PCI Express - Knowledge

495:. In a multi-lane link, the packet data is striped across lanes, and peak data throughput scales with the overall link width. The lane count is automatically negotiated during device initialization and can be restricted by either endpoint. For example, a single-lane PCI Express (x1) card can be inserted into a multi-lane slot (x4, x8, etc.), and the initialization cycle auto-negotiates the highest mutually supported lane count. The link can dynamically down-configure itself to use fewer lanes, providing a failure tolerance in case bad or unreliable lanes are present. The PCI Express standard defines link widths of x1, x2, x4, x8, and x16. Up to and including PCIe 5.0, x12, and x32 links were defined as well but never used. This allows the PCI Express bus to serve both cost-sensitive applications where high throughput is not needed, and performance-critical applications such as 3D graphics, networking ( 3616: 4560: 4537: 4575: 2153: 261: 4252:

after the bad TLP, are considered invalid and discarded. The receiver sends a negative acknowledgement message (NAK) with the sequence-number of the invalid TLP, requesting re-transmission of all TLPs forward of that sequence-number. If the received TLP passes the LCRC check and has the correct sequence number, it is treated as valid. The link receiver increments the sequence-number (which tracks the last received good TLP), and forwards the valid TLP to the receiver's transaction layer. An ACK message is sent to remote transmitter, indicating the TLP was successfully received (and by extension, all TLPs with past sequence-numbers.)

777: 2471: 4061: 4548: 2483: 3394: 423: 433: 253: 528: 789:"mechanical @ electrical" notation (e.g. "x16 @ x4") is also common. The advantage is that such slots can accommodate a larger range of PCI Express cards without requiring motherboard hardware to support the full transfer rate. Standard mechanical sizes are x1, x4, x8, and x16. Cards using a number of lanes other than the standard mechanical sizes need to physically fit the next larger mechanical size (e.g. an x2 card uses the x4 size, or an x12 card uses the x16 size). 891:, as gaming video cards often emit hundreds of watts of heat. Modern computer cases are often wider to accommodate these taller cards, but not always. Since full-length cards (312 mm) are uncommon, modern cases sometimes cannot fit those. The thickness of these cards also typically occupies the space of 2 to 5 PCIe slots. In fact, even the methodology of how to measure the cards varies between vendors, with some including the metal bracket size in dimensions and others not. 2439: 4084:) specification is divided into two sub-layers, corresponding to electrical and logical specifications. The logical sublayer is sometimes further divided into a MAC sublayer and a PCS, although this division is not formally part of the PCIe specification. A specification published by Intel, the PHY Interface for PCI Express (PIPE), defines the MAC/PCS functional partitioning and the interface between these two sub-layers. The PIPE specification also identifies the 600:, transporting data packets in eight-bit "byte" format simultaneously in both directions between endpoints of a link. Physical PCI Express links may contain 1, 4, 8 or 16 lanes. Lane counts are written with an "x" prefix (for example, "x8" represents an eight-lane card or slot), with x16 being the largest size in common use. Lane sizes are also referred to via the terms "width" or "by" e.g., an eight-lane slot could be referred to as a "by 8" or as "8 lanes wide." 4693: 2057: 9596: 2601: 4287:) divided by the encoding overhead (10 bits per byte). This means a sixteen lane (x16) PCIe card would then be theoretically capable of 16x250 MB/s = 4 GB/s in each direction. While this is correct in terms of data bytes, more meaningful calculations are based on the usable data payload rate, which depends on the profile of the traffic, which is a function of the high-level (software) application and intermediate protocol levels. 4943: 621: 63: 709:, signals on a parallel interface have different travel duration and arrive at their destinations at different times. When the interface clock period is shorter than the largest time difference between signal arrivals, recovery of the transmitted word is no longer possible. Since timing skew over a parallel bus can amount to a few nanoseconds, the resulting bandwidth limitation is in the range of hundreds of megahertz. 4276:

account. The sending device may only transmit a TLP when doing so does not make its consumed credit count exceed its credit limit. When the receiving device finishes processing the TLP from its buffer, it signals a return of credits to the sending device, which increases the credit limit by the restored amount. The credit counters are modular counters, and the comparison of consumed credits to credit limit requires

8826: 713: 445: 476:(host). Because of its shared bus topology, access to the older PCI bus is arbitrated (in the case of multiple masters), and limited to one master at a time, in a single direction. Furthermore, the older PCI clocking scheme limits the bus clock to the slowest peripheral on the bus (regardless of the devices involved in the bus transaction). In contrast, a PCI Express bus link supports 2636:. This variant uses the reserved and several non-reserved pins to implement SATA and IDE interface passthrough, keeping only USB, ground lines, and sometimes the core PCIe x1 bus intact. This makes the "miniPCIe" flash and solid-state drives sold for netbooks largely incompatible with true PCI Express Mini implementations. 4280:. The advantage of this scheme (compared to other methods such as wait states or handshake-based transfer protocols) is that the latency of credit return does not affect performance, provided that the credit limit is not encountered. This assumption is generally met if each device is designed with adequate buffer sizes. 4299:

controller), the traffic profile is characterized as short data packets with frequent enforced acknowledgements. This type of traffic reduces the efficiency of the link, due to overhead from packet parsing and forced interrupts (either in the device's host interface or the PC's CPU). Being a protocol

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In practice, the number of in-flight, unacknowledged TLPs on the link is limited by two factors: the size of the transmitter's replay buffer (which must store a copy of all transmitted TLPs until the remote receiver ACKs them), and the flow control credits issued by the receiver to a transmitter. PCI

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If the transmitter receives a NAK message, or no acknowledgement (NAK or ACK) is received until a timeout period expires, the transmitter must retransmit all TLPs that lack a positive acknowledgement (ACK). Barring a persistent malfunction of the device or transmission medium, the link-layer presents

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Also, the typical Asus miniPCIe SSD is 71 mm long, causing the Dell 51 mm model to often be (incorrectly) referred to as half length. A true 51 mm Mini PCIe SSD was announced in 2009, with two stacked PCB layers that allow for higher storage capacity. The announced design preserves the

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As a point of reference, a PCI-X (133 MHz 64-bit) device and a PCI Express 1.0 device using four lanes (x4) have roughly the same peak single-direction transfer rate of 1064 MB/s. The PCI Express bus has the potential to perform better than the PCI-X bus in cases where multiple devices

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PCI Express uses credit-based flow control. In this scheme, a device advertises an initial amount of credit for each received buffer in its transaction layer. The device at the opposite end of the link, when sending transactions to this device, counts the number of credits each TLP consumes from its

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have a thickness of 1.0 mm, excluding the components. A "Half Mini Card" (sometimes abbreviated as HMC) is also specified, having approximately half the physical length of 26.8 mm. There are also half size mini PCIe cards that are 30 x 31.90 mm which is about half the length of a full size

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for up to 600 W power delivery. It was introduced in 2022 to supersede the previous 6- and 8-pin power connectors for GPUs. The primary aim was to cater to the increasing power requirements of high-performance GPUs. It was replaced by a minor revision called 12V-2x6, which changed the connector

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Another example is making the packets shorter to decrease latency (as is required if a bus must operate as a memory interface). Smaller packets mean packet headers consume a higher percentage of the packet, thus decreasing the effective bandwidth. Examples of bus protocols designed for this purpose

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The Intel Thunderbolt interface has provided a new option to connect with a PCIe card externally. Magma has released the ExpressBox 3T, which can hold up to three PCIe cards (two at x8 and one at x4). MSI also released the Thunderbolt GUS II, a PCIe chassis dedicated for video cards. Other products

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scheme (line code) to ensure that strings of consecutive identical digits (zeros or ones) are limited in length. This coding was used to prevent the receiver from losing track of where the bit edges are. In this coding scheme every eight (uncoded) payload bits of data are replaced with 10 (encoded)

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The width of a PCIe connector is 8.8 mm, while the height is 11.25 mm, and the length is variable. The fixed section of the connector is 11.65 mm in length and contains two rows of 11 pins each (22 pins total), while the length of the other section is variable depending on the number

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slot is not necessarily electrically compatible with Mini PCI Express. For this reason, only certain notebooks are compatible with mSATA drives. Most compatible systems are based on Intel's Sandy Bridge processor architecture, using the Huron River platform. Notebooks such as Lenovo's ThinkPad T, W

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In addition to sending and receiving TLPs generated by the transaction layer, the data-link layer also generates and consumes data link layer packets (DLLPs). ACK and NAK signals are communicated via DLLPs, as are some power management messages and flow control credit information (on behalf of the

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On the receive side, the received TLP's LCRC and sequence number are both validated in the link layer. If either the LCRC check fails (indicating a data error), or the sequence-number is out of range (non-consecutive from the last valid received TLP), then the bad TLP, as well as any TLPs received

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PCIe sends all control messages, including interrupts, over the same links used for data. The serial protocol can never be blocked, so latency is still comparable to conventional PCI, which has dedicated interrupt lines. When the problem of IRQ sharing of pin based interrupts is taken into account

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PCI Express 2.1 (with its specification dated 4 March 2009) supports a large proportion of the management, support, and troubleshooting systems planned for full implementation in PCI Express 3.0. However, the speed is the same as PCI Express 2.0. The increase in power from the slot breaks backward

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technology, based on a proprietary cabling system that is compatible with PCIe x8 signal transmissions. This connector is available on the Fujitsu Amilo and the Acer Ferrari One notebooks. Fujitsu launched their AMILO GraphicBooster enclosure for XGP soon thereafter. Around 2010 Acer launched the

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In virtually all modern (as of 2012) PCs, from consumer laptops and desktops to enterprise data servers, the PCIe bus serves as the primary motherboard-level interconnect, connecting the host system-processor with both integrated peripherals (surface-mounted ICs) and add-on peripherals (expansion

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Like other high data rate serial interconnect systems, PCIe has a protocol and processing overhead due to the additional transfer robustness (CRC and acknowledgements). Long continuous unidirectional transfers (such as those typical in high-performance storage controllers) can approach >95% of

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Historically, the earliest adopters of a new PCIe specification generally begin designing with the Draft 0.5 as they can confidently build up their application logic around the new bandwidth definition and often even start developing for any new protocol features. At the Draft 0.5 stage, however,

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VPC-Z2, uses a nonstandard USB port with an optical component to connect to an outboard PCIe display adapter. Apple has been the primary driver of Thunderbolt adoption through 2011, though several other vendors have announced new products and systems featuring Thunderbolt. Thunderbolt 3 forms the

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Following a six-month technical analysis of the feasibility of scaling the PCI Express interconnect bandwidth, PCI-SIG's analysis found that 8 gigatransfers per second could be manufactured in mainstream silicon process technology, and deployed with existing low-cost materials and infrastructure,

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M.2 replaces the mSATA standard and Mini PCIe. Computer bus interfaces provided through the M.2 connector are PCI Express 3.0 (up to four lanes), Serial ATA 3.0, and USB 3.0 (a single logical port for each of the latter two). It is up to the manufacturer of the M.2 host or device to choose which

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A PCI Express card fits into a slot of its physical size or larger (with x16 as the largest used), but may not fit into a smaller PCI Express slot; for example, a x16 card may not fit into a x4 or x8 slot. Some slots use open-ended sockets to permit physically longer cards and negotiate the best

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On 9 September 2021, IBM announced the Power E1080 Enterprise server with planned availability date 17 September. It can have up to 16 Power10 SCMs with maximum of 32 slots per system which can act as PCIe 5.0 x8 or PCIe 4.0 x16. Alternatively they can be used as PCIe 5.0 x16 slots for optional

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scheme, resulting in a 20% (= 2/10) overhead on the raw channel bandwidth. So in the PCIe terminology, transfer rate refers to the encoded bit rate: 2.5 GT/s is 2.5 Gbit/s on the encoded serial link. This corresponds to 2.0 Gbit/s of pre-coded data or 250 MB/s, which is

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In terms of bus protocol, PCI Express communication is encapsulated in packets. The work of packetizing and de-packetizing data and status-message traffic is handled by the transaction layer of the PCI Express port (described later). Radical differences in electrical signaling and bus protocol

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hardware connections. PCIe has numerous improvements over the older standards, including higher maximum system bus throughput, lower I/O pin count and smaller physical footprint, better performance scaling for bus devices, a more detailed error detection and reporting mechanism (Advanced Error

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In September 2013, PCI Express 3.1 specification was announced for release in late 2013 or early 2014, consolidating various improvements to the published PCI Express 3.0 specification in three areas: power management, performance and functionality. It was released in November 2014.

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Throughput indicates the usable bandwidth (i.e. only including the payload, not the 8b/10b, 128b/130b, or 242B/256B encoding overhead). The PCIe 1.0 transfer rate of 2.5 GT/s per lane means a 2.5 Gbit/s serial bit rate; after applying a 8b/10b encoding, this corresponds to a useful

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per second (GT/s), and that it would be backward compatible with existing PCI Express implementations. At that time, it was also announced that the final specification for PCI Express 3.0 would be delayed until Q2 2010. New features for the PCI Express 3.0 specification included a number of

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Standard cables and connectors have been defined for x1, x4, x8, and x16 link widths, with a transfer rate of 250 MB/s per lane. The PCI-SIG also expects the norm to evolve to reach 500 MB/s, as in PCI Express 2.0. An example of the uses of Cabled PCI Express is a metal enclosure,

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The number of lanes actually connected to a slot may also be fewer than the number supported by the physical slot size. An example is a x16 slot that runs at x4, which accepts any x1, x2, x4, x8 or x16 card, but provides only four lanes. Its specification may read as "x16 (x4 mode)", while

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cards. Before NVMe was standardized, many of these cards utilized proprietary interfaces and custom drivers to communicate with the operating system; they had much higher transfer rates (over 1 GB/s) and IOPS (over one million I/O operations per second) when compared to Serial ATA or

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The PCI Express electrical interface is measured by the number of simultaneous lanes. (A lane is a single send/receive line of data, analogous to a "one-lane road" having one lane of traffic in both directions.) The interface is also used in a variety of other standards — most notably the

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drives. For example, in 2011 OCZ and Marvell co-developed a native PCI Express solid-state drive controller for a PCI Express 3.0 x16 slot with maximum capacity of 12 TB and a performance of to 7.2 GB/s sequential transfers and up to 2.52 million IOPS in random transfers.

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Draft 0.7 (Complete draft): this release must have a complete set of functional requirements and methods defined, and no new functionality may be added to the specification after this release. Before the release of this draft, electrical specifications must have been validated via test

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compatibility between PCI Express 2.1 cards and some older motherboards with 1.0/1.0a, but most motherboards with PCI Express 1.1 connectors are provided with a BIOS update by their manufacturers through utilities to support backward compatibility of cards with PCIe 2.1.

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Intel has numerous desktop boards with the PCIe x1 Mini-Card slot that typically do not support mSATA SSD. A list of desktop boards that natively support mSATA in the PCIe x1 Mini-Card slot (typically multiplexed with a SATA port) is provided on the Intel Support site.

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signaling as version 6.0. Doubling of the data rate will be achieved by fine-tuning channel parameters to decrease signal losses and improve power efficiency, but signal integrity is expected to be a challenge. The specification is expected to be finalized in 2025.

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Dual simplex in PCIe means there are two simplex channels on every PCIe lane. Simplex means communication is only possible in one direction. By having two simplex channels, two-way communication is made possible. One differential pair is used for each channel.

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Some vendors offer PCIe over fiber products, with active optical cables (AOC) for PCIe switching at increased distance in PCIe expansion drawers, or in specific cases where transparent PCIe bridging is preferable to using a more mainstream standard (such as

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Theoretically, external PCIe could give a notebook the graphics power of a desktop, by connecting a notebook with any PCIe desktop video card (enclosed in its own external housing, with a power supply and cooling); this is possible with an ExpressCard or

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On 29 November 2011, PCI-SIG preliminarily announced PCI Express 4.0, providing a 16 GT/s bit rate that doubles the bandwidth provided by PCI Express 3.0 to 31.5 GB/s in each direction for a 16-lane configuration, while maintaining backward and

3501:, reducing the bandwidth overhead from 20% of PCI Express 2.0 to approximately 1.54% (= 2/130). PCI Express 3.0's 8 GT/s bit rate effectively delivers 985 MB/s per lane, nearly doubling the lane bandwidth relative to PCI Express 2.0. 727:

within the serial signal itself. As such, typical bandwidth limitations on serial signals are in the multi-gigahertz range. PCI Express is one example of the general trend toward replacing parallel buses with serial interconnects; other examples include

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with PCIe v1.x cards. PCIe 2.0 cards are also generally backward compatible with PCIe 1.x motherboards, using the available bandwidth of PCI Express 1.1. Overall, graphic cards or motherboards designed for v2.0 work, with the other being v1.1 or v1.0a.

4621:(SLI) technology, which allowed multiple graphics cards of the same chipset and model number to run in tandem, allowing increased performance. This interface has, since, been discontinued. AMD has also developed a multi-GPU system based on PCIe called 3864:

there is still a strong likelihood of changes in the actual PCIe protocol layer implementation, so designers responsible for developing these blocks internally may be more hesitant to begin work than those using interface IP from external sources.

4855:. Differences are based on the trade-offs between flexibility and extensibility vs latency and overhead. For example, making the system hot-pluggable, as with Infiniband but not PCI Express, requires that software track network topology changes. 4519: 4315:

A PCIe 1.x lane for example offers a data rate on top of the physical layer of 250 MB/s (simplex). This is not the payload bandwidth but the physical layer bandwidth – a PCIe lane has to carry additional information for full functionality.

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On 10 December 2018, the PCI SIG released version 0.9 of the PCIe 5.0 specification to its members, and on 17 January 2019, PCI SIG announced the version 0.9 had been ratified, with version 1.0 targeted for release in the first quarter of 2019.

940:(PCB) is the A-side, and the component side is the B-side. PRSNT1# and PRSNT2# pins must be slightly shorter than the rest, to ensure that a hot-plugged card is fully inserted. The WAKE# pin uses full voltage to wake the computer, but must be 4243:

On the transmit side, the data link layer generates an incrementing sequence number for each outgoing TLP. It serves as a unique identification tag for each transmitted TLP, and is inserted into the header of the outgoing TLP. A 32-bit

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require the use of a different mechanical form factor and expansion connectors (and thus, new motherboards and new adapter boards); PCI slots and PCI Express slots are not interchangeable. At the software level, PCI Express preserves

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The PCIe slots on a motherboard are often labeled with the number of PCIe lanes they have. Sometimes what may seem like a large slot may only have a few lanes. For instance, a x16 slot with only 4 PCIe lanes (bottom slot) is quite

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In 2010, external card hubs were introduced that can connect to a laptop or desktop through a PCI ExpressCard slot. These hubs can accept full-sized graphics cards. Examples include MSI GUS, Village Instrument's ViDock, the Asus

3600:-based processors and X570 chipset would support PCIe 4.0. AMD had hoped to enable partial support for older chipsets, but instability caused by motherboard traces not conforming to PCIe 4.0 specifications made that impossible. 4209:" to the data stream in a feedback topology. Because the scrambling polynomial is known, the data can be recovered by applying the XOR a second time. Both the scrambling and descrambling steps are carried out in hardware. 5728: 2617:

card slot. The ThinkPad Edge E220s/E420s, and the Lenovo IdeaPad Y460/Y560/Y570/Y580 also support mSATA. On the contrary, the L-series among others can only support M.2 cards using the PCIe standard in the WWAN slot.

