120: 8105: 8101: 8097: 8090: 8072: 8068: 8061: 8054: 8036: 8029: 8022: 8011: 8004: 8003: 7995: 7993: 7977: 7973: 7969: 7963: 7955: 7951: 7945: 7930: 7926: 7919: 7911: 7907: 7900: 7892: 7886: 7878: 7872: 7864: 7858: 7843: 7839: 7835: 7829: 7813: 7809: 7803: 7789: 7785: 7778: 7763: 7759: 7755: 7748: 7742: 7730:on 2016-06-24 7729: 7725: 7719: 7713: 7700: 7696: 7692: 7685: 7670: 7666: 7662: 7655: 7640: 7636: 7632: 7625: 7610: 7606: 7602: 7595: 7580: 7576: 7572: 7565: 7550: 7546: 7545:InsideEVs.com 7542: 7535: 7520: 7516: 7512: 7505: 7503: 7487: 7483: 7482:InsideEVs.com 7479: 7472: 7457: 7453: 7446: 7431: 7427: 7423: 7416: 7401: 7397: 7393: 7386: 7371: 7367: 7361: 7355: 7353: 7349: 7346: 7332: 7328: 7324: 7317: 7310: 7305: 7299: 7285:on 2016-08-24 7281: 7274: 7267: 7265: 7263: 7255: 7243: 7239: 7235: 7228: 7226: 7210: 7206: 7199: 7184: 7180: 7173: 7158: 7154: 7147: 7132: 7128: 7124: 7117: 7102: 7098: 7094: 7087: 7072: 7068: 7061: 7046: 7042: 7041:InsideEVs.com 7038: 7031: 7016: 7012: 7011:InsideEVs.com 7008: 7001: 6987:on 2014-06-07 6986: 6982: 6978: 6971: 6956: 6952: 6951:InsideEVs.com 6948: 6941: 6926: 6922: 6921: 6916: 6909: 6894: 6890: 6886: 6879: 6864: 6860: 6853: 6839:on 2013-12-16 6838: 6834: 6828: 6814:on 2013-12-16 6813: 6809: 6802: 6787: 6783: 6779: 6772: 6758:on 2013-03-04 6757: 6753: 6746: 6732:on 2013-03-05 6731: 6727: 6720: 6705: 6701: 6694: 6679: 6675: 6671: 6664: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6635: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6605: 6591:on 2015-10-16 6590: 6586: 6580: 6565: 6561: 6554: 6539: 6535: 6528: 6513: 6509: 6502: 6488:on 2010-10-05 6487: 6483: 6479: 6472: 6470: 6454: 6450: 6444: 6442: 6426: 6422: 6421: 6416: 6409: 6394: 6390: 6384: 6369: 6365: 6359: 6357: 6349: 6348:Business Week 6346: 6342: 6339: 6333: 6331: 6323: 6319: 6316: 6310: 6308: 6293:on 2013-12-21 6292: 6288: 6284: 6278: 6276: 6268: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6241: 6227:on 2010-04-05 6226: 6222: 6216: 6210: 6207: 6203: 6200: 6194: 6188: 6185: 6181: 6178: 6172: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6142: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6113: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6084: 6077: 6071: 6064: 6060: 6057: 6051: 6044: 6040: 6037: 6032: 6025: 6022: 6018: 6015: 6009: 5995:on 2008-01-17 5994: 5990: 5984: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5966: 5961: 5947:on 2010-07-21 5946: 5942: 5938: 5932: 5930: 5915:on 2009-09-12 5914: 5910: 5906: 5900: 5898: 5883:on 2009-06-22 5882: 5878: 5874: 5868: 5854:on 2011-11-18 5853: 5849: 5845: 5839: 5832: 5829: 5825: 5822: 5816: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5786: 5780: 5777: 5773: 5770: 5764: 5746: 5739: 5733: 5726: 5723: 5719: 5716: 5710: 5703: 5699: 5696: 5690: 5682: 5678: 5671: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5642: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5621: 5607:on 2007-04-12 5603: 5599: 5592: 5586: 5572:on 2008-02-05 5571: 5567: 5563: 5556: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5527: 5521:See Chapter 4 5518: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5503: 5498: 5492: 5477: 5473: 5466: 5451: 5447: 5441: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5411: 5396: 5392: 5386: 5379: 5378:See year 1898 5368:on 2009-09-04 5367: 5363: 5359: 5353: 5338: 5335:. Chevrolet. 5334: 5328: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5286: 5271: 5267: 5261: 5246: 5242: 5236: 5221: 5217: 5211: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5181: 5179: 5164:on 2007-10-26 5160: 5156: 5149: 5142: 5136: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5109: 5107: 5092: 5091:car.yiche.com 5088: 5082: 5068: 5067:car.yiche.com 5064: 5058: 5044: 5043:car.yiche.com 5040: 5034: 5020: 5016: 5009: 4994: 4988: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4940:on 2010-03-30 4939: 4935: 4931: 4925: 4923: 4907: 4903: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4878: 4874: 4868: 4861: 4849: 4845: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4818: 4814: 4808: 4806: 4791: 4790:car.yiche.com 4787: 4781: 4767: 4763: 4757: 4755: 4740: 4736: 4730: 4726: 4715: 4712: 4709: 4708:Range anxiety 4706: 4700: 4697: 4694: 4691: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4674: 4671: 4668: 4665: 4662: 4659: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4642: 