10037:(DBD) plasma reactors, it has been employed for water treatment with ozone. However, with cheaper alternative disinfectants like chlorine, such applications of DBD ozone water decontamination have been limited by high power consumption and bulky equipment. Despite this, with research revealing the negative impacts of common disinfectants like chlorine with respect to toxic residuals and ineffectiveness in killing certain micro-organisms, DBD plasma-based ozone decontamination is of interest in current available technologies. Although ozonation of water with a high concentration of bromide does lead to the formation of undesirable brominated disinfection byproducts, unless drinking water is produced by desalination, ozonation can generally be applied without concern for these byproducts. Advantages of ozone include high thermodynamic oxidation potential, less sensitivity to organic material and better tolerance for pH variations while retaining the ability to kill bacteria, fungi, viruses, as well as spores and cysts. Although, ozone has been widely accepted in Europe for decades, it is sparingly used for decontamination in the U.S. due to limitations of high-power consumption, bulky installation and stigma attached with ozone toxicity. Considering this, recent research efforts have been directed towards the study of effective ozone water treatment systems. Researchers have looked into lightweight and compact low power surface DBD reactors, energy efficient volume DBD reactors and low power micro-scale DBD reactors. Such studies can help pave the path to re-acceptance of DBD plasma-based ozone decontamination of water, especially in the U.S.
8441:
mechanism of ozone pathology in the lungs, as the functioning of these cell types have been shown to change after exposure to ozone. Macrophages, cells that serve the purpose of eliminating pathogens or foreign material through the process of "phagocytosis", have been shown to change the level of inflammatory signals they release in response to ozone, either up-regulating and resulting in an inflammatory response in the lung, or down-regulating and reducing immune protection. Neutrophils, another important cell type of the innate immune system that primarily targets bacterial pathogens, are found to be present in the airways within 6 hours of exposure to high ozone levels. Despite high levels in the lung tissues, however, their ability to clear bacteria appears impaired by exposure to ozone.
8976:. The diatomic oxygen is split into single atoms, which then recombine in triplets to form ozone. It is common in the industry to mislabel some DBD ozone generators as CD Corona Discharge generators. Typically all solid flat metal electrode ozone generators produce ozone using the dielectric barrier discharge method. Cold plasma machines use pure oxygen as the input source and produce a maximum concentration of about 24% ozone. They produce far greater quantities of ozone in a given time compared to ultraviolet production that has about 2% efficiency. The discharges manifest as filamentary transfer of electrons (micro discharges) in a gap between two electrodes. In order to evenly distribute the micro discharges, a dielectric
8201:
more specific plan to help decrease NOx emissions. These efforts are increasingly difficult to implement and take many years to come to pass. Of course there are also other reasons that ozone levels remain high. These include: a growing population meaning more car emissions, and the mountains along the NCFR that can trap emissions. If interested, daily air quality readings can be found at the
Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment's website. As noted earlier, Denver continues to experience high levels of ozone to this day. It will take many years and a systems-thinking approach to combat this issue of high ozone levels in the Front Range of Colorado.
7015:
wavelengths < 200 nm) through the lower UV-C (200–280 nm) and the entire UV-B band (280–315 nm). The small unabsorbed part that remains of UV-B after passage through ozone causes sunburn in humans, and direct DNA damage in living tissues in both plants and animals. Ozone's effect on mid-range UV-B rays is illustrated by its effect on UV-B at 290 nm, which has a radiation intensity 350 million times as powerful at the top of the atmosphere as at the surface. Nevertheless, enough of UV-B radiation at similar frequency reaches the ground to cause some sunburn, and these same wavelengths are also among those responsible for the production of
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8289:
8490:, "There is evidence to show that at concentrations that do not exceed public health standards, ozone is not effective at removing many odor-causing chemicals", and "If used at concentrations that do not exceed public health standards, ozone applied to indoor air does not effectively remove viruses, bacteria, mold, or other biological pollutants.". Furthermore, another report states that "results of some controlled studies show that concentrations of ozone considerably higher than these standards are possible even when a user follows the manufacturer's operating instructions".
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61:
397:
240:
8814:
while lipid peroxidation and solute leakage were significantly higher than in ozone-free controls. The data indicated that ozone triggered protective mechanisms against oxidative stress in citrus." Studies that have used pepper plants as a model have shown that ozone decreased fruit yield and changed fruit quality. Furthermore, it was also observed a decrease in chlorophylls levels and antioxidant defences on the leaves, as well as increased the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and lipid and protein damages.
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74:
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857:
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8633:
Directive 2008/50/EC. Ozone concentration is measured as a maximum daily mean of 8 hour averages and the target should not be exceeded on more than 25 calendar days per year, starting from
January 2010. Whilst the directive requires in the future a strict compliance with 120 μg/m limit (i.e. mean ozone concentration not to be exceeded on any day of the year), there is no date set for this requirement and this is treated as a long-term objective.
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6576:
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catalysts, and it has many advantages such as a higher conversion with a lower temperature. Furthermore, the product and the catalyst can be instantaneously separated, and this way the catalyst can be easily recovered without using any separation operation. Moreover, the most used materials in the catalytic decomposition of ozone in the gas phase are noble metals like Pt, Rh or Pd and transition metals such as Mn, Co, Cu, Fe, Ni or Ag.
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ozone through a process called photochemistry. One hour elevated ozone events (<75 ppb) "occur during June–August indicating that elevated ozone levels are driven by regional photochemistry". According to an article from the
University of Colorado-Boulder, "Oil and natural gas VOC emission have a major role in ozone production and bear the potential to contribute to elevated O
9248:
862:
8673:– related adverse health effects that range from decreased lung function and increased respiratory symptoms to serious indicators of respiratory morbidity including emergency department visits and hospital admissions for respiratory causes, and possibly cardiovascular-related morbidity as well as total non- accidental and cardiopulmonary mortality ...
8943:
ozone production rate. Another disadvantage of this method is that it requires the ambient air (oxygen) to be exposed to the UV source for a longer amount of time, and any gas that is not exposed to the UV source will not be treated. This makes UV generators impractical for use in situations that deal with rapidly moving air or water streams (in-duct air
8437:
response, as well as altering the protective function of lung epithelial cells. It is thought that these changes in immune response and the related inflammatory response are factors that likely contribute to the increased risk of lung infections, and worsening or triggering of asthma and reactive airways after exposure to ground-level ozone pollution.
1383:, had as its official slogan "Beaumont: Zone of Ozone", as evidenced on postcards and Chamber of Commerce letterhead. Naturalists working outdoors often considered the higher elevations beneficial because of their ozone content. "There is quite a different atmosphere with enough ozone to sustain the necessary energy ", wrote naturalist
8449:
ozone, the cilia become damaged and mucociliary clearance of pathogens is reduced. Furthermore, the epithelial barrier becomes weakened, allowing pathogens to cross the barrier, proliferate and spread into deeper tissues. Together, these changes in the epithelial barrier help make individuals more susceptible to pulmonary infections.
6164:
8684:(AQI) to help explain air pollution levels to the general public. Under the current standards, eight-hour average ozone mole fractions of 85 to 104 nmol/mol are described as "unhealthy for sensitive groups", 105 nmol/mol to 124 nmol/mol as "unhealthy", and 125 nmol/mol to 404 nmol/mol as "very unhealthy".
8772:. The cause-and-effect relationship of how the ozone is created in the body and what it does is still under consideration and still subject to various interpretations, since other body chemical processes can trigger some of the same reactions. There is evidence linking the antibody-catalyzed water-oxidation pathway of the human
8610:. A study of 450,000 people living in U.S. cities saw a significant correlation between ozone levels and respiratory illness over the 18-year follow-up period. The study revealed that people living in cities with high ozone levels, such as Houston or Los Angeles, had an over 30% increased risk of dying from lung disease.
8433:
breath, wheezing, and coughing which may exacerbate lung diseases, like asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) resulting in the need to receive medical treatment. Acute and chronic exposure to ozone has been shown to cause an increased risk of respiratory infections, due to the following mechanism.
10212:) content is observed but the positive effect on total phenol content and flavonoids can overcome the negative effect. Tomatoes upon treatment with ozone show an increase in β-carotene, lutein and lycopene. However, ozone application on strawberries in pre-harvest period shows decrease in ascorbic acid content.
10247:
Crop pollination is an essential part of an ecosystem. Ozone can have detrimental effects on plant-pollinator interactions. Pollinators carry pollen from one plant to another. This is an essential cycle inside of an ecosystem. Causing changes in certain atmospheric conditions around pollination sites
9026:
Ozone cannot be stored and transported like other industrial gases (because it quickly decays into diatomic oxygen) and must therefore be produced on site. Available ozone generators vary in the arrangement and design of the high-voltage electrodes. At production capacities higher than 20 kg per
9009:
required to produce ozone as compared to oxygen. This is why ozone is not produced during typical water electrolysis. However, it is possible to increase the overpotential of oxygen by careful catalyst selection such that ozone is preferentially produced under electrolysis. Catalysts typically chosen
8452:
Inhaling ozone not only affects the immune system and lungs, but it may also affect the heart as well. Ozone causes short-term autonomic imbalance leading to changes in heart rate and reduction in heart rate variability; and high levels exposure for as little as one-hour results in a supraventricular
8440:
The innate (cellular) immune system consists of various chemical signals and cell types that work broadly and against multiple pathogen types, typically bacteria or foreign bodies/substances in the host. The cells of the innate system include phagocytes, neutrophils, both thought to contribute to the
8432:
Acute ozone exposure ranges from hours to a few days. Because ozone is a gas, it directly affects the lungs and the entire respiratory system. Inhaled ozone causes inflammation and acute—but reversible—changes in lung function, as well as airway hyperresponsiveness. These changes lead to shortness of
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rubber. Products made using these polymers are especially susceptible to attack, which causes cracks to grow longer and deeper with time, the rate of crack growth depending on the load carried by the rubber component and the concentration of ozone in the atmosphere. Such materials can be protected by
8188:
industry situated in the Denver-Julesburg Basin (DJB) which overlaps with a majority of
Colorado's metropolitan areas. Ozone is created naturally in the Earth's stratosphere, but is also created in the troposphere from human efforts. Briefly mentioned above, NOx and VOCs react with sunlight to create
4559:
However, this equation depends on the concentration of oxygen (intermediate), which can be determined considering the first step. Since the first step is faster and reversible and the second step is slower, the reactants and products from the first step are in equilibrium, so the concentration of the
8844:
has established an
Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health Limit (IDLH) of 5 μmol/mol. Work environments where ozone is used or where it is likely to be produced should have adequate ventilation and it is prudent to have a monitor for ozone that will alarm if the concentration exceeds the OSHA
8831:
Even very low concentrations of ozone can be harmful to the upper respiratory tract and the lungs. The severity of injury depends on both the concentration of ozone and the duration of exposure. Severe and permanent lung injury or death could result from even a very short-term exposure to relatively
8465:
One study finds significant positive associations between chronic ozone and all-cause, circulatory, and respiratory mortality with 2%, 3%, and 12% increases in risk per 10 ppb and report an association (95% CI) of annual ozone and all-cause mortality with a hazard ratio of 1.02 (1.01–1.04), and
8448:
The airway epithelial cells also play an important role in protecting individuals from pathogens. In normal tissue, the epithelial layer forms a protective barrier, and also contains specialized ciliary structures that work to clear foreign bodies, mucus and pathogens from the lungs. When exposed to
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per 1997's 8-hour ozone standard, but later deferred this status until 2007. The non-attainment standard indicates that an area does not meet the EPA's air quality standards. The
Colorado Ozone Action Plan was created in response, and numerous changes were implemented from this plan. The first major
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The ozone layer has little effect on the longer UV wavelengths called UV-A (315–400 nm), but this radiation does not cause sunburn or direct DNA damage. While UV-A probably does cause long-term skin damage in certain humans, it is not as dangerous to plants and to the health of surface-dwelling
6543:
On the high wavelength side, the
Hartley band transitions to the so-called Huggins band, which falls off rapidly until disappearing by ~360 nm. Above 400 nm, extending well out into the NIR, are the Chappius and Wulf bands. There, unstructured absorption bands are useful for detecting high
5816:
4478:
The following mechanism allows to explain the rate law of the ozone decomposition observed experimentally, and also it allows to determine the reaction orders with respect to ozone and oxygen, with which the overall reaction order will be determined. The slower step, the bimolecular reaction, is the
4345:
These two steps have different reaction rates, the first one is reversible and faster than the second reaction, which is slower, so this means that the determining step is the second reaction and this is used to determine the observed reaction rate. The reaction rate laws for every step are the ones
9570:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&{\ce {3 H2O -> O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e-}}&&(\Delta E^{\circ }=-{\text{1.53 V}})\\&{\ce {6 H+ + 6 e- -> 3 H2}}&&(\Delta E^{\circ }={\text{0 V}})\\&{\ce {2 H2O -> O2 + 4 H+ + 4 e-}}&&(\Delta E^{\circ }={\text{1.23 V}})\end{aligned}}}
9004:
in water without other competing gases found in corona discharge method, such as nitrogen gases present in ambient air. This method of generation can achieve concentrations of 20–30% and is independent of air quality because water is used as the source material. Production of ozone electrolytically
8959:
applications ranging to millions of gallons of water. VUV ozone generators, unlike corona discharge generators, do not produce harmful nitrogen by-products and also unlike corona discharge systems, VUV ozone generators work extremely well in humid air environments. There is also not normally a need
8888:
Temperature and humidity play a large role in how much ozone is being produced using traditional generation methods (such as corona discharge and ultraviolet light). Old generation methods will produce less than 50% of nominal capacity if operated with humid ambient air, as opposed to very dry air.
8813:
Ozone has been implicated to have an adverse effect on plant growth: "... ozone reduced total chlorophylls, carotenoid and carbohydrate concentration, and increased 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) content and ethylene production. In treated plants, the ascorbate leaf pool was decreased,
8644:
for several pollutants, including ground-level ozone, and counties out of compliance with these standards are required to take steps to reduce their levels. In May 2008, under a court order, the EPA lowered its ozone standard from 80 nmol/mol to 75 nmol/mol. The move proved controversial,
7004:
Levels of ozone at various altitudes and blocking of different bands of ultraviolet radiation. Essentially all UVC (100–280 nm) is blocked by dioxygen (at 100–200 nm) or by ozone (at 200–280 nm) in the atmosphere. The shorter portion of this band and even more energetic UV causes the
4225:
The ozone decomposition consists of two elementary steps: The first one corresponds to a unimolecular reaction because one only molecule of ozone decomposes into two products (molecular oxygen and oxygen). Then, the oxygen from the first step is an intermediate because it participates as a reactant
4056:
The first one is a thermal decomposition where the ozone can be decomposed using only the action of heat. The problem is that this type of decomposition is very slow with temperatures below 250 °C. However, the decomposition rate can be increased working with higher temperatures but this would
4049:
Ozone is a toxic substance, commonly found or generated in human environments (aircraft cabins, offices with photocopiers, laser printers, sterilizers...) and its catalytic decomposition is very important to reduce pollution. This type of decomposition is the most widely used, especially with solid
10104:
to kill bacteria in the water and to reduce the amount of chlorine or bromine required by reactivating them to their free state. Since ozone does not remain in the water long enough, ozone by itself is ineffective at preventing cross-contamination among bathers and must be used in conjunction with
9612:
It is often desirable to contain the ozone. This can be done with an apparatus consisting of two concentric glass tubes sealed together at the top with gas ports at the top and bottom of the outer tube. The inner core should have a length of metal foil inserted into it connected to one side of the
9050:
The dominating parameter influencing ozone generation efficiency is the gas temperature, which is controlled by cooling water temperature and/or gas velocity. The cooler the water, the better the ozone synthesis. The lower the gas velocity, the higher the concentration (but the lower the net ozone
8942:
UV ozone generators use ambient air for ozone production, no air prep systems are used (air dryer or oxygen concentrator), therefore these generators tend to be less expensive. However, UV ozone generators usually produce ozone with a concentration of about 0.5% or lower which limits the potential
8910:
or ozone plate. They are typically cost-effective and do not require an oxygen source other than the ambient air to produce ozone concentrations of 3–6%. Fluctuations in ambient air, due to weather or other environmental conditions, cause variability in ozone production. However, they also produce
8200:
Contained in the
Colorado Ozone Action Plan, created in 2008, plans exist to evaluate "emission controls for large industrial sources of NOx" and "statewide control requirements for new oil and gas condensate tanks and pneumatic valves". In 2011, the Regional Haze Plan was released that included a
8156:
pollution can be 20% higher than usual. Ozone pollution in urban areas reaches higher levels of exceedance in the summer and autumn, which may be explained by weather patterns and traffic patterns. People experiencing poverty are more affected by pollution in general, even though these populations
10112:
Ozone is also widely used in the treatment of water in aquariums and fishponds. Its use can minimize bacterial growth, control parasites, eliminate transmission of some diseases, and reduce or eliminate "yellowing" of the water. Ozone must not come in contact with fishes' gill structures. Natural
8632:
According to scientists with the EPA, susceptible people can be adversely affected by ozone levels as low as 40 nmol/mol. In the EU, the current target value for ozone concentrations is 120 μg/m which is about 60 nmol/mol. This target applies to all member states in accordance with
1426:
that ozone's healthful effects "have, by mere iteration, become part and parcel of common belief; and yet exact physiological evidence in favour of its good effects has been hitherto almost entirely wanting ... The only thoroughly well-ascertained knowledge concerning the physiological effect of
8919:
can reduce or eliminate nitric acid formation by removing water vapor and increase ozone production. At room temperature, nitric acid will form into a vapour that is hazardous if inhaled. Symptoms can include chest pain, shortness of breath, headaches and a dry nose and throat causing a burning
8505:
All portable indoor air cleaning devices sold in
California must be certified by the California Air Resources Board (CARB). To be certified, air cleaners must be tested for electrical safety and ozone emissions, and meet an ozone emission concentration limit of 0.050 parts per million. For more
8436:
Multiple studies have been conducted to determine the mechanism behind ozone's harmful effects, particularly in the lungs. These studies have shown that exposure to ozone causes changes in the immune response within the lung tissue, resulting in disruption of both the innate and adaptive immune
7014:
Ozone in the ozone layer filters out sunlight wavelengths from about 200 nm UV rays to 315 nm, with ozone peak absorption at about 250 nm. This ozone UV absorption is important to life, since it extends the absorption of UV by ordinary oxygen and nitrogen in air (which absorb all
14406:
Bortolin, Rafael
Calixto; Caregnato, Fernanda Freitas; Divan, Armando Molina; Reginatto, Flávio Henrique; Gelain, Daniel Pens; Moreira, José Cláudio Fonseca (2014-02-01). "Effects of chronic elevated ozone concentration on the redox state and fruit yield of red pepper plant Capsicum baccatum".