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While initially intended for use in laptops for the connection of powerful external GPU boxes, OCuLink's popularity lies primarily in its use for PCIe interconnections in servers, a more prevalent application.

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and was originally intended as an all-fiber interface, but due to early difficulties in creating a consumer-friendly fiber interconnect, nearly all implementations are copper systems. A notable exception, the

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Power E1080 Enterprise server delivers a uniquely architected platform to help securely and efficiently scale core operational and AI applications in a hybrid cloud, IBM Europe Hardware Announcement ZG21-0059

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Inc designed for use in low-profile rack-mounted chassis. It has the connector bracket reversed so it cannot fit in a normal PCI Express socket, but it is pin-compatible and may be inserted if the bracket is

3748:(FLIT) block carries 242 bytes of data, which includes variable-sized transaction level packets (TLP) and data link layer payload (DLLP); remaining 14 bytes are reserved for 8-byte CRC and 6-byte FEC. 3-way 2525: 2.0 connectivity, and each card may use either standard. Most laptop computers built after 2005 use PCI Express for expansion cards; however, as of 2015, many vendors are moving toward using the newer 4165:

of 20/8/6 ns for 2.5/5/8 GT/s so the hardware buffers can re-align the striped data. Due to padding requirements, striping may not necessarily reduce the latency of small data packets on a link.

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On 21 June 2022, PCI-SIG announced the development of PCI Express 7.0 specification. It will deliver 128 GT/s raw bit rate and up to 242 GB/s per direction in x16 configuration, using the same

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A slot of a large physical size (e.g., x16) can be wired electrically with fewer lanes (e.g., x1, x4, x8, or x12) as long as it provides the ground connections required by the larger physical slot size.

3703:(NRZ) modulation. Unlike previous PCI Express versions, forward error correction is used to increase data integrity and PAM-4 is used as line code so that two bits are transferred per transfer. With 64 3385:

In 2005, PCI-SIG introduced PCIe 1.1. This updated specification includes clarifications and several improvements, but is fully compatible with PCI Express 1.0a. No changes were made to the data rate.

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Due to different dimensions, PCI Express Mini Cards are not physically compatible with standard full-size PCI Express slots; however, passive adapters exist that let them be used in full-size slots.

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Transfer rate is expressed in transfers per second instead of bits per second because the number of transfers includes the overhead bits, which do not provide additional throughput; PCIe 1.x uses an

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Some cards use two 8-pin connectors, but this has not been standardized yet as of 2018, therefore such cards must not carry the official PCI Express logo. This configuration allows 375 W total (

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PCI Express implements split transactions (transactions with request and response separated by time), allowing the link to carry other traffic while the target device gathers data for the response.

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A serial interface does not exhibit timing skew because there is only one differential signal in each direction within each lane, and there is no external clock signal since clocking information is

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PCI Express operates in consumer, server, and industrial applications, as a motherboard-level interconnect (to link motherboard-mounted peripherals), a passive backplane interconnect and as an

3905:(MAC) sublayer. The Physical Layer is subdivided into logical and electrical sublayers. The Physical logical-sublayer contains a physical coding sublayer (PCS). The terms are borrowed from the 488:

with PCI; legacy PCI system software can detect and configure newer PCI Express devices without explicit support for the PCI Express standard, though new PCI Express features are inaccessible.

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that can be used for advanced graphic applications for the professional market. These video cards require a PCI Express x8 or x16 slot for the host-side card, which connects to the Plex via a

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On 18 November 2010, the PCI Special Interest Group officially published the finalized PCI Express 3.0 specification to its members to build devices based on this new version of PCI Express.

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PCI Express 3.0 Base specification revision 3.0 was made available in November 2010, after multiple delays. In August 2007, PCI-SIG announced that PCI Express 3.0 would carry a bit rate of 8

551:. A link is a point-to-point communication channel between two PCI Express ports allowing both of them to send and receive ordinary PCI requests (configuration, I/O or memory read/write) and 8651: 7762: 6975:

IBM Power System AC922 (8335-GTG) server helps you to harness breakthrough accelerated AI, HPDA, and HPC performance for faster time to insight, IBM Europe Hardware Announcement ZG17-0147

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1.0 (Final release): this is the final and definitive specification, and any changes or enhancements are through Errata documentation and Engineering Change Notices (ECNs) respectively.

4118:. All devices must minimally support single-lane (x1) link. Devices may optionally support wider links composed of up to 32 lanes. This allows for very good compatibility in two ways: 3856:

Draft 0.9 (Final draft): this release allows PCI-SIG member companies to perform an internal review for intellectual property, and no functional changes are permitted after this draft.

7810: 8333: 4677:, Bplus PE4H V3.2 adapter, as well as more improvised DIY devices. However such solutions are limited by the size (often only x1) and version of the available PCIe slot on a laptop. 8236: 4756:

was an interface for connecting SSDs through SATA-compatible ports, optionally providing multiple PCI Express lanes as a pure PCI Express connection to the attached storage device.

4304:, it does not require the same tolerance for transmission errors as a protocol for communication over longer distances, and thus, this loss of efficiency is not particular to PCIe. 3408:

GT/s and the per-lane throughput rises from 250 MB/s to 500 MB/s. Consequently, a 16-lane PCIe connector (x16) can support an aggregate throughput of up to 8 GB/s.

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PCI-SIG officially announced the release of the final PCI Express 4.0 specification on 8 June 2017. The spec includes improvements in flexibility, scalability, and lower-power.

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mm × 65 mm) for embedded and small-form-factor applications, which implements two x1 PCIe links on a high-density connector along with USB, I2C, and up to 100 points of I/O

7393: 5588: 4869:) rather than a device interconnect or routed network protocol. Additionally, its design goal of software transparency constrains the protocol and raises its latency somewhat. 2276: 2268: 4149:

Data transmitted on multiple-lane links is interleaved, meaning that each successive byte is sent down successive lanes. The PCIe specification refers to this interleaving as

2713:) is an extension for the "cable version of PCI Express". Version 1.0 of OCuLink, released in Oct 2015, supports up to 4 PCIe 3.0 lanes (3.9 GB/s) over copper cabling; a 8682: 5735: 4477: 6833: 6741: 3876:. This is in sharp contrast to the earlier PCI connection, which is a bus-based system where all the devices share the same bidirectional, 32-bit or 64-bit parallel bus. 8356: 6879: 6851: 4931:

The PCI-SIG Integrators List lists products made by PCI-SIG member companies that have passed compliance testing. The list include switches, bridges, NICs, SSDs, etc.

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physical layer technology. Building on top of already existing widespread adoption of M-PHY and its low-power design, Mobile PCIe lets mobile devices use PCI Express.

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On 23 May 2022, AMD announced its Zen 4 architecture with support for up to 24 lanes of PCIe 5.0 connectivity on consumer platforms and 128 lanes on server platforms.

4795:) require the use of fiber-optic interconnects due to the distance limitations inherent in copper cabling. Typically, a network-oriented standard such as Ethernet or 4598:

cards). In most of these systems, the PCIe bus co-exists with one or more legacy PCI buses, for backward compatibility with the large body of legacy PCI peripherals.

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PCIe 1.x is often quoted to support a data rate of 250 MB/s in each direction, per lane. This figure is a calculation from the physical signaling rate (2.5

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and the fact that message signaled interrupts (MSI) can bypass an I/O APIC and be delivered to the CPU directly, MSI performance ends up being substantially better.

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In June 2016 Cadence, PLDA and Synopsys demonstrated PCIe 4.0 physical-layer, controller, switch and other IP blocks at the PCI SIG’s annual developer’s conference.

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announced the availability of the PCI Express Base 2.0 specification on 15 January 2007. The PCIe 2.0 standard doubles the transfer rate compared with PCIe 1.0 to 5

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On 27 October 2021, Intel announced the 12th Gen Intel Core CPU family, the world's first consumer x86-64 processors with PCIe 5.0 (up to 16 lanes) connectivity.

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architecture, in which the PCI host and all devices share a common set of address, data, and control lines. In contrast, PCI Express is based on point-to-point

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logical interface for much faster I/O operations provided by utilizing internal parallelism offered by such devices. Enterprise-class SSDs can also implement

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On 5 November 2020, the PCI Express 6.0 revision 0.7 specification (a "complete draft" with electrical specifications validated via test chips) was released.

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On 31 May 2018, PLDA announced the availability of their XpressRICH5 PCIe 5.0 Controller IP based on draft 0.7 of the PCIe 5.0 specification on the same day.

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PCIe's raw (lane) data rate. These transfers also benefit the most from increased number of lanes (x2, x4, etc.) But in more typical applications (such as a

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On 24 February 2020, the PCI Express 6.0 revision 0.5 specification (a "first draft" with all architectural aspects and requirements defined) was released.

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card measures 135 mm in height (excluding the metal bracket), which exceeds the PCIe standard height by 28 mm, another Radeon RX 5700 XT card by

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for a 128 byte payload is 86%, and 98% for a 1024 byte payload. For small accesses like register settings (4 bytes), the efficiency drops as low as 16%.

8546: 7412: 7162: 7040: 6412: 5703: 5217: 2933:(AWG) drew up the standard. For initial drafts, the AWG consisted only of Intel engineers; subsequently, the AWG expanded to include industry partners. 2208:

connector, which is mainly used for powering SMP and multi-core systems. The power connectors are variants of the Molex Mini-Fit Jr. series connectors.

457:

replacement of the older PCI/PCI-X bus. One of the key differences between the PCI Express bus and the older PCI is the bus topology; PCI uses a shared

7529: 7332: 6516: 2807: 2793: 2544:, consisting of two staggered rows on a 0.8 mm pitch. Each row has eight contacts, a gap equivalent to four contacts, then a further 18 contacts. 8516: 7865: 3752:

is used in PAM-4/FLIT mode to reduce error rate; the interface does not switch to NRZ and 128/130b encoding even when retraining to lower data rates.

2690:

containing a number of PCIe slots and PCIe-to-ePCIe adapter circuitry. This device would not be possible had it not been for the ePCIe specification.

10156: 7273: 8705: 7754: 7094: 6116: 4178:

bits of transmit data, causing a 20% overhead in the electrical bandwidth. To improve the available bandwidth, PCI Express version 3.0 instead uses

8647: 7071: 3652: 7187: 4642:

of 5 Gbit/s (0.5 GB/s throughput), whereas a Thunderbolt interface provides bit rates of up to 40 Gbit/s (5 GB/s throughput).

4524:

The maximum payload size (MPS) is set on all devices based on smallest maximum on any device in the chain. If one device has an MPS of 128 bytes,

10182: 5502: 4122:

A PCIe card physically fits (and works correctly) in any slot that is at least as large as it is (e.g., a x1 sized card works in any sized slot);

3849:

Draft 0.5 (First draft): this release has a complete set of architectural requirements and must fully address the goals set out in the 0.3 draft.

8258: 6781: 5155: 4887:, a new interconnect bus, based on the PCI Express 5.0 physical layer infrastructure. The initial promoters of the CXL specification included: 2823: 7965: 6719: 6145: 6462: 4107:/s, depending on the negotiated capabilities. Transmit and receive are separate differential pairs, for a total of four data wires per lane. 511:). Slots and connectors are only defined for a subset of these widths, with link widths in between using the next larger physical slot size. 7640: 5950: 5938:

This ECN defines Connector Type encodings for the new 12V-2x6 connector. This connector, defined in CEM 5.1, replaces the 12VHPWR connector.

3769:

On 2 April 2024, PCI-SIG announced the release of PCIe 7.0 specification version 0.5; PCI Express 7.0 remains on track for release in 2025.

8325: 7811:"PCI Express 4.0 Draft 0.7 & PIPE 4.4 Specifications – What Do They Mean to Designers? — Synopsys Technical Article | ChipEstimate.com" 6317: 5340: 5095:

Mayhew, D.; Krishnan, V. (August 2003). "PCI express and advanced switching: Evolutionary path to building next generation interconnects".

2204:) and will likely be standardized by PCI-SIG with the PCI Express 4.0 standard. The 8-pin PCI Express connector could be confused with the 8230: 5538: 9591:

Interfaces are listed by their speed in the (roughly) ascending order, so the interface at the end of each section should be the fastest.

7988: 6167: 4264:

Express requires all receivers to issue a minimum number of credits, to guarantee a link allows sending PCIConfig TLPs and message TLPs.

8052: 6607: 5618: 10187: 9036: 8463: 7515: 6663: 6291: 8203: 6974: 6953: 6547: 3419:

The PCI-SIG also said that PCIe 2.0 features improvements to the point-to-point data transfer protocol and its software architecture.

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refers to the sum of incoming and outgoing bandwidth; using this terminology the aggregate bandwidth of full duplex 100BASE-TX is 200

5596: 4684:

In 2017, more fully featured external card hubs were introduced, such as the Razer Core, which has a full-length PCIe x16 interface.

2461:

The original connector was formally adopted as part of PCI Express 5.x, while the revised 12V-2x6 connector design was adopted later.

8674: 4737:

is a memory card format utilizing PCI Express, developed by the CompactFlash Association, with transfer rates of up to 1 GB/s.

4256:

a reliable connection to the transaction layer, since the transmission protocol ensures delivery of TLPs over an unreliable medium.

4186:

limits the run length of identical-digit strings in data streams and ensures the receiver stays synchronised to the transmitter via

9193: 6352: 5484: 4877: 887:

usually exceed the height as well as thickness specified in the PCI Express standard, due to the need for more capable and quieter

2540:

Dimensions of PCI Express Mini Cards are 30 mm × 50.95 mm (width × length) for a Full Mini Card. There is a 52-pin

9623: 9056: 6637: 6072: 4093: 7449: 6811: 6733: 2136:

A full-sized x1 card may draw up to the 25 W limits after initialization and software configuration as a high-power device.

556: 8863: 8572: 6570: 5314: 5272: 7907: 7843: 7188:"Doubling Bandwidth in Under Two Years: PCI Express® Base Specification Revision 5.0, Version 0.9 is Now Available to Members" 8808: 8789: 8770: 8348: 8302: 8036: 8010: 6869: 6834:"Mellanox Announces ConnectX-5, the Next Generation of 100G InfiniBand and Ethernet Smart Interconnect Adapter | NVIDIA" 6030: 6004: 5079: 4137:

of lanes. The pins are spaced at 1 mm intervals, and the thickness of the card going into the connector is 1.6 mm.

577:) use a single-lane (x1) link, while a graphics adapter typically uses a much wider and therefore faster 16-lane (x16) link. 8026: 6248: 3683:

On 18 June 2019, PCI-SIG announced the development of PCI Express 6.0 specification. Bandwidth is expected to increase to 64

3615: 10161: 9244: 8915: 8370: 6927: 8418: 7468: 5387: 3460:

scheme, therefore delivering, per-lane, an effective 4 Gbit/s max. transfer rate from its 5 GT/s raw data rate.

2720:

The most recent version of OCuLink, OCuLink-2, supports up to 16 GB/s (PCIe 4.0 x8) while the maximum bandwidth of a

10202: 8620: 6852:"Mellanox Announces 200Gb/s HDR InfiniBand Solutions Enabling Record Levels of Performance and Scalability | NVIDIA" 5443: 4848: 4528:

devices of the tree must set their MPS to 128 bytes. In this case the bus will have a peak efficiency of 86% for writes.

3662:

processor with PCIe 5.0 and up to 32 lanes per single-chip module (SCM) and up to 64 lanes per double-chip module (DCM).

8950: 8151: 8125: 5563: 5517: 428:

white "junction boxes" represent PCI Express device downstream ports, while the gray ones represent upstream ports.

9616: 9297: 9136: 9066: 7137: 7017: 5994: 3623:

In June 2017, PCI-SIG announced the PCI Express 5.0 preliminary specification. Bandwidth was expected to increase to 32

2769:

card: A PCI Express-based flash card by the CompactFlash Association in three form factors supporting 1 to 4 PCIe lanes

685:

architecture was chosen over the traditional parallel bus because of the inherent limitations of the latter, including

8494: 8000: 7310: 5069: 3872:

The PCIe link is built around dedicated unidirectional couples of serial (1-bit), point-to-point connections known as

3631:

GB/s in each direction in a 16-lane configuration. The draft spec was expected to be standardized in 2019. Initially,

3526:

in both software support and used mechanical interface. PCI Express 4.0 specs also bring OCuLink-2, an alternative to

9126: 8062: 6204: 5972: 5636: 5112: 4963: 4129:

In both cases, PCIe negotiates the highest mutually supported number of lanes. Many graphics cards, motherboards and

3691:

GB/s in each direction in a 16-lane configuration, with a target release date of 2021. The new standard uses 4-level

2872:

The PCIe transaction-layer protocol can also be used over some other interconnects, which are not electrically PCIe:

668: 589:

pairs, with one pair for receiving data and the other for transmitting. Thus, each lane is composed of four wires or

480:

communication between any two endpoints, with no inherent limitation on concurrent access across multiple endpoints.

128: 8441: 7695: 6994: 650: 9224: 8400: 7896: 7785: 7717: 7032: 6219: 4819:

can in principle be used for this purpose, but as of 2015, solutions are only available from niche vendors such as

4064:

An open-end PCI Express x1 connector lets longer cards that use more lanes be plugged while operating at x1 speeds.

8598: 7212: 6759: 6094: 3655:

presented the first PCIe 5.0 Controller HC9001 in a 12 nm manufacturing process. Production started in 2020.

2640:

PCIe interface, making it compatible with the standard mini PCIe slot. No working product has yet been developed.

2118:). The amount of +12 V and total power they may consume depends on the form factor and the role of the card: 574: 8173: 6046: 5045:

is present because the USB 3.0 ports require more power than the PCI Express bus can supply. More often, a

3638:

On 7 June 2017 at PCI-SIG DevCon, Synopsys recorded the first demonstration of PCI Express 5.0 at 32 GT/s.