4641:Green vehicle 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4623: 4620: 4614: 4611: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4596: 4591: 4590:Energy portal 4585: 4580: 4577: 4566: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4517: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4497: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4472: 4471: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4453: 4450: 4446: 4443: 4440: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4404:San Francisco 4402: 4400: 4397: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4383: 4380: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4366: 4365: 4364: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4342: 4338: 4336: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4320: 4316: 4311: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4260:United States 4259: 4258: 4252: 4250: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4217: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4195: 4172: 4168: 4160: 4156: 4151: 4145: 4142: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4124: 4121: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4103: 4100: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4082: 4079: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4061: 4058: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4042: 4039: 4032:sales through 4017: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4000: 3998: 3994: 3989: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3973: 3970: 3966: 3965:JATO Dynamics 3963:According to 3950: 3945: 3941: 3939: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3919:United States 3906: 3901: 3899: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3866: 3861: 3859: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3826: 3821: 3819: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3786: 3781: 3779: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3746: 3735: 3732: 3729: 3720: 3717: 3714: 3713: 3706: 3703: 3700: 3697: 3692: 3688: 3679: 3676: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3657: 3646: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3628: 3623: 3608: 3605:December 2023 3596: 3591: 3582: 3581: 3573: 3566: 3562: 3561:Upper Midwest 3558: 3538: 3534: 3531: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3519: 3516: 3515: 3511: 3508: 3505: 3502: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3483: 3480: 3477: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3458: 3455: 3452: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3433: 3430: 3427: 3424: 3421: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3408: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3383: 3380: 3377: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3358: 3355: 3352: 3349: 3346: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3324: 3321: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3308: 3305: 3302: 3299: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3285: 3282: 3279: 3276: 3273: 3271: 3267: 3261: 3256: 3251: 3250: 3223: 3209: 3198: 3195: 3175: 3172: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3148: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3119: 3116:December 2023 3107: 3102: 3093: 3092: 3084: 3081: 3076: 3066: 3056: 3050: 3044: 3038: 3033: 3028: 3025: 3024: 3020:more than 90% 3018: 3013: 3008: 3005: 3004: 3001: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2988: 2983: 2980: 2978: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2966: 2962: 2954: 2949: 2946: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2904: 2902: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2888:nuclear power 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2856: 2852: 2846: 2836: 2827: 2825: 2819: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2803: 2793: 2777: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2756:Belfer Center 2752: 2741: 2729: 2724: 2712: 2706: 2700: 2695: 2687: 2680: 2673: 2670: 2666: 2663: 2659: 2652: 2651: 2645: 2640: 2632: 2625: 2618: 2615: 2611: 2609: 2608:Prius Plug-in 2606: 2599: 2598: 2595: 2584: 2582: 2571: 2569: 2562: 2560: 2555: 2553: 2552: 2543:Manufacturer 2541: 2539: 2538: 2532: 2530: 2523: 2521: 2514: 2513: 2505: 2494: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2472: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2436: 