10792:
Protecting the ozone layer: lessons, models, and prospects; [product of the Tenth Anniversary Colloquium of the Montreal Protocol, held on September 13, 1997; part of a series of events held in Montreal to mark the 10th anniversary of the signing of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that
8884:
will not react. Ozone used in industry is measured in μmol/mol (ppm, parts per million), nmol/mol (ppb, parts per billion), μg/m, mg/h (milligrams per hour) or weight percent. The regime of applied concentrations ranges from 1% to 5% (in air) and from 6% to 14% (in oxygen) for older generation
8392:
For the last few decades, scientists studied the effects of acute and chronic ozone exposure on human health. Hundreds of studies suggest that ozone is harmful to people at levels currently found in urban areas. Ozone has been shown to affect the respiratory, cardiovascular and central nervous
8444:
The adaptive immune system is the branch of immunity that provides long-term protection via the development of antibodies targeting specific pathogens and is also impacted by high ozone exposure. Lymphocytes, a cellular component of the adaptive immune response, produce an increased amount of
6891:
The excess kinetic energy heats the stratosphere when the O atoms and the molecular oxygen fly apart and collide with other molecules. This conversion of UV light into kinetic energy warms the stratosphere. The oxygen atoms produced in the photolysis of ozone then react back with other oxygen
14461:
Bortolin, Rafael Calixto; Caregnato, Fernanda Freitas; Divan Junior, Armando Molina; Zanotto-Filho, Alfeu; Moresco, Karla Suzana; de Oliveira Rios, Alessandro; de Oliveira Salvi, Aguisson; Ortmann, Caroline Flach; de Carvalho, Pâmela (2016-07-01). "Chronic ozone exposure alters the secondary
6645:
between 200 and 160 nm where ozone does not absorb. While shorter wavelength light, extending to even the X-Ray limit, is energetic enough to dissociate molecular oxygen, there is relatively little of it, and, the strong solar emission at Lyman-alpha, 121 nm, falls at a point where
6975:
by the presence of certain free radicals, of which the most important are hydroxyl (OH), nitric oxide (NO) and atomic chlorine (Cl) and bromine (Br). In the second half of the 20th century, the amount of ozone in the stratosphere was discovered to be declining, mostly because of increasing
1316:
8453:
arrhythmia in the elderly, both increase the risk of premature death and stroke. Ozone may also lead to vasoconstriction resulting in increased systemic arterial pressure contributing to increased risk of cardiac morbidity and mortality in patients with pre-existing cardiac diseases.
8466:
with cardiovascular mortality of 1.03 (1.01–1.05). A similar study finds similar associations with all-cause mortality and even larger effects for cardiovascular mortality. An increased risk of mortality from respiratory causes is associated with long-term chronic exposure to ozone.
6521:
with three vibrational modes: the symmetric stretch (1103.157 cm), bend (701.42 cm) and antisymmetric stretch (1042.096 cm). The symmetric stretch and bend are weak absorbers, but the antisymmetric stretch is strong and responsible for ozone being an important minor
1292:
may be used as a systematic name, according to substitutive nomenclature. By default, these names pay no regard to the radicality of the ozone molecule. In an even more specific context, this can also name the non-radical singlet ground state, whereas the diradical state is named
7009:
of dioxygen (below 240 nm) react with more dioxygen. The ozone layer itself then blocks most, but not quite all, sunburn-producing UVB (280–315 nm). The band of UV closest to visible light, UVA (315–400 nm), is hardly affected by ozone, and most of it reaches the
1215:. Ozone's instability with regard to more common dioxygen is such that both concentrated gas and liquid ozone may decompose explosively at elevated temperatures, physical shock, or fast warming to the boiling point. It is therefore used commercially only in low concentrations.
9017:
The ozone to oxygen ratio is improved by increasing current density at the anode, cooling the electrolyte around the anode close to 0 °C, using an acidic electrolyte (such as dilute sulfuric acid) instead of a basic solution, and by applying pulsed current instead of DC.
8905:
This is the most common type of ozone generator for most industrial and personal uses. While variations of the "hot spark" coronal discharge method of ozone production exist, including medical grade and industrial grade ozone generators, these units usually work by means of a
3006:
3301:
860:
8657:... EPA proposes that the level of the 8-hour primary standard, which was set at 0.075 μmol/mol in the 2008 final rule, should instead be set at a lower level within the range of 0.060 to 0.070 μmol/mol, to provide increased protection for children and other
1222:(far more so than dioxygen) and has many industrial and consumer applications related to oxidation. This same high oxidizing potential, however, causes ozone to damage mucous and respiratory tissues in animals, and also tissues in plants, above concentrations of about
15726:
8139:
Low level ozone, or tropospheric ozone, is the most concerning type of ozone pollution in urban areas and is increasing in general. Ozone pollution in urban areas affects denser populations, and is worsened by high populations of vehicles, which emit pollutants
5848:
2092:
10178:). Despite these apparent positive effects, ozone use in recirculation systems has been linked to reducing the level of bioavailable iodine in salt water systems, resulting in iodine deficiency symptoms such as goitre and decreased growth in Senegalese sole (
4221:
It has been determined that the ozone decomposition follows a first order kinetics, and from the rate law above it can be determined that the partial order respect to molecular oxygen is -1 and respect to ozone is 2, therefore the global reaction order is 1.
8097:, which can be powerful eye irritants. The atmospheric lifetime of tropospheric ozone is about 22 days; its main removal mechanisms are being deposited to the ground, the above-mentioned reaction giving HO•, and by reactions with OH and the peroxy radical HO
1671:
varies with atmospheric conditions such as temperature, humidity, and air movement. Under laboratory conditions, the half-life will average ~1500 minutes (25 hours) in still air at room temperature (24 °C), zero humidity with zero air changes per hour.
8473:
Adults suffering from respiratory diseases (asthma, COPD, lung cancer) are at a higher risk of mortality and morbidity and critically ill patients have an increased risk of developing acute respiratory distress syndrome with chronic ozone exposure as well.
1473:) was the first to successfully solidify ozone and perform accurate analysis which conclusively refuted the oxozone hypothesis. Further hitherto unmeasured physical properties of pure concentrated ozone were determined by the Riesenfeld group in the 1920s.
8826:
Because of the strongly oxidizing properties of ozone, ozone is a primary irritant, affecting especially the eyes and respiratory systems and can be hazardous at even low concentrations. The Canadian Centre for Occupation Safety and Health reports that:
4034:
11235:
9979:
Many hospitals around the world use large ozone generators to decontaminate operating rooms between surgeries. The rooms are cleaned and then sealed airtight before being filled with ozone which effectively kills or neutralizes all remaining bacteria.
9792:
Although low levels of ozone have been advertised to be of some disinfectant use in residential homes, the concentration of ozone in dry air required to have a rapid, substantial effect on airborne pathogens exceeds safe levels recommended by the U.S.
8469:
Chronic ozone has detrimental effects on children, especially those with asthma. The risk for hospitalization in children with asthma increases with chronic exposure to ozone; younger children and those with low-income status are even at greater risk.
1406:
documented that frogs grew sluggish, birds gasped for breath, and rabbits' blood showed decreased levels of oxygen after exposure to "ozonized air", which "exercised a destructive action". Schönbein himself reported that chest pains, irritation of the
9816:
was introduced for aerial disinfection. The process was found to be worthwhile, but was phased out by 1956. However the beneficial effect was maintained by the ozone created incidentally from the electrical discharges of the train motors (see above:
8817:
A 2022 study concludes that East Asia loses 63 billion dollars in crops per year due to ozone pollution, a byproduct of fossil fuel combustion. China loses about one-third of its potential wheat production and one-fourth of its rice production.
1937:
8177:
change was that car emission testing was expanded across the state to more counties that did not previously mandate emissions testing, like areas of Larimer and Weld County. There have also been changes made to decrease Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) and
14025:
1508:. Exposure of 0.1 to 1 μmol/mol produces headaches, burning eyes and irritation to the respiratory passages. Even low concentrations of ozone in air are very destructive to organic materials such as latex, plastics and animal lung tissue.
8938:
UV ozone generators, or vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) ozone generators, employ a light source that generates a narrow-band ultraviolet light, a subset of that produced by the Sun. The Sun's UV sustains the ozone layer in the stratosphere of Earth.
6640:
Ozone in the stratosphere is mostly produced from short-wave ultraviolet rays between 240 and 160 nm. Oxygen starts to absorb weakly at 240 nm in the Herzberg bands, but most of the oxygen is dissociated by absorption in the strong
8579:
is a natural precursor, and the very low natural background level of ozone at ground level is considered safe. This section examines the health impacts of fossil fuel burning, which raises ground level ozone far above background levels.
9788:
is abundant, ozone is a cost-effective method of treating water, since it is produced on demand and does not require transportation and storage of hazardous chemicals. Once it has decayed, it leaves no taste or odour in drinking water.
6539:
after absorbing a photon. The most important absorption is the Hartley band, extending from slightly above 300 nm down to slightly above 200 nm. It is this band that is responsible for absorbing UV C in the stratosphere.
10195:
eggs against nodavirus. Nodavirus is a lethal and vertically transmitted virus which causes severe mortality in fish. Haddock eggs should not be treated with high ozone level as eggs so treated did not hatch and died after 3–4 days.
10248:
or with xenobiotics could cause unknown changes to the natural cycles of pollinators and flowering plants. In a study conducted in North-Western Europe, crop pollinators were negatively affected more when ozone levels were higher.
5113:
1497:. It is dangerous to allow this liquid to warm to its boiling point, because both concentrated gaseous ozone and liquid ozone can detonate. At temperatures below 80 K (−193.2 °C; −315.7 °F), it forms a violet-black
8308:
energy emitted by the earth. Quantifying the greenhouse gas potency of ozone is difficult because it is not present in uniform concentrations across the globe. However, the most widely accepted scientific assessments relating to
14026:"Comments of the American Lung Association, Environmental Defense, Sierra Club on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Proposed Revisions to the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ozone July 11, 2007 – 72 FR 37818"
9132:
in electrical contacts, motor brushes, or mechanical switches breaks down the chemical bonds of the atmospheric oxygen surrounding the contacts . Free radicals of oxygen in and around the arc recombine to create ozone . Certain
8358:
Because of its short-lived nature, tropospheric ozone does not have strong global effects, but has very strong radiative forcing effects on regional scales. In fact, there are regions of the world where tropospheric ozone has a
5572:
10117:, and the ozone entirely decays in a few seconds to minutes. If oxygen-fed ozone is used, the water will be higher in dissolved oxygen and fishes' gill structures will atrophy, making them dependent on oxygen-enriched water.
16343:
6632:
between about 10 and 50 km above the surface (or between about 6 and 31 miles). However, even in this "layer", the ozone concentrations are only two to eight parts per million, so most of the oxygen there is dioxygen,
1364:) meaning "to smell". For this reason, Schönbein is generally credited with the discovery of ozone. He also noted the similarity of ozone smell to the smell of phosphorus, and in 1844 proved that the product of reaction of
16029:
Ribeiro, A.R.A.; Ribeiro, L.; Saele, Ø.; Hamre, K.; Dinis, M.T.; Moren, M. (2009). "Iodine-enriched rotifers andArtemiaprevent goitre in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) larvae reared in a recirculation system".
8691:, partly as a result of electronic equipment such as photocopiers. A connection has also been known to exist between the increased pollen, fungal spores, and ozone caused by thunderstorms and hospital admissions of
8461:
Breathing ozone for periods longer than eight hours at a time for weeks, months or years defines chronic exposure. Numerous studies suggest a serious impact on the health of various populations from this exposure.
15818:
Kuvshinov, Dmitriy; Lozano-Parada, Jaime; Siswanto, Anggun; Zimmerman, William (2014). "Efficient compact micro DBD plasma reactor for ozone generation for industrial application in liquid and gas phase systems".
16057:
Buchan, K.; Martin-Robinchaud, D.; Benfey, T.J.; MacKinnon, A; Boston, L (2006). "The efficacy of ozonated seawater for surface disinfection of haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) eggs against piscine nodavirus".
14902:
863:
8880:, are used to produce ozone for cleaning air or removing smoke odours in unoccupied rooms. These ozone generators can produce over 3 g of ozone per hour. Ozone often forms in nature under conditions where O
8645:
since the Agency's own scientists and advisory board had recommended lowering the standard to 60 nmol/mol. Many public health and environmental groups also supported the 60 nmol/mol standard, and the
4927:
3653:
3504:
8652:
On January 7, 2010, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced proposed revisions to the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for the pollutant ozone, the principal component of smog:
4685:
6886:
5191:
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1338:
was conducting experiments involving electrical sparking above water when he noticed an unusual smell, which he attributed to the electrical reactions, failing to realize that he had in fact created ozone.
2601:
2459:
812:
14359:
Iglesias, Domingo J.; Ángeles Calatayuda; Eva Barrenob; Eduardo Primo-Milloa; Manuel Talon (2006). "Responses of citrus plants to ozone: leaf biochemistry, antioxidant mechanisms and lipid peroxidation".
8486:, and use misleading terms to describe ozone. Some examples are describing it as "energized oxygen" or "pure air", suggesting that ozone is a healthy or "better" kind of oxygen. However, according to the
5434:
8856:
regulations set a limit of 250 nmol/mol with a maximum four-hour average of 100 nmol/mol. Some planes are equipped with ozone converters in the ventilation system to reduce passenger exposure.
8268:
made of reinforced rubber are also susceptible to attack, especially within the engine compartment, where some ozone is produced by electrical components. Storing rubber products in close proximity to a
6507:
15705:
Choudhury, Bhaswati; Portugal, Sherlie; Johnson, Judith A.; Roy, Subrata (2020). "Performance evaluation of fan and comb shaped plasma reactors for distribution of generated ozone in a confined space".
3762:
14032:
12310:
Tessum, Christopher W.; Apte, Joshua S.; Good kind, Andrew L.; Muller, Nicholas Z.; Mullins, Kimberley A.; Paolella, David A.; Polasky, Stephen; Springer, Nathaniel P.; Thakrar, Sumil K. (2019-03-11).
8840:
has established a permissible exposure limit (PEL) of 0.1 μmol/mol (29 CFR 1910.1000 table Z-1), calculated as an 8-hour time weighted average. Higher concentrations are especially hazardous and
15740:
Draou, Abdelkader; Nemmich, Said; Nassour, Kamel; Benmimoun, Youcef; Tilmatine, Amar (2019). "Experimental analysis of a novel ozone generator configuration for use in water treatment applications".
13126:
Janeway CA Jr, Travers P, Walport M, et al. Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. 5th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2001. The components of the immune system. Available from:
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in the second step, which is a bimolecular reaction because there are two different reactants (ozone and oxygen) that give rise to one product, that corresponds to molecular oxygen in the gas phase.
3891:
2820:
12955:
Desqueyroux, H.; Pujet, J. C.; Prosper, M.; Squinazi, F.; Momas, I. (2002). "Short-term effects of low-level air pollution on respiratory health of adults suffering from moderate to severe asthma".
11840:
8193:
levels in the Northern Colorado Front Range (NCFR)". Using complex analyses to research wind patterns and emissions from large oil and natural gas operations, the authors concluded that "elevated O
1442:
for wounds. The gas was applied directly to wounds for as long as 15 minutes. This resulted in damage to both bacterial cells and human tissue. Other sanitizing techniques, such as irrigation with
6282:
3125:
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12663:
Life Cycle Assessment Methodology Sufficient to Support Public Declarations and Claims, Committee Draft Standard, Version 2.1. Scientific Certification Systems, February 2011. Annex B, Section 4.
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5853:
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3130:
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1985:
8197:
levels in the NCFR are predominantly correlated with air transport from N– ESE, which are the upwind sectors where the O&NG operations in the Wattenberg Field area of the DJB are located".
6159:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&{\ce {2 Fe^2+{}+ O3 + 5 H2O -> 2 Fe(OH)_3{(s)}{}+ O2{}+ 4 H+}}\\&{\ce {2 Mn^2+{}+ 2 O3 + 4 H2O -> 2 MnO(OH)_2{(s)}{}+ 2 O2{}+ 4 H+}}\end{aligned}}}
1307:) is used, non-systematically, to refer to the substituent group (-OOO-). Care should be taken to avoid confusing the name of the group for the context-specific name for the ozone given above.
764:
2693:
10140:. If nitrite levels in the water are high, nitrites will also accumulate in the blood and tissues of fish, where it interferes with oxygen transport (it causes oxidation of the heme-group of
6373:
3106:
1368:
with air is identical. A subsequent effort to call ozone "electrified oxygen" he ridiculed by proposing to call the ozone from white phosphorus "phosphorized oxygen". The formula for ozone, O
12893:
Jule, Y.; Michaudel, C.; Fauconnier, L.; Togbe, D.; Riffel, B. (2018). "Ozone-induced acute and chronic alterations in the lung in mice: a combined digital imaging and functional analysis".
9188:, though ozone's instability makes it dubious that it has any effect on the ozonosphere. It is the world's largest single natural generator of ozone, lending calls for it to be designated a
9027:
hour, a gas/water tube heat-exchanger may be utilized as ground electrode and assembled with tubular high-voltage electrodes on the gas-side. The regime of typical gas pressures is around 2
6818:
5319:
2282:
14927:
Ibanez, Jorge G.; Rodrigo Mayen-Mondragon; M. T. Moran-Moran (2005). "Laboratory Experiments on the Electrochemical Remediation of the Environment. Part 7: Microscale Production of Ozone".
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1980:
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de Boer, Hero E. L.; van Elzelingen-Dekker, Carla M.; van Rheenen-Verberg, Cora M. F.; Spanjaard, Lodewijk (October 2006). "Use of Gaseous Ozone for Eradication of Methicillin-Resistant
8300:, peak concentrations are now far higher than the pre-industrial levels, and even background concentrations well away from sources of pollution are substantially higher. Ozone acts as a
14308:
Paul Wentworth; Nieva, J; Takeuchi, C; Galve, R; Wentworth, AD; Dilley, RB; Delaria, GA; Saven, A; et al. (2003). "Evidence for Ozone Formation in Human Atherosclerotic Arteries".
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Devices generating high levels of ozone, some of which use ionization, are used to sanitize and deodorize uninhabited buildings, rooms, ductwork, woodsheds, boats and other vehicles.
7787:
4281:
4129:
1729:
15994:
Ferreira, O; de Costa, O.T.; Ferreira, Santos; Mendonca, F. (2004). "Susceptibility of the Amazonian fish, Colossoma macropomum (Serrasalminae), to short-term exposure to nitrite".
10051:
Ozone levels which are safe for people are ineffective at killing fungi and bacteria. Some consumer disinfection and cosmetic products emit ozone at levels harmful to human health.
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861:
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13105:
Informed Health Online . Cologne, Germany: Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG); 2006-. The innate and adaptive immune systems. 2010 Dec 7 . Available from
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The process of ozone decomposition is a complex reaction involving two elementary reactions that finally lead to molecular oxygen, and this means that the reaction order and the
8148:, the main contributors to problematic ozone levels. Ozone pollution in urban areas is especially concerning with increasing temperatures, raising heat-related mortality during
15783:
Zito, Justin C.; Durscher, Ryan J.; Soni, Jignesh; Roy, Subrata; Arnold, David P. (2012). "Flow and force inducement using micron size dielectric barrier discharge actuators".
10073:
demonstrated that 0.3 μmol/mol levels of ozone dissolved in filtered tapwater can produce a reduction of more than 99.99% in such food-borne microorganisms as salmonella,
6746:
1751:
15383:
Sorlini, Sabrina; Collivignarelli, Carlo (2005). "Trihalomethane formation during chemical oxidation with chlorine, chlorine dioxide and ozone of ten Italian natural waters".
15116:
14793:
Arihara, Kazuki; Terashima, Chiaki; Fujishimam Akira (2007). "Electrochemical Production of High-Concentration Ozone-Water Using Freestanding Perforated Diamond Electrodes".
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8677:
On October 26, 2015, the EPA published a final rule with an effective date of December 28, 2015, that revised the 8-hour primary NAAQS from 0.075 ppm to 0.070 ppm.
12912:
Burnett, R. T.; Brook, J. R.; Yung, W. T.; Dales, R. E.; Krewski, D. (1997). "Association between ozone and hospitalization for respiratory diseases in 16 Canadian cities".
10132:
Ozonation – a process of infusing water with ozone – can be used in aquaculture to facilitate organic breakdown. Ozone is also added to recirculating systems to reduce
8783:
When inhaled, ozone reacts with compounds lining the lungs to form specific, cholesterol-derived metabolites that are thought to facilitate the build-up and pathogenesis of
6892:
molecule as in the previous step to form more ozone. In the clear atmosphere, with only nitrogen and oxygen, ozone can react with the atomic oxygen to form two molecules of
13826:
Jerrett, Michael; Burnett, Richard T.; Pope, C. Arden III; Ito, Kazuhiko; Thurston, George; Krewski, Daniel; Shi, Yuanli; Calle, Eugenia; Thun, Michael (March 12, 2009).