2442:

12VHPWR adapter (12VHPWR output on the left, four 8-pin inputs on the right) supplied with Nvidia RTX 4090 cards

801: 9016: 7594: 7430: 4820: 4233: 4202: 3566:. Their IP has been licensed to several firms planning to present their chips and products at the end of 2016. 646: 8276: 7530:"The Evolution of the PCI Express Specification: On its Sixth Generation, Third Decade and Still Going Strong" 7063: 6382: 5001: 4536: 763:

Multichannel serial design increases flexibility with its ability to allocate fewer lanes for slower devices.

10151: 9568: 9219: 9188: 6420: 4957: 4312:

As for any "network like" communication links, some of the "raw" bandwidth is consumed by protocol overhead:

8841: 6508: 6022:

Mobile Computing Deployment and Management: Real World Skills for CompTIA Mobility+ Certification and Beyond

4681:

such as the Sonnet's Echo Express and mLogic's mLink are Thunderbolt PCIe chassis in a smaller form factor.

4559: 2936:

Since, PCIe has undergone several large and smaller revisions, improving on performance and other features.

2196:

Sense1 pin is connected to ground by the cable or power supply, or float on board if cable is not connected.

2193:

Sense0 pin is connected to ground by the cable or power supply, or float on board if cable is not connected.

2143:

V (66 W) and 75 W combined after initialization and software configuration as a high-power device.

10019: 9990: 9166: 8520: 7872: 4844: 4567: 2455: 642: 6270: 4574: 3482:

optimizations for enhanced signaling and data integrity, including transmitter and receiver equalization,

2152: 260: 10197: 9816: 9758: 9492: 9431: 9286: 6789: 3723:

On 11 January 2022, PCI-SIG officially announced the release of the final PCI Express 6.0 specification.

3604: 560: 7494:"PCI-SIG® Releases PCIe® 6.0 Specification Delivering Record Performance to Power Big Data Applications" 9995: 9091: 8856: 7284: 4908: 4514:{\displaystyle {\text{Packet Efficiency}}={\frac {\text{Payload}}{{\text{Payload}}+{\text{Overhead}}}}} 3762: 3745: 3692: 3229: 2574: 8100: 7989:

https://ww1.microchip.com/downloads/aemDocuments/documents/TCG/ProductDocuments/Brochures/00003818.pdf

7919: 9809: 9146: 8464:"CompactFlash Association readies next-gen XQD format, promises write speeds of 125 MB/s and up" 4602: 3648:

On 29 May 2019, PCI-SIG officially announced the release of the final PCI Express 5.0 specification.

3343:

Transfer rate refers to the encoded serial bit rate; 2.5 GT/s means 2.5 Gbit/s serial data rate.

797: 719:

topologies of the Legacy PCI Shared (Parallel) Interface and the PCIe Serial Point-to-Point Interface

328: 138: 7347:"AMD Showcases Industry-Leading Gaming, Commercial, and Mainstream PC Technologies at COMPUTEX 2022" 5465: 5166: 3846:

Draft 0.3 (Concept): this release may have few details, but outlines the general approach and goals.

10126: 10039: 10012: 9983: 9746: 6711: 6141: 4995: 4654: 4248:

code (known in this context as Link CRC or LCRC) is also appended to the end of each outgoing TLP.

3737: 3696: 3490:

while maintaining full compatibility (with negligible impact) with the PCI Express protocol stack.

3221: 2862: 2760: 2753:

PCI Express ExpressModule: A hot-pluggable modular form factor defined for servers and workstations

2451: 2447: 2431: 749: 631: 7941: 6473: 3720:

On 6 October 2021, the PCI Express 6.0 revision 0.9 specification (a "final draft") was released.

3603:

Intel released their first mobile CPUs with PCI Express 4.0 support in mid-2020, as a part of the

2470: 905:

measures 55 mm thick (i.e. 2.7 PCI slots at 20.32 mm), taking up 3 PCIe slots, while an

10069: 10064: 9952: 9925: 9599: 9574: 9466: 9121: 7552: 4969: 4635: 4618: 4245: 3790: 3741: 3527: 2876: 2803: 635: 458: 6448: 6325: 5348: 776: 9156: 6756:"PCI Express 4.0 evolution to 16 GT/s, twice the throughput of PCI Express 3.0 technology" 5193:

Flash Memory Form Factors – The Fundamentals of Reliable Flash Storage, Retrieved 19 April 2018

4100: 3726:

On 18 March 2024, Nvidia announced Nvidia Blackwell GB100 GPU, the world's first PCIe 6.0 GPU.

3593: 3486:

improvements, clock data recovery, and channel enhancements of currently supported topologies.

3442: 2858: 2067:

power supply for the PCIe slot is pins B2, B3 (side B) and pins A2, A3 (side A). Power standby

586: 536: 485: 407: 6171: 5760: 10192: 9959: 9420: 9373: 9229: 9001: 8849: 8830: 6911: 6600: 4776: 4301: 4229: 3563: 3544: 3523: 2545: 2413:

When a 6-pin connector is plugged into an 8-pin receptacle the card is notified by a missing

937: 898: 698: 690: 516: 515:

are transferring data simultaneously, or if communication with the PCI Express peripheral is

17: 6961: 6659: 5136: 5046: 5032:

Switches can create multiple endpoints out of one to allow sharing it with multiple devices.

3672:

On 22 March 2022, Nvidia announced Nvidia Hopper GH100 GPU, the world's first PCIe 5.0 GPU.

9947: 9416: 9269: 9151: 7618: 6539: 5011: 4884: 4746: 4292: 4170: 3902: 3366: 737: 504: 469: 454: 310: 265: 184: 7742: 7368: 7298: 5242: 5042: 4225:

sequence the transaction layer packets (TLPs) that are generated by the transaction layer,

2865:, a proprietary technology that uses a slot to transmit video signals from the host CPU's 440:), which creates multiple endpoints out of one endpoint and lets multiple devices share it 8: 9821: 9328: 8883: 5835: 5418: 4133:

versions are verified to support x1, x4, x8 and x16 connectivity on the same connection.

3438: 3412: 2810:

specification; supports processor and I/O modules on ATCA boards (x1, x2, x4 or x8 PCIe).

895: 496: 8782:

Complete PCI Express Reference: Design Implications for Hardware and Software Developers

6360: 4228:

ensure reliable delivery of TLPs between two endpoints via an acknowledgement protocol (

4060: 3365:

In 2003, PCI-SIG introduced PCIe 1.0a, with a per-lane data rate of 250 MB/s and a

2613:

and X series, released in March–April 2011, have support for an mSATA SSD card in their

8872: 6633: 5933: 5919: 5682: 5118: 4948: 4873: 4650: 4579: 4277: 3808: 3736:(BER) of 10 (vs. 10 previously), so in place of 128b/130b encoding, a 3-way interlaced 3700: 2992: 2787: 2706: 2659:

interfaces to support, depending on the desired level of host support and device type.

2459:

to ensure that the sense pins only make contact if the power pins are seated properly.

2157: 372: 371:

functionality. More recent revisions of the PCIe standard provide hardware support for

6064: 4161:

byte on a link. While the lanes are not tightly synchronized, there is a limit to the

9969: 9833: 9731: 9643: 9318: 8940: 8876: 8804: 8785: 8766: 8058: 8032: 8006: 7641:"PCIe® 7.0 Specification, Version 0.5 Now Available: Full Draft Available to Members" 7413:"PCI Express Bandwidth to Be Doubled Again: PCIe 6.0 Announced, Spec to Land in 2021" 6803: 6026: 6000: 5496: 5108: 5075: 4727: 4701: 4547: 4092:

and other analog circuitry; however, since SerDes implementations vary greatly among

3483: 3422: 2633: 909: 793: 355: 8568: 7333:"NVIDIA Announces Hopper Architecture, the Next Generation of Accelerated Computing" 6578: 5870:

PCI Express 225 W/300 W High Power Card Electromechanical Specification Revision 1.0

5683:"PCI Express Card Electromechanical Specification Revision 4.0, Version 1.0 (Clean)" 5318: 5264: 4831:

Other communications standards based on high bandwidth serial architectures include

3583:

On 5 December 2017 IBM announced the first system with PCIe 4.0 slots, Power AC922.

2482: 9804: 9695: 9051: 7835: 5122: 5100: 4792: 4194: 4179: 3880: 2884: 941: 706: 500: 465: 411: 320: 284: 8298: 7469:"PCIe® 6.0 Specification, Version 0.9: One Step Closer to Final Release | PCI-SIG" 4157:) the incoming striped data, striping can significantly reduce the latency of the 3534:

GB/s total for x8 lanes), while the maximum bandwidth of a Thunderbolt 3 link is 5

2632:, and the Dell mini9 and mini10) use a variant of the PCI Express Mini Card as an 792:

The cards themselves are designed and manufactured in various sizes. For example,

9964: 9942: 9905: 9853: 9673: 9668: 9660: 9181: 9031: 9011: 8886: 8706:"CXL Specification 1.0 Released: New Industry High-Speed Interconnect From Intel" 6244: 4980: 4741: 4605:

as the default interface for graphics cards on new systems. Almost all models of

4174: 3498: 3494: 3457: 3393: 3373: 702: 682: 461: 348: 107: 8730: 8491:"What's so very different about the design of Fusion-io's ioDrives / PCIe SSDs?" 7431:"PCI Express 6.0 Reaches Version 0.5 Ahead Of Finalization Next Year – Phoronix" 5104: 3397:

A PCI Express 2.0 x1 expansion card that provides USB 3.0 connectivity

531:

A PCI Express link between two devices consists of one or more lanes, which are

10029: 9930: 9700: 9683: 9482: 9176: 9101: 9026: 8930: 8905: 8761:

Budruk, Ravi; Anderson, Don; Shanley, Tom (2003), Winkles, Joseph ‘Joe’ (ed.),

7138:"PLDA Announces Availability of XpressRICH5™ PCIe 5.0 Controller IP | PLDA.com" 6299: 5395: 4840: 4816: 4761: 4591: 4187: 3733: 3430: 2541: 933: 924:

mm, exceeding PCI Express' maximum height, length, and thickness respectively.

724: 422: 8624: 7556: 4799:

suffices for these applications, but in some cases the overhead introduced by

4617:

use PCI Express. Nvidia used the high-bandwidth data transfer of PCIe for its

3666:

optical CXP converter adapters connecting to external PCIe expansion drawers.

2843:

brings PCIe 3.0 to mobile devices (such as tablets and smartphones), over the

2557:

PCI Express Mini Card edge connectors provide multiple connections and buses:

432: 10176: 10131: 10121: 10101: 9917: 9843: 9796: 9741: 9736: 9688: 9554: 9441: 9333: 9281: 9264: 9046: 8945: 8935: 8910: 8871: 8147: 8117: 7394:"PCI-SIG® Announces Upcoming PCI Express® 6.0 Specification to Reach 64 GT/s" 6987:"NETINT Introduces Codensity with Support for PCIe 4.0 – NETINT Technologies" 4888: 4796: 4622: 4606: 4183: 3827: 3802:

as a general-purpose high speed interface combining a logical PCIe link with

3619:

Three PCIe 5.0 x16 and two PCIe 4.0 x16 slots on a 2023 workstation mainboard

3426: 1231: 508: 477: 316: 9608: 8118:"NVIDIA Introduces NVIDIA Quadro® Plex – A Quantum Leap in Visual Computing" 2773: 804:(full height, half length) to describe the physical dimensions of the card. 252: 10007: 9895: 9878: 9873: 9651: 9291: 9234: 9086: 8991: 8490: 6874: 4990: 4753: 4719: 4709: 4610: 3562:

presented a test setup with FPGA clocking a lane to PCIe 4.0 speeds at the

3478: 2614: 888: 590: 532: 473: 388: 368: 351: 340: 173: 8259:"MSI to showcase 'GUS' external graphics solution for laptops at Computex" 5964: 5644: 2776:

bus, introduced in version 7.0 of the SD specification uses a x1 PCIe link

2736:

Numerous other form factors use, or are able to use, PCIe. These include:

527: 10106: 10074: 9977: 9937: 9900: 9868: 9710: 9559: 9538: 9456: 9301: 9239: 9214: 8925: 8920: 7966:

Reducing Interrupt Latency Through the Use of Message Signaled Interrupts

7755:"Acer, Asus to Bring Intel's Thunderbolt Speed Technology to Windows PCs" 7692:"Introduced second generation PCI Express Gen 2 over fiber optic systems" 7033:"AMD Nixes PCIe 4.0 Support on Older Socket AM4 Motherboards, Here's Why" 5619:"ROG Strix GeForce RTX 3080 OC Edition 10GB GDDR6X | Graphics Cards" 4788: 4772: 4740:

Many high-performance, enterprise-class SSDs are designed as PCI Express

4723: 4169:

As with other high data rate serial transmission protocols, the clock is

3803: 3590:

SSD based on PCIe 4.0 on 17 July 2018, ahead of Flash Memory Summit 2018

3587: 2880: 2743: 2714: 2629: 2622: 2438: 757: 694: 686: 597: 594: 568: 491:

The PCI Express link between two devices can vary in size from one to 16

384: 332: 197: 9378: 7691: 4692: 2056: 436:

PCI Express x1 card containing a PCI Express switch (covered by a small

9838: 9768: 9763: 9753: 9412: 9111: 8900: 8594: 8232:

DynaVivid Graphics Dock from Acer arrives in France, what about the US?

7666:"PLX demo shows PCIe over fiber as data center clustering interconnect" 5539:"ASUS x Noctua RTX 4080 Graphics Card is 5 Slots Thick, We Go Hands-on" 4832: 4804: 4764:

and associated connectors, which also uses multiple PCI Express lanes.

4674: 4154: 3799: 3779: 3551:

Gbit/s network adapter with PCIe 4.0 on 15 June 2016, and the first 200

3446: 2857:

The PCIe slot connector can also carry protocols other than PCIe. Some

2827: 2813: 2797: 2626: 2010: 894:

For instance, comparing three high-end video cards released in 2020: a

884: 729: 344: 336: 8801:

Introduction to PCI Express: A Hardware and Software Developer's Guide

7553:"PCIe 6.0 Specification: The Interconnect for I/O Needs of the Future" 4236:

signaling) that explicitly requires replay of unacknowledged/bad TLPs,

2600: 10116: 10111: 10095: 10024: 9863: 9715: 9678: 9436: 9426: 9393: 9388: 9323: 9198: 8986: 8971: 8966: 8543:"OCZ Demos 4 TiB, 16 TiB Solid-State Drives for Enterprise" 8181: 7619:"PCI-SIG® Announces PCI Express® 7.0 Specification to Reach 128 GT/s" 6574: 6543: 5522: 4920: 4866: 4221:

The data link layer performs three vital services for the PCIe link:

4206: 4153:. While requiring significant hardware complexity to synchronize (or 4096:

vendors, PIPE does not specify an interface between the PCS and PMA.

3842:

There are 5 primary releases/checkpoints in a PCI-SIG specification:

3749: 3450: 3084: 2866: 2766: 552: 437: 205: 8836: 7018:"AMD Ryzen 3000 Series CPUs Based on Zen 2 Launching in Mid of 2019" 620: 10054: 9705: 9640: 9446: 9383: 9116: 8976: 8648:"A Case for PCI Express as a High-Performance Cluster Interconnect" 7743:

IBM Power Systems E870 and E880 Technical Overview and Introduction

7516:"NVIDIA Blackwell Platform Arrives to Power a New Era of Computing" 5951:"Understanding M.2, the interface that will speed up your next SSD" 5097:

11th Symposium on High Performance Interconnects, 2003. Proceedings

4985: 4942: 4900: 4896: 4812: 4734: 4639: 4583: 4296: 4284: 4173:

in the signal. At the physical level, PCI Express 2.0 utilizes the

3906: 3783: 3559: 2800:

for larger applications; supports serial based backplane topologies

2756: 2514: 741: 543:

PCI Express devices communicate via a logical connection called an

363: 313: 7239:"PCI-SIG® Achieves 32GT/s with New PCI Express® 5.0 Specification" 7113:"1,2,3,4,5... It's Official, PCIe 5.0 is Announced | synopsys.com" 4099:

At the electrical level, each lane consists of two unidirectional

3441:) as of 21 October 2007. AMD started supporting PCIe 2.0 with its 944:

from the standby power to indicate that the card is wake capable.

932:

The following table identifies the conductors on each side of the

9888: 9826: 9780: 9579: 9533: 9517: 9343: 9161: 9106: 9041: 8996: 8205:

Fujitsu-Siemens Amilo GraphicBooster External Laptop GPU Released

7311:"Intel Unveils 12th Gen Intel Core, Launches World's Best Gaming" 6469: 6168:"PCI Express External Cabling Specification Completed by PCI-SIG" 5213: 4836: 4808: 4803:

protocols is undesirable and a lower-level interconnect, such as

4800: 4665: 4104: 3659: 3401: 2922: 2747: 2683: 2518: 2275: 2267: 745: 403: 41:

For Engineering, Procurement, Construction and Installation, see

7450:"PCIe 6.0 Specification Hits Milestone: Complete Draft Is Ready" 7064:"PCIe 4.0 May Come to all AMD Socket AM4 Motherboards (Updated)" 6117:"How to distinguish the differences between M.2 cards | Dell US" 10002: 9775: 9512: 9403: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9171: 9061: 9021: 8981: 8825: 7839: 6686:"PCI Special Interest Group Publishes PCI Express 3.0 Standard" 6416: 4912: 4904: 4852: 4646: 4614: 4552: 4398:

The Gen2 overhead is then 20, 24, or 28 bytes per transaction.

4089: 3574: 2997: 2879:: A royalty-free interconnect standard by Intel that combines 2840: 2710: 2205: 2139:

A full-sized x16 graphics card may draw up to 5.5 A at +12

2100: 410:) — a group of more than 900 companies that also maintains the 380: 9497: 9408: 8569:"Enabling Higher Speed Storage Applications with SATA Express" 8148:"Quadro Plex VCS – Advanced visualization and remote graphics" 4543:

Nvidia GeForce GTX 650 Ti, a PCI Express 3.0 x16 graphics card

4471:

The Gen3 overhead is then 22, 26 or 30 bytes per transaction.