2433: 2429: 2428: 2427: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2406: 2396: 2392: 2378: 2376: 2371: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2348: 2337: 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The 1522: 1517: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1502:BMW X5 eDrive 1499: 1491: 1487: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1444: 1439: 1435: 1433: 1432:Latin America 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1384: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1371:operation on 1370: 1367:designed for 1366: 1362: 1361:Lotus CityCar 1359:unveiled the 1358: 1353: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1310: 1303: 1292: 1291:mass-produced 1288: 1281: 1267: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1237:Jeep Wrangler 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1200: 1199:flexible-fuel 1196: 1192: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1172: 1168: 1162: 1156: 1154: 1150: 1149:Aptera Motors 1145: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1130: 1128: 1124: 1119: 1117: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1072: 1066: 1062: 1061: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1046: 1033: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1009: 1007: 1004: 999: 995: 992: 989: 980: 978: 974: 969: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 950:United States 947: 942: 940: 936: 935:range anxiety 932: 931:diesel engine 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 895:power station 892: 889: 886:from the car 885: 881: 880:hydroelectric 877: 873: 869: 865: 860: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 795:is a type of 794: 790: 786: 774: 769: 767: 762: 760: 755: 754: 752: 751: 745: 740: 734: 731: 721: 720: 719: 718: 709: 706: 705: 704: 703:Rapid transit 701: 697: 694: 693: 692: 689: 687: 684: 680: 677: 675: 672: 670: 669:Skateboarding 667: 665: 662: 658: 655: 653: 650: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 629: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 614: 613: 610: 606: 603: 599: 596: 595: 594: 591: 590: 589: 586: 582: 579: 577: 576:Solar vehicle 574: 570: 567: 566: 565: 562: 561: 560: 559:Green vehicle 557: 556: 553: 548: 547: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 484: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 440:Tidal barrage 438: 437: 436: 433: 431: 430:Marine energy 428: 426: 423: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 395: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 357: 354: 353: 352: 349: 348: 345: 340: 339: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 281:Passive house 279: 277: 274: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 162: 159: 157: 154: 152: 149: 148: 145: 140: 139: 135: 131: 130: 127: 124: 123: 119: 118: 109: 102: 91: 84: 69: 66:December 2023 57: 52: 43: 42: 37: 33: 19: 14337:Twelve-wheel 14294:Drive wheels 14257: 14067:Specialized 13988:Pickup truck 13893:Cabrio coach 13737:Sports sedan 13712:Grand tourer 13417: 13410: 13403: 13360: 13346:Hybrid train 13211:Ethanol fuel 13191:Butanol fuel 13176:Alcohol fuel 13132: 13111:Hybrid train 13052:Electric car 13040:Electric bus 12710:AA (CHAdeMO) 12619: 12564:Electric bus 12549:Electric car 12386: 12354: 12326: 12256: 12207:. 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CalCars. 4934:Edmunds.com 4576:Cars portal 4463:King County 4424:Ron Dellums 4273:A123Systems 4030:Cumulative 3938:Switzerland 3759:Netherlands 3236:Tailpipe CO 3147:emissions. 2991:switchgrass 2922:GREET model 2549:non-hybrid 2485:lithium-ion 2381:51 mpg 2298:The actual 2064:Nissan Leaf 2030:fossil fuel 1988:combines a 1978:AFS Trinity 1917:Self Charge 1815:dual hybrid 1740:Powertrains 1660:Prius Prime 1365:concept car 983:Terminology 966:BYD Song DM 862:Similar to 859:and boats. 849:motorcycles 825:sports cars 647:Quadracycle 502:Forecasting 435:Tidal power 418:Small hydro 403:Micro hydro 356:Sustainable 221:Energy Star 14565:Categories 14512:Two-stroke 14408:Front-rear 14401:Rear-front 14317:Four-wheel 14307:Rear-wheel 14146:Propulsion 14136:Voiturette 14121:Flying car 14116:Police car 14081:Amphibious 13993:Quad coupé 13883:Berlinetta 13600:Street rod 13542:Subcompact 12766:GB/T 20234 12670:Connectors 12329:. 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