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17405:
16897:
14906:
11260:
Tanaka, Takehiko; Morino, Yonezo (1970). "Coriolis interaction and anharmonic potential function of ozone from the microwave spectra in the excited vibrational states".
1398:
Much of ozone's appeal seems to have resulted from its "fresh" smell, which evoked associations with purifying properties. Scientists noted its harmful effects. In 1873
8924:
can further increase the ozone production and further reduce the risk of nitric acid formation by removing not only the water vapor, but also the bulk of the nitrogen.
1379:
For much of the second half of the 19th century and well into the 20th, ozone was considered a healthy component of the environment by naturalists and health-seekers.
9995:. It is often used in conjunction with oxygen and hydrogen peroxide to eliminate the need for chlorine-containing compounds in the manufacture of high-quality, white
17606:
17581:
17571:
10291:
6529:
The electromagnetic spectrum of ozone is quite complex. An overview can be seen at the MPI Mainz UV/VIS Spectral Atlas of Gaseous Molecules of Atmospheric Interest.
4060:
The second one is a photochemical decomposition, which consists of radiating ozone with ultraviolet radiation (UV) and it gives rise to oxygen and radical peroxide.
9801:. Humidity control can vastly improve both the killing power of the ozone and the rate at which it decays back to oxygen (more humidity allows more effectiveness).
13409:
Jerrett, Michael; Burnett, Richard T.; Pope, C. Arden; Ito, Kazuhiko; Thurston, George; Krewski, Daniel; Shi, Yuanli; Calle, Eugenia; Thun, Michael (2009-03-12).
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is connected to two metal rods with the ends placed sufficiently close to each other to allow an arc. The resulting arc will convert atmospheric oxygen to ozone.
8414:
People with existing lung diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (also known as COPD, which includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis)
13362:"Ambient PM2. 5, O3, and NO2 exposures and associations with mortality over 16 years of follow-up in the Canadian Census Health and Environment Cohort (CanCHEC)"
10311:
9051:
produced). At typical industrial conditions, almost 90% of the effective power is dissipated as heat and needs to be removed by a sufficient cooling water flow.
6963:
An estimate of the rate of this termination step to the cycling of atomic oxygen back to ozone can be found simply by taking the ratios of the concentration of O
14232:
17977:
17305:
17246:
17154:
13566:"A time-stratified case-crossover study of ambient ozone exposure and emergency department visits for specific respiratory diagnoses in California (2005–2008)"
12579:
11645:
8424:
Additional evidence suggests that women, those with obesity and low-income populations may also face higher risk from ozone, although more research is needed.
9756:
substances and for killing microorganisms in air and water sources. Many municipal drinking water systems kill bacteria with ozone instead of the more common
5811:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\ce {3 Ca + 10 NH3 + 6 O3 ->\ }}&{\ce {Ca*6NH3 + Ca(OH)2 + Ca(NO3)2}}\\&+{\ce {2 NH4O3 + 2 O2 + H2}}\end{aligned}}}
1942:
This can be observed as an unwanted reaction in a Hoffman gas apparatus during the electrolysis of water when the voltage is set above the necessary voltage.
18066:
17882:
17817:
17757:
17685:
17591:
17485:
17355:
17310:
16981:
10513:
10429:
8760:) as a means of destroying foreign bodies. Ozone reacts directly with organic double bonds. Also, when ozone breaks down to dioxygen it gives rise to oxygen
1387:, working in Hawaii. Seaside air was considered to be healthy because of its believed ozone content. The smell giving rise to this belief is in fact that of
942:
18146:
10204:
Ozone application on freshly cut pineapple and banana shows increase in flavonoids and total phenol contents when exposure is up to 20 minutes. Decrease in
4947:
1745:
Ozone can also be produced from oxygen at the anode of an electrochemical cell. This reaction can create smaller quantities of ozone for research purposes.
17611:
17455:
17425:
14517:
11851:
17541:
17521:
17194:
16093:
Alothman, M.; Kaur, B.; Fazilah, A.; Bhat, Rajeev; Karim, Alias A. (2010). "Ozone-induced changes of antioxidant capacity of fresh-cut tropical fruits".
8791:). These metabolites have been confirmed as naturally occurring in human atherosclerotic arteries and are categorized into a class of secosterols termed
1465:, were also present in ozone samples due to the difficulty of applying analytical chemistry techniques to the explosive concentrated chemical. In 1923,
885:
17566:
8889:
New generators, using electrolytic methods, can achieve higher purity and dissolution through using water molecules as the source of ozone production.
8837:
8556:
1044:
16120:
Tzortzakis, N.; Borland, A.; Singleton, I.; Barnes, J (2007). "Impact of atmospheric ozone-enrichment on quality-related attributes of tomato fruit".
9090:
or shrinkage is the common mode of failure of elastomers with exposure to ozone. Ozone cracking is the common mode of failure of elastomer seals like
13613:
Vanwinge, C.; Gilles, C.; Gerard, C.; Blacher, S.; Noel, A.; Cataldo, D.; Rocks, N. (2017). "A Role For Ozone Pollution In Lung Cancer Progression".
10693:
10461:
10227:) thereby making it possible to dissolve them out from contaminated soil. If contaminated soil is pre-treated with ozone, the extraction efficacy of
6823:
where "M" denotes the third body that carries off the excess energy of the reaction. The ozone molecule can then absorb a UV-C photon and dissociate
8112:(EPA) has proposed a secondary regulation to reduce crop damage, in addition to the primary regulation designed for the protection of human health.
1427:
ozone, so far attained, is that it causes irritation and œdema of the lungs, and death if inhaled in relatively strong concentration for any time."
17204:
16906:
16523:
15545:
Mujovic, Selman; Foster, John E. (2018). "Plasma Physics and Chemistry for Water Reuse: Scaling the Plasma-Water Interface as an AOP Alternative".
11997:
9000:. In most EOG methods, the hydrogen gas will be removed to leave oxygen and ozone as the only reaction products. Therefore, EOG can achieve higher
1230:, a higher concentration in the ozone layer (from two to eight ppm) is beneficial, preventing damaging UV light from reaching the Earth's surface.
15933:
15507:
World Health Organization. (2003). "Atrazine in drinking-water: background document for development of WHO guidelines for drinking-water quality".
14085:
11942:
9173:
inside the unit. Large motors that use brushes, such as those used by elevators or hydraulic pumps, will generate more ozone than smaller motors.
9082:
may be used with the restriction of constant mechanical forces and absence of humidity (humidity limitations apply depending on the formulation).
8256:
used to be a serious problem in car tires, for example, but it is not an issue with modern tires. On the other hand, many critical products, like
17561:
16890:
15061:
13692:
10285:
8445:
inflammatory chemicals called "cytokines" after exposure to ozone, which may contribute to airway hyperreactivity and worsening asthma symptoms.
4479:
one that determines the rate of product formation, and considering that this step gives rise to two oxygen molecules the rate law has this form:
16147:
Keutgen, A.J.; Pawelzik, E. (2008). "Influence of pre-harvest ozone exposure on quality of strawberry fruit under simulated retail conditions".
14878:
12475:
Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Regional Air Quality Council, & North Front Range Metropolitan Planning Organization.
10838:
8093:
HO• and this plays a part in the removal of hydrocarbons from the air, but is also the first step in the creation of components of smog such as
17231:
16620:
12685:
Liu, Wei; Hegglin, Michaela I.; Checa-Garcia, Ramiro; Li, Shouwei; Gillett, Nathan P.; Lyu, Kewei; Zhang, Xuebin; Swart, Neil C. (April 2022).
7971:
8104:
There is evidence of significant reduction in agricultural yields because of increased ground-level ozone and pollution which interferes with
17777:
17174:
15940:
15006:
9794:
9613:
power source. The other side of the power source should be connected to another piece of foil wrapped around the outer tube. A source of dry
8487:
8292:
Ozone with an anthropogenic "fingerprint" contributes to global warming and climate change, especially when present in the upper troposphere.
8109:
3362:, at a temperature of −78 °C. After a sequence of cleavage and rearrangement, an organic ozonide is formed. With reductive workup (e.g.
15162:
12420:"Investigation of the influence of transport from oil and natural gas regions on elevated ozone levels in the northern Colorado front range"
17325:
16773:
16535:
14665:
11347:
446:
60:
3324:
17236:
12044:
8948:
8168:
is the 14th most ozone-polluted area in the U.S. The problem of high ozone levels is not new to this area. In 2004, the EPA allotted the
8165:
8049:
7737:
15303:
10925:
8702:, one British folk myth held that the smell of the sea was caused by ozone. In fact, the characteristic "smell of the sea" is caused by
8136:. Houston has a reading of around 41 nmol/mol, while Mexico City is far more hazardous, with a reading of about 125 nmol/mol.
6547:
There are additional absorption bands in the far UV, which increase slowly from 200 nm down to reaching a maximum at ~120 nm.
16883:
16550:
16220:
Plaue, J.W.; Czerwinski, K.R. (2003). "The influence of ozone on ligand-assisted extraction of 239Pu and 241Am from rocky flats soil".
15872:(the report also shows that tapwater removes 99.95% of pathogens from lettuce; samples were inoculated with pathogens before treatment)
13754:
4807:
3526:
3404:
12015:
8507:
6992:
chemicals and in the first and second decade of the 21st century the beginning of the recovery of stratospheric ozone concentrations.
18104:
17420:
15081:
10529:
8387:
8314:
5121:
4566:
14962:
11869:
10902:
8252:, such as waxes, which bond to the surface to create a protective film or blend with the material and provide long term protection.
6829:
4352:
15123:
10613:
9585:
2482:
2347:
11467:
Solomons, T.W. Graham & Fryhle, Craig B. (2008). "Chapter 8 Alkenes and Alkynes – Part II: Addition Reactions and Synthesis".
9824:
Ozone generators were made available to schools and universities in Wales for the Autumn term 2021, to disinfect classrooms after
5334:
3001:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&{\ce {S + H2O + O3 -> H2SO4}}\\&{\ce {3 SO2 + 3 H2O + O3 -> 3 H2SO4}}\end{aligned}}}
1493:
or fluorocarbons, in which it forms a blue solution. At 161 K (−112 °C; −170 °F), it condenses to form a dark blue
51:
15883:
15418:
Gallard, Hervé; Gunten, Urs von (2002). "Chlorination of natural organic matter: kinetics of chlorination and of THM formation".
12073:
11883:
11637:
10857:
10070:
6388:
14462:
metabolite profile, antioxidant potential, anti-inflammatory property, and quality of red pepper fruit from Capsicum baccatum".
12377:
10262:
The use of ozone for the treatment of medical conditions is not supported by high quality evidence, and is generally considered
9805:
forms of most pathogens are very tolerant of atmospheric ozone in concentrations at which asthma patients start to have issues.
8960:
for expensive off-gas mechanisms, and no need for air driers or oxygen concentrators which require extra costs and maintenance.
3664:
3658:
Ozone could also react with potassium iodide to give oxygen and iodine gas that can be titrated for quantitative determination:
17636:
17395:
17315:
14166:
8641:
8401:
The American Lung Association has identified five populations who are especially vulnerable to the effects of breathing ozone:
3296:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&{\ce {H2S + O3 -> S + O2 + H2O}}\\&{\ce {3 H2S + 4 O3 -> 3 H2SO4}}\end{aligned}}}
14622:
12614:
8351:. This means that over a 20-year span, the global warming potential of tropospheric ozone is much less, roughly 62 to 69 tons
8160:
As mentioned above, Denver, Colorado, is one of the many cities in the U.S. that have high amounts of ozone. According to the
6583:
The standard way to express total ozone levels (the amount of ozone in a given vertical column) in the atmosphere is by using
16403:
15917:
15274:
15044:
12118:
11921:
11800:
11775:
11750:
11561:
11476:
11451:
11426:
11191:
11134:
10801:
10113:
saltwater (with life forms) provides enough "instantaneous demand" that controlled amounts of ozone activate bromide ions to
8393:
system. Early death and problems in reproductive health and development are also shown to be associated with ozone exposure.
7956:
3797:
1504:
Most people can detect about 0.01 μmol/mol of ozone in air where it has a very specific sharp odour somewhat resembling
733:
288:
18017:
14049:
1489:
Ozone is a colourless or pale blue gas, slightly soluble in water and much more soluble in inert non-polar solvents such as
16174:
Lestan, D.; Hanc, A.; Finzgar, N. (2005). "Influence of ozonation on extractability of Pb and Zn from contaminated soils".
10057:
Ozonated water is used to launder clothes and to sanitize food, drinking water, and surfaces in the home. According to the
8618:
7230:
14647:
6183:
2725:
15857:
13733:
7357:
7277:
4691:
15461:
Croué, J. P.; Koudjonou, B. K.; Legube, B. (1996). "Parameters affecting the formation of bromate ion during ozonation".
11182:
Brown, Theodore L.; LeMay, H. Eugene Jr.; Bursten, Bruce E.; Burdge, Julia R. (2003) . "22". In Nicole Folchetti (ed.).
11117:
Block, J. H. (1986), Vanselow, R.; Howe, R. (eds.), "Georg-Maria Schwab: Early Endeavours in the Science of Catalysis",
5484:
18269:
16613:
15842:
14004:
12673:
NASA GODDARD HOMEPAGE FOR TROPOSPHERIC OZONE NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Code 613.3, Chemistry and Dynamics Branch
10394:
This includes Adams, Arapahoe, Boulder, Broomfield, Denver, Douglas, Jefferson, and parts of Larimer and Weld counties.
8952:
7951:
7865:
7307:
1262:
2620:
2087:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&{\ce {Cu + O3 -> CuO + O2}}\\&{\ce {Ag + O3 -> AgO + O2}}\end{aligned}}}
18169:
16496:
16421:
14252:
11817:
11216:
10058:
9809:
8347:. However, tropospheric ozone is a short-lived greenhouse gas, which decays in the atmosphere much more quickly than
7807:
7712:
6304:
3025:
1643:
1435:
411:
12868:
12571:
9591:
In the net reaction, three equivalents of water are converted into one equivalent of ozone and three equivalents of
6757:
6526:. This IR band is also used to detect ambient and atmospheric ozone although UV-based measurements are more common.
5244:
2207:
18413:
16766:
15518:
Khadre, M. A.; Yousef, A. E.; Kim, J-G. (2001). "Microbiological aspects of ozone applications in food: a review".
12639:
12498:
Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment. (n.d.). Colorado Air Quality. Retrieved March 20, 2019, from
3115:
solution, however, two competing simultaneous reactions occur, one to produce elemental sulfur, and one to produce
2116:
1421:
1266:
16577:
Institute for Space Studies (GISS) study shows the warming effect of ozone in the Arctic during winter and spring.
12998:
Gent, J. F.; Triche, E. W.; Holford, T. R.; Belanger, K.; Bracken, M. B.; Beckett, W. S.; Leaderer, B. P. (2003).
12821:
12763:
Stewart, D. R.; Saunders, E.; Perea, R. A.; Fitzgerald, R.; Campbell, D. E.; Stockwell, W. R. (13 November 2017).
11295:
Mack, Kenneth M.; Muenter, J. S. (1977). "Stark and Zeeman properties of ozone from molecular beam spectroscopy".
1343:
1319:
1051:
18294:
15724:, Subrata Roy & Sherlie Portugal, "Compact portable plasma reactor", issued May 12, 2020.
14853:
13231:"Inhalation of fine particulate air pollution and ozone causes acute arterial vasoconstriction in healthy adults"
11081:
9798:
9653:
which will flow out the top port. This is called a Siemen's ozoniser. The reaction can be summarized as follows:
8853:
8042:
7752:
7515:
7097:
1165:. It is present in very low concentrations throughout the atmosphere, with its highest concentration high in the
1039:
13991:
9780:
mandates that these systems introduce an amount of chlorine to maintain a minimum of 0.2 μmol/mol residual
13696:
11396:"Electrochemical Production of High-Concentration Ozone-Water Using Freestanding Perforated Diamond Electrodes"
10457:"On the Refraction and Dispersion of the Halogens, Halogen Acids, Ozone, Steam Oxides of Nitrogen, and Ammonia"
9086:
may be used with the restriction that no water comes in contact with it, except for normal atmospheric levels.
8494:
8482:
Ozone generators sold as air cleaners intentionally produce the gas ozone. These are often marketed to control
1625:
16580:
16257:"Interactive effects of ozone and carbon dioxide on plant-pollinator interactions and yields in a legume crop"
10974:
6905:
4288:
4136:
4029:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&{\ce {H + O3 -> HO2 + O}}\\&{\ce {2 HO2 -> H2O4}}\end{aligned}}}
73:
18403:
18219:
16606:
16369:
15472:
Siddiqui, Mohamed S.; Amy, Gary L. (1993). "Factors affecting DBP formation during ozone–bromide reactions".
13360:
Crouse, D. L.; Peters, P. A.; Hystad, P.; Brook, J. R.; van Donkelaar, A.; Martin, R. V.; Brauer, M. (2015).
12840:
8637:
7987:
7437:
5216:. Derivatives of this anion are explosive and must be stored at cryogenic temperatures. Ozonides for all the
4932:
Finally, the mechanism presented allows to establish the rate observed experimentally, with a rate constant (
871:
113:
13270:
Zanobetti, A.; Canner, M. J.; Stone, P. H.; Schwartz, J.; Sher, D.; Eagan-Bengston, E.; Gold, D. R. (2004).
10817:
Schönbein, Christian Friedrich (1840). "Research on the nature of the odour in certain chemical reactions".
8885:
methods. New electrolytic methods can achieve up 20% to 30% dissolved ozone concentrations in output water.
4232:
4078:
1678:
18254:
13945:"The exposure-response curve for ozone and risk of mortality and the adequacy of current ozone regulations"
13182:"Ambient particulate air pollution and cardiac arrhythmia in a panel of older adults in Steubenville, Ohio"
12312:"Inequity in consumption of goods and services adds to racial–ethnic disparities in air pollution exposure"
11684:
Batakliev, Todor; Georgiev, Vladimir; Anachkov, Metody; Rakovsky, Slavcho; Zaikov, Gennadi E. (June 2014).
10759:
10556:
Batakliev, Todor; Georgiev, Vladimir; Anachkov, Metody; Rakovsky, Slavcho; Zaikov, Gennadi E. (June 2014).
10353:
10034:
8973:
8944:
8768:. Moreover, it is believed that the powerful oxidizing properties of ozone may be a contributing factor of
7525:
7377:
7352:
7147:
1932:{\displaystyle {\ce {O3_{(g)}{}+ 2H+{}+ 2e- <=> O2_{(g)}{}+ H2O}}\quad (E^{\circ }={\text{2.075 V}})}
354:
235:
16297:
15339:
Siemens, Werner (1857). "About the electrostatic induction and the delay of the current in bottle wires".
11492:
Al-Baarri, A. N.; Legowo, A. M.; Abduh, S. B. M.; Mawarid, A. A.; Farizha, K. M.; Silvia, M. (June 2019).
10709:
10456:
8583:
There is a great deal of evidence to show that ground-level ozone can harm lung function and irritate the
1195:
structure was determined in 1865. The molecule was later proven to have a bent structure and to be weakly
783:
17450:
16759:
16647:
16574:
15721:
13311:
Turner, M. C.; Jerrett, M.; Pope, III; Krewski, D.; Gapstur, S. M.; Diver, W. R.; Burnett, R. T. (2016).