2905:

While in early development, PCIe was initially referred to as

712: 62: 9507: 9398: 9338: 9276: 9249: 9131: 9081: 9006: 8675:"New PCI Express 4.0 delay may empower next-gen alternatives" 8326:"How to Upgrade Your Notebook Graphics Card Using DIY ViDOCK" 6220:"Untangling terms: M.2, NVMe, USB-C, SAS, PCIe, U.2, OCuLink" 6098: 5920:"12VHPWR Sideband Allocation and Requirements - PCIe 5.x ECN" 5881:

PCI Express Card Electromechanical Specification Revision 3.0

5782:

PCI Express Card Electromechanical Specification Revision 1.1

5670:

PCI Express Card Electromechanical Specification Revision 2.0

5190: 4974: 4916: 4892: 4658: 4563: 3831: 3795: 3729: 3597: 3216: 2888: 2844: 2721: 2609: 2582: 2568: 1099: 571: 444: 359: 324: 133: 97: 31: 8799:

Wilen, Adam; Schade, Justin P; Thornburg, Ron (April 2003),

5859:

PCI Express x16 Graphics 150W-ATX Specification Revision 1.0

5729:"Emergency Power Reduction Mechanism with PWRBRK Signal ECN" 796:(SSDs) that come in the form of PCI Express cards often use 563:). At the physical level, a link is composed of one or more 10079: 9973: 9502: 9487: 9348: 9259: 9254: 9096: 8349:"The Thunderbolt Devices Trickle In: Magma's ExpressBox 3T" 7571:"Pushing the Envelope with PCIe 6.0: Bringing PAM4 to PCIe" 5934:"12V-2x6 Connector Updates to PCIe Base 6.0 - PCIe 6.x ECN" 5518:"Nvidia GeForce RTX 3080 review: welcome to the next level" 5156:"Enable PCI Express Advanced Error Reporting in the Kernel" 5006: 4768: 4713: 4540: 4130: 3813: 3434: 3240: 3012: 3004: 2894: 2475: 2181: 2174: 2167: 2114: 2107: 2084: 2077: 2070: 2063: 1103: 948:

PCI Express connector pinout (x1, x4, x8 and x16 variants)

906: 753: 102: 42: 35: 7274:

IBM’s POWER10 Processor, Hot Chips 32, August 16–18, 2020

6758:(press release). PCI-SIG. 29 November 2011. Archived from 5589:"AMD Radeon™ RX 5700 XT 8GB GDDR6 THICC II – RX-57XT8DFD6" 4718:

The PCI Express protocol can be used as data interface to

3555:

Gbit/s network adapter with PCIe 4.0 on 10 November 2016.

402:

Formal specifications are maintained and developed by the

10059: 9883: 9451: 9076: 9071: 8002:

IBM Power 770 and 780 Technical Overview and Introduction

7890: 6442: 6197:"OCuLink connectors and cables support new PCIe standard" 5071:

IBM Power 770 and 780 Technical Overview and Introduction

4757: 4697: 4198: 3711:

GB/s in each direction is possible in x16 configuration.

3570: 2850: 2834: 2653: 2578: 2526: 2522: 902: 733: 396: 392: 209: 112: 7786:"PCIe for Mobile Launched; PCIe 3.1, 4.0 Specs Revealed" 6928:"PCIe 4.0 specification finally out with 16 GT/s on tap" 5836:"Mini-Fit® PCI Express®* Wire to Board Connector System" 5564:"Sapphire Radeon RX 5700 XT Pulse Review | bit-tech.net" 5444:"New PCIe Form Factor Enables Greater PCIe SSD Adoption" 4110:

A connection between any two PCIe devices is known as a

3334:

In each direction (each lane is a dual simplex channel).

6912:

2016 IEEE Hot Chips 28 Symposium (HCS), 21–23 Aug. 2016

5637:"What is the A side, B side configuration of PCI cards" 5388:"PCI Express – An Overview of the PCI Express Standard" 871: 705:. Despite being transmitted simultaneously as a single 8028:

CompTIA A+ Exam Cram (Exams 220-602, 220-603, 220-604)

6455: 5394:. National Instruments. 13 August 2009. Archived from 3826:) allows PCI Express architecture to operate over the 3786:) that may require additional software to support it. 2567:

Wires to diagnostics LEDs for wireless network (i.e.,

241: 8765:, Mind share PC system architecture, Addison-Wesley, 8760: 7836:"PCI Express 1x, 4x, 8x, 16x bus pinout and wiring @" 7522: 7257:"PCI-Express 5.0: China stellt ersten Controller vor" 6901:

Brian Thompto, POWER9 Processor for the Cognitive Era

6292:"PCI SIG discusses M-PCIe oculink & 4th gen PCIe" 6095:"Desktop Board Solid-state drive (SSD) compatibility" 5315:"PCI Express Architecture Frequently Asked Questions" 5294:"4.2.4.9. Link Width and Lane Sequence Negotiation", 4555:

GeForce GTX 1070, a PCI Express 3.0 x16 Graphics card

4480: 2887:. Thunderbolt 3.0 also combines USB 3.1 and uses the 2750:

form factor (with x1 PCIe and USB 2.0; hot-pluggable)

2608:

Despite sharing the Mini PCI Express form factor, an

689:

operation, excess signal count, and inherently lower

8798: 8371:"MSI GUS II external GPU enclosure with Thunderbolt" 7388: 7386: 7294: 7292: 5796:

Board Design Guidelines for PCI Express Architecture

5485:"19 graphics cards that shaped the future of gaming" 4938: 4197:) of 0 and 1 bits in the data stream is achieved by 2883:

and PCIe protocols in a form factor compatible with

2074:

is pin B10 and A10. PCIe x1 cards can receive up to

256:

Two types of PCIe slot on an Asus H81M-K motherboard

7550: 7299:

IBM Power E1080 Technical Overview and Introduction

5373:up to PCIe 5.0 but there's no card standard in the 4760:is a specification for internally mounted computer 4114:, and is built up from a collection of one or more 3772: 2129:

x4 and wider cards are limited to 2.1 A at +12

8101:"Understanding Performance of PCI Express Systems" 4771:logical interface for backward compatibility, and 4513: 3353:throughput of 2.0 Gbit/s = 250 MB/s. 3330: 3328: 2513:), based on PCI Express, is a replacement for the 453:Conceptually, the PCI Express bus is a high-speed 9461: 8519:. storagereview.com. 16 July 2012. Archived from 8419:"M logics M link Thunderbold chassis no shipping" 8277:"ExpressCard trying to pull a (not so) fast one?" 7934: 7912: 7736: 7383: 7289: 7278: 3901:. The Data Link Layer is subdivided to include a 3707:GT/s data transfer rate (raw bit rate), up to 121 2955: 2759:: A PCI Express-based flash card standard by the 1708:"Power brake", active-low to reduce device power 228: 10174: 8045: 7866:"PHY Interface for the PCI Express Architecture" 6660:"PCI Express 3.0 Bandwidth: 8.0 Gigatransfers/s" 6540:"Intel P35: Intel's Mainstream Chipset Grows Up" 6142:"PCI Express External Cabling 1.0 Specification" 4815:is needed. Local-bus standards such as PCIe and 2521:. The host device supports both PCI Express and 2147: 912:video card takes up two slots and measures 140.1 9194:Coherent Accelerator Processor Interface (CAPI) 8442:"2017 Razer Blade Stealth and Core V2 detailed" 6894: 6134: 4880:(CAPI) all being announced by the end of 2016. 4767:PCI Express storage devices can implement both 3635:was also considered for technical feasibility. 3573:announced the first CPU with PCIe 4.0 support, 3569:On the IEEE Hot Chips Symposium in August 2016 3449:. All of Intel's prior chipsets, including the 3429:and boards began to ship from various vendors ( 3325: 2662: 2486:MiniPCI and MiniPCI Express cards in comparison 748:. In digital video, examples in common use are 387:. It is also used in the storage interfaces of 8517:"Fusion-io ioDrive Duo Enterprise PCIe Review" 7920:"Mechanical Drawing for PCI Express Connector" 7871:(version 2.00 ed.). Intel. Archived from 7587: 7563: 6862: 6688:. X bit labs. 18 November 2010. Archived from 6463:"PCI Express Base 2.0 specification announced" 5664: 5662: 5094: 4872:Delays in PCIe 4.0 implementations led to the 3530:. OCuLink version 2 has up to 16 GT/s (16 2015:May be pulled low or sensed by multiple cards 936:on a PCI Express card. The solder side of the 10157:History of computing hardware (1960s–present) 9638: 9624: 8857: 8779: 8672: 8488: 7783: 6968: 5965:"MP1: Mini PCI Express / PCI Express Adapter" 5296:PCI Express Base Specification, Revision 2.1. 5257: 5203: 5201: 5199: 4865:targeted by design as a system interconnect ( 4638:interface. An ExpressCard interface provides 3337: 785:available electrical and logical connection. 7977:PCI Express Base Specification, Revision 3.0 6509:"PCI Express 2.0 final draft spec published" 6353:"PCI Express 3.0 Frequently Asked Questions" 6318:"PCI Express 4.0 Frequently Asked Questions" 5820:PCI Express Base Specification, Revision 1.1 5697:"L1 PM Substates with CLKREQ, Revision 1.0a" 3867: 2595: 2393: 2341: 813:Dimensions height × length × width, maximum 780:Intel P3608 NVMe flash SSD, PCIe add-in card 8323: 7901: 7684: 6921: 6919: 6905: 6782:"Frequently Asked Questions | PCI-SIG" 6734:"Trick or Treat… PCI Express 3.1 Released!" 6489:— note that in this press release the term 6191: 6189: 6025:. John Wiley & Sons. 24 February 2015. 5659: 5501:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 5377:and that lane number was never implemented. 5207: 5154:Zhang, Yanmin; Nguyen, T Long (June 2007). 5153: 2891:form factor as opposed to Mini DisplayPort. 2869:instead of PCIe, using a supported add-in. 2701:(standing for "optical-copper link", since 2317:Not connected (usually +12 V as well) 649:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 9631: 9617: 8864: 8850: 8346: 8094: 8092: 8090: 8088: 8086: 7858: 7658: 7633: 7544: 7369:"4th Gen AMD EPYC™ Processor Architecture" 6712:"PCIe 3.1 and 4.0 Specifications Revealed" 6652: 6286: 6284: 6245:"Supermicro Universal I/O (UIO) Solutions" 6170:. PCI SIG. 7 February 2007. Archived from 5792: 5515: 5483:July 2015, Kane Fulton 20 (20 July 2015). 5196: 5002:List of device bit rates § Main buses 4863:PCI Express falls somewhere in the middle, 4239:initialize and manage flow control credits 3425:'s first PCIe 2.0 capable chipset was the 3346: 61: 8274: 8256: 6954:"IBM Unveils Most Advanced Server for AI" 6870:"IDF: PCIe 4.0 läuft, PCIe 5.0 in Arbeit" 6634:"PCI Express 3.0 Spec Pushed Out to 2010" 6601:"Intel P35 Express Chipset Product Brief" 5830: 5828: 5516:Leadbetter, Richard (16 September 2020). 5482: 5375:PCIe Card Electromechanical Specification 4307: 3596:announced on 9 January 2019 its upcoming 3586:NETINT Technologies introduced the first 2122:x1 cards are limited to 0.5 A at +12 2081:and x16 graphics cards can receive up to 771: 669:Learn how and when to remove this message 426:Example of the PCI Express topology: 299:Peripheral Component Interconnect Express 56:Peripheral Component Interconnect Express 8623:. SCSI Trade Association. Archived from 7180: 6916: 6186: 5891: 5643:. Adex Electronics. 1998. Archived from 4878:Coherent Accelerator Processor Interface 4876:consortium, the CCIX effort and an open 4691: 4573: 4558: 4546: 4535: 4059: 3614: 3392: 3369:of 2.5 gigatransfers per second (GT/s). 2900: 2599: 2481: 2469: 2465: 2437: 2274: 2266: 2151: 2097:All PCI express cards may consume up to 2055: 1996:Signal from the motherboard to the card 1976:Signal from the card to the motherboard 775: 711: 701:(PCB) layers, and at possibly different 526: 443: 431: 421: 319:standard, designed to replace the older 259: 251: 224: 201: 8083: 7092: 7015: 6631: 6538:Key, Gary; Fink, Wesley (21 May 2007). 6537: 6347: 6345: 6343: 6281: 6217: 5536: 5309: 5307: 5305: 4782: 2552: 2478:PCI Express Mini Card and its connector 593:. Conceptually, each lane is used as a 14: 10183:Computer-related introductions in 2004 10175: 8780:Solari, Edward; Congdon, Brad (2003), 8723: 8697: 8666: 8645: 8639: 8613: 8587: 8561: 8535: 8509: 8497:from the original on 23 September 2013 8482: 8456: 8433: 8411: 8393: 8363: 8347:Lal Shimpi, Anand (7 September 2011), 8340: 8317: 8291: 8268: 8250: 8223: 8196: 8166: 8140: 8110: 8098: 7970: 7959: 7828: 7803: 7777: 7747: 7710: 7447: 7441: 7423: 7404: 7061: 7030: 6796: 6613:from the original on 26 September 2007 6053:from the original on 12 February 2012. 5874: 5825: 5775: 5466:"Memblaze PBlaze4 AIC NVMe SSD Review" 5454:from the original on 6 September 2015. 4826: 4103:operating at 2.5, 5, 8, 16 or 32 3885: 2929:. A technical working group named the 2693: 2682:) specifications were released by the 2588:Future extension for another PCIe lane 2535: 2178:(8-pin) of +12 V power for up to 1256:Link reactivation; fundamental reset 165:1 on each endpoint of each connection. 9612: 8845: 8575:from the original on 27 November 2012 8439: 8381:from the original on 13 February 2012 8336:from the original on 13 December 2013 8305:from the original on 14 February 2014 8071:from the original on 25 February 2014 8057:. Technical Publications Pune. 2008. 7846:from the original on 25 November 2009 7724:from the original on 30 December 2014 7460: 7249: 7231: 7205: 7155: 7130: 7105: 7086: 7055: 7024: 7009: 6979: 6946: 6844: 6826: 6774: 6748: 6726: 6722:from the original on 1 February 2016. 6704: 6678: 6625: 6593: 6568: 6562: 6531: 6506: 6500: 6435: 6405: 6375: 6263: 6237: 6211: 6160: 6148:from the original on 10 February 2007 6109: 6087: 6057: 6039: 5957: 5885: 5863: 5852: 5786: 5721: 5689: 5675: 5629: 5611: 5581: 5556: 5509: 5476: 5458: 5436: 5410: 5380: 5363: 5333: 5287: 4601:As of 2013, PCI Express has replaced 4415: 4333: 3658:On 17 August 2020, IBM announced the 3453:chipset, supported PCIe 1.1 or 1.0a. 3411:PCIe 2.0 motherboard slots are fully 2963: 2958: 2952: 2949: 2417:that it may only use up to 75 W. 2133:V (25 W) and 25 W combined. 993:Must connect to farthest PRSNT2# pin 472:links connecting every device to the 10162:List of pioneers in computer science 8654:from the original on 14 January 2013 8452:from the original on 17 October 2017 8287:from the original on 1 February 2016 8239:from the original on 16 October 2015 8212:from the original on 16 October 2015 7765:from the original on 18 January 2012 7555:. PCI-SIG. p. 8. Archived from 6925: 6666:from the original on 24 October 2007 6519:from the original on 29 January 2007 6340: 6310: 6105:from the original on 2 January 2016. 5302: 5275:from the original on 3 December 2009 5243:"What are PCIe Slots and Their Uses" 5184: 5147: 5129: 5088: 4586:controller, as a PCI Express x1 card 4267: 4140: 3891: 2517:form factor. It is developed by the 2424: 2126:V (6 W) and 10 W combined. 872:Non-standard video card form factors 647:adding citations to reliable sources 614: 567:. Low-speed peripherals (such as an 8703: 8601:from the original on 3 October 2013 8401:"PCI express graphics, Thunderbolt" 8324:O'Brien, Kevin (8 September 2010), 8128:from the original on 24 August 2006 8054:Computer Peripherals And Interfaces 8031:. Pearson Education. 19 July 2007. 7942:"FCi schematic for PCIe connectors" 7908:PCI Express Architecture, intel.com 7698:from the original on 4 October 2012 7551:Debendra Das Sharma (8 June 2020). 7093:Cutress, Dr. Ian (13 August 2020). 6882:from the original on 19 August 2016 6814:from the original on 28 August 2016 6804:"PCIe 4.0 Heads to Fab, 5.0 to Lab" 6744:from the original on 23 March 2015. 6640:from the original on 7 January 2014 6393:from the original on 14 August 2012 6218:Mokosiy, Vitaliy (9 October 2020). 5975:from the original on 3 October 2014 5537:Discuss, btarunr (6 January 2023). 4926: 4849:Mobile Industry Processor Interface 4704:, a full-height x4 PCI Express card 4193:A desirable balance (and therefore 3897: 3377:referred to as throughput in PCIe. 3360: 2939: 2731: 2585:applications (UIM signals on spec.) 2263:8-pin power connector (150 W) 2045:Not presently used, do not connect 2039:PCI Express x8 cards end at pin 49 1780:PCI Express x4 cards end at pin 32 1453:PCI Express x1 cards end at pin 18 24: 8754: 8275:Hellstrom, Jerry (9 August 2011), 8154:from the original on 28 April 2011 7718:"PCIe Active Optical Cable System" 7213:"PCIe 5.0 Is Ready For Prime Time" 7016:Mujtaba, Hassan (9 January 2019). 6251:from the original on 24 March 2014 6075:from the original on 30 March 2010 5809:from the original on 27 March 2016 5163:Proceedings of the Linux Symposium 4883:On 11 March 2019, Intel presented 4687: 4300:for devices connected to the same 4216: 3755: 3732:coding results in a vastly higher 3678: 3610: 3516: 3507: 3493:PCI Express 3.0 upgraded the 3472: 3463: 3388: 3380: 2913:), and underwent a name change to 2816:: A tiny expansion card format (43 2717:version may appear in the future. 2647: 2375:Sense0 (6-pin or 8-pin connected) 2258:6-pin power connector (75 W) 1322:Reference clock differential pair 335:interface for personal computers' 25: 10214: 10188:Peripheral Component Interconnect 8818: 8685:from the original on 1 April 2017 8673:Evan Koblentz (3 February 2017). 8646:Meduri, Vijay (24 January 2011). 8429:from the original on 25 June 2017 8359:from the original on 4 March 2016 8099:Lawley, Jason (28 October 2014). 7466: 7448:Shilov, Anton (4 November 2020). 7410: 7163:"XpressRICH5 for ASIC | PLDA.com" 7074:from the original on 10 June 2019 7043:from the original on 10 June 2019 6960:. 5 December 2017. Archived from 6571:"NVIDIA "MCP72" Details Unveiled" 6472:. 15 January 2007. Archived from 6306:from the original on 29 June 2017 4964:Peripheral Component Interconnect 4669:Dynavivid graphics dock for XGP. 3912: 2921:) before finally settling on its 604: 9595: 9594: 8824: 8470:from the original on 19 May 2014 8440:Burns, Chris (17 October 2017), 8257:Dougherty, Steve (22 May 2010), 8019: 7993: 7982: 7611: 7508: 7496:. Business Wire. 11 January 2022 7486: 7361: 7339: 7325: 7303: 7062:Alcorn, Paul (10 January 2019). 6934:from the original on 8 June 2017 6550:from the original on 23 May 2007 6451:from the original on 6 July 2008 5996:IT Essentials Companion Guide v8 5894:"PCIe Electromechanical Updates" 5416: 5165:. Fedora project. Archived from 4941: 4859:are RapidIO and HyperTransport. 4628: 4090:serializer/deserializer (SerDes) 4088:(PMA) layer, which includes the 3837: 3773:Extensions and future directions 2430:This section is an excerpt from 2316: 2212:Molex Mini-Fit Jr. part numbers 1959:Supplies power to the PCIe card 619: 383:expansion card interface called 331:bus standards. It is the common 8763:PCI Express System Architecture 8489:Zsolt Kerekes (December 2011). 7897:PCI Express System Architecture 7267: 6632:Hachman, Mark (5 August 2009). 6507:Smith, Tony (11 October 2006). 6013: 5987: 5943: 5926: 5912: 5813: 5753: 5530: 5035: 4531: 4402:Gen 3 Transaction Layer Packet 4320:Gen 2 Transaction Layer Packet 3497:to 128b/130b from the previous 2591:1.5 V and 3.3 V power 2407: 2156:8-pin (left) and 6-pin (right) 1672:Lane 15 transmit data, + and − 1580:Lane 14 transmit data, + and − 1488:Lane 13 transmit data, + and − 1403:Lane 12 transmit data, + and − 1308:Lane 11 transmit data, + and − 1216:Lane 10 transmit data, + and − 809: 800:(half height, half length) and 766: 603:For mechanical card sizes, see 522: 417: 27:Computer expansion bus standard 8299:"PE4H V3.2 (PCIe x16 Adapter)" 7784:Kevin Parrish (28 June 2013). 6993:. 17 July 2018. Archived from 6662:. ExtremeTech. 9 August 2007. 6569:Huynh, Anh (8 February 2007). 6383:"What does GT/s mean, anyway?" 6271:"Get ready for M-PCIe testing" 5235: 5208:Ravi Budruk (21 August 2007). 5062: 5026: 3822:specification (abbreviated to 2571:) status on computer's chassis 2529:form factor for this purpose. 2202:1 × 75 W + 2 × 150 W 2187:2 × 75 W + 1 × 150 W 1953:Lane 7 transmit data, + and − 1894:Lane 6 transmit data, + and − 1844:Lane 5 transmit data, + and − 1794:Lane 4 transmit data, + and − 1720:Lane 15 receive data, + and − 1660:Lane 3 transmit data, + and − 1626:Lane 14 receive data, + and − 1568:Lane 2 transmit data, + and − 1534:Lane 13 receive data, + and − 1476:Lane 1 transmit data, + and − 1448:Lane 12 receive data, + and − 1357:Lane 11 receive data, + and − 1345:Lane 0 transmit data, + and − 1268:Lane 10 receive data, + and − 1118:Lane 9 transmit data, + and − 1005:Lane 8 transmit data, + and − 159: 13: 1: 10152:History of computing hardware 9189:Intel Ultra Path Interconnect 8466:. Engadget. 8 December 2011. 8377:(hands-on). 10 January 2012. 8005:. IBM Redbooks. 6 June 2013. 7621:. Business Wire. 21 June 2022 6878:(in German). 18 August 2016. 5074:. IBM Redbooks. 6 June 2013. 5056: 4958:Active State Power Management 4594:interface for add-in boards. 3740:(FEC) is used in addition to 2945:PCI Express link performance 2450:is a standard for connecting 2279:8 pin power connector pin map 2271:6 pin power connector pin map 2148:6- and 8-pin power connectors 2092: 1990:Lane 7 receive data, + and − 1919:Lane 6 receive data, + and − 1869:Lane 5 receive data, + and − 1819:Lane 4 receive data, + and − 1614:Lane 2 receive data, + and − 1522:Lane 1 receive data, + and − 1391:Lane 0 receive data, + and − 1167:Lane 9 receive data, + and − 1057:Lane 8 receive data, + and − 877: 610: 301:), officially abbreviated as 10020:Network interface controller 9167:Intel QuickPath Interconnect 9157:Direct Media Interface (DMI) 8731:"Integrators List | PCI-SIG" 8545:. X-bit labs. Archived from 7031:Alcorn, Paul (3 June 2019). 5999:. Cisco Press. 9 July 2023. 5369:32 lanes are defined by the 4845:Intel QuickPath Interconnect 4791:applications (such as large 3445:and nVidia started with the 2853:(formerly known as SFF-8639) 2668:PCI Express External Cabling 2663:PCI Express External Cabling 2621:Some notebooks (notably the 1706:Lane 3 receive data, + and − 367:Reporting, AER), and native 229:PCI Express External Cabling 7: 9817:Refreshable braille display 9759:Refreshable braille display 6047:"mSATA FAQ: A Basic Primer" 5936:. PCI SIG. 31 August 2023. 5802:, PCI-SIG, pp. 19–21, 5761:"Where Does PCIe Cable Go?" 5245:. PC Guide 101. 18 May 2021 5137:"Definition of PCI Express" 5105:10.1109/CONECT.2003.1231473 5047:4-pin Molex power connector 4934: 4664:In 2008, AMD announced the 4661:carrying eight PCIe lanes. 4182:encoding (1.54% overhead). 3918:Connector pins and lengths 3909:networking protocol model. 3695:(PAM-4) with a low-latency 3456:Like 1.x, PCIe 2.0 uses an 2561:PCI Express x1 (with SMBus) 503:), and enterprise storage ( 78:; 21 years ago 10: 10219: 10203:Motherboard expansion slot 9152:Compute Express Link (CXL) 7532:. Pci-Sig. 11 January 2022 6926:Born, Eric (8 June 2017). 5641:Frequently Asked Questions 5191:https://www.hyperstone.com 5043:Serial ATA power connector 4885:Compute Express Link (CXL) 4707: 3693:pulse-amplitude modulation 2651: 2429: 2265: 2260: 1321: 1295: 1255: 1229: 992: 964: 585:A lane is composed of two 40: 29: 10144: 10088: 10047: 10038: 9916: 9852: 9795: 9724: 9659: 9650: 9588: 9547: 9526: 9475: 9389:IEEE-1284 (parallel port) 9311: 9304:logical device interface) 9207: 8959: 8893: 7694:. Adnaco. 22 April 2011. 7595:"PowerPoint Presentation" 7095:"Tiger Lake IO and Power" 6359:. PCI-SIG. Archived from 6324:. PCI-SIG. Archived from 5793:Schoenborn, Zale (2004), 5734:. PCI-SIG. Archived from 5702:. PCI-SIG. Archived from 5317:. PCI-SIG. Archived from 4458: 4446: 4438: 4435: 4432: 4423: 4418: 4412: 4409: 4406: 4382: 4359: 4356: 4353: 4344: 4339: 4336: 4330: 4327: 4324: 4086:physical media attachment 4068:The PCIe Physical Layer ( 3928: 3925: 3922: 3868:Hardware protocol summary 3272: 3225: 3214: 3208: 3167: 3123: 3083: 3077: 3039: 2996: 2991: 2985: 2980: 2977: 2974: 2971: 2968: 2859:9xx series Intel chipsets 2596:Mini-SATA (mSATA) variant 2452:graphics processing units 2347:Sense1 (8-pin connected) 2262: 2257: 2160:used on PCI Express cards 2044: 2041: 2038: 2033: 2030: 2014: 2009: 1995: 1992: 1989: 1975: 1972: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1938: 1935: 1921: 1918: 1893: 1868: 1843: 1818: 1793: 1779: 1753: 1719: 1705: 1671: 1659: 1625: 1613: 1579: 1567: 1533: 1521: 1487: 1475: 1452: 1447: 1402: 1390: 1356: 1344: 1307: 1272: 1267: 1215: 1166: 1117: 1098: 1056: 1021: 1004: 927: 812: 492: 236: 217: 190: 180: 169: 158: 147: 121: 90: 72: 60: 55: 6419:: Eiscat. Archived from 5892:Yun Ling (16 May 2008). 5019: 4996:Serial Digital Video Out 4653:external PCIe family of 4566:82574L Gigabit Ethernet 3744:(CRC). A fixed 256 byte 3738:forward error correction 3697:forward error correction 2863:Serial Digital Video Out 2837:(formerly known as NGFF) 2761:CompactFlash Association 2448:16-pin 12VHPWR connector 2432:16-pin 12VHPWR connector 2164:Optional connectors add 2051: 840:111.15 × 167.65 × 20.32 829:111.15 × 312.00 × 20.32 30:Not to be confused with 9926:Central processing unit 5922:. PCI SIG. 12 May 2022. 5371:PCIe Base Specification 5265:"How PCI Express Works" 4970:PCI configuration space 4619:Scalable Link Interface 4609:released since 2010 by 4570:, a PCI Express x1 card 4246:cyclic redundancy check 3742:cyclic redundancy check 3547:announced the first 100 2911:High Speed Interconnect 2790:form factor (VITA 42.3) 2456:computer power supplies 2249:45586-0005, 45586-0006 858:68.90 × 167.65 × 20.32 580: 8951:List of bus bandwidths 8837:PCI-SIG Specifications 5419:"What are PCIe Slots?" 4705: 4587: 4571: 4556: 4544: 4515: 4308:Efficiency of the link 4065: 3620: 3443:AMD 700 chipset series 3398: 2806:: A complement to the 2605: 2487: 2479: 2443: 2280: 2272: 2161: 2089: 2034:Tied together on card 781: 772:PCI Express (standard) 720: 587:differential signaling 540: 537:differential signaling 486:backward compatibility 450: 441: 429: 408:Special Interest Group 291: 268:, from top to bottom: 257: 8493:. storagesearch.com. 8180:. AMD. Archived from 7761:. 14 September 2011. 6302:, 13 September 2013, 6201:www.connectortips.com 4777:SCSI over PCI Express 4695: 4577: 4562: 4550: 4539: 4516: 4302:printed circuit board 4063: 3651:On 20 November 2019, 3618: 3564:Intel Developer Forum 3545:Mellanox Technologies 3524:forward compatibility 3396: 2901:History and revisions 2603: 2491:PCI Express Mini Card 2485: 2473: 2466:PCI Express Mini Card 2441: 2278: 2270: 2155: 2059: 1296:Clock Request Signal 938:printed circuit board 832:4.376 × 12.283 × 0.8 779: 715: 699:printed circuit board 530: 447: 435: 425: 263: 255: 191:Hotplugging interface 176:, up to 242 GB/s 9394:IEEE-1394 (FireWire) 9132:PCI Extended (PCI-X) 8833:at Wikimedia Commons 8425:, 13 December 2012, 7815:www.chipestimate.com 7398:www.businesswire.com 7243:www.businesswire.com 6997:on 29 September 2018 5210:"PCI Express Basics" 5012:Compute Express Link 4783:Cluster interconnect 4478: 4260:transaction layer). 3903:media access control 3794:was co-developed by 2828:Super Micro Computer 2672:External PCI Express 2553:Electrical interface 1939:Zero volt reference 738:Serial Attached SCSI 643:improve this section 266:computer motherboard 9235:Parallel ATA (PATA) 8407:, 17 September 2012 8208:, 3 December 2008, 7559:on 30 October 2021. 7263:. 18 November 2019. 6991:NETINT Technologies 6964:on 8 December 2017. 6792:on 20 October 2016. 6762:on 23 December 2012 6692:on 21 November 2010 6581:on 10 February 2007 6491:aggregate bandwidth 6174:on 26 November 2013 6049:. Notebook review. 5599:on 1 September 2019 5472:. 21 December 2015. 5321:on 13 November 2008 4827:Competing protocols 4823:, and TTTech Auto. 4403: 4321: 3919: 3607:microarchitecture. 3413:backward compatible 2946: 2867:integrated graphics 2746:: Successor to the 2694:PCI Express OCuLink 2536:Physical dimensions 2213: 949: 535:channels using two 497:10 Gigabit Ethernet 264:Various slots on a 52: 10198:Computer standards 9142:PCI Express (PCIe) 8627:on 27 January 2013 8235:, 11 August 2010, 8184:on 29 January 2010 6413:"Deliverable 12.2" 6363:on 1 February 2014 6247:. Supermicro.com. 5953:. 8 February 2015. 5900:on 5 November 2015 5741:on 9 November 2018 5709:on 4 December 2018 5647:on 2 November 2011 5351:on 8 December 2007 5271:. 17 August 2005. 5099:. pp. 21–29. 4949:Electronics portal 4728:solid-state drives 4706: 4588: 4572: 4557: 4545: 4511: 4416:Transaction Layer 4401: 4319: 4278:modular arithmetic 4101:differential pairs 4066: 3917: 3883:, consisting of a 3701:non-return-to-zero 3699:(FEC) in place of 3687:GT/s, yielding 128 3621: 3399: 2944: 2931:Arapaho Work Group 2919:3rd Generation I/O 2796:: A complement to 2686:in February 2007. 2676:Cabled PCI Express 2606: 2604:An Intel mSATA SSD 2488: 2480: 2444: 2281: 2273: 2220:Female/receptacle 2211: 2162: 2090: 947: 794:solid-state drives 782: 721: 681:The bonded serial 541: 451: 442: 430: 373:I/O virtualization 309:, is a high-speed 292: 287:(32-bit, 5 V) 258: 218:External interface 50: 10170: 10169: 10140: 10139: 10070:Analog audio jack 9791: 9790: 9606: 9605: 9592: 9319:Apple Desktop Bus 9296:PCI Express (via 9255:Serial ATA (SATA) 8941:Network on a chip 8829:Media related to 8810:978-0-9702846-9-3 8791:978-0-9717861-9-6 8772:978-0-321-15630-3 8710:www.anandtech.com 8523:on 4 October 2013 8124:. 1 August 2006. 8038:978-0-7686-9003-3 8012:978-0-7384-5121-3 7417:www.anandtech.com 7261:PC Games Hardware 7219:. 17 January 2019 6468:(Press release). 6423:on 17 August 2010 6207:on 13 March 2017. 6065:"Eee PC Research" 6032:978-1-118-82461-0 6006:978-0-13-816625-0 5763:. 16 January 2022 5398:on 5 January 2010 5341:"PCI Express Bus" 5081:978-0-7384-5121-3 4793:computer clusters 4722:devices, such as 4509: 4506: 4498: 4493: 4484: 4483:Packet Efficiency 4469: 4468: 4396: 4395: 4268:Transaction layer 4203:binary polynomial 4163:lane to lane skew 4141:Data transmission 4058: 4057: 3886:transaction layer 3879:PCI Express is a 3746:Flow Control Unit 3627:GT/s, yielding 63 3316: 3315: 2826:: A variant from 2782:: Similar to the 2724:cable is 10GB/s. 2549:mini PCIe card. 2425:12VHPWR connector 2403: 2402: 2253: 2252: 2225:Male/right-angle 2049: 2048: 1993:Host-to-card pin 1973:Card-to-host pin 899:Radeon RX 5700 XT 869: 868: 852:Low-Profile/Slim 744:(IEEE 1394), and 717:Highly simplified 703:signal velocities 679: 678: 671: 250: 249: 16:(Redirected from 10210: 10045: 10044: 9696:Optical trackpad 9661:Pointing devices 9657: 9656: 9633: 9626: 9619: 9610: 9609: 9598: 9597: 9590: 9052:HP Precision Bus 8866: 8859: 8852: 8843: 8842: 8828: 8813: 8794: 8775: 8746: 8745: 8743: 8741: 8727: 8721: 8720: 8718: 8716: 8701: 8695: 8694: 8692: 8690: 8670: 8664: 8663: 8661: 8659: 8643: 8637: 8636: 8634: 8632: 8617: 8611: 8610: 8608: 8606: 8591: 8585: 8584: 8582: 8580: 8565: 8559: 8558: 8556: 8554: 8549:on 25 March 2013 8539: 8533: 8532: 8530: 8528: 8513: 8507: 8506: 8504: 8502: 8486: 8480: 8479: 8477: 8475: 8460: 8454: 8453: 8437: 8431: 8430: 8415: 8409: 8408: 8397: 8391: 8390: 8388: 8386: 8367: 8361: 8360: 8344: 8338: 8337: 8321: 8315: 8314: 8312: 8310: 8295: 8289: 8288: 8272: 8266: 8265: 8254: 8248: 8247: 8246: 8244: 8227: 8221: 8220: 8219: 8217: 8200: 8194: 8193: 8191: 8189: 8170: 8164: 8163: 8161: 8159: 8144: 8138: 8137: 8135: 8133: 8114: 8108: 8107: 8105: 8096: 8081: 8080: 8078: 8076: 8049: 8043: 8042: 8023: 8017: 8016: 7997: 7991: 7986: 7980: 7974: 7968: 7963: 7957: 7956: 7954: 7952: 7946: 7938: 7932: 7931: 7929: 7927: 7916: 7910: 7905: 7899: 7894: 7888: 7887: 7885: 7883: 7878:on 17 March 2008 7877: 7870: 7862: 7856: 7855: 7853: 7851: 7832: 7826: 7825: 7823: 7821: 7807: 7801: 7800: 7798: 7796: 7781: 7775: 7774: 7772: 7770: 7751: 7745: 7740: 7734: 7733: 7731: 7729: 7714: 7708: 7707: 7705: 7703: 7688: 7682: 7681: 7679: 7677: 7662: 7656: 7655: 7653: 7651: 7637: 7631: 7630: 7628: 7626: 7615: 7609: 7608: 7606: 7604: 7599: 7591: 7585: 7584: 7582: 7580: 7575: 7567: 7561: 7560: 7548: 7542: 7541: 7539: 7537: 7526: 7520: 7519: 7512: 7506: 7505: 7503: 7501: 7490: 7484: 7483: 7481: 7479: 7464: 7458: 7457: 7445: 7439: 7438: 7435:www.phoronix.com 7427: 7421: 7420: 7408: 7402: 7401: 7390: 7381: 7380: 7378: 7376: 7365: 7359: 7358: 7356: 7354: 7343: 7337: 7336: 7329: 7323: 7322: 7320: 7318: 7307: 7301: 7296: 7287: 7282: 7276: 7271: 7265: 7264: 7253: 7247: 7246: 7235: 7229: 7228: 7226: 7224: 7217:tomshardware.com 7209: 7203: 7202: 7200: 7198: 7184: 7178: 7177: 7175: 7173: 7159: 7153: 7152: 7150: 7148: 7134: 7128: 7127: 7125: 7123: 7117:www.synopsys.com 7109: 7103: 7102: 7090: 7084: 7083: 7081: 7079: 7059: 7053: 7052: 7050: 7048: 7028: 7022: 7021: 7013: 7007: 7006: 7004: 7002: 6983: 6977: 6972: 6966: 6965: 6950: 6944: 6943: 6941: 6939: 6923: 6914: 6909: 6903: 6898: 6892: 6891: 6889: 6887: 6866: 6860: 6859: 6856:www.mellanox.com 6848: 6842: 6841: 6838:www.mellanox.com 6830: 6824: 6823: 6821: 6819: 6810:. 26 June 2016. 6800: 6794: 6793: 6788:. Archived from 6778: 6772: 6771: 6769: 6767: 6752: 6746: 6745: 6730: 6724: 6723: 6708: 6702: 6701: 6699: 6697: 6682: 6676: 6675: 6673: 6671: 6656: 6650: 6649: 6647: 6645: 6629: 6623: 6622: 6620: 6618: 6612: 6605: 6597: 6591: 6590: 6588: 6586: 6577:. Archived from 6566: 6560: 6559: 6557: 6555: 6535: 6529: 6528: 6526: 6524: 6504: 6498: 6496: 6488: 6486: 6484: 6478: 6467: 6459: 6453: 6452: 6439: 6433: 6432: 6430: 6428: 6409: 6403: 6402: 6400: 6398: 6379: 6373: 6372: 6370: 6368: 6349: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6333: 6314: 6308: 6307: 6288: 6279: 6278: 6267: 6261: 6260: 6258: 6256: 6241: 6235: 6234: 6232: 6230: 6215: 6209: 6208: 6203:. Archived from 6193: 6184: 6183: 6181: 6179: 6164: 6158: 6157: 6155: 6153: 6138: 6132: 6131: 6129: 6127: 6113: 6107: 6106: 6091: 6085: 6084: 6082: 6080: 6061: 6055: 6054: 6043: 6037: 6036: 6017: 6011: 6010: 5991: 5985: 5984: 5982: 5980: 5971:. 18 July 2014. 5961: 5955: 5954: 5947: 5941: 5940: 5930: 5924: 5923: 5916: 5910: 5909: 5907: 5905: 5896:. Archived from 5889: 5883: 5878: 5872: 5867: 5861: 5856: 5850: 5849: 5847: 5845: 5840: 5832: 5823: 5817: 5811: 5810: 5808: 5801: 5790: 5784: 5779: 5773: 5772: 5770: 5768: 5757: 5751: 5750: 5748: 5746: 5740: 5733: 5725: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5714: 5708: 5701: 5693: 5687: 5686: 5679: 5673: 5672: 5666: 5657: 5656: 5654: 5652: 5633: 5627: 5626: 5615: 5609: 5608: 5606: 5604: 5595:. Archived from 5585: 5579: 5578: 5576: 5574: 5560: 5554: 5553: 5551: 5549: 5534: 5528: 5527: 5513: 5507: 5506: 5500: 5492: 5480: 5474: 5473: 5462: 5456: 5455: 5450:. 12 June 2012. 5440: 5434: 5433: 5431: 5429: 5414: 5408: 5407: 5405: 5403: 5384: 5378: 5367: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5347:. Archived from 5337: 5331: 5330: 5328: 5326: 5311: 5300: 5299: 5291: 5285: 5284: 5282: 5280: 5261: 5255: 5254: 5252: 5250: 5239: 5233: 5232: 5230: 5228: 5222: 5216:. Archived from 5205: 5194: 5188: 5182: 5181: 5179: 5177: 5172:on 10 March 2016 5171: 5160: 5151: 5145: 5144: 5133: 5127: 5126: 5092: 5086: 5085: 5066: 5050: 5039: 5033: 5030: 4951: 4946: 4945: 4927:Integrators list 4864: 4520: 4518: 4517: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4507: 4504: 4499: 4496: 4491: 4490: 4485: 4482: 4419:Data Link Layer 4413:Data Link Layer 4404: 4400: 4337:Data Link Layer 4331:Data Link Layer 4322: 4318: 4195:spectral density 4041: 4027: 4020: 4013: 3999: 3992: 3985: 3977: 3968: 3964: 3957: 3950: 3920: 3916: 3881:layered protocol 3710: 3706: 3690: 3686: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3558:In August 2016, 3554: 3550: 3537: 3533: 3407: 3361:PCI Express 1.0a 3354: 3350: 3344: 3341: 3335: 3332: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3287: 3283: 3268: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3243: 3236: 3219: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3187: 3181: 3176: 3163: 3161: 3155: 3150: 3148: 3142: 3137: 3132: 3119: 3114: 3112: 3106: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3073: 3068: 3063: 3058: 3053: 3048: 3035: 3030: 3025: 3020: 3015: 3007: 2947: 2943: 2940:Comparison table 2885:Mini DisplayPort 2819: 2732:Derivative forms 2495:Mini PCI Express 2418: 2411: 2255: 2254: 2214: 2210: 2203: 2188: 2184: 2177: 2170: 2158:power connectors 2142: 2132: 2125: 2117: 2110: 2103: 2087: 2080: 2073: 2066: 1230:Aux power & 1197: 1174: 1148: 1125: 1089: 1064: 1038: 1022:Main power pins 1012: 983: 950: 946: 923: 919: 915: 910:GeForce RTX 3080 882: 879: 864: 857: 846: 807: 806: 674: 667: 663: 660: 654: 623: 615: 501:Gigabit Ethernet 468:, with separate 414:specifications. 412:conventional PCI 285:Conventional PCI 246: 243: 232: 213: 161: 154: 153:(up to 16 lanes) 86: 84: 79: 65: 53: 49: 21: 10218: 10217: 10213: 10212: 10211: 10209: 10208: 10207: 10173: 10172: 10171: 10166: 10136: 10084: 10034: 9912: 9906:USB flash drive 9855: 9848: 9787: 9720: 9674:Game controller 9669:Graphics tablet 9646: 9637: 9607: 9602: 9593: 9584: 9543: 9522: 9471: 9384:IEEE-488 (GPIB) 9307: 9203: 9182:Infinity Fabric 9012:Europe Card Bus 8955: 8889: 8870: 8821: 8811: 8792: 8773: 8757: 8755:Further reading 8751: 8749: 8739: 8737: 8729: 8728: 8724: 8714: 8712: 8702: 8698: 8688: 8686: 8671: 8667: 8657: 8655: 8644: 8640: 8630: 8628: 8619: 8618: 8614: 8604: 8602: 8595:"SATA M.2 Card" 8593: 8592: 8588: 8578: 8576: 8567: 8566: 8562: 8552: 8550: 8541: 8540: 8536: 8526: 8524: 8515: 8514: 8510: 8500: 8498: 8487: 8483: 8473: 8471: 8462: 8461: 8457: 8438: 8434: 8417: 8416: 8412: 8399: 8398: 8394: 8384: 8382: 8369: 8368: 8364: 8345: 8341: 8330:Notebook review 8322: 8318: 8308: 8306: 8301:. Hwtools.net. 8297: 8296: 8292: 8273: 8269: 8255: 8251: 8242: 8240: 8229: 8228: 8224: 8215: 8213: 8202: 8201: 8197: 8187: 8185: 8172: 8171: 8167: 8157: 8155: 8146: 8145: 8141: 8131: 8129: 8116: 8115: 8111: 8103: 8097: 8084: 8074: 8072: 8065: 8051: 8050: 8046: 8039: 8025: 8024: 8020: 8013: 7999: 7998: 7994: 7987: 7983: 7975: 7971: 7964: 7960: 7950: 7948: 7944: 7940: 7939: 7935: 7925: 7923: 7922:. Interface bus 7918: 7917: 7913: 7906: 7902: 7895: 7891: 7881: 7879: 7875: 7868: 7864: 7863: 7859: 7849: 7847: 7834: 7833: 7829: 7819: 7817: 7809: 7808: 7804: 7794: 7792: 7782: 7778: 7768: 7766: 7753: 7752: 7748: 7741: 7737: 7727: 7725: 7716: 7715: 7711: 7701: 7699: 7690: 7689: 7685: 7675: 7673: 7670:Cabling install 7664: 7663: 7659: 7649: 7647: 7639: 7638: 7634: 7624: 7622: 7617: 7616: 7612: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7593: 7592: 7588: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7569: 7568: 7564: 7549: 7545: 7535: 7533: 7528: 7527: 7523: 7514: 7513: 7509: 7499: 7497: 7492: 7491: 7487: 7477: 7475: 7465: 7461: 7446: 7442: 7429: 7428: 7424: 7409: 7405: 7400:. 18 June 2019. 7392: 7391: 7384: 7374: 7372: 7367: 7366: 7362: 7352: 7350: 7345: 7344: 7340: 7331: 7330: 7326: 7316: 7314: 7309: 7308: 7304: 7297: 7290: 7283: 7279: 7272: 7268: 7255: 7254: 7250: 7237: 7236: 7232: 7222: 7220: 7211: 7210: 7206: 7196: 7194: 7186: 7185: 7181: 7171: 7169: 7161: 7160: 7156: 7146: 7144: 7136: 7135: 7131: 7121: 7119: 7111: 7110: 7106: 7091: 7087: 7077: 7075: 7060: 7056: 7046: 7044: 7029: 7025: 7014: 7010: 7000: 6998: 6985: 6984: 6980: 6973: 6969: 6952: 6951: 6947: 6937: 6935: 6930:. Tech Report. 6924: 6917: 6910: 6906: 6899: 6895: 6885: 6883: 6868: 6867: 6863: 6850: 6849: 6845: 6832: 6831: 6827: 6817: 6815: 6802: 6801: 6797: 6780: 6779: 6775: 6765: 6763: 6754: 6753: 6749: 6732: 6731: 6727: 6710: 6709: 6705: 6695: 6693: 6684: 6683: 6679: 6669: 6667: 6658: 6657: 6653: 6643: 6641: 6630: 6626: 6616: 6614: 6610: 6603: 6599: 6598: 6594: 6584: 6582: 6567: 6563: 6553: 6551: 6536: 6532: 6522: 6520: 6505: 6501: 6494: 6482: 6480: 6479:on 4 March 2007 6476: 6465: 6461: 6460: 6456: 6441: 6440: 6436: 6426: 6424: 6411: 6410: 6406: 6396: 6394: 6381: 6380: 6376: 6366: 6364: 6351: 6350: 6341: 6331: 6329: 6316: 6315: 6311: 6290: 6289: 6282: 6275:PC board design 6269: 6268: 6264: 6254: 6252: 6243: 6242: 6238: 6228: 6226: 6216: 6212: 6195: 6194: 6187: 6177: 6175: 6166: 6165: 6161: 6151: 6149: 6140: 6139: 6135: 6125: 6123: 6115: 6114: 6110: 6093: 6092: 6088: 6078: 6076: 6063: 6062: 6058: 6045: 6044: 6040: 6033: 6019: 6018: 6014: 6007: 5993: 5992: 5988: 5978: 5976: 5963: 5962: 5958: 5949: 5948: 5944: 5932: 5931: 5927: 5918: 5917: 5913: 5903: 5901: 5890: 5886: 5879: 5875: 5868: 5864: 5857: 5853: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5834: 5833: 5826: 5818: 5814: 5806: 5799: 5791: 5787: 5780: 5776: 5766: 5764: 5759: 5758: 5754: 5744: 5742: 5738: 5731: 5727: 5726: 5722: 5712: 5710: 5706: 5699: 5695: 5694: 5690: 5681: 5680: 5676: 5668: 5667: 5660: 5650: 5648: 5635: 5634: 5630: 5617: 5616: 5612: 5602: 5600: 5587: 5586: 5582: 5572: 5570: 5562: 5561: 5557: 5547: 5545: 5535: 5531: 5514: 5510: 5494: 5493: 5481: 5477: 5464: 5463: 5459: 5442: 5441: 5437: 5427: 5425: 5415: 5411: 5401: 5399: 5386: 5385: 5381: 5368: 5364: 5354: 5352: 5339: 5338: 5334: 5324: 5322: 5313: 5312: 5303: 5293: 5292: 5288: 5278: 5276: 5269:How Stuff Works 5263: 5262: 5258: 5248: 5246: 5241: 5240: 5236: 5226: 5224: 5223:on 15 July 2014 5220: 5206: 5197: 5189: 5185: 5175: 5173: 5169: 5158: 5152: 5148: 5135: 5134: 5130: 5115: 5093: 5089: 5082: 5068: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5054: 5053: 5040: 5036: 5031: 5027: 5022: 5017: 4981:PCI/104-Express 4947: 4940: 4937: 4929: 4862: 4829: 4785: 4762:expansion cards 4742:RAID controller 4716: 4690: 4688:Storage devices 4631: 4534: 4503: 4495: 4494: 4489: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4475: 4310: 4270: 4219: 4217:Data link layer 4175:8b/10b encoding 4143: 4078:PCI Express PHY 4039: 4025: 4018: 4011: 3997: 3990: 3983: 3975: 3966: 3962: 3955: 3948: 3915: 3892:data link layer 3870: 3840: 3775: 3758: 3756:PCI Express 7.0 3708: 3704: 3688: 3684: 3681: 3679:PCI Express 6.0 3632: 3628: 3624: 3613: 3611:PCI Express 5.0 3552: 3548: 3535: 3531: 3519: 3517:PCI Express 4.0 3510: 3508:PCI Express 3.1 3499:8b/10b encoding 3495:encoding scheme 3475: 3473:PCI Express 3.0 3466: 3464:PCI Express 2.1 3458:8b/10b encoding 3405: 3391: 3389:PCI Express 2.0 3383: 3381:PCI Express 1.1 3374:8b/10b encoding 3363: 3358: 3357: 3351: 3347: 3342: 3338: 3333: 3326: 3310: 3305: 3300: 3295: 3290: 3285: 3284: 3281: 3277: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3251: 3246: 3238: 3237: 3234: 3227: 3220: 3215: 3202: 3197: 3192: 3185: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3159: 3158: 3153: 3146: 3145: 3140: 3135: 3130: 3117: 3110: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3056: 3051: 3046: 3033: 3028: 3023: 3018: 3010: 3002: 2960: 2942: 2903: 2847:physical layer. 2817: 2740:Low-height card 2734: 2707:chemical symbol 2696: 2670:(also known as 2665: 2656: 2650: 2648:PCI Express M.2 2598: 2555: 2538: 2493:(also known as 2468: 2463: 2462: 2435: 2427: 2422: 2421: 2412: 2408: 2226: 2221: 2201: 2186: 2179: 2172: 2165: 2150: 2140: 2130: 2123: 2112: 2105: 2098: 2095: 2082: 2075: 2068: 2061: 2054: 1707: 1224:+3.3 V aux 1195: 1172: 1146: 1123: 1087: 1062: 1036: 1010: 981: 930: 921: 917: 913: 880: 874: 862: 855: 844: 774: 769: 675: 664: 658: 655: 640: 624: 613: 583: 525: 427: 420: 395:(SFF-8639) and 349:hard disk drive 290: 281:PCI Express x16 275:PCI Express x16 240: 222: 195: 152: 143: 117: 82: 80: 77: 68: 46: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10216: 10206: 10205: 10200: 10195: 10190: 10185: 10168: 10167: 10165: 10164: 10159: 10154: 10148: 10146: 10142: 10141: 10138: 10137: 10135: 10134: 10129: 10124: 10119: 10114: 10109: 10104: 10099: 10092: 10090: 10086: 10085: 10083: 10082: 10077: 10072: 10067: 10062: 10057: 10051: 10049: 10042: 10036: 10035: 10033: 10032: 10030:Expansion card 10027: 10022: 10017: 10016: 10015: 10010: 10000: 9999: 9998: 9988: 9987: 9986: 9981: 9967: 9957: 9956: 9955: 9950: 9940: 9935: 9934: 9933: 9931:Microprocessor 9922: 9920: 9914: 9913: 9911: 9910: 9909: 9908: 9903: 9893: 9892: 9891: 9886: 9881: 9871: 9866: 9860: 9858: 9850: 9849: 9847: 9846: 9841: 9836: 9831: 9830: 9829: 9819: 9814: 9813: 9812: 9801: 9799: 9797:Output devices 9793: 9792: 9789: 9788: 9786: 9785: 9784: 9783: 9773: 9772: 9771: 9761: 9756: 9751: 9750: 9749: 9739: 9734: 9728: 9726: 9722: 9721: 9719: 9718: 9713: 9708: 9703: 9701:Pointing stick 9698: 9693: 9692: 9691: 9681: 9676: 9671: 9665: 9663: 9654: 9648: 9647: 9636: 9635: 9628: 9621: 9613: 9604: 9603: 9589: 9586: 9585: 9583: 9582: 9577: 9572: 9562: 9557: 9551: 9549: 9545: 9544: 9542: 9541: 9536: 9530: 9528: 9524: 9523: 9521: 9520: 9515: 9510: 9505: 9500: 9495: 9493:Intel HD Audio 9490: 9485: 9483:ADAT Lightpipe 9479: 9477: 9473: 9472: 9470: 9469: 9464: 9459: 9454: 9449: 9444: 9439: 9434: 9429: 9424: 9406: 9401: 9396: 9391: 9386: 9381: 9376: 9371: 9366: 9361: 9356: 9351: 9346: 9341: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9321: 9315: 9313: 9309: 9308: 9306: 9305: 9294: 9289: 9284: 9279: 9274: 9273: 9272: 9267: 9257: 9252: 9247: 9242: 9237: 9232: 9227: 9222: 9217: 9211: 9209: 9205: 9204: 9202: 9201: 9196: 9191: 9186: 9185: 9184: 9177:HyperTransport 9174: 9169: 9164: 9159: 9154: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9129: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9089: 9084: 9079: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9039: 9034: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8963: 8961: 8957: 8956: 8954: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8931:Bus contention 8928: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8906:Front-side bus 8903: 8897: 8895: 8891: 8890: 8887:computer buses 8869: 8868: 8861: 8854: 8846: 8840: 8839: 8834: 8820: 8819:External links 8817: 8816: 8815: 8809: 8796: 8790: 8777: 8771: 8756: 8753: 8748: 8747: 8722: 8704:Cutress, Ian. 8696: 8665: 8638: 8621:"SCSI Express" 8612: 8586: 8560: 8534: 8508: 8481: 8455: 8432: 8410: 8405:Tom’s hardware 8392: 8362: 8339: 8316: 8290: 8281:PC Perspective 8267: 8249: 8222: 8195: 8165: 8139: 8109: 8106:. 1.2. Xilinx. 8082: 8063: 8044: 8037: 8018: 8011: 7992: 7981: 7969: 7958: 7933: 7911: 7900: 7889: 7857: 7827: 7802: 7790:Tom's Hardware 7776: 7746: 7735: 7709: 7683: 7657: 7632: 7610: 7586: 7562: 7543: 7521: 7507: 7485: 7459: 7454:Tom's Hardware 7440: 7422: 7403: 7382: 7360: 7338: 7324: 7302: 7288: 7277: 7266: 7248: 7245:. 29 May 2019. 7230: 7204: 7179: 7154: 7129: 7104: 7085: 7068:Tom's Hardware 7054: 7037:Tom's Hardware 7023: 7008: 6978: 6967: 6958:www-03.ibm.com 6945: 6915: 6904: 6893: 6861: 6843: 6825: 6795: 6773: 6747: 6725: 6703: 6677: 6651: 6624: 6592: 6561: 6530: 6499: 6454: 6434: 6404: 6374: 6339: 6328:on 18 May 2014 6309: 6280: 6262: 6236: 6210: 6185: 6159: 6133: 6108: 6086: 6056: 6038: 6031: 6012: 6005: 5986: 5956: 5942: 5925: 5911: 5884: 5873: 5862: 5851: 5824: 5812: 5785: 5774: 5752: 5720: 5688: 5674: 5658: 5628: 5610: 5580: 5555: 5529: 5508: 5475: 5457: 5435: 5409: 5392:Developer Zone 5379: 5362: 5332: 5301: 5298:, 4 March 2009 5286: 5256: 5234: 5195: 5183: 5146: 5128: 5113: 5087: 5080: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5052: 5051: 5034: 5024: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5015: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4977:(PCI Extended) 4972: 4967: 4961: 4954: 4953: 4952: 4936: 4933: 4928: 4925: 4841:HyperTransport 4828: 4825: 4817:HyperTransport 4784: 4781: 4689: 4686: 4649:developed the 4630: 4627: 4607:graphics cards 4592:expansion card 4533: 4530: 4502: 4488: 4467: 4466: 4463: 4460: 4457: 4454: 4451: 4448: 4444: 4443: 4440: 4437: 4434: 4431: 4428: 4425: 4421: 4420: 4417: 4414: 4411: 4408: 4394: 4393: 4390: 4387: 4384: 4381: 4378: 4375: 4372: 4368: 4367: 4364: 4361: 4358: 4355: 4352: 4349: 4346: 4342: 4341: 4338: 4335: 4332: 4329: 4326: 4309: 4306: 4269: 4266: 4241: 4240: 4237: 4226: 4218: 4215: 4188:clock recovery 4142: 4139: 4127: 4126: 4123: 4056: 4055: 4054:71.65 mm 4052: 4049: 4046: 4043: 4036: 4035: 4034:38.65 mm 4032: 4029: 4022: 4015: 4008: 4007: 4006:21.65 mm 4004: 4001: 3994: 3987: 3980: 3979: 3973: 3970: 3959: 3952: 3945: 3944: 3941: 3938: 3935: 3931: 3930: 3927: 3924: 3914: 3913:Physical layer 3911: 3898:physical layer 3869: 3866: 3861: 3860: 3857: 3854: 3850: 3847: 3839: 3836: 3774: 3771: 3757: 3754: 3734:bit error rate 3680: 3677: 3653:Jiangsu Huacun 3612: 3609: 3518: 3515: 3509: 3506: 3474: 3471: 3465: 3462: 3390: 3387: 3382: 3379: 3362: 3359: 3356: 3355: 3345: 3336: 3323: 3322: 3321: 3320: 3314: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3288: 3279: 3274: 3270: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3232: 3224: 3213: 3210: 3206: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3182: 3177: 3172: 3169: 3165: 3164: 3156: 3151: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3125: 3121: 3120: 3115: 3107: 3102: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3079: 3075: 3074: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3044: 3041: 3037: 3036: 3031: 3026: 3021: 3016: 3008: 3000: 2995: 2990: 2987: 2983: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2973: 2970: 2966: 2965: 2962: 2957: 2954: 2951: 2941: 2938: 2902: 2899: 2898: 2897: 2892: 2855: 2854: 2848: 2838: 2832: 2821: 2811: 2801: 2791: 2777: 2770: 2764: 2754: 2751: 2741: 2733: 2730: 2695: 2692: 2664: 2661: 2652:Main article: 2649: 2646: 2597: 2594: 2593: 2592: 2589: 2586: 2572: 2565: 2562: 2554: 2551: 2542:edge connector 2537: 2534: 2467: 2464: 2436: 2428: 2426: 2423: 2420: 2419: 2405: 2404: 2401: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2390: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2377: 2376: 2373: 2370: 2367: 2363: 2362: 2359: 2356: 2353: 2349: 2348: 2345: 2342: 2339: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2325: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2315: 2311: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2297: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2283: 2282: 2264: 2261: 2259: 2251: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2240: 2239: 2236: 2233: 2229: 2228: 2227:header on PCB 2223: 2218: 2198: 2197: 2194: 2149: 2146: 2145: 2144: 2137: 2134: 2127: 2094: 2091: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2036: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2027: 2024: 2021: 2017: 2016: 2013: 2008: 2005: 2002: 1998: 1997: 1994: 1991: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1978: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1961: 1960: 1957: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1941: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1924: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1907: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1896: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1886: 1882: 1881: 1878: 1875: 1871: 1870: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1857: 1856: 1853: 1850: 1846: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1832: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1821: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1807: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1796: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1782: 1781: 1777: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1766: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1742: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1722: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1694: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1674: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1648: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1628: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1602: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1582: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1556: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1540: 1536: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1510: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1490: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1464: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1450: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1425: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1405: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1379: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1359: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1333: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1310: 1309: 1306: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1284: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1270: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1251: 1248: 1244: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1228: 1225: 1222: 1218: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1192: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1169: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1159: 1156: 1153: 1150: 1143: 1142: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1130: 1127: 1120: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1084: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1059: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1043: 1040: 1033: 1032: 1029: 1026: 1023: 1020: 1017: 1014: 1007: 1006: 1003: 1000: 997: 994: 991: 988: 985: 978: 977: 974: 971: 968: 965: 963: 960: 957: 954: 934:edge connector 929: 926: 876:Modern (since 873: 870: 867: 866: 859: 853: 849: 848: 841: 838: 834: 833: 830: 827: 823: 822: 819: 815: 814: 811: 810:PCI card type 773: 770: 768: 765: 677: 676: 627: 625: 618: 612: 609: 582: 579: 524: 521: 419: 416: 337:graphics cards 289: 288: 282: 279: 278:PCI Express x1 276: 273: 272:PCI Express x4 269: 248: 247: 238: 234: 233: 219: 215: 214: 192: 188: 187: 182: 178: 177: 171: 167: 166: 163: 156: 155: 149: 145: 144: 142: 141: 136: 131: 125: 123: 119: 118: 116: 115: 110: 105: 100: 94: 92: 88: 87: 74: 70: 69: 66: 58: 57: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10215: 10204: 10201: 10199: 10196: 10194: 10191: 10189: 10186: 10184: 10181: 10180: 10178: 10163: 10160: 10158: 10155: 10153: 10150: 10149: 10147: 10143: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10125: 10123: 10120: 10118: 10115: 10113: 10110: 10108: 10105: 10103: 10102:Parallel port 10100: 10097: 10094: 10093: 10091: 10087: 10081: 10078: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10066: 10063: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10052: 10050: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10037: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10014: 10011: 10009: 10006: 10005: 10004: 10001: 9997: 9994: 9993: 9992: 9989: 9985: 9982: 9979: 9975: 9971: 9968: 9966: 9963: 9962: 9961: 9958: 9954: 9951: 9949: 9946: 9945: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9932: 9929: 9928: 9927: 9924: 9923: 9921: 9919: 9918:Computer case 9915: 9907: 9904: 9902: 9899: 9898: 9897: 9894: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9876: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9867: 9865: 9862: 9861: 9859: 9857: 9851: 9845: 9844:Graphics card 9842: 9840: 9837: 9835: 9832: 9828: 9825: 9824: 9823: 9820: 9818: 9815: 9811: 9808: 9807: 9806: 9803: 9802: 9800: 9798: 9794: 9782: 9779: 9778: 9777: 9774: 9770: 9767: 9766: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9757: 9755: 9752: 9748: 9745: 9744: 9743: 9742:Graphics card 9740: 9738: 9737:Image scanner 9735: 9733: 9730: 9729: 9727: 9723: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9702: 9699: 9697: 9694: 9690: 9687: 9686: 9685: 9682: 9680: 9677: 9675: 9672: 9670: 9667: 9666: 9664: 9662: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9652:Input devices 9649: 9645: 9642: 9634: 9629: 9627: 9622: 9620: 9615: 9614: 9611: 9601: 9587: 9581: 9578: 9576: 9573: 9570: 9566: 9563: 9561: 9558: 9556: 9555:Multidrop bus 9553: 9552: 9550: 9546: 9540: 9537: 9535: 9532: 9531: 9529: 9525: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9481: 9480: 9478: 9474: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9462:External PCIe 9460: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9445: 9443: 9442:Parallel SCSI 9440: 9438: 9435: 9433: 9430: 9428: 9425: 9422: 9418: 9414: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9345: 9342: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9334:Commodore bus 9332: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9316: 9314: 9310: 9303: 9299: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9282:Fibre Channel 9280: 9278: 9275: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9262: 9261: 9258: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9243: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9212: 9210: 9206: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9183: 9180: 9179: 9178: 9175: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8964: 8962: 8958: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8946:Plug and play 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8936:Bus mastering 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8911:Back-side bus 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8898: 8896: 8892: 8888: 8885: 8881: 8879: 8874: 8867: 8862: 8860: 8855: 8853: 8848: 8847: 8844: 8838: 8835: 8832: 8827: 8823: 8822: 8812: 8806: 8802: 8797: 8793: 8787: 8783: 8778: 8774: 8768: 8764: 8759: 8758: 8752: 8736: 8732: 8726: 8711: 8707: 8700: 8684: 8680: 8679:Tech Republic 8676: 8669: 8653: 8649: 8642: 8626: 8622: 8616: 8600: 8596: 8590: 8574: 8570: 8564: 8548: 8544: 8538: 8522: 8518: 8512: 8496: 8492: 8485: 8469: 8465: 8459: 8451: 8447: 8443: 8436: 8428: 8424: 8420: 8414: 8406: 8402: 8396: 8380: 8376: 8372: 8366: 8358: 8354: 8350: 8343: 8335: 8331: 8327: 8320: 8304: 8300: 8294: 8286: 8283:(editorial), 8282: 8278: 8271: 8264: 8260: 8253: 8238: 8234: 8233: 8226: 8211: 8207: 8206: 8199: 8183: 8179: 8175: 8169: 8153: 8149: 8143: 8127: 8123: 8119: 8113: 8102: 8095: 8093: 8091: 8089: 8087: 8070: 8066: 8064:9788184313086 8060: 8056: 8055: 8048: 8040: 8034: 8030: 8029: 8022: 8014: 8008: 8004: 8003: 7996: 7990: 7985: 7978: 7973: 7967: 7962: 7947:. FCI connect 7943: 7937: 7921: 7915: 7909: 7904: 7898: 7893: 7874: 7867: 7861: 7845: 7841: 7837: 7831: 7816: 7812: 7806: 7791: 7787: 7780: 7764: 7760: 7756: 7750: 7744: 7739: 7723: 7719: 7713: 7697: 7693: 7687: 7671: 7667: 7661: 7646: 7642: 7636: 7620: 7614: 7596: 7590: 7572: 7566: 7558: 7554: 7547: 7531: 7525: 7517: 7511: 7495: 7489: 7474: 7470: 7463: 7455: 7451: 7444: 7436: 7432: 7426: 7418: 7414: 7411:Smith, Ryan. 7407: 7399: 7395: 7389: 7387: 7370: 7364: 7348: 7342: 7334: 7328: 7312: 7306: 7300: 7295: 7293: 7286: 7281: 7275: 7270: 7262: 7258: 7252: 7244: 7240: 7234: 7218: 7214: 7208: 7193: 7189: 7183: 7168: 7164: 7158: 7143: 7139: 7133: 7118: 7114: 7108: 7100: 7096: 7089: 7073: 7069: 7065: 7058: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7027: 7019: 7012: 6996: 6992: 6988: 6982: 6976: 6971: 6963: 6959: 6955: 6949: 6933: 6929: 6922: 6920: 6913: 6908: 6902: 6897: 6881: 6877: 6876: 6871: 6865: 6857: 6853: 6847: 6839: 6835: 6829: 6813: 6809: 6805: 6799: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6777: 6761: 6757: 6751: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6729: 6721: 6718:. July 2013. 6717: 6713: 6707: 6691: 6687: 6681: 6665: 6661: 6655: 6639: 6635: 6628: 6609: 6602: 6596: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6565: 6549: 6545: 6541: 6534: 6518: 6514: 6510: 6503: 6492: 6475: 6471: 6464: 6458: 6450: 6446: 6445: 6438: 6422: 6418: 6414: 6408: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6378: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6348: 6346: 6344: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6313: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6287: 6285: 6276: 6272: 6266: 6250: 6246: 6240: 6225: 6221: 6214: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6192: 6190: 6173: 6169: 6163: 6147: 6143: 6137: 6122: 6118: 6112: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6090: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6060: 6052: 6048: 6042: 6034: 6028: 6024: 6023: 6016: 6008: 6002: 5998: 5997: 5990: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5960: 5952: 5946: 5939: 5935: 5929: 5921: 5915: 5899: 5895: 5888: 5882: 5877: 5871: 5866: 5860: 5855: 5837: 5831: 5829: 5821: 5816: 5805: 5798: 5797: 5789: 5783: 5778: 5762: 5756: 5737: 5730: 5724: 5705: 5698: 5692: 5684: 5678: 5671: 5665: 5663: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5632: 5624: 5620: 5614: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5584: 5569: 5565: 5559: 5544: 5540: 5533: 5525: 5524: 5519: 5512: 5504: 5498: 5490: 5486: 5479: 5471: 5470:StorageReview 5467: 5461: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5439: 5424: 5420: 5413: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5383: 5376: 5372: 5366: 5350: 5346: 5345:Interface bus 5342: 5336: 5320: 5316: 5310: 5308: 5306: 5297: 5290: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5260: 5244: 5238: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5204: 5202: 5200: 5192: 5187: 5168: 5164: 5157: 5150: 5142: 5138: 5132: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5114:0-7695-2012-X 5110: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5091: 5083: 5077: 5073: 5072: 5065: 5061: 5048: 5044: 5038: 5029: 5025: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4965: 4962: 4959: 4956: 4955: 4950: 4944: 4939: 4932: 4924: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4881: 4879: 4875: 4870: 4868: 4860: 4856: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4824: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4797:Fibre Channel 4794: 4790: 4780: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4765: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4736: 4731: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4715: 4711: 4703: 4699: 4694: 4685: 4682: 4678: 4676: 4670: 4667: 4662: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4643: 4641: 4637: 4629:External GPUs 4626: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4599: 4595: 4593: 4585: 4584:SATA 3.0 4581: 4576: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4554: 4549: 4542: 4538: 4529: 4527: 4522: 4500: 4486: 4472: 4464: 4462:4 (optional) 4461: 4455: 4452: 4449: 4447:Size (Bytes) 4445: 4441: 4429: 4426: 4422: 4405: 4399: 4391: 4388: 4386:4 (optional) 4385: 4379: 4376: 4373: 4371:Size (Bytes) 4370: 4369: 4365: 4362: 4350: 4347: 4343: 4323: 4317: 4313: 4305: 4303: 4298: 4294: 4288: 4286: 4281: 4279: 4273: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4247: 4238: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4224: 4223: 4222: 4214: 4210: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4191: 4189: 4185: 4184:Line encoding 4181: 4176: 4172: 4167: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4151:data striping 4147: 4138: 4134: 4132: 4124: 4121: 4120: 4119: 4117: 4113: 4108: 4106: 4102: 4097: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4062: 4053: 4050: 4047: 4044: 4038: 4037: 4033: 4030: 4023: 4016: 4010: 4009: 4005: 4002: 3995: 3988: 3982: 3981: 3978:7.65 mm 3974: 3971: 3960: 3953: 3947: 3946: 3942: 3939: 3936: 3933: 3932: 3921: 3910: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3899: 3894: 3893: 3888: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3875: 3865: 3858: 3855: 3851: 3848: 3845: 3844: 3843: 3838:Draft process 3835: 3833: 3829: 3828:MIPI Alliance 3825: 3821: 3817: 3815: 3812:basis of the 3810: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3792: 3787: 3785: 3781: 3770: 3767: 3764: 3753: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3724: 3721: 3718: 3715: 3712: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3676: 