11956:
Matsumi, Yutaka; Kawasaki, Masahiro (2003). "Photolysis of Atmospheric Ozone in the Ultraviolet Region".
10322:
7636:
7387:
4485:
3321:, giving alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids, depending on the second step of the workup.
1412:
375:
177:
16520:
11994:
11082:"The History of Ozone. IV. The Isolation of Pure Ozone and Determination of its Physical Properties (1)"
9924:
Clean and bleach fabrics (the former use is utilized in fabric restoration; the latter use is patented);
9659:
793:
14723:
Dohan, J. M.; W. J. Masschelein (1987). "Photochemical Generation of Ozone: Present State-of-the-Art".
12476:
12019:
11329:
Half-life time of ozone as a function of air conditions and movement McClurkin, J.D.*#1, Maier, D.E.2.
9189:
9047:
between 3,000 and 20,000 volts. Applied voltage is usually inversely related to the applied frequency.
8063:
8035:
7392:
7242:
966:
953:
83:
15564:
Guzel-Seydim, Zeynep B.; Greene, Annel K.; Seydim, A. C. (2004). "Use of ozone in the food industry".
12688:"Stratospheric ozone depletion and tropospheric ozone increases drive Southern Ocean interior warming"
12376:
American Lung Association. (n.d.). How healthy is the air you breathe? Retrieved March 20, 2019, from
10643:
6659:
18433:
18428:
18423:
18418:
18209:
18204:
17385:
16547:—Video of Nobel Laureate Paul Crutzen talking to Nobel Laureate Harry Kroto by the Vega Science Trust
15191:
13632:
Ware, L. B.; Zhao, Z.; Koyama, T.; May, A. K.; Matthay, M. A.; Lurmann, F. W.; Calfee, C. S. (2016).
13000:"Association of low-level ozone and fine particles with respiratory symptoms in children with asthma"
12538:
Yu, Xinyuan; Fiore, Arlene M.; Santer, Benjamin D.; Correa, Gustavo P.; et al. (2 August 2024).
10082:
9125:
8646:
8614:
8352:
8336:
8178:
8161:
8145:
8067:
7767:
7732:
7692:
7345:
7312:
7162:
3340:
product. If the reaction is performed in the presence of water, the anhydride hydrolyzes to give two
247:
17:
15640:
Choudhury, Bhaswati; Portugal, Sherlie; Mastanaiah, Navya; Johnson, Judith A.; Roy, Subrata (2018).
13564:
Malig, B. J.; Pearson, D. L.; Chang, Y. B.; Broadwin, R.; Basu, R.; Green, R. S.; Ostro, B. (2015).
9768:
compounds, nor does it remain in the water after treatment. Ozone can form the suspected carcinogen
1350:. In 1839, he succeeded in isolating the gaseous chemical and named it "ozone", from the Greek word
305:
18249:
16478:
16474:
16458:
15148:
13634:"Long-term ozone exposure increases the risk of developing the acute respiratory distress syndrome"
12866:
11939:"The MPI-Mainz UV/VIS Spectral Atlas of Gaseous Molecules of Atmospheric Interest: O2, Lyman-alpha"
11418:
10046:
9104:
in ozone concentrations below 1 wt%, such as in equipment for accelerated aging of rubber samples.
8865:
8332:
8169:
8062:
Low level ozone (or tropospheric ozone) is an atmospheric pollutant. It is not emitted directly by
7762:
7382:
7317:
7254:
6642:
1470:
392:
299:
15014:
13139:
Gold, D. R.; Litonjua, A.; Schwartz, J.; Lovett, E.; Larson, A.; Nearing, B.; Verrier, R. (2000).
12765:"Linking Air Quality and Human Health Effects Models: An Application to the Los Angeles Air Basin"
12540:"Anthropogenic Fingerprint Detectable in Upper Tropospheric Ozone Trends Retrieved from Satellite"
11982:
See the graphical absorption of ozone in two of its absorption bands, as a function of wavelength.
8776:
to the production of ozone. In this system, ozone is produced by antibody-catalyzed production of
1411:
and difficulty breathing occurred as a result of inhaling ozone, and small mammals died. In 1911,
788:
18329:
16347:
15170:
14634:
14184:
9861:
plants can make effective use of dissolved ozone as a replacement to chemical sanitizers such as
9777:
9075:
9001:
8784:
8317:
7792:
7747:
7367:
3896:
Ozone can react at cryogenic temperatures. At 77 K (−196.2 °C; −321.1 °F), atomic
1614:
1547:
602:
16532:
14669:
11378:
11121:, Springer Series in Surface Sciences, vol. 5, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 1–8,
10890:
Henry Henshaw to William Brewster, July 2, 1902, Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology Archives.
10881:
Redlands Chamber of Commerce Collection, City Archives, A.K. Smiley Public Library, Redlands, CA
10109:. Gaseous ozone created by ultraviolet light or by corona discharge is injected into the water.
1326:
18408:
18398:
18184:
17149:
17059:
16936:
16931:
12178:
Diem, Jeremy E.; Stauber, Christine E.; Rothenberg, Richard (2017-05-16). Añel, Juan A. (ed.).
9992:
9918:(agglomeration of molecules, which aids in filtration, where the iron and arsenic are removed);
9071:
8418:
7930:
7417:
6615:
1621:
1520:
709:
31:
15821:
International Journal of Chemical, Molecular, Nuclear, Materials and Metallurgical Engineering
15264:
12593:
12180:"Heat in the southeastern United States: Characteristics, trends, and potential health impact"
12048:
10951:
10661:
8081:
and thus begins their removal from the air, but the products are themselves key components of
8074:
that react to form ozone directly at the source of the pollution or many kilometers downwind.
6544:
ambient concentrations of ozone, but are so weak that they do not have much practical effect.
798:
18239:
18214:
17852:
17470:
17017:
16395:
14889:
12741:
12247:"Long-term Changes in Extreme Air Pollution Meteorology and the Implications for Air Quality"
9606:
9229:
8977:
8718:
An investigation to assess the joint mortality effects of ozone and heat during the European
8339:/tons tropospheric ozone. This means on a per-molecule basis, ozone in the troposphere has a
8297:
8288:
8277:
7900:
7742:
7608:
7520:
7217:
2320:
1555:
1162:
826:
776:
678:
655:
103:
14124:"Asthma admissions and thunderstorms: a study of pollen, fungal spores, rainfall, and ozone"
11509:
11410:
10790:
8625:
are based on detailed studies designed to identify the levels that can cause measurable ill
18300:
18284:
17909:
17280:
17251:
17132:
16956:
16629:
16416:. Series in Plasma Physics. Bristol and Philadelphia: Institute of Physics Publishing Ltd;
16309:
16268:
16183:
16067:
16003:
15792:
15749:
15661:
15604:
15481:
15427:
15392:
14936:
14802:
14767:
14732:
14553:
14471:
14416:
14369:
14317:
13528:
12964:
12921:
12776:
12700:
12672:
12431:
12323:
12258:
12191:
12150:
12023:
11586:
11505:
11362:
11304:
11269:
11020:
10662:"electrochemical reaction | Definition, Process, Types, Examples, & Facts | Britannica"
10470:
10378:
10263:
9741:
9134:
8688:
7442:
7175:
6579:
Total ozone concentration in June 2000 as measured by the NASA EP-TOMS satellite instrument
2302:
1490:
1403:
1380:
1246:
803:
565:
363:
217:
153:
15858:"POU Ozone Food Sanitation: A Viable Option for Consumers & the Food Service Industry"
15650:
in an open water system with ozone generated by a compact, atmospheric DBD plasma reactor"
15089:
14358:
13229:
Brook, R. D.; Brook, J. R.; Urch, B.; Vincent, R.; Rajagopalan, S.; Silverman, F. (2002).
12389:
3374:), ketones and aldehydes will be formed, with oxidative workup (e.g. aqueous or alcoholic
1667:. It is also unstable at high concentrations, decaying into ordinary diatomic oxygen. Its
8:
18244:
18224:
18037:
17727:
17215:
17079:
17054:
17022:
16941:
16555:
15617:
15592:
14970:
13180:
Sarnat, S. E.; Suh, H. H.; Coull, B. A.; Schwartz, J.; Stone, P. H.; Gold, D. R. (2006).
12511:
Layer, Robert W.; Lattimer, Robert P. (July 1990). "Protection of Rubber against Ozone".
11518:
11493:
11411:
10833:
10348:
10275:
9761:
9177:
9154:
8921:
8607:
8173:
8094:
7777:
7722:
7687:
7613:
7540:
7490:
7485:
7470:
7127:
6563:
5325:
3904:
1373:
1200:
143:
16313:
16272:
16187:
16071:
16007:
15796:
15753:
15665:
15608:
15485:
15431:
15396:
15207:
14940:
14806:
14771:
14736:
14557:
14475:
14420:
14373:
14321:
14286:
14072:
13532:
12968:
12925:
12780:
12704:
12562:
12539:
12435:
12327:
12262:
12195:
12154:
11590:
11366:
11308:
11273:
11024:
10474:
1346:
noticed the same pungent odour and recognized it as the smell often following a bolt of
197:
18438:
18342:
18264:
18234:
18179:
18056:
18032:
17531:
17465:
17330:
17290:
17141:
17104:
17064:
17043:
16986:
16961:
16800:
16782:
16565:
16427:
United States Environmental Protection Agency. Risk and Benefits Group. (August 2014).
16325:
16237:
15765:
15682:
15641:
15531:
15493:
15245:
15229:
14594:
14577:
14341:
13969:
13944:
13928:
13903:
13852:
13827:
13803:
13778:
13658:
13633:
13590:
13565:
13492:
13467:
13443:
13410:
13386:
13361:
13337:
13312:
13288:
13271:
13247:
13230:
13206:
13181:
13076:
13051:
12797:
12764:
12724:
12499:
12354:
12311:
12287:
12246:
12222:
12179:
12099:
11718:
11685:
11531:
10590:
10557:
10180:
9845:
9813:
8849:
8584:
8572:
8564:
8520:
8483:
8375:
8153:
8082:
8011:
7772:
7648:
7410:
7192:
7132:
7102:
7049:
7040:
7036:
6977:
6751:
followed by reaction of the oxygen atom with another molecule of oxygen to form ozone.
6518:
5467:
5108:{\displaystyle V={K_{\text{obs}}\cdot ^{2} \over }=K_{\text{obs}}\cdot ^{2}\cdot ^{-1}}
1527:
1466:
1335:
1227:
667:
396:
239:
16195:
16160:
16133:
16015:
15979:
15962:
15887:
15439:
12077:
11891:
11494:"Production of Ozone and the Simple Detection using Potassium Iodide Titration Method"
11061:
10861:
8066:
or by industrial operations, but formed by the reaction of sunlight on air containing
4801:
Then using these equations, the formation rate of molecular oxygen is as shown below:
18289:
17872:
17772:
17742:
17660:
17400:
17285:
17241:
17189:
16996:
16991:
16923:
16417:
16399:
16363:
16329:
16199:
16043:
15913:
15769:
15687:
15622:
15443:
15270:
15237:
15040:
14696:
14581:
14569:
14541:
14495:
14487:
14440:
14432:
14385:
14333:
14290:
14206:
14145:
13974:
13857:
13808:
13710:
13663:
13595:
13546:
13497:
13448:
13430:
13391:
13342:
13293:
13252:
13211:
13162:
13081:
13021:
12980:
12937:
12802:
12728:
12716:
12687:
12457:
12449:
12359:
12341:
12292:
12274:
12227:
12209:
12114:
11973:
11917:
11796:
11771:
11746:
11723:
11705:
11610:
11602:
11557:
11535:
11523:
11472:
11447:
11422:
11395:
11281:
11212:
11187:
11130:
11089:
10797:
10701:
10595:
10577:
10065:
regulations to provide for the safe use of ozone in gaseous and aqueous phases as an
9961:
9753:
9745:
9035:) absolute in oxygen and 3 bars (300 kPa) absolute in air. Several megawatts of
8745:
8681:
8529:
8360:
8340:
8321:
8244:
7660:
7583:
7576:
7530:
7397:
7187:
7182:
7092:
6985:
3788:
3395:
3375:
2187:
1187:
1009:
16875:
16321:
16241:
15249:
14345:
14163:
3776:
reactions and combustible gases; ozone provides higher temperatures than burning in
18366:
18354:
18274:
18174:
18079:
18027:
17460:
17335:
17300:
17221:
17209:
17169:
17074:
17007:
16785:
16570:
16387:
16317:
16276:
16229:
16191:
16156:
16129:
16102:
16075:
16039:
16011:
15974:
15800:
15757:
15677:
15669:
15612:
15573:
15527:
15489:
15435:
15400:
15369:
US Environmental Protection Agency. (2009). "Drinking Water Treatability Database".
15348:
15221:
14944:
14810:
14775:
14740:
14561:
14479:
14424:
14377:
14325:
14282:
14244:
14196:
14135:
14122:
Anderson, W.; G.J. Prescott; S. Packham; J. Mullins; M. Brookes; A. Seaton (2001).
13964:
13956:
13923:
13915:
13884:
13847:
13839:
13798:
13790:
13653:
13645:
13585:
13577:
13536:
13487:
13479:
13438:
13422:
13381:
13373:
13332:
13324:
13283:
13242:
13201:
13193:
13152:
13071:
13063:
13011:
12972:
12929:
12792:
12784:
12708:
12618:
12572:"Scientists find a human 'fingerprint' in the upper troposphere's increasing ozone"
12557:
12547:
12520:
12439:
12349:
12331:
12282:
12266:
12217:
12199:
12158:
12106:
12016:"Multimodel ensemble simulations of present-day and near-future tropospheric ozone"
11995:
Health Aspects of Air Pollution with Particulate Matter, Ozone and Nitrogen Dioxide
11965:
11713:
11697:
11594:
11513:
11370:
11330:
11312:
11277:
11122:
11057:
11028:
10733:
10585:
10569:
10538:
10478:
10382:
10192:
10114:
9988:
9904:
9166:
9040:
8969:
8907:
8765:
8753:
8703:
8545:
8090:
7920:
7817:
7757:
7643:
7596:
7545:
7505:
7480:
7465:
7447:
7422:
7362:
7247:
7197:
6559:
The distribution of atmospheric ozone in partial pressure as a function of altitude
6170:
5563:
3391:
3371:
3016:
2716:
2712:
2473:
2465:
2107:
1571:
1408:
1392:
1365:
1101:
1069:
615:
594:
547:
469:
16079:
15761:
13541:
13516:
12736:
12444:
12419:
11870:"The MPI-Mainz UV/VIS Spectral Atlas of Gaseous Molecules of Atmospheric Interest"
10219:. EDTA forms strong, water-soluble coordination compounds with some heavy metals (
8501:) meeting their indoor ozone limit of 0.050 parts per million. From that article:
6595:
in μg/m. The study of ozone concentration in the atmosphere started in the 1920s.
6287:
These three reactions are central in the use of ozone-based well water treatment.
327:
17962:
17937:
17475:
17415:
17199:
17099:
17084:
17069:
16976:
16966:
16539:
16527:
16281:
16256:
14885:
14829:
14483:
14428:
14381:
14170:
13737:
13468:"Chronic exposure to ambient ozone and asthma hospital admissions among children"
12204:
12001:
11334:
10307:
9948:
9942:
9737:
9181:
9129:
9097:
9055:
7705:
7665:
7535:
7500:
7432:
7372:
7300:
7237:
7137:
6989:
6619:
3517:
3359:
3341:
2198:
1971:
1738:
of ozone can be triggered by a spark and can occur in ozone concentrations of 10
1578:. Naturally occurring ozone can be composed of substituted isotopes (O, O, O). A
1505:
692:
266:
16581:
Ground-level ozone information from the American Lung Association of New England
16233:
16106:
15404:
14792:
14691:
14609:: NIOSH Chemical Listing and Documentation of Revised IDLH Values (as of 3/1/95)
13106:
11126:
8587:. Exposure to ozone (and the pollutants that produce it) is linked to premature
8559:
are a group of pollutants, predominantly those emitted during the combustion of
18393:
18199:
18164:
17947:
17837:
17802:
17787:
17722:
17717:
17616:
17516:
17435:
17410:
17375:
17320:
17295:
17164:
17012:
16672:
16666:
16466:
15673:
14607:
Documentation for Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH)
14606:
14565:
14273:
Smith, LL (2004). "Oxygen, oxysterols, ouabain, and ozone: a cautionary tale".
14201:
14109:
13888:
13649:
13328:
13157:
13140:
13127:
12712:
12163:
12138:
12045:"Rising Ozone Levels Pose Challenge to U.S. Soybean Production, Scientists Say"
11577:
Menzel, D. B. (1984). "Ozone: an overview of its toxicity in man and animals".
10505:
10022:
9862:
9785:
9765:
9625:
is applied to the bottom port. When high voltage is applied to the foil leads,
9213:
9162:
9137:
generate significant levels of ozone. This is especially true of devices using
9054:
Because of the high reactivity of ozone, only a few materials may be used like
9036:
8933:
8912:
8741:
8622:
8524:
8372:
8364:
8348:
8344:
8325:
8310:
8301:
8273:
8270:
8253:
8240:
8236:
8220:
8210:
8125:
8105:
8071:
8023:
7827:
7727:
7682:
7675:
7670:
7427:
7122:
6568:
6523:
6174:
3333:
2811:
2611:
1278:
1204:
1022:
1001:
892:
589:
579:
16751:
16560:
16515:
15864:
15577:
14926:
14758:
Foller, Peter C.; Tobias, Charles W. (1982). "The Anodic Evolution of Ozone".
14744:
13730:
13067:
11598:
11374:
11346:
Koike, K; Nifuku, M; Izumi, K; Nakamura, S; Fujiwara, S; Horiguchi, S (2005).
10425:
918:
18443:
18387:
18229:
18084:
17967:
17942:
17923:
17867:
17747:
17705:
17700:
17440:
17430:
17390:
17265:
17159:
17114:
17089:
16971:
16951:
16810:
16544:
15352:
14513:
14491:
14436:
14140:
14123:
13434:
13016:
12999:
12788:
12720:
12453:
12345:
12278:
12213:
11709:
11606:
11527:
10581:
10327:
10317:
10257:
10205:
10066:
10062:
9880:
with reduced chemical consumption, water bleed-off and increased performance.
9873:
9781:
9232:
9146:
9087:
9032:
9006:
8788:
8773:
8707:
8699:
8626:
8540:
8006:
7842:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7080:
6650:
6592:
6588:
4069:
3116:
2803:
1539:
1384:
1281:
neuter present participle for smell, referring to ozone's distinctive smell.
572:
536:
526:
228:
16585:
14329:
13680:
13197:
12552:
12336:
11701:
10573:
10443:
9204:
A laboratory method for the preparation of ozone by using Siemen's Ozoniser.
6532:
All of the bands are dissociative, meaning that the molecule falls apart to
4053:
There are two other possibilities for the ozone decomposition in gas phase:
18305:
18159:
18012:
17952:
17932:
17904:
17832:
17712:
17695:
17650:
17601:
17506:
17226:
17179:
17027:
16696:
16203:
15691:
15626:
15447:
15241:
15066:
14573:
14499:
14444:
14389:
14337:
14294:
14210:
14149:
13978:
13861:
13812:
13667:
13599:
13550:
13501:
13452:
13395:
13346:
13297:
13256:
13215:
13166:
13085:
13025:
12984:
12976:
12933:
12806:
12461:
12363:
12296:
12231:
11977:
11727:
11668:
11033:
11008:
10599:
10483:
10280:
9915:
9866:
9844:
air and objects, such as after a fire. This process is extensively used in
9602:
9599:
9209:
9138:
9011:
8769:
8761:
8749:
8600:
8560:
7875:
7837:
7822:
7653:
7618:
7563:
7282:
7142:
6625:
5217:
2103:
1735:
1585:
1579:
1439:
1416:
1388:
1239:
1170:
1013:
14460:
13919:
13843:
13426:
12941:
11614:
8606:
Long-term exposure to ozone has been shown to increase risk of death from
7000:
884:
38:
18279:
18189:
18154:
18121:
18047:
18022:
17862:
17767:
17737:
17621:
17536:
17526:
17256:
17184:
16830:
16713:
15963:"Diseases encountered in rainbow trout cultured in recirculating systems"
14121:
13794:
13272:"Ambient pollution and blood pressure in cardiac rehabilitation patients"
13050:
Al-Hegelan, M.; Tighe, R. M.; Castillo, C.; Hollingsworth, J. W. (2011).