3673: 3670: 3667: 3663: 3661: 3656: 3654: 3649: 3646: 3642: 3639: 3636: 3617: 3608: 3606: 3601: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3589: 3584: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3572: 3567: 3565: 3561: 3556: 3546: 3542: 3539: 3529: 3525: 3514: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3496: 3491: 3487: 3485: 3480: 3479:gigatransfers 3470: 3461: 3459: 3454: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3417: 3414: 3409: 3403: 3395: 3386: 3378: 3375: 3370: 3368: 3367:transfer rate 3349: 3340: 3331: 3329: 3324: 3318: 3317: 3309: 3304: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3280: 3275: 3271: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3250: 3245: 3242: 3233: 3231: 3223: 3218: 3211: 3207: 3201: 3196: 3191: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3170: 3166: 3157: 3152: 3144: 3139: 3134: 3129: 3126: 3122: 3116: 3108: 3103: 3098: 3093: 3088: 3086: 3080: 3076: 3070: 3065: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3045: 3042: 3038: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3017: 3014: 3009: 3006: 3001: 2999: 2994: 2988: 2984: 2967: 2959:Transfer rate 2948: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2896: 2893: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2875: 2874: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2852: 2849: 2846: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2822: 2815: 2812: 2809: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2795: 2792: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2778: 2775: 2772:SD card: The 2771: 2768: 2765: 2762: 2758: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2738: 2737: 2729: 2725: 2723: 2718: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2691: 2687: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2660: 2655: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2635: 2631: 2628: 2624: 2619: 2616: 2611: 2602: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2559: 2558: 2550: 2547: 2543: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2484: 2477: 2472: 2460: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2440: 2433: 2416: 2410: 2406: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2378: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2364: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2350: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2336: 2333: 2330: 2327: 2326: 2322: 2319: 2313: 2312: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2299: 2298: 2294: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2284: 2277: 2269: 2256: 2248: 2245: 2242: 2241: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2230: 2224: 2219: 2216: 2215: 2209: 2207: 2195: 2192: 2191: 2190: 2183: 2176: 2169: 2159: 2154: 2138: 2135: 2128: 2121: 2120: 2119: 2116: 2109: 2102: 2086: 2079: 2072: 2065: 2058: 2037: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2018: 2012: 2006: 2003: 2000: 1999: 1986: 1983: 1980: 1979: 1969: 1966: 1963: 1962: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1942: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1925: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1908: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1897: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1883: 1879: 1876: 1873: 1872: 1865: 1862: 1859: 1858: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1847: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1833: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1822: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1808: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1797: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1783: 1778: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1743: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1723: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1695: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1676: 1675: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1649: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1633: 1630: 1629: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1603: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1583: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1557: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1537: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1511: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1491: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1465: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1451: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1426: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1406: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1380: 1376: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1360: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1334: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1318: 1315: 1312: 1311: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1285: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1271: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1245: 1241: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1232:Standby power 1226: 1223: 1220: 1219: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1194: 1193: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1177: 1171: 1170: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1151: 1145: 1144: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1122: 1121: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1101: 1095: 1092: 1086: 1085: 1081: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1067: 1061: 1060: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1044: 1041: 1035: 1034: 1030: 1027: 1024: 1018: 1015: 1009: 1008: 1001: 998: 995: 989: 986: 980: 979: 975: 972: 969: 966: 961: 958: 955: 952: 951: 945: 943: 939: 935: 925: 911: 908: 904: 900: 897: 892: 890: 886: 860: 854: 851: 850: 842: 839: 836: 835: 831: 828: 825: 824: 820: 817: 816: 808: 805: 803: 799: 795: 790: 786: 778: 764: 761: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 726: 718: 714: 710: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 673: 670: 662: 652: 648: 644: 638: 637: 633: 628:This section 626: 622: 617: 616: 608: 606: 601: 599: 596: 592: 591:signal traces 588: 578: 576: 573: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 538: 534: 529: 520: 518: 517:bidirectional 512: 510: 509:Fibre Channel 506: 502: 499:or multiport 498: 494: 489: 487: 481: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 460: 456: 446: 439: 434: 424: 415: 413: 409: 405: 400: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 376: 374: 370: 365: 361: 357: 353: 352:host adapters 350: 346: 342: 341:capture cards 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 317:expansion bus 315: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 286: 283: 280: 277: 274: 271: 270: 267: 262: 254: 245: 239: 235: 230: 226: 220: 216: 211: 207: 203: 199: 193: 189: 186: 183: 179: 175: 172: 168: 164: 157: 150: 148:Width in bits 146: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 127: 126: 124: 120: 114: 111: 109: 106: 104: 101: 99: 96: 95: 93: 89: 75: 71: 64: 59: 54: 48: 44: 37: 33: 19: 10193:Serial buses 10008:Power MOSFET 9991:Power supply 9960:Data storage 9896:Flash memory 9874:Optical disc 9856:data storage 9141: 9087:TURBOchannel 8877: 8800: 8781: 8762: 8750: 8738:. Retrieved 8734: 8725: 8713:. Retrieved 8709: 8699: 8687:. Retrieved 8678: 8668: 8656:. Retrieved 8641: 8629:. Retrieved 8625:the original 8615: 8605:14 September 8603:. Retrieved 8589: 8577:. Retrieved 8563: 8551:. Retrieved 8547:the original 8537: 8525:. Retrieved 8521:the original 8511: 8499:. Retrieved 8484: 8472:. Retrieved 8458: 8445: 8435: 8422: 8413: 8404: 8395: 8383:. Retrieved 8374: 8365: 8352: 8342: 8329: 8319: 8307:. Retrieved 8293: 8280: 8270: 8262: 8252: 8241:, retrieved 8231: 8225: 8214:, retrieved 8204: 8198: 8188:11 September 8186:. Retrieved 8182:the original 8177: 8168: 8158:11 September 8156:. Retrieved 8142: 8130:. Retrieved 8121: 8112: 8073:. Retrieved 8053: 8047: 8027: 8021: 8001: 7995: 7984: 7976: 7972: 7961: 7949:. Retrieved 7936: 7924:. Retrieved 7914: 7903: 7892: 7880:. Retrieved 7873:the original 7860: 7848:. Retrieved 7830: 7818:. Retrieved 7814: 7805: 7793:. Retrieved 7789: 7779: 7767:. Retrieved 7758: 7749: 7738: 7726:. Retrieved 7712: 7700:. Retrieved 7686: 7674:. Retrieved 7669: 7660: 7648:. Retrieved 7644: 7635: 7623:. Retrieved 7613: 7601:. Retrieved 7589: 7577:. Retrieved 7565: 7557:the original 7546: 7534:. Retrieved 7524: 7510: 7498:. Retrieved 7488: 7476:. Retrieved 7472: 7462: 7453: 7443: 7434: 7425: 7416: 7406: 7397: 7373:. Retrieved 7363: 7351:. Retrieved 7341: 7327: 7315:. Retrieved 7305: 7280: 7269: 7260: 7251: 7242: 7233: 7221:. Retrieved 7216: 7207: 7195:. Retrieved 7191: 7182: 7170:. Retrieved 7167:www.plda.com 7166: 7157: 7145:. Retrieved 7142:www.plda.com 7141: 7132: 7120:. Retrieved 7116: 7107: 7098: 7088: 7076:. Retrieved 7067: 7057: 7045:. Retrieved 7036: 7026: 7011: 7001:28 September 6999:. Retrieved 6995:the original 6990: 6981: 6970: 6962:the original 6957: 6948: 6936:. Retrieved 6907: 6896: 6884:. Retrieved 6875:Heise Online 6873: 6864: 6855: 6846: 6837: 6828: 6816:. Retrieved 6807: 6798: 6790:the original 6785: 6776: 6764:. Retrieved 6760:the original 6750: 6738:synopsys.com 6737: 6728: 6715: 6706: 6694:. Retrieved 6690:the original 6680: 6668:. Retrieved 6654: 6642:. Retrieved 6627: 6615:. Retrieved 6595: 6583:. Retrieved 6579:the original 6564: 6552:. Retrieved 6533: 6521:. Retrieved 6513:The Register 6512: 6502: 6490: 6481:. Retrieved 6474:the original 6457: 6443: 6437: 6425:. Retrieved 6421:the original 6407: 6395:. Retrieved 6386: 6377: 6365:. Retrieved 6361:the original 6356: 6330:. Retrieved 6326:the original 6321: 6312: 6296:The Register 6295: 6274: 6265: 6253:. Retrieved 6239: 6227:. Retrieved 6223: 6213: 6205:the original 6200: 6176:. Retrieved 6172:the original 6162: 6150:. Retrieved 6136: 6124:. Retrieved 6121:www.dell.com 6120: 6111: 6089: 6077:. Retrieved 6068: 6059: 6041: 6021: 6015: 5995: 5989: 5979:28 September 5977:. Retrieved 5968: 5959: 5945: 5937: 5928: 5914: 5902:. Retrieved 5898:the original 5887: 5880: 5876: 5869: 5865: 5858: 5854: 5842:. Retrieved 5819: 5815: 5795: 5788: 5781: 5777: 5765:. Retrieved 5755: 5743:. Retrieved 5736:the original 5723: 5711:. Retrieved 5704:the original 5691: 5677: 5669: 5649:. Retrieved 5645:the original 5640: 5631: 5623:rog.asus.com 5622: 5613: 5601:. Retrieved 5597:the original 5593:xfxforce.com 5592: 5583: 5571:. Retrieved 5568:bit-tech.net 5567: 5558: 5548:19 September 5546:. Retrieved 5542: 5532: 5521: 5511: 5488: 5478: 5469: 5460: 5447: 5438: 5426:. Retrieved 5422: 5417:Qazi, Atif. 5412: 5400:. Retrieved 5396:the original 5391: 5382: 5374: 5370: 5365: 5353:. Retrieved 5349:the original 5344: 5335: 5323:. Retrieved 5319:the original 5295: 5289: 5277:. Retrieved 5268: 5259: 5247:. Retrieved 5237: 5225:. Retrieved 5218:the original 5186: 5174:. Retrieved 5167:the original 5162: 5149: 5140: 5131: 5096: 5090: 5070: 5064: 5037: 5028: 4991:Root complex 4930: 4882: 4871: 4861: 4857: 4851:(MIPI), and 4830: 4786: 4766: 4754:SATA Express 4752: 4739: 4732: 4724:memory cards 4720:flash memory 4717: 4710:SATA Express 4683: 4679: 4671: 4663: 4644: 4632: 4600: 4596: 4589: 4532:Applications 4525: 4523: 4473: 4470: 4397: 4334:Transaction 4314: 4311: 4289: 4282: 4274: 4271: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4242: 4220: 4211: 4192: 4168: 4162: 4158: 4150: 4148: 4144: 4135: 4128: 4115: 4111: 4109: 4098: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4067: 3896: 3890: 3884: 3878: 3873: 3871: 3862: 3841: 3823: 3819: 3818: 3789: 3788: 3776: 3768: 3759: 3728: 3725: 3722: 3719: 3716: 3713: 3682: 3674: 3671: 3668: 3664: 3657: 3650: 3647: 3643: 3640: 3637: 3622: 3602: 3592: 3585: 3582: 3579: 3568: 3557: 3543: 3540: 3520: 3511: 3503: 3492: 3488: 3476: 3467: 3455: 3421: 3418: 3410: 3400: 3384: 3371: 3364: 3348: 3339: 3311:242.000 GB/s 3306:121.000 GB/s 3267:121.000 GB/s 2935: 2930: 2926: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2904: 2871: 2856: 2824:Universal IO 2763:with x2 PCIe 2735: 2726: 2719: 2702: 2698: 2697: 2688: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2666: 2657: 2642: 2638: 2620: 2607: 2564:USB 2.0 2556: 2539: 2531: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2489: 2445: 2414: 2409: 2295:Description 2289:Description 2222:on PS cable 2199: 2163: 2096: 1204:+3.3 V 976:Description 962:Description 931: 893: 889:cooling fans 875: 865:6.600 × 0.8 847:6.600 × 0.8 837:Half-Length 826:Full-Length 791: 787: 783: 767:Form factors 762: 722: 716: 680: 665: 656: 641:Please help 629: 602: 584: 564: 561:MSI or MSI-X 548: 545:interconnect 544: 542: 533:dual simplex 523:Interconnect 513: 490: 482: 474:root complex 452: 418:Architecture 401: 389:SATA Express 377: 306: 302: 298: 294: 293: 174:Dual simplex 73:Year created 47: 10107:Serial port 10098:(IEEE 1394) 10075:DisplayPort 10065:Thunderbolt 9938:Motherboard 9901:Memory card 9869:Floppy disk 9711:Touchscreen 9560:CoreConnect 9539:ExpressCard 9467:Thunderbolt 9457:Camera Link 9240:Bus and Tag 8926:Address bus 8921:Control bus 8916:Daisy chain 8650:. HPCwire. 8631:27 December 8597:. SATA-IO. 8571:. SATA-IO. 8385:12 February 7842:: Pinouts. 7672:. Penn Well 7603:16 February 7579:16 February 7536:16 February 7500:16 February 7467:Yanes, Al. 7375:12 November 7317:16 February 7313:. Intel.com 7197:12 December 6716:eteknix.com 6696:18 November 6670:5 September 6617:5 September 5969:hwtools.net 5543:TechPowerUp 5448:NVM Express 5423:PC Gear Lab 5325:23 November 5041:The card's 4821:Dolphin ICS 4789:data-center 4773:NVM Express 4651:Quadro Plex 4636:Thunderbolt 3820:Mobile PCIe 3809:Sony VAIO Z 3804:DisplayPort 3791:Thunderbolt 3528:Thunderbolt 3301:60.500 GB/s 3296:30.250 GB/s 3291:15.125 GB/s 3262:60.500 GB/s 3257:30.250 GB/s 3252:15.125 GB/s 3203:63.015 GB/s 3198:31.508 GB/s 3193:15.754 GB/s 3162:31.508 GB/s 3154:15.754 GB/s 3118:15.754 GB/s 2964:Throughput 2953:Introduced 2927:PCI Express 2881:DisplayPort 2877:Thunderbolt 2808:AdvancedTCA 2794:AdvancedTCA 2744:ExpressCard 2715:fiber optic 2630:MacBook Air 2623:Asus Eee PC 2337:+12 V 2331:+12 V 2323:+12 V 2309:+12 V 2303:+12 V 2246:45587-0004 2238:45558-0003 2235:45559-0002 2171:(6-pin) or 2088:, combined. 1936:Ground pin 1227:+3.3 V 1178:+3.3 V 1045:+12 V 942:pulled high 885:video cards 881: 2012 758:DisplayPort 695:timing skew 687:half-duplex 598:byte stream 595:full-duplex 478:full-duplex 385:ExpressCard 345:sound cards 333:motherboard 295:PCI Express 198:ExpressCard 151:1 per lane 51:PCI Express 10177:Categories 9854:Removable 9839:Sound card 9769:Sound chip 9764:Sound card 9754:Microphone 9644:components 9413:ACCESS.bus 9312:Peripheral 9112:InfiniBand 9107:HP GSC bus 8901:System bus 8795:, 1056 pp. 8776:, 1120 pp. 8735:pcisig.com 8658:7 December 8579:7 December 8553:7 December 8309:5 February 8150:. nVidia. 7979:Table 4-24 7951:7 December 7926:7 December 7850:7 December 7769:7 December 7728:23 October 7645:pcisig.com 7473:pcisig.com 7223:18 January 7192:pcisig.com 6786:pcisig.com 6766:7 December 6644:7 December 6636:. PC Mag. 6585:9 February 6523:9 February 6483:9 February 6427:7 December 6397:7 December 6357:pcisig.com 6322:pcisig.com 6178:7 December 6152:9 February 6079:26 October 5904:7 November 5844:4 December 5745:8 November 5713:8 November 5651:24 October 5402:7 December 5279:7 December 5057:References 4833:InfiniBand 4805:InfiniBand 4708:See also: 4700:RevoDrive 4675:XG Station 4613:(ATI) and 4459:0 to 4096 4383:0 to 4096 4051:89 mm 4048:2×71 = 142 4045:2×82 = 164 4031:56 mm 4003:39 mm 3972:25 mm 3816:standard. 3780:InfiniBand 3605:Tiger Lake 3282:128.0 GT/s 3278:(planned) 3247:7.563 GB/s 3228:242B/256B 3188:7.877 GB/s 3180:3.938 GB/s 3149:7.877 GB/s 3141:3.938 GB/s 3136:1.969 GB/s 3113:7.877 GB/s 3105:3.938 GB/s 3100:1.969 GB/s 3095:0.985 GB/s 3072:8.000 GB/s 3067:4.000 GB/s 3062:2.000 GB/s 3057:1.000 GB/s 3052:0.500 GB/s 3034:4.000 GB/s 3029:2.000 GB/s 3024:1.000 GB/s 3019:0.500 GB/s 2956:Line code 2814:FeaturePak 2798:CompactPCI 2774:SD Express 2503:Mini PCI-E 2454:(GPUs) to 2106:+3.3 2093:Slot power 2031:Sense pin 2011:Open drain 1956:Power pin 1273:Key notch 1106:port pins 1042:+12 V 1019:+12 V 1016:+12 V 987:+12 V 916:mm × 318.5 730:Serial ATA 659:March 2018 611:Serial bus 553:interrupts 162:of devices 122:Supersedes 91:Created by 10117:PS/2 port 10112:Game port 10025:Fax modem 9864:Disk pack 9716:Trackball 9679:Light pen 9374:Lightning 9324:Atari SIO 9199:SpaceWire 9032:Zorro III 8972:S-100 bus 8967:SS-50 bus 8960:Standards 8880:standards 8873:Technical 8814:, 325 pp. 8803:, Intel, 8784:, Intel, 8527:2 October 8501:2 October 8446:SlashGear 8375:The Verge 8353:AnandTech 8263:TweakTown 7702:29 August 7676:29 August 7478:6 October 7371:. AMD.com 7349:. AMD.com 7099:Anandtech 6886:18 August 6818:27 August 6606:. Intel. 6575:AnandTech 6544:AnandTech 5603:25 August 5573:26 August 5523:Eurogamer 5489:TechRadar 4921:Microsoft 4867:local bus 4645:In 2006, 4640:bit rates 4623:CrossFire 4456:12 or 16 4430:Sequence 4380:12 or 16 4351:Sequence 4207:scrambler 4180:128b/130b 3943:Variable 3937:Variable 3750:Gray code 3633:25.0 GT/s 3451:Intel P35 3235:64.0 GT/s 3175:32.0 GT/s 3131:16.0 GT/s 3085:128b/130b 2961:per lane 2767:CFexpress 2577:card for 2499:Mini PCIe 2180:300 2173:150 2113:9.9 2069:3.3 2060:The main 2042:Reserved 1775:Reserved 1740:HSIn(15) 1646:HSIn(14) 1554:HSIn(13) 1462:HSIn(12) 1377:HSIn(11) 1282:HSIn(10) 920:mm × 57.8 883:) gaming 691:bandwidth 630:does not 438:heat sink 206:CFexpress 10096:FireWire 10089:Obsolete 10055:Ethernet 9834:Speakers 9732:Keyboard 9706:Touchpad 9641:computer 9600:Category 9575:Wishbone 9548:Embedded 9527:Portable 9447:Profibus 9379:DMX512-A 9265:Parallel 9117:Ethernet 9027:Zorro II 8977:Multibus 8878:de facto 8740:27 March 8715:9 August 8689:31 March 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Card 9518:TOSLINK 9208:Storage 9162:RapidIO 9042:FASTBUS 8997:STD Bus 8894:General 8132:14 July 8075:23 July 7820:28 June 7795:10 July 7650:3 April 7625:25 June 7172:28 June 7147:28 June 7078:10 June 7047:10 June 6497:Mbit/s. 6470:PCI-SIG 6444:PCI SIG 5767:10 June 5428:8 April 5355:12 June 5249:21 June 5227:15 July 5214:PCI-SIG 5123:7456382 4889:Alibaba 4837:RapidIO 4809:RapidIO 4666:ATI XGP 4582:-based 4580:Marvell 4497:Payload 4492:Payload 4433:Header 4354:Header 4074:PCIEPHY 4024:2×38 = 4017:2×49 = 3996:2×21 = 3989:2×32 = 3954:2×18 = 3929:Length 3660:Power10 3402:PCI-SIG 2923:PCI-SIG 2748:PC Card 2705:is the 2699:OCuLink 2684:PCI-SIG 2519:PCI-SIG 2399:Ground 2389:Ground 2383:Ground 2361:Ground 2355:Ground 2185:total ( 2099:3 2004:PRSNT2# 1987:HSIp(7) 1970:Ground 1967:HSOn(7) 1947:HSOp(7) 1922:Legend 1916:HSIp(6) 1905:Ground 1902:HSOn(6) 1888:HSOp(6) 1866:HSIp(5) 1855:Ground 1852:HSOn(5) 1838:HSOp(5) 1816:HSIp(4) 1805:Ground 1802:HSOn(4) 1788:HSOp(4) 1748:PRSNT2# 1737:PRSNT2# 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