12867:
American Lung Association Scientific and Medical Editorial Review Panel.
12137:
Sharma, Sumit; Sharma, Prateek; Khare, Mukesh; Kwatra, Swati (May 2016).
10141:
9626:
9235:
9158:
9150:
9142:
8845:
PEL. Continuous monitors for ozone are available from several suppliers.
8568:
8533:
8498:
8368:
8249:
8232:
8185:
8129:
7797:
7495:
7475:
7112:
7024:
6629:
6604:
6584:
5839:
3367:
1563:
1559:
1450:
1443:
1431:
1399:
1196:
1166:
1158:
891:
640:
14005:"DIRECTIVE 2008/50/EC on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe"
13581:
13377:
12643:
10542:
8980:
must be used to separate the metallic electrodes and to prevent arcing.
8869:
Ozone production demonstration, Fixed Nitrogen Research Laboratory, 1926
8215:
4063:
1226:. While this makes ozone a potent respiratory hazard and pollutant near
870:
18194:
18136:
18099:
18074:
17972:
17782:
17645:
16729:
15817:
15378:
15376:
15292:"Enzone Bleaching Sequence and Color Reversion of Ozone-Bleached Pulps"
14948:
14518:"Ozone harms East Asian crops, costing $ 63 bln a year, scientists say"
10343:
10126:
9965:
9877:
9028:
8802:
8798:
8793:
8777:
8737:
8731:
8596:
8086:
7847:
7603:
7107:
7006:
6981:
3901:
3773:
3318:
3312:
1628: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1567:
1285:
877:
558:
485:
278:
248:
208:
16566:
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Ozone Information
16056:
15804:
15233:
14814:
14779:
14248:
13483:
12524:
12270:
11969:
10215:
Ozone facilitates the extraction of some heavy metals from soil using
9200:
8901:
A homemade ozone generator. Ozone is produced in the corona discharge.
8897:
8184:
One large contributor to high ozone levels in the area is the oil and
7005:
formation of the ozone layer, when single oxygen atoms produced by UV
6575:
18126:
17991:
17827:
17631:
17511:
17365:
17340:
16850:
16820:
16429:
16412:
Becker, K. H., U. Kogelschatz, K. H. Schoenbach, R. J. Barker (ed.).
15328:. Research Triangle Park, N.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
15117:"Application of Ozonation in Sanitizing Vegetable Process Washwaters"
14086:"Federal Register | National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ozone"
13960:
13313:"Long-term ozone exposure and mortality in a large prospective study"
11466:
11316:
11149:
10297:
10236:
10232:
10209:
10094:
10086:
9937:
Age rubber samples to determine the useful life of a batch of rubber;
9928:
9854:
9841:
9239:
9185:
9170:
9063:
8916:
8852:, with levels depending on altitude and atmospheric turbulence. U.S.
8719:
8265:
8149:
7915:
7870:
7832:
7782:
7717:
7623:
7087:
7057:
7016:
6984:. The concern over the health effects of the decline led to the 1987
6972:
6682:
5831:
3908:
3514:
3012:
1668:
1657:
1535:
1347:
1118:
1117:. It is a pale blue gas with a distinctively pungent smell. It is an
1005:
836:
16598:
16298:"Effects of ozone air pollution on crop pollinators and pollination"
15373:
14595:
What are the main health hazards associated with breathing in ozone?
13517:"Critical review of long-term ozone exposure and asthma development"
13049:
10242:
9686:
6721:
6555:
3349:
1603:
1021:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
18094:
18006:
17807:
17670:
17655:
17626:
17495:
17270:
17094:
17038:
17032:
17001:
16946:
16914:
16860:
16477:
external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into
15368:
15225:
15039:(3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 97.
11644:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 28 February 2022.
10332:
10106:
9984:
9973:
9889:
Scrub yeast and mold spores from the air in food processing plants;
9825:
9757:
9592:
9221:
9059:
8305:
8264:, may be attacked by ozone produced within compressed air systems.
8078:
7287:
3897:
3777:
3337:
1959:
1181:
1154:
1126:
1097:
843:
832:
15639:
15326:
Ozone Treatment of Cyanide-Bearing Wastes, EPA Report 600/2-77-104
15062:"Concerns over plan to use ozone to disinfect classrooms in Wales"
14757:
12110:
10423:
9892:
Wash fresh fruits and vegetables to kill yeast, mold and bacteria;
4922:{\displaystyle V={2K_{2}\cdot K_{1}\cdot ^{2} \over K_{-1}\cdot }}
4072:
cannot be determined by the stoichiometry of the fitted equation.
3648:{\displaystyle {\ce {I2 + 6 HClO4 + O3 -> 2 I(ClO4)3 + 3 H2O}}}
3499:{\displaystyle {\ce {3 SnCl2 + 6 HCl + O3 -> 3 SnCl4 + 3 H2O}}}
1546:² hybridized with one lone pair. Ozone is a polar molecule with a
1184:, and detectable by many people at concentrations of as little as
176:
18259:
18089:
18042:
18001:
17957:
17899:
17894:
17857:
17847:
17842:
17797:
17792:
17732:
17665:
17556:
17551:
17501:
17380:
17370:
17123:
16516:
European Environment Agency's near real-time ozone map (ozoneweb)
13515:
Zu, K.; Shi, L.; Prueitt, R. L.; Liu, X.; Goodman, J. E. (2018).
12642:. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2001. Archived from
11683:
10555:
10337:
10188:
10137:
10133:
10101:
10018:
10003:
9957:
9908:
9900:
9773:
9769:
9605:. In its simplest form, high voltage AC, such as the output of a
9217:
9101:
9091:
9083:
9044:
9039:
may be installed in large facilities, applied as single phase AC
8988:
Electrolytic ozone generation (EOG) splits water molecules into H
8757:
8576:
8549:
8228:
7067:
6295:
6291:
5559:
5201:
3317:
Alkenes can be oxidatively cleaved by ozone, in a process called
3112:
2708:
2704:
2469:
1963:
1734:
This reaction proceeds more rapidly with increasing temperature.
1575:
1315:
1219:
878:
629:
1.2226 (liquid), 1.00052 (gas, STP, 546 nm—note high dispersion)
516:
314:
16119:
15993:
14307:
13875:
Wilson, Elizabeth K. (March 16, 2009). "Ozone's Health Impact".
12101:
Rethinking the Ozone Problem in Urban and Regional Air Pollution
9835:
Disinfect laundry in hospitals, food factories, care homes etc.;
8567:) is created near the Earth's surface by the action of daylight
5324:
Although KO3 can be formed as above, it can also be formed from
4680:{\displaystyle K_{1}={\frac {K_{1}}{K_{-1}}}={\frac {\cdot }{}}}
37:"Oxygen 3" redirects here. For the Jean-Michel Jarre album, see
18310:
18131:
18113:
17576:
17546:
17048:
16660:
14405:
12954:
12675:. Acdb-ext.gsfc.nasa.gov (2006-09-20). Retrieved on 2012-02-01.
11790:
11551:
10014:
10011:
9969:
9749:
9629:
will discharge between the dry dioxygen in the middle and form
8692:
8592:
8261:
8257:
8133:
8121:
7925:
7905:
7812:
7802:
7510:
6995:
6881:{\displaystyle {\ce {O3 -> O + O2}}+{\text{kinetic energy}}}
5186:{\displaystyle K_{\text{obs}}={2K_{2}\cdot K_{1} \over K_{-1}}}
4468:{\displaystyle V_{1}=K_{1}\cdot \qquad V_{2}=K_{2}\cdot \cdot }
3510:
2807:
2607:
1494:
1481:
1208:
1122:
15149:"Ozone may provide environmentally safe protection for grains"
14635:
Air Quality In Airplanes: Blame Ozone And Natural Oils On Skin
12762:
10085:-recommended limits stated above. Ozone can be used to remove
8805:
as well as a secondary condensation product via aldolization.
8710:. Victorian Britons considered the resulting smell "bracing".
2596:{\displaystyle {\ce {2 NH3 + 4 O3 -> NH4NO3 + 4 O2 + H2O}}}
2454:{\displaystyle {\ce {NO2 + ClO2 + 2 O3 -> NO2ClO4 + 2 O2}}}
17345:
15840:
15212:
From the Home Environment of a Colonized Hospital Employee".
11838:
10956:
The Practitioner: A Journal of Therapeutics and Public Health
10510:
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH)
10090:
9996:
9858:
9802:
9225:
9079:
9067:
8841:
8588:
7935:
7880:
5835:
5429:{\displaystyle {\ce {2 KOH + 5 O3 -> 2 KO3 + 5 O2 + H2O}}}
1967:
1951:
1551:
1531:
1498:
1449:
Until the 1920s, it was not certain whether small amounts of
1258:
1212:
338:
188:
166:
15843:"An Investigation of Ozone Emissions From Consumer Products"
15739:
13269:
12892:
8120:
Certain examples of cities with elevated ozone readings are
6649:
The process of ozone creation and destruction is called the
6502:{\displaystyle {\ce {(NH2)2CO + O3 -> N2 + CO2 + 2 H2O}}}
584:
55.7 atm (−12.15 °C or 10.13 °F or 261.00 K)
380:
16430:
Health Risk and Exposure Assessment for Ozone: Final Report
15720:
15704:
15593:"Ozone in indoor environments: concentration and chemistry"
13612:
12617:. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Archived from
12074:"Statewide Potential Crop Yield Losses From Ozone Exposure"
11491:
10228:
10224:
10220:
10216:
10125:"Ozonation" redirects here. For the chemical reaction, see
10007:
9896:
8968:
In the cold plasma method, pure oxygen gas is exposed to a
8280:
of the motor generates sparks which in turn produce ozone.
7910:
7157:
7152:
7117:
6379:
5827:
4941:) and corresponding to a first order kinetics, as follows:
3757:{\displaystyle {\ce {2KI + O3 + H2O -> 2KOH + O2 + I2}}}
3387:
3363:
1955:
1739:
1081:
1075:
979:
506:
15506:
13904:"Ozone Overload: Current Standards May Not Protect Health"
13638:
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
13317:
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
13138:
15122:. California Polytechnic State University. Archived from
14637:. Sciencedaily.com (2007-09-05). Retrieved on 2012-02-01.
13758:
13750:
13563:
12997:
12309:
11670:
Estudio cinético de la descomposición catalítica de ozono
11547:
11545:
10302:
10292:
International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer
9784:
in the pipes, based on results of regular testing. Where
9709:
9678:
9493:
9474:
9418:
9291:
9272:
8956:
8808:
8764:, which are highly reactive and capable of damaging many
6946:
6920:
6866:
6844:
6800:
6778:
6674:
6624:
The highest levels of ozone in the atmosphere are in the
6492:
6472:
6456:
6440:
6421:
6408:
6361:
6332:
6270:
6250:
6237:
6218:
6202:
6129:
6094:
6060:
6040:
5975:
5944:
5910:
5890:
5800:
5784:
5764:
5751:
5722:
5709:
5685:
5658:
5625:
5605:
5541:
5499:
5419:
5403:
5383:
5363:
5307:
5291:
5275:
5259:
5088:
5057:
5017:
4987:
4909:
4863:
4778:
4739:
4667:
4630:
4539:
4458:
4396:
4329:
4303:
4263:
4247:
4199:
4169:
4117:
4097:
4018:
4005:
3989:
3959:
3943:
3879:
3849:
3829:
3816:
3750:
3734:
3705:
3689:
3638:
3618:
3605:
3577:
3561:
3541:
3489:
3469:
3449:
3423:
3285:
3272:
3252:
3229:
3202:
3186:
3164:
3145:
3091:
3075:
3059:
3040:
2990:
2977:
2957:
2938:
2918:
2894:
2881:
2865:
2846:
2786:
2766:
2750:
2681:
2661:
2645:
2586:
2570:
2550:
2537:
2521:
2501:
2447:
2427:
2414:
2398:
2378:
2362:
2270:
2254:
2238:
2222:
2169:
2153:
2137:
2076:
2054:
2028:
2006:
1897:
1879:
1777:
1717:
1697:
1174:
16028:
15563:
13310:
12684:
11867:
11345:
9934:
Assist in processing plastics to allow adhesion of inks;
8157:
are less likely to be contributing to pollution levels.
3886:{\displaystyle {\ce {3 C4N2 + 4 O3 -> 12 CO + 3 N2}}}
16510:
16092:
15934:"Alternative Disinfectants and Oxidant Guidance Manual"
13359:
12136:
11348:"Explosion properties of highly concentrated ozone gas"
11181:
11013:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
10975:"THE HISTORY OF OZONE. THE SCHÖNBEIN PERIOD, 1839–1868"
10694:"The History of Ozone: The Schönbein Period, 1839–1868"
10239:
increases by 11.0–28.9%, 43.5% and 50.7% respectively.
8181:(VOC) emissions, which should help lower ozone levels.
2806:
can be produced from ozone, water and either elemental
15382:
14722:
14542:"Air pollution takes a bite out of Asia's grain crops"
14075:. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Proposed rule
13179:
12737:"Ozone may be heating the planet more than we realize"
12394:
Colorado Department of Public Health & Environment
11542:
11498:
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
10454:
9124:
by electrical discharges and by action of high energy
8955:. VUV ozone generators are used in swimming pools and
8536:
leaf, showing discolouration caused by ozone pollution
8296:
Although ozone was present at ground level before the
1839:
27:
Allotrope of oxygen (O₃) present in Earth's atmosphere
16905:
14879:¿Relámpagos del Catatumbo regeneran la capa de ozono?
14689:
13825:
13749:
13408:
13228:
12911:
12424:
Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association
12177:
11186:(9th ed.). Pearson Education. pp. 882–883.
11048:
Stoker, George (1916). "The Surgical Uses of Ozone".
10514:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
10430:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
10187:
Ozonate seawater is used for surface disinfection of
9921:
Manufacture chemical compounds via chemical synthesis
9662:
9251:
8722:
in 2003, concluded that these appear to be additive.
8108:
and stunts overall growth of some plant species. The
8077:
Ozone reacts directly with some hydrocarbons such as
6908:
6832:
6760:
6662:
6391:
6307:
6277:{\displaystyle {\ce {3 O3 + H2S -> H2SO3 + 3 O2}}}
6186:
5851:
5575:
5487:
5337:
5247:
5124:
4950:
4810:
4694:
4569:
4488:
4355:
4291:
4235:
4139:
4081:
4064:
Kinetics of ozone decomposition into molecular oxygen
3920:
3800:
3787:). The following is a reaction for the combustion of
3667:
3529:
3407:
3128:
3028:
2823:
2793:{\displaystyle {\ce {PbS + 4 O3 -> PbSO4 + 4 O2}}}
2728:
2623:
2485:
2350:
2210:
2119:
2097:
1983:
1754:
1681:
1558:
hybrid with two contributing structures, each with a
1084:
1078:
15547:
Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2018
15460:
14690:
Smith, L. I.; Greenwood, F. L.; Hudrlik, O. (1946).
14597:, Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety
12594:"Tropospheric Ozone in EU – The consolidated report"
12500:
https://www.colorado.gov/airquality/air_quality.aspx
12139:"Statistical behavior of ozone in urban environment"
12047:. NASA Earth Observatory. 2003-07-31. Archived from
11822:
NIST: National Institute of Standards and Technology
11355:
Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries
11211:(5th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 452.
10926:"Secrets of 'bracing' sea air bottled by scientists"
10527:
Streng, A. G. (1961). "Tables of Ozone Properties".
9911:, and complex organics lumped together as "colour");
4791:{\displaystyle ={\frac {K_{1}\cdot }{K_{-1}\cdot }}}
16414:
Non-Equilibrium Air Plasmas at Atmospheric Pressure
15782:
15114:
13755:"Health Effects of Ozone in the General Population"
13101:
13099:
13097:
13095:
12537:
10831:
8780:from water and neutrophil-produced singlet oxygen.
8756:and other biological systems (such as the roots of
8736:Ozone, along with reactive forms of oxygen such as
8335:of tropospheric ozone is between 918 and 1022 tons
6653:and starts with the photolysis of molecular oxygen
5548:{\displaystyle {\ce {CsO3 + Na+ -> Cs+ + NaO3}}}
5238:can be prepared from their respective superoxides:
3358:Usually ozonolysis is carried out in a solution of
1566:on the other. The arrangement possesses an overall
1542:). The O–O–O angle is 116.78°. The central atom is
1072:
287:
15910:Improving the Safety of Fresh Fruit and Vegetables
15088:. Wilmington Media Ltd. 2007-04-01. Archived from
14993:Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, Vol. 5 part C
13466:Lin, S.; Liu, X.; Le, L. H.; Hwang, S. A. (2008).
12686:
12098:
10901:
9736:The largest use of ozone is in the preparation of
9715:
9569:
8947:, for example). Production of ozone is one of the
8838:U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration
6952:
6880:
6812:
6740:
6501:
6367:
6276:
6158:
5810:
5547:
5428:
5313:
5185:
5107:
4921:
4790:
4679:
4548:
4467:
4335:
4275:
4211:
4123:
4028:
3885:
3756:
3647:
3498:
3295:
3100:
3000:
2792:
2687:
2595:
2453:
2276:
2175:
2086:
1931:
1723:
1330:A prototype ozonometer built by John Smyth in 1865
1157:). Ozone is formed from dioxygen by the action of
16461:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines
16386:
16173:
16095:Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies
15841:CARB Indoor Air Quality Group (January 5, 2021).
15146:
14456:
14454:
14401:
14399:
13779:"Ozone nation: EPA standard panned by the people"
13631:
13122:
13120:
13118:
13116:
13114:
12418:Evans, Jason M.; Helmig, Detlev (February 2017).
10462:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A
10243:Unintentional Environmental Effect on Pollinators
10069:on food, including meat and poultry." Studies at
8836:To protect workers potentially exposed to ozone,
8477:
8115:
2688:{\displaystyle {\ce {C + 2 O3 -> CO2 + 2 O2}}}
1847:
1846:
1829:
1828:
18385:
14073:National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ozone
13942:
13772:
13770:
13768:
13092:
12076:. California Air Resources Board. Archived from
11765:
11740:
11638:"Ozone Generators that are Sold as Air Cleaners"
10860:. Global Change Master Directory. Archived from
10793:Deplete the Ozone Layer, September 16, 1987]
10753:
10751:
10749:
10747:
6637:, at about 210,000 parts per million by volume.
6368:{\displaystyle {\ce {CN- + O3 -> CNO- + O2}}}
3101:{\displaystyle {\ce {H2S + O3 -> SO2 + H2O}}}
1589:Resonance Lewis structures of the ozone molecule
1284:In appropriate contexts, ozone can be viewed as
1161:(UV) light and electrical discharges within the
326:
16781:
16219:
16146:
15960:
15517:
13514:
12316:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
11955:
11848:Part I: Measurement of Meteorological Variables
11207:Cotton, F. Albert; Wilkinson, Geoffrey (1988).
11206:
10455:Cuthbertson, Clive; Cuthbertson, Maude (1914).
10286:Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars
6813:{\displaystyle {\ce {O + O2 + M -> O3 + M}}}
5314:{\displaystyle {\ce {KO2 + O3 -> KO3 + O2}}}
4044:
3390:of ozone may also react, as in the reaction of
2277:{\displaystyle {\ce {NO2 + O3 -> NO3 + O2}}}
859:
152:
16350:. Archived from the original on March 21, 2012
15742:International Journal of Environmental Studies
14451:
14396:
13731:Answer to follow-up questions from CAFE (2004)
13141:"Ambient pollution and heart rate variability"
13111:
12132:
12130:
11579:Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health
10952:"Clinic of the Month: Dr. McKendrick on Ozone"
8613:Air quality guidelines such as those from the
8575:is primarily from fossil fuel precursors, but
6550:
2176:{\displaystyle {\ce {NO + O3 -> NO2 + O2}}}
1288:with two hydrogen atoms removed, and as such,
16891:
16767:
16614:
16590:
15941:United States Environmental Protection Agency
15544:
15417:
15266:Wood Chemistry: Fundamentals and Applications
14648:"Visual Encyclopedia of Chemical Engineering"
14623:Airplane Air Heavy On The Ozone – Daily Brief
14617:
14615:
13994:. Eur-lex.europa.eu. Retrieved on 2013-01-17.
13765:
13708:
13465:
13107:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279396/
13052:"Ambient ozone and pulmonary innate immunity"
13045:
13043:
13041:
13039:
13037:
13035:
12510:
12413:
12411:
12409:
12067:
12065:
11990:
11988:
11446:. Vol. 2. New York, NY: Academic Press.
11223:Ozone. The diamagnetic triatomic molecule ...
11112:
11110:
10903:"The science behind that fresh seaside smell"
10899:
10744:
9850:Kill bacteria on food or on contact surfaces;
9795:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
9005:is typically unfavorable because of the high
8649:recommends 100 μg/m (51 nmol/mol).
8371:is shown to be responsible for ~30% of upper
8110:United States Environmental Protection Agency
8043:
1203:, ozone is a pale blue gas that condenses at
16289:
14831:The Manufacture of Chemicals by Electrolysis
13128:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK27092/
12615:"Atmospheric Chemistry and Greenhouse Gases"
12004:. WHO-Europe report 13–15 January 2003 (PDF)
11791:Horvath M.; Bilitzky L.; Huttner J. (1985).
11770:(2nd ed.). Prentice Hall. p. 265.
11745:(2nd ed.). Prentice Hall. p. 439.
11666:
11552:Horvath M.; Bilitzky L.; Huttner J. (1985).
11259:
10819:Letter to the Académie des Sciences in Paris
9595:. Oxygen formation is a competing reaction.
9208:In the laboratory, ozone can be produced by
8506:information about the regulation, visit the
8283:
6996:Importance to surface-dwelling life on Earth
6982:chlorinated and brominated organic molecules
3900:reacts with liquid ozone to form a hydrogen
3323:
1534:molecule). The O–O distances are 127.2
531:−192.2 °C; −313.9 °F; 81.0 K
15881:
15471:
15214:Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology
14995:. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. pp. 83–141.
14182:
12417:
12127:
11828:(3). U.S. Department of Commerce: 993–1102.
11815:
11632:
11630:
11628:
11626:
11624:
11294:
10644:"Precursor Era Contributors to Meteorology"
10637:
10635:
10047:Air purifier § Potential ozone hazards
8892:
8497:has a page listing air cleaners (many with
8324:of tropospheric ozone is about 25% that of
7027:for more information on near ultraviolet).
6591:in nmol/mol (parts per billion, ppb) or as
6512:
4560:intermediate can be determined as follows:
4285:Step 2: Bimolecular reaction
4229:Step 1: Unimolecular reaction
3509:Iodine perchlorate can be made by treating
3306:
1359:
1352:
1141:, breaking down in the lower atmosphere to
16898:
16884:
16774:
16760:
16621:
16607:
14860:. Arc Suppression Technologies. April 2011
14625:". Portfolio.com. Retrieved on 2012-02-01.
14612:
13776:
13681:EPA report on consumer ozone air purifiers
13032:
12406:
12062:
11985:
11119:Chemistry and Physics of Solid Surfaces VI
11107:
10788:
10782:
10530:Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data
9818:
8050:
8036:
7066:
6646:molecular oxygen absorption is a minimum.
6609:
6567:Concentration of ozone as measured by the
3791:which can also cause higher temperatures:
395:
238:
216:
16571:NASA Study Links "Smog" to Arctic Warming
16551:NASA's Earth Observatory article on Ozone
16497:Learn how and when to remove this message
16280:
16215:
16213:
15987:
15978:
15681:
15616:
15082:"Decontamination: Ozone scores on spores"
14821:
14200:
14162:University of East Anglia press release,
14139:
14128:QJM: An International Journal of Medicine
13968:
13927:
13851:
13802:
13693:California Certified Air Cleaning Devices
13686:
13657:
13589:
13540:
13491:
13442:
13385:
13336:
13287:
13246:
13205:
13156:
13075:
13015:
12796:
12561:
12551:
12443:
12353:
12335:
12286:
12221:
12203:
12162:
12013:
11766:Housecroft, C. E.; Sharpe, A. G. (2004).
11741:Housecroft, C. E.; Sharpe, A. G. (2004).
11717:
11517:
11032:
11006:
10839:Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences
10816:
10589:
10482:
9895:Chemically attack contaminants in water (
9698:
9667:
9519:
9502:
9463:
9407:
9390:
9373:
9317:
9300:
9261:
9021:
8456:
8396:
8388:Environmental impact of the coal industry
8315:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
6953:{\displaystyle {\ce {O3 + O -> 2 O2}}}
6935:
6733:
6481:
6259:
6191:
6140:
6118:
6072:
6049:
6029:
6007:
5986:
5922:
5899:
5861:
5773:
5740:
5647:
5614:
5594:
5584:
5392:
5372:
5352:
5342:
4336:{\displaystyle {\ce {O3 + O -> 2 O2}}}
4318:
4212:{\displaystyle V={\frac {K\cdot ^{2}}{}}}
4106:
4086:
3978:
3868:
3858:
3838:
3805:
3717:
3672:
3627:
3586:
3550:
3478:
3458:
3432:
3412:
3332:Ozone can also cleave alkynes to form an
3261:
3241:
3218:
2966:
2927:
2907:
2775:
2739:
2670:
2634:
2559:
2510:
2490:
2436:
2387:
1807:
1788:
1706:
1686:
1644:Learn how and when to remove this message
362:
15884:"lotus Sanitises Food without Chemicals"
15836:
15834:
15590:
15364:
15362:
15262:
15110:
15108:
15106:
15034:
14230:
13943:Bell, ML; Peng, RD; Dominici, F (2006).
13828:"Long-Term Ozone Exposure and Mortality"
13411:"Long-Term Ozone Exposure and Mortality"
12862:
12860:
11936:
11621:
11177:
11175:
11173:
11171:
11169:
11007:Hill, L.; Flack, M. (28 December 1911).
10893:
10757:
10632:
10424:NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards.
10310:, including the phenomenon known as the
9940:Eradicate water-borne parasites such as
9199:
9195:
9107:
8896:
8864:
8539:
8528:
8343:effect roughly 1,000 times as strong as
8287:
8214:
6999:
6574:
6562:
6554:
5195:
2698:
1584:
1519:According to experimental evidence from
1480:
1325:
1314:
1261:names, are constructed according to the
16556:International Chemical Safety Card 0068
15912:. Boca Raton: Woodhead Publishing Ltd.
15338:
15323:
15290:Su, Yu-Chang; Chen, Horng-Tsai (2001).
14856:Environmental Impact of Arc Suppression
14666:"Ozone Cell vs Ozone Plate – A2Z Ozone"
13702:
13186:Occupational and Environmental Medicine
12071:
11911:
11905:
11460:
11075:
11073:
11071:
10641:
10251:
9752:-carbon bonds. It can also be used for
8801:of cholesterol's double bond to form a
8427:
8089:by UV light leads to production of the
4276:{\displaystyle {\ce {O3 -> O2 + O}}}
4124:{\displaystyle {\ce {2 O3 -> 3 O2}}}
3328:General reaction equation of ozonolysis
1822:
1724:{\displaystyle {\ce {2 O3 -> 3 O2}}}
1554:. The molecule can be represented as a
1469:(working for his doctoral thesis under
541:−112 °C; −170 °F; 161 K
391:
304:
14:
18386:
16561:NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
16295:
16254:
16210:
15961:Noble, A.C.; Summerfelt, S.T. (1996).
15954:
15907:
15901:
15289:
15269:. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, Inc.
15147:Steeves, Susan A. (January 30, 2003).
15059:
14990:
14895:
14872:
14795:Journal of the Electrochemical Society
14760:Journal of the Electrochemical Society
14512:
14464:Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
14409:Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
13874:
12838:
12819:
11576:
11441:
11408:
11047:
11041:
11009:"The Physiological Influence of Ozone"
10949:
10943:
10834:"Recherches sur la densité de l'ozone"
10810:
10687:
10685:
10683:
10681:
10526:
10419:
10417:
10415:
10413:
10411:
9808:In 1908 artificial ozonisation of the
8809:Impact on plant growth and crop yields
8642:National Ambient Air Quality Standards
8603:, and other cardiopulmonary problems.
8514:
4039:
1476:
229:
16879:
16755:
16628:
16602:
16589:
15831:
15359:
15103:
14834:. D. Van Nostrand Co. pp. 15, 16
14272:
12857:
12596:. European Environmental Agency. 1998
12244:
11166:
11116:
11079:
10982:Bulletin for the History of Chemistry
10972:
10966:
10900:O'Connell, Sanjida (18 August 2009).
10789:Le Prestre, Philippe G., ed. (1998).
10691:
10520:
10166:), making haemoglobin unable to bind
10028:
9744:, and many other commercially useful
9066:(as long as no moisture is present),
8848:Elevated ozone exposure can occur on
8821:
8367:. For example, ozone increase in the
6587:. Point measurements are reported as
6378:Ozone will also completely decompose
5562:in ammonia reacts with ozone to give
1582:has been predicted but not observed.
423:Key: CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
196:
16441:
16336:
16332:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
15855:
15618:10.1034/j.1600-0668.2000.010004269.x
14827:
13901:
12544:Environmental Science and Technology
12245:Hou, Pei; Wu, Shiliang (July 2016).
11648:from the original on 9 February 2022
11068:
11000:
10081:. This quantity is 20,000 times the
9838:Disinfect water in place of chlorine
8927:
8619:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
8411:People who work or exercise outdoors
8235:within its chain structure, such as
8152:. During heat waves in urban areas,
6988:, the ban on the production of many
4549:{\displaystyle V=2K_{2}\cdot \cdot }
3378:), carboxylic acids will be formed.
1626:adding citations to reliable sources
1597:
1376:and confirmed by Schönbein in 1867.
15192:"Clean and bleach fabrics by ozone"
15115:Montecalvo, Joseph; Doug Williams.
14287:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.04.024
14275:Free Radical Biology & Medicine
13683:. Epa.gov. Retrieved on 2012-02-01.
13415:The New England Journal of Medicine
12822:"Health Effects of Ozone Pollution"
12582:from the original on 2 August 2024.
12569:
11839:World Meteorological Organization.
11795:. Elsevier. pp. 259, 269–270.
11442:Bailey, P. S. (1982). "Chapter 2".
11236:"Microwave Rotational Spectroscopy"
10678:
10408:
9983:Ozone is used as an alternative to
9964:in the laboratory and in industry.
9716:{\displaystyle {\ce {3O2->2O3}}}
8276:can accelerate ozone cracking. The
7278:Radium and radon in the environment
7023:organisms on Earth in general (see
3381:
2464:Ozone does not react with ammonium
1511:The ozone molecule is diamagnetic.
1372:, was not determined until 1865 by
433:Key: CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYAY
317:
24:
18270:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
16380:
16149:Postharvest Biology and Technology
16122:Postharvest Biology and Technology
15532:10.1111/j.1365-2621.2001.tb15196.x
15494:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1993.tb05922.x
15060:Weaver, Matthew (30 August 2021).
13289:10.1161/01.cir.0000143831.33243.d8
13248:10.1161/01.cir.0000013838.94747.64
11841:"Chapter 16: Measurement of Ozone"
9952:in surface water treatment plants.
9539:
9430:
9337:
8953:ultraviolet germicidal irradiation
7030:
6169:Ozone will also oxidize dissolved
3348:
2098:With nitrogen and carbon compounds
1523:, ozone is a bent molecule, with C
1322:(18 October 1799 – 29 August 1868)
1125:that is much less stable than the
855:
82:
72:
25:
18455:
18170:Atomic and molecular astrophysics
16907:Molecules detected in outer space
16437:
16196:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.03.005
16161:10.1016/j.postharvbio.2007.12.003
16134:10.1016/j.postharvbio.2007.03.004
15566:LWT - Food Science and Technology
14362:Plant Physiology and Biochemistry
14050:"Ambient (outdoor) air pollution"
13570:Environmental Health Perspectives
13472:Environmental Health Perspectives
13366:Environmental Health Perspectives
11667:Roca Sánchez, Anna (2015-09-01).
11262:Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy
10734:"Scientists born on October 18th"
10071:California Polytechnic University
10059:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
9853:Water intense industries such as
9726:
9176:Ozone is similarly formed in the
9169:can generate ozone from repeated
8381:
8204:
6741:{\displaystyle {\ce {O2->2O}}}
1656:Ozone is among the most powerful
1436:Queen Alexandra Military Hospital
18360:
18348:
18336:
18325:
18324:
17131:
17122:
17113:
16446:
16248:
16167:
16140:
16113:
16086:
16050:
16044:10.1111/j.1365-2095.2009.00740.x
16022:
15926:
15875:
15849:
15811:
15776:
15733:
15714:
15698:
15633:
15584:
15557:
15538:
15511:
15500:
15474:American Water Works Association
15465:
15454:
15411:
15332:
15317:
15296:Taiwan Journal of Forest Science
15283:
15256:
15201:
15184:
15155:
15140:
15074:
15053:
15028:
14999:
14984:
14955:
14920:
14846:
14786:
14751:
14716:
14683:
14658:
14652:encyclopedia.che.engin.umich.edu
14640:
14628:
14600:
14588:
14534:
14506:
14352:
14301:
14266:
14231:Hoffmann, Roald (January 2004).
14224:
14176:
14164:Cloning the smell of the seaside
14156:
14115:
14103:
14078:
14066:
14042:
14018:
13997:
13985:
13936:
13895:
13868:
13819:
13753:Course Developers (2016-03-21).
13743:
13724:
13674:
13625:
13606:
12143:Sustainable Environment Research
10914:from the original on 2022-01-12.
9883:Sanitize swimming pools and spas
9831:Industrially, ozone is used to:
9100:are usually adequate for use as
8661:populations against an array of
8563:. Ground-level ozone pollution (
8017:
8005:
6628:, in a region also known as the
2186:This reaction is accompanied by
1660:agents known, far stronger than
1602:
1422:Proceedings of the Royal Society
1068:
1029:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
59:
50:
18295:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
16511:International Ozone Association
16322:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102529
15163:"Chemical Synthesis with Ozone"
13877:Chemical & Engineering News
13557:
13508:
13459:
13402:
13353:
13304:
13263:
13222:
13173:
13132:
12991:
12948:
12905:
12886:
12832:
12813:
12756:
12678:
12666:
12657:
12632:
12607:
12586:
12570:Chu, Jennifer (2 August 2024).
12531:
12513:Rubber Chemistry and Technology
12504:
12492:
12468:
12382:
12370:
12303:
12238:
12171:
12091:
12072:Mutters, Randall (March 1999).
12037:
12014:Stevenson; et al. (2006).
12007:
11949:
11930:
11912:Hultman, G. Eric (1980-01-01).
11876:
11861:
11832:
11809:
11784:
11759:
11734:
11677:
11660:
11570:
11485:
11435:
11402:
11388:
11339:
11323:
11288:
11253:
11228:
11200:
11142:
10918:
10884:
10875:
10850:
10825:
10726:
10654:
10388:
10377:This vapor pressure is for the
10136:levels through conversion into
9799:Environmental Protection Agency
9043:at 50 to 8000 Hz and peak
8983:
8854:Federal Aviation Administration
7098:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
5821:
4403:
1970:of the metals in their highest
1904:
1613:needs additional citations for
1233:
1180:Ozone's odor is reminiscent of
1177:'s ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
1025:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
15967:Annual Review of Fish Diseases
15007:"Oxidation Potential of Ozone"
14185:"The 2003 European heat waves"
13697:California Air Resources Board
12390:"History of ozone in Colorado"
11868:Max Planck Institute – Mainz.
11519:10.1088/1755-1315/292/1/012062
11469:Organic Chemistry, 9th Edition
11444:Ozonation in Organic Chemistry
11413:Quantitative Chemical Analysis
11184:Chemistry: The Central Science
10618:Online Etymological Dictionary
10606:
10549:
10498:
10448:
10436:
10371:
10199:
10120:
10002:Ozone can be used to detoxify
9598:It can also be generated by a
9560:
9536:
9480:
9451:
9427:
9401:
9361:
9334:
9278:
8963:
8571:rays on these precursors. The
8495:California Air Resources Board
8478:Ozone produced by air cleaners
8116:Low level ozone in urban areas
7967:Least polluted cities by PM2.5
6971:. The termination reaction is
6929:
6847:
6787:
6717:
6683:
6598:
6443:
6411:
6395:
6335:
6224:
6105:
6099:
6084:
6078:
6066:
5955:
5949:
5934:
5928:
5916:
5712:
5696:
5675:
5669:
5628:
5515:
5452:must be prepared by action of
5366:
5278:
5093:
5074:
5062:
5043:
5021:
5003:
4992:
4973:
4913:
4895:
4868:
4849:
4782:
4764:
4743:
4725:
4703:
4695:
4671:
4653:
4648:
4640:
4634:
4616:
4543:
4525:
4519:
4511:
4462:
4444:
4438:
4430:
4400:
4382:
4312:
4250:
4203:
4185:
4174:
4155:
4100:
3992:
3946:
3852:
3711:
3608:
3592:
3580:
3452:
3255:
3167:
3062:
2960:
2868:
2753:
2648:
2524:
2401:
2241:
2140:
2057:
2009:
1945:
1926:
1905:
1873:
1867:
1849:
1824:
1771:
1765:
1700:
1245:is the most commonly used and
475:
13:
1:
18220:Extraterrestrial liquid water
16296:Rollin, Orianne (July 2022).
16255:Otieno, Mark (October 2022).
16080:10.1016/j.aquaeng.2005.10.001
16016:10.1016/S0044-8486(03)00524-6
15980:10.1016/S0959-8030(96)90006-X
15762:10.1080/00207233.2018.1499698
15591:Weschler, Charles J. (2000).
15440:10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00187-7
14929:Journal of Chemical Education
14621:Lai, Jennifer (2008-05-08). "
14031:. Lungusa.org. Archived from
13542:10.1080/08958378.2018.1455772
12769:Environmental Health Insights
12445:10.1080/10962247.2016.1226989
11062:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)31717-8
10796:. Boston: Kluwer. p. 2.
10359:
8860:
8725:
8713:
8687:Ozone can also be present in
8408:People 65 years old and older
7438:Electrical resistance heating
5200:Reduction of ozone gives the
3767:
1570:of 1.5 for both sides. It is
1344:Christian Friedrich Schönbein
1320:Christian Friedrich Schönbein
947:(US health exposure limits):
77:Ball and stick model of ozone
16282:10.1016/j.envadv.2022.100285
14888:. Agencia de noticias de la
14484:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.03.004
14429:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.09.035
14382:10.1016/j.plaphy.2006.03.007
13711:"Watching Our Ozone Weather"
13709:Jeannie Allen (2003-08-22).
12895:European Respiratory Journal
12477:"Colorado Ozone Action Plan"
12205:10.1371/journal.pone.0177937
11690:Interdisciplinary Toxicology
11556:. Elsevier. pp. 44–49.
11335:10.5073/jka.2010.425.167.326
11282:10.1016/0022-2852(70)90148-7
11209:Advanced Inorganic Chemistry
10832:Jacques-Louis Soret (1865).
10562:Interdisciplinary Toxicology
10354:Sterilization (microbiology)
10040:
10035:Dielectric Barrier Discharge
9931:in chlorine-based bleaching;
9886:Kill insects in stored grain
9748:, where it is used to sever
9586:standard electrode potential
9242:reactions taking place are:
7148:Persistent organic pollutant
7072:Air pollution from a factory
5826:Ozone can be used to remove
4057:involve a high energy cost.
4045:Types of ozone decomposition
2614:, even at room temperature:
1593:
1514:
1207:temperatures to a dark blue
1173:, which absorbs most of the
501:Colourless to pale blue gas
7:
17451:Protonated hydrogen cyanide
16302:Global Environmental Change
16234:10.1524/ract.91.6.309.20026
16107:10.1016/j.ifset.2010.08.008
15405:10.1016/j.desal.2004.10.022
15302:(2): 93–102. Archived from
12841:"Ground-level Ozone Basics"
12820:US EPA, OAR (5 June 2015).
11297:Journal of Chemical Physics
11127:10.1007/978-3-642-82727-3_1
11080:Rubin, Mordecai B. (2004).
10973:Rubin, Mordecai B. (2001).
10692:Rubin, Mordecai B. (2001).
10323:Ozone Monitoring Instrument
10269:
10100:Ozone is used in homes and
10061:(FDA), it is "amending the
9731:
8915:as a by-product. Use of an
6551:Ozone in Earth's atmosphere
2197:can be further oxidized to
1211:and finally a violet-black
935:24.8 ppm (guinea pig, 3 hr)
907:or concentration (LD, LC):
68:
10:
18460:
16521:NASA's Ozone Resource Page
15674:10.1038/s41598-018-36003-0
15646:and Methicillin-resistant
14711:, vol. 3, p. 673
14566:10.1038/d41586-022-00117-3
14202:10.2807/esm.10.07.00552-en
13889:10.1021/cen-v087n011.p009a
13650:10.1164/rccm.201507-1418oc
13329:10.1164/rccm.201508-1633oc
13158:10.1161/01.cir.101.11.1267
12839:US EPA, OAR (2015-05-29).
12713:10.1038/s41558-022-01320-w
12164:10.1016/j.serj.2016.04.006
12020:American Geophysical Union
11884:"Measured Ozone Depletion"
11417:. W. H. Freeman. pp.
11409:Harris, Daniel C. (2007).
10758:Jacewicz, Natalie (2017).
10708:(1): 40–56. Archived from
10642:Toth, Gary; Hillger, Don.
10255:
10124:
10044:
10017:) by oxidizing cyanide to
9772:in source water with high
9190:UNESCO World Heritage Site
9178:Catatumbo lightning storms
8931:
8729:
8706:, a chemical generated by
8518:
8385:
8355:/ ton tropospheric ozone.
8208:
7034:
6613:
6602:
3310:
1310:
36:
29:
18319:
18210:Earliest known life forms
18205:Diffuse interstellar band
18145:
18065:
17990:
17881:
17816:
17756:
17684:
17676:Protonated cyanoacetylene
17590:
17484:
17446:Protonated carbon dioxide
17406:Hydromagnesium isocyanide
17354:
17140:
17111:
16922:
16913:
16792:
16636:
16596:
16591:Links to related articles
16392:Chemistry of the Elements
16390:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997).
16368:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
15578:10.1016/j.lwt.2003.10.014
14963:"Ozone and Color Removal"
14745:10.1080/01919518708552147
14552:(7894): 487. 2022-01-21.
14183:Kosatsky T. (July 2005).
13615:Am J Respir Crit Care Med
13068:10.1007/s12026-010-8180-z
12873:American Lung Association
11937:Keller-Rudek, Hannelore.
11914:The Ozone Survival Manual
11599:10.1080/15287398409530493
11375:10.1016/j.jlp.2005.07.020
10006:wastes (for example from
9776:concentrations. The U.S.
9126:electromagnetic radiation
9112:Ozone may be formed from
8680:The EPA has developed an
8647:World Health Organization
8615:World Health Organization
8552:indicating an ozone watch
8353:carbon dioxide equivalent
8337:carbon dioxide equivalent
8284:Ozone as a greenhouse gas
8179:Volatile Organic Compound
8162:American Lung Association
7693:War and environmental law
7313:Health effects from noise
7163:Volatile organic compound
6290:Ozone will also detoxify
5566:and not calcium ozonide:
1446:, were found preferable.
1360:
1269:, respectively. The name
1019:
990:
941:
903:
763:
758:
702:
633:
521:2.144 g/L (at 0 °C)
462:
442:
407:
136:
124:
112:
102:
97:
67:
58:
49:
18255:Iron–sulfur world theory
18250:Photodissociation region
17953:Methyl-cyano-diacetylene
16060:Aquacultural Engineering
15722:US Issued 10,651,014
15353:10.1002/andp.18571780905
15035:Postgate, J. R. (1992).
14828:Hale, Arthur J. (1919).
13949:Environ. Health Perspect
13908:Environ. Health Perspect
13783:Environ. Health Perspect
13713:. NASA Earth Observatory
13017:10.1001/jama.290.14.1859
12789:10.1177/1178630217737551
11816:Shimanouchi, T. (1972).
10950:Anstie, Francis (1874).
10738:Today in Science History
9760:. Ozone has a very high
9216:, a pencil graphite rod
9014:or boron-doped diamond.
8893:Coronal discharge method
8333:global warming potential
8304:, absorbing some of the
7318:Marine mammals and sonar
6513:Spectroscopic properties
3307:With alkenes and alkynes
3019:to form sulfur dioxide:
1950:Ozone will oxidize most
1471:Ernst Hermann Riesenfeld
1438:in London as a possible
1391:seaweed metabolites and
553:1.05 g L (at 0 °C)
87:Spacefill model of ozone
18414:Environmental chemistry
18330:Category:Astrochemistry
17920:, fullerene, buckyball)
17607:Cyanobutadiynyl radical
17582:Silicon-carbide cluster
17572:Protonated formaldehyde
16348:American Cancer Society
15785:Applied Physics Letters
15708:AIAA Scitech 2020 Forum
15520:Journal of Food Science
15324:Bollyky, L. J. (1977).
15263:Sjöström, Eero (1993).
14692:"A laboratory ozonizer"
14330:10.1126/science.1089525
14090:www.federalregister.gov
13198:10.1136/oem.2006.027292
12553:10.1021/acs.est.4c01289
12337:10.1073/pnas.1818859116
11702:10.2478/intox-2014-0008
11510:2019E&ES..292a2062A
10574:10.2478/intox-2014-0008
10033:Since the invention of
9778:Safe Drinking Water Act
9076:polyvinylidene fluoride
8785:atherosclerotic plaques
8640:directs the EPA to set
8378:between 1955 and 2000.
8318:Third Assessment Report
8231:possessing olefinic or
7793:Freshwater salinization
7713:Agricultural wastewater
6610:Location and production
5842:which can be filtered:
1334:In 1785, Dutch chemist
1249:. The systematic names
960:TWA 0.1 ppm (0.2 mg/m)
603:Magnetic susceptibility
18343:Outer space portal
18185:Circumstellar envelope
17150:Aluminium(I) hydroxide
17060:Phosphorus mononitride
16937:Aluminium monofluoride
16932:Aluminium monochloride
16545:Paul Crutzen Interview
16533:OSHA Ozone Information
16261:Environmental Advances
15644:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
14141:10.1093/qjmed/94.8.429
12977:10.1006/enrs.2002.4357
12957:Environmental Research
12934:10.1006/enrs.1996.3685
12914:Environmental Research
11471:. Wiley. p. 344.
11034:10.1098/rspb.1911.0086
10484:10.1098/rsta.1914.0001
9993:bleaching of wood pulp
9968:is the cleavage of an
9764:. Ozone does not form
9717:
9571:
9205:
9072:polytetrafluorethylene
9022:Special considerations
9010:for this approach are
8902:
8870:
8834:
8675:
8553:
8537:
8512:
8508:air cleaner regulation
8457:Chronic ozone exposure
8419:cardiovascular disease
8397:Vulnerable populations
8293:
8227:Ozone gas attacks any
8224:
8172:/North Front Range as
8012:Environment portal
7011:
6954:
6882:
6814:
6742:
6728:
6580:
6572:
6560:
6503:
6369:
6294:by converting them to
6278:
6160:
5812:
5549:
5430:
5315:
5187:
5109:
4923:
4792:
4681:
4550:
4469:
4337:
4277:
4213:
4125:
4030:
3887:
3772:Ozone can be used for
3758:
3649:
3500:
3353:
3329:
3297:
3102:
3002:
2794:
2689:
2597:
2455:
2294:formed can react with
2278:
2177:
2088:
1933:
1725:
1590:
1521:microwave spectroscopy
1486:
1434:, ozone was tested at
1353:
1342:A half century later,
1331:
1323:
1267:additive nomenclatures
927:50 ppm (human, 30 min)
925:12.6 ppm (mouse, 3 hr)
866:
88:
78:
32:Ozone (disambiguation)
18240:Interplanetary medium
18215:Extraterrestrial life
17853:Octatetraynyl radical
17471:Tricarbon monosulfide
17018:Magnesium monohydride
16396:Butterworth-Heinemann
16388:Greenwood, Norman N.
16032:Aquaculture Nutrition
15648:Staphylococcus aureus
15210:Staphylococcus aureus
15167:Ozone-Information.com
15011:Ozone-Information.com
14890:Universidad del Zulia
13920:10.1289/ehp.114-a240a
13844:10.1056/NEJMoa0803894
13521:Inhalation Toxicology
13427:10.1056/NEJMoa0803894
12742:University of Reading
12693:Nature Climate Change
12640:"Climate Change 2001"
12568:Further explained by
11888:Ozone-Information.com
11686:"Ozone decomposition"
10558:"Ozone decomposition"
9819:Incidental production
9718:
9607:neon-sign transformer
9572:
9203:
9196:Laboratory production
9108:Incidental production
8920:sensation. Use of an
8908:corona discharge tube
8900:
8868:
8829:
8752:ions, is produced by
8655:
8573:ozone at ground level
8543:
8532:
8519:Further information:
8503:
8298:Industrial Revolution
8291:
8218:
7753:Industrial wastewater
7521:Municipal solid waste
7443:Soil guideline values
7003:
6955:
6883:
6815:
6743:
6678:
6578:
6566:
6558:
6504:
6370:
6279:
6161:
5813:
5550:
5431:
5316:
5196:Reduction to ozonides
5188:
5110:
4924:
4793:
4682:
4551:
4470:
4338:
4278:
4214:
4133:Rate law (observed):
4126:
4031:
3888:
3759:
3650:
3501:
3352:
3327:
3298:
3103:
3003:
2795:
2699:With sulfur compounds
2690:
2598:
2456:
2321:nitronium perchlorate
2279:
2178:
2089:
1934:
1726:
1588:
1484:
1329:
1318:
973:C 0.1 ppm (0.2 mg/m)
929:36 ppm (rabbit, 3 hr)
865:
656:Coordination geometry
114:Systematic IUPAC name
86:
76:
18404:Allotropes of oxygen
18367:Chemistry portal
18355:Astronomy portal
18301:RNA world hypothesis
18285:PAH world hypothesis
17978:Heptatrienyl radical
17910:Buckminsterfullerene
17798:Methylcyanoacetylene
17306:Silicon carbonitride
17281:Methylidynephosphane
17247:Magnesium isocyanide
17155:Aluminium isocyanide
16957:Carbon monophosphide
16467:improve this article
15882:Tersano Inc (2007).
15086:Hospital Development
13992:Directive 2008/50/EC
13795:10.1289/ehp.116-a302
12775:: 1178630217737551.
12734:Lay summary report:
11240:Chemistry LibreTexts
10962:(January–June): 123.
10760:"A Killer of a Cure"
10379:critical temperature
10264:alternative medicine
10252:Alternative medicine
9742:synthetic lubricants
9660:
9249:
9135:electrical equipment
8832:low concentrations."
8689:indoor air pollution
8484:indoor air pollution
8428:Acute ozone exposure
8174:non-attainment areas
7962:Most polluted cities
7614:Overhead power lines
6906:
6830:
6758:
6660:
6643:Schumann–Runge bands
6389:
6305:
6184:
5849:
5573:
5485:
5335:
5245:
5122:
4948:
4808:
4692:
4567:
4486:
4353:
4289:
4233:
4137:
4079:
3918:
3798:
3665:
3527:
3405:
3126:
3026:
3015:, ozone reacts with
2821:
2726:
2621:
2483:
2348:
2303:dinitrogen pentoxide
2208:
2117:
2102:Ozone also oxidizes
1981:
1752:
1679:
1622:improve this article
1491:carbon tetrachloride
1404:John Gray McKendrick
1381:Beaumont, California
1247:preferred IUPAC name
1218:Ozone is a powerful
937:4.8 ppm (rat, 4 hr)
933:21.8 ppm (rat, 3 hr)
931:21 ppm (mouse, 3 hr)
848:(fire diamond)
30:For other uses, see
18245:Interstellar medium
18225:Forbidden mechanism
18038:Hydrogen isocyanide
17728:Hexatriynyl radical
17311:c-Silicon dicarbide
17216:Hydrogen isocyanide
17080:Silicon monosulfide
17055:Phosphorus monoxide
17023:Methylidyne radical
16982:Fluoromethylidynium
16942:Aluminium(II) oxide
16479:footnote references
16314:2022GEC....7502529R
16273:2022EnvAd...900285O
16228:(6–2003): 309–313.
16188:2005Chmsp..61.1012L
16072:2006AqEng..35..102B
16008:2004Aquac.232..627F
15797:2012ApPhL.100s3502Z
15754:2019IJEnS..76..338D
15666:2018NatSR...817573C
15609:2000InAir..10..269W
15486:1993JAWWA..85a..63S
15432:2002WatRe..36...65G
15397:2005Desal.176..103S
14991:Hoigné, J. (1998).
14941:2005JChEd..82.1546A
14807:2007JElS..154E..71A
14772:1982JElS..129..506F
14737:1987OzSE....9..315D
14558:2022Natur.601R.487.
14476:2016EcoES.129...16B
14421:2014EcoES.100..114B
14374:2006PlPB...44..125I
14322:2003Sci...302.1053W
13777:Weinhold B (2008).
13582:10.1289/ehp.1409495
13533:2018InhTx..30...99Z
13378:10.1289/ehp.1409276
12969:2002ER.....89...29D
12926:1997ER.....72...24B
12781:2017EnvHI..1173755S
12705:2022NatCC..12..365L
12436:2017JAWMA..67..196E
12328:2019PNAS..116.6001T
12263:2016NatSR...623792H
12196:2017PLoSO..1277937D
12155:2016SuEnR..26..142S
11768:Inorganic Chemistry
11743:Inorganic Chemistry
11591:1984JTEH...13..181M
11367:2005JLPPI..18..465K
11309:1977JChPh..66.5278M
11274:1970JMoSp..33..538T
11025:1911RSPSB..84..404H
10930:www.telegraph.co.uk
10543:10.1021/je00103a031
10475:1914RSPTA.213....1C
10349:Polymer degradation
10276:Chappuis absorption
10067:antimicrobial agent
9762:oxidation potential
9711:
9692:
9680:
9495:
9476:
9420:
9293:
9274:
9143:ionic air purifiers
9130:Unsuppressed arcing
8922:oxygen concentrator
8608:respiratory illness
8515:Ozone air pollution
8320:) suggest that the
8095:peroxyacyl nitrates
7778:Ocean acidification
7688:Unexploded ordnance
7609:Advertising clutter
7541:Post-consumer waste
7486:Foam food container
7471:Biodegradable waste
7128:Global distillation
6978:chlorofluorocarbons
6948:
6922:
6868:
6846:
6802:
6780:
6727:
6720:
6676:
6494:
6474:
6458:
6442:
6423:
6410:
6363:
6334:
6272:
6252:
6239:
6220:
6204:
6131:
6096:
6062:
6042:
5977:
5946:
5912:
5892:
5802:
5786:
5766:
5753:
5724:
5711:
5687:
5660:
5627:
5607:
5543:
5501:
5421:
5405:
5385:
5365:
5326:potassium hydroxide
5309:
5293:
5277:
5261:
5090:
5059:
5019:
4989:
4911:
4865:
4780:
4741:
4669:
4632:
4541:
4460:
4398:
4331:
4305:
4265:
4249:
4201:
4171:
4119:
4099:
4040:Ozone decomposition
4020:
4007:
3991:
3961:
3945:
3881:
3851:
3831:
3818:
3752:
3736:
3707:
3691:
3640:
3620:
3607:
3579:
3563:
3543:
3491:
3471:
3451:
3425:
3287:
3274:
3254:
3231:
3204:
3188:
3166:
3147:
3093:
3077:
3061:
3042:
2992:
2979:
2959:
2940:
2920:
2896:
2883:
2867:
2848:
2788:
2768:
2752:
2683:
2663:
2647:
2588:
2572:
2552:
2539:
2523:
2503:
2449:
2429:
2416:
2400:
2380:
2364:
2272:
2256:
2240:
2224:
2171:
2155:
2139:
2078:
2056:
2030:
2008:
1899:
1881:
1835:
1779:
1719:
1699:
1477:Physical properties
1374:Jacques-Louis Soret
1201:standard conditions
548:Solubility in water
493: g·mol
46:
18265:Molecules in stars
18235:Intergalactic dust
18180:Circumstellar dust
18122:Naphthalene cation
18057:Trihydrogen cation
18033:Hydrogen deuteride
17958:Methyltriacetylene
17793:Hexapentaenylidene
17612:E-Cyanomethanimine
17532:Cyclopropenylidene
17466:Tricarbon monoxide
17456:Silicon tricarbide
17426:Methylene amidogen
17416:Isothiocyanic acid
17331:Thioxoethenylidene
17291:Trihydrogen cation
17105:Titanium(II) oxide
17065:Potassium chloride
17044:Sulfur mononitride
16987:Helium hydride ion
16962:Carbon monosulfide
16642:
16538:2016-01-20 at the
16526:2013-04-06 at the
15908:Jongen, W (2005).
15856:Long, Ron (2008).
15654:Scientific Reports
14949:10.1021/ed082p1546
14884:2016-03-05 at the
14237:American Scientist
14173:, February 2, 2007
14169:2012-10-31 at the
13736:2005-09-09 at the
12251:Scientific Reports
12000:2012-04-14 at the
10666:www.britannica.com
10442:Gas Encyclopedia;
10181:Solea senegalensis
10029:Water disinfection
10021:and eventually to
9914:Provide an aid to
9846:fabric restoration
9814:London Underground
9713:
9699:
9668:
9567:
9565:
9483:
9464:
9408:
9281:
9262:
9206:
9180:phenomenon on the
8903:
8871:
8850:passenger aircraft
8822:Safety regulations
8585:respiratory system
8565:tropospheric ozone
8554:
8538:
8521:Ground level ozone
8405:Children and teens
8294:
8225:
8219:Ozone cracking in
8166:Denver–Aurora area
8154:ground level ozone
8024:Ecology portal
7649:Herbicidal warfare
7193:Introduced species
7133:Indoor air quality
7103:Chlorofluorocarbon
7041:Photochemical smog
7037:Tropospheric ozone
7012:
6980:(CFC) and similar
6976:concentrations of
6950:
6936:
6910:
6878:
6856:
6834:
6810:
6790:
6768:
6738:
6664:
6616:Ozone–oxygen cycle
6581:
6573:
6561:
6519:triatomic molecule
6499:
6482:
6462:
6446:
6430:
6398:
6393:
6365:
6351:
6322:
6274:
6260:
6240:
6227:
6208:
6192:
6156:
6154:
6119:
6076:
6050:
6030:
5965:
5926:
5900:
5880:
5808:
5806:
5790:
5774:
5754:
5741:
5699:
5694:
5667:
5648:
5615:
5595:
5545:
5531:
5489:
5468:ion-exchange resin
5426:
5409:
5393:
5373:
5353:
5311:
5297:
5281:
5265:
5249:
5183:
5105:
5078:
5047:
5007:
4977:
4919:
4899:
4853:
4788:
4768:
4729:
4677:
4657:
4620:
4546:
4529:
4465:
4448:
4386:
4333:
4319:
4293:
4273:
4253:
4237:
4209:
4189:
4159:
4121:
4107:
4087:
4075:Overall reaction:
4026:
4024:
4008:
3995:
3979:
3949:
3933:
3883:
3869:
3839:
3819:
3806:
3754:
3740:
3724:
3695:
3679:
3645:
3628:
3595:
3590:
3567:
3551:
3531:
3513:dissolved in cold
3496:
3479:
3459:
3439:
3413:
3354:
3330:
3293:
3291:
3275:
3262:
3242:
3219:
3192:
3176:
3154:
3135:
3098:
3081:
3065:
3049:
3030:
2998:
2996:
2980:
2967:
2947:
2928:
2908:
2884:
2871:
2855:
2836:
2790:
2776:
2756:
2740:
2685:
2671:
2651:
2635:
2606:Ozone reacts with
2593:
2576:
2560:
2540:
2527:
2511:
2491:
2468:, but it oxidizes
2451:
2437:
2417:
2404:
2388:
2368:
2352:
2274:
2260:
2244:
2228:
2212:
2173:
2159:
2143:
2127:
2084:
2082:
2066:
2044:
2018:
1996:
1929:
1887:
1858:
1854:
1756:
1721:
1707:
1687:
1591:
1487:
1467:Georg-Maria Schwab
1336:Martinus van Marum
1332:
1324:
1163:Earth's atmosphere
1096:) is an inorganic
1052:Infobox references
991:Related compounds
982:(Immediate danger)
867:
561:in other solvents
420:InChI=1S/O3/c1-3-2
89:
79:
44:
18381:
18380:
18375:
18374:
18290:Pseudo-panspermia
17986:
17985:
17933:Cyanodecapentayne
17873:N-Methylformamide
17848:Methyldiacetylene
17773:Aminoacetonitrile
17743:Methyl isocyanate
17661:Methyl isocyanide
17542:Isocyanoacetylene
17522:Cyanoformaldehyde
17401:Hydrogen peroxide
17286:Potassium cyanide
17242:Magnesium cyanide
17195:Disilicon carbide
17190:Dicarbon monoxide
16997:Hydrogen fluoride
16992:Hydrogen chloride
16873:
16872:
16786:chemical elements
16749:
16748:
16744:
16743:
16630:Oxygen allotropes
16507:
16506:
16499:
16405:978-0-08-037941-8
15919:978-1-85573-956-7
15805:10.1063/1.4712068
15642:"Inactivation of
15341:Annals of Physics
15276:978-0-12-647481-7
15220:(10): 1120–1122.
15046:978-0-521-41259-9
14967:Ozone Information
14903:"Fire in the Sky"
14815:10.1149/1.2509385
14780:10.1149/1.2123890
14709:Collected Volumes
14697:Organic Syntheses
14249:10.1511/2004.1.23
14038:on July 10, 2010.
13838:(11): 1085–1095.
13644:(10): 1143–1150.
13484:10.1289/ehp.11184
13478:(12): 1725–1730.
13421:(11): 1085–1095.
13372:(11): 1180–1186.
13323:(10): 1134–1142.
13282:(15): 2184–2189.
13241:(13): 1534–1536.
13151:(11): 1267–1273.
13010:(14): 1859–1867.
12525:10.5254/1.3538264
12322:(13): 6001–6006.
12271:10.1038/srep23792
12120:978-0-309-04631-2
11970:10.1021/cr0205255
11923:978-0-915498-73-4
11857:on 31 March 2016.
11802:978-0-444-99625-1
11777:978-0-13-039913-7
11752:978-0-13-039913-7
11563:978-0-444-99625-1
11478:978-0-470-16982-7
11453:978-0-12-073102-2
11428:978-0-7167-7694-9
11303:(12): 5278–5283.
11193:978-0-13-066997-1
11136:978-3-642-82727-3
11090:Bull. Hist. Chem.
10932:. 2 February 2007
10803:978-0-7923-8245-4
10702:Bull. Hist. Chem.
10620:. Merriam-Webster
10469:(497–508): 1–26.
10381:, which is below
9962:organic reactions
9746:organic compounds
9702:
9693:
9690:
9671:
9558:
9523:
9506:
9486:
9479:
9467:
9449:
9411:
9394:
9377:
9359:
9321:
9304:
9284:
9277:
9265:
8949:potential dangers
8928:Ultraviolet light
8766:organic molecules
8754:white blood cells
8746:hydrogen peroxide
8682:air quality index
8361:radiative forcing
8341:radiative forcing
8322:radiative forcing
8245:styrene-butadiene
8060:
8059:
7995:
7994:
7661:Nuclear holocaust
7584:Urban heat island
7398:Radioactive waste
7183:Biological hazard
7093:Air quality index
6986:Montreal Protocol
6939:
6928:
6913:
6876:
6859:
6852:
6837:
6808:
6793:
6786:
6771:
6764:
6736:
6725:
6715:
6711:
6705:
6699:
6693:
6689:
6667:
6497:
6485:
6465:
6449:
6433:
6426:
6401:
6354:
6341:
6325:
6312:
6263:
6243:
6230:
6223:
6211:
6195:
6144:
6122:
6104:
6083:
6075:
6065:
6053:
6033:
6011:
5990:
5968:
5954:
5933:
5925:
5915:
5903:
5883:
5865:
5793:
5777:
5757:
5744:
5702:
5693:
5674:
5666:
5651:
5640:
5633:
5618:
5598:
5587:
5534:
5521:
5508:
5492:
5424:
5412:
5396:
5376:
5356:
5345:
5300:
5284:
5268:
5252:
5181:
5132:
5081:
5050:
5037:
5025:
5010:
4980:
4967:
4917:
4902:
4856:
4786:
4771:
4732:
4701:
4675:
4660:
4646:
4623:
4608:
4532:
4517:
4451:
4436:
4389:
4322:
4311:
4296:
4271:
4256:
4240:
4207:
4192:
4162:
4110:
4090:
4011:
3998:
3982:
3967:
3952:
3936:
3929:
3872:
3861:
3842:
3822:
3809:
3789:carbon subnitride
3743:
3727:
3720:
3710:
3698:
3682:
3675:
3643:
3631:
3598:
3589:
3570:
3554:
3534:
3494:
3482:
3462:
3442:
3435:
3416:
3396:hydrochloric acid
3376:hydrogen peroxide
3278:
3265:
3245:
3234:
3222:
3207:
3195:
3179:
3172:
3157:
3150:
3138:
3096:
3084:
3068:
3052:
3045:
3033:
2983:
2970:
2950:
2943:
2931:
2911:
2887:
2874:
2858:
2851:
2839:
2832:
2779:
2759:
2743:
2732:
2674:
2654:
2638:
2627:
2591:
2579:
2563:
2543:
2530:
2514:
2494:
2440:
2420:
2407:
2391:
2371:
2355:
2323:can be made from
2263:
2247:
2231:
2215:
2188:chemiluminescence
2162:
2146:
2130:
2123:
2069:
2062:
2047:
2040:
2021:
2014:
1999:
1992:
1924:
1902:
1890:
1872:
1861:
1856:
1811:
1792:
1770:
1759:
1710:
1690:
1654:
1653:
1646:
1576:the nitrite anion
1191:in air. Ozone's O
1060:Chemical compound
1058:
1057:
1010:Disulfur monoxide
997:Related compounds
827:Hazard statements
430:InChI=1/O3/c1-3-2
376:CompTox Dashboard
178:Interactive image
93:
92:
16:(Redirected from
18451:
18434:Oxidizing agents
18429:Industrial gases
18424:Greenhouse gases
18419:Gases with color
18365:
18364:
18363:
18353:
18352:
18351:
18341:
18340:
18339:
18328:
18327:
18275:Organic compound
18175:Chemical formula
18080:Dihydroxyacetone
18028:Hydrogen cyanide
17713:Cyanodiacetylene
17567:Propadienylidene
17461:Thioformaldehyde
17336:Titanium dioxide
17301:Sodium hydroxide
17222:Hydrogen sulfide
17210:Hydrogen cyanide
17170:Carbonyl sulfide
17135:
17126:
17117:
17075:Silicon monoxide
17008:Hydroxyl radical
16920:
16919:
16900:
16893:
16886:
16877:
16876:
16866:
16856:
16846:
16836:
16826:
16816:
16806:
16776:
16769:
16762:
16753:
16752:
16738:
16722:
16706:
16682:
16653:
16639:
16638:
16623:
16616:
16609:
16600:
16599:
16587:
16586:
16502:
16495:
16491:
16488:
16482:
16450:
16449:
16442:
16409:
16394:(2nd ed.).
16374:
16373:
16367:
16359:
16357:
16355:
16344:"Oxygen Therapy"
16340:
16334:
16333:
16293:
16287:
16286:
16284:
16252:
16246:
16245:
16217:
16208:
16207:
16182:(7): 1012–1019.
16171:
16165:
16164:
16144:
16138:
16137:
16117:
16111:
16110:
16090:
16084:
16083:
16054:
16048:
16047:
16026:
16020:
16019:
16002:(1–4): 627–636.
15991:
15985:
15984:
15982:
15958:
15952:
15951:
15949:
15948:
15938:
15930:
15924:
15923:
15905:
15899:
15898:
15896:
15895:
15886:. Archived from
15879:
15873:
15871:
15869:
15863:. Archived from
15862:
15853:
15847:
15846:
15838:
15829:
15828:
15815:
15809:
15808:
15780:
15774:
15773:
15737:
15731:
15730:
15729:
15725:
15718:
15712:
15711:
15702:
15696:
15695:
15685:
15637:
15631:
15630:
15620:
15588:
15582:
15581:
15561:
15555:
15554:
15542:
15536:
15535:
15526:(9): 1242–1252.
15515:
15509:
15508:
15504:
15498:
15497:
15469:
15463:
15462:
15458:
15452:
15451:
15415:
15409:
15408:
15391:(1–3): 103–111.
15380:
15371:
15370:
15366:
15357:
15356:
15336:
15330:
15329:
15321:
15315:
15314:
15312:
15311:
15287:
15281:
15280:
15260:
15254:
15253:
15205:
15199:
15198:
15196:
15188:
15182:
15181:
15179:
15178:
15169:. Archived from
15159:
15153:
15152:
15144:
15138:
15137:
15135:
15134:
15128:
15121:
15112:
15101:
15100:
15098:
15097:
15078:
15072:
15071:
15057:
15051:
15050:
15037:Microbes and man
15032:
15026:
15025:
15023:
15022:
15013:. Archived from
15003:
14997:
14996:
14988:
14982:
14981:
14979:
14978:
14969:. Archived from
14959:
14953:
14952:
14924:
14918:
14917:
14915:
14914:
14905:. Archived from
14899:
14893:
14876:
14870:
14869:
14867:
14865:
14850:
14844:
14843:
14841:
14839:
14825:
14819:
14818:
14790:
14784:
14783:
14755:
14749:
14748:
14720:
14714:
14712:
14705:
14687:
14681:
14680:
14678:
14677:
14668:. Archived from
14662:
14656:
14655:
14644:
14638:
14632:
14626:
14619:
14610:
14604:
14598:
14592:
14586:
14585:
14538:
14532:
14531:
14529:
14528:
14510:
14504:
14503:
14458:
14449:
14448:
14403:
14394:
14393:
14368:(2–3): 125–131.
14356:
14350:
14349:
14316:(5647): 1053–6.
14305:
14299:
14298:
14270:
14264:
14263:
14261:
14260:
14251:. Archived from
14233:"The Story of O"
14228:
14222:
14221:
14219:
14217:
14204:
14189:Eurosurveillance
14180:
14174:
14160:
14154:
14153:
14143:
14119:
14113:
14107:
14101:
14100:
14098:
14097:
14082:
14076:
14070:
14064:
14063:
14061:
14060:
14046:
14040:
14039:
14037:
14030:
14022:
14016:
14015:
14013:
14012:
14007:. EC. 2008-06-11
14001:
13995:
13989:
13983:
13982:
13972:
13961:10.1289/ehp.8816
13940:
13934:
13933:
13931:
13902:Dahl, R (2006).
13899:
13893:
13892:
13872:
13866:
13865:
13855:
13823:
13817:
13816:
13806:
13789:(7): A302–A305.
13774:
13763:
13762:
13747:
13741:
13728:
13722:
13721:
13719:
13718:
13706:
13700:
13690:
13684:
13678:
13672:
13671:
13661:
13629:
13623:
13622:
13610:
13604:
13603:
13593:
13561:
13555:
13554:
13544:
13512:
13506:
13505:
13495:
13463:
13457:
13456:
13446:
13406:
13400:
13399:
13389:
13357:
13351:
13350:
13340:
13308:
13302:
13301:
13291:
13267:
13261:
13260:
13250:
13226:
13220:
13219:
13209:
13177:
13171:
13170:
13160:
13136:
13130:
13124:
13109:
13103:
13090:
13089:
13079:
13047:
13030:
13029:
13019:
12995:
12989:
12988:
12952:
12946:
12945:
12909:
12903:
12902:
12890:
12884:
12883:
12881:
12879:
12864:
12855:
12854:
12852:
12851:
12836:
12830:
12829:
12817:
12811:
12810:
12800:
12760:
12754:
12753:
12751:
12749:
12732:
12690:
12682:
12676:
12670:
12664:
12661:
12655:
12654:
12652:
12651:
12636:
12630:
12629:
12627:
12626:
12611:
12605:
12604:
12602:
12601:
12590:
12584:
12583:
12567:
12565:
12555:
12535:
12529:
12528:
12508:
12502:
12496:
12490:
12489:
12487:
12486:
12481:
12472:
12466:
12465:
12447:
12415:
12404:
12403:
12401:
12400:
12386:
12380:
12374:
12368:
12367:
12357:
12339:
12307:
12301:
12300:
12290:
12242:
12236:
12235:
12225:
12207:
12175:
12169:
12168:
12166:
12134:
12125:
12124:
12104:
12095:
12089:
12088:
12086:
12085:
12069:
12060:
12059:
12057:
12056:
12041:
12035:
12034:
12032:
12031:
12022:. Archived from
12011:
12005:
11992:
11983:
11981:
11958:Chemical Reviews
11953:
11947:
11946:
11941:. Archived from
11934:
11928:
11927:
11909:
11903:
11902:
11900:
11899:
11890:. Archived from
11880:
11874:
11873:
11865:
11859:
11858:
11856:
11850:. Archived from
11845:
11836:
11830:
11829:
11813:
11807:
11806:
11788:
11782:
11781:
11763:
11757:
11756:
11738:
11732:
11731:
11721:
11681:
11675:
11674:
11664:
11658:
11657:
11655:
11653:
11634:
11619:
11618:
11585:(2–3): 183–204.
11574:
11568:
11567:
11549:
11540:
11539:
11521:
11489:
11483:
11482:
11464:
11458:
11457:
11439:
11433:
11432:
11416:
11406:
11400:
11399:
11392:
11386:
11385:
11383:
11377:. Archived from
11352:
11343:
11337:
11327:
11321:
11320:
11317:10.1063/1.433909
11292:
11286:
11285:
11257:
11251:
11250:
11248:
11247:
11232:
11226:
11225:
11204:
11198:
11197:
11179:
11164:
11163:
11161:
11160:
11146:
11140:
11139:
11114:
11105:
11104:
11102:
11101:
11086:
11077:
11066:
11065:
11045:
11039:
11038:
11036:
11019:(573): 404–415.
11004:
10998:
10997:
10995:
10993:
10979:
10970:
10964:
10963:
10947:
10941:
10940:
10938:
10937:
10922:
10916:
10915:
10905:
10897:
10891:
10888:
10882:
10879:
10873:
10872:
10870:
10869:
10854:
10848:
10847:
10829:
10823:
10822:
10814:
10808:
10807:
10786:
10780:
10779:
10777:
10775:
10755:
10742:
10741:
10730:
10724:
10723:
10721:
10720:
10714:
10698:
10689:
10676:
10675:
10673:
10672:
10658:
10652:
10651:
10639:
10630:
10629:
10627:
10625:
10610:
10604:
10603:
10593:
10553:
10547:
10546:
10524:
10518:
10517:
10502:
10496:
10495:
10493:
10491:
10486:
10452:
10446:
10440:
10434:
10433:
10421:
10395:
10392:
10386:
10383:room temperature
10375:
10193:Atlantic halibut
10177:
10176:
10175:
10165:
10164:
10163:
10154:
10153:
10152:
10115:hypobromous acid
9989:chlorine dioxide
9905:hydrogen sulfide
9786:electrical power
9722:
9720:
9719:
9714:
9712:
9710:
9707:
9700:
9694:
9691:
9688:
9682:
9679:
9676:
9669:
9652:
9651:
9650:
9640:
9639:
9638:
9624:
9623:
9622:
9583:
9576:
9574:
9573:
9568:
9566:
9559:
9556:
9551:
9550:
9532:
9530:
9529:
9528:
9521:
9512:
9511:
9504:
9494:
9491:
9484:
9477:
9475:
9472:
9465:
9457:
9450:
9447:
9442:
9441:
9423:
9421:
9419:
9416:
9409:
9400:
9399:
9392:
9383:
9382:
9375:
9367:
9360:
9357:
9349:
9348:
9330:
9328:
9327:
9326:
9319:
9310:
9309:
9302:
9292:
9289:
9282:
9275:
9273:
9270:
9263:
9255:
9123:
9122:
9121:
9098:Silicone rubbers
9058:(quality 316L),
9037:electrical power
8874:Ozone generators
8704:dimethyl sulfide
8672:
8671:
8670:
8557:Ozone precursors
8376:interior warming
8122:Denver, Colorado
8091:hydroxyl radical
8052:
8045:
8038:
8022:
8021:
8020:
8010:
8009:
7941:
7940:
7644:Chemical warfare
7546:Waste management
7506:Industrial waste
7481:Electronic waste
7466:Advertising mail
7448:Phytoremediation
7423:Land degradation
7363:Depleted uranium
7248:Overillumination
7198:Invasive species
7070:
7060:
7045:
7044:
6959:
6957:
6956:
6951:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6937:
6926:
6921:
6918:
6911:
6898:
6887:
6885:
6884:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6857:
6850:
6845:
6842:
6835:
6819:
6817:
6816:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6801:
6798:
6791:
6784:
6779:
6776:
6769:
6762:
6747:
6745:
6744:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6729:
6726:
6723:
6716:
6713:
6709:
6703:
6697:
6691:
6690:
6687:
6675:
6672:
6665:
6538:
6517:Ozone is a bent
6508:
6506:
6505:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6483:
6473:
6470:
6463:
6457:
6454:
6447:
6441:
6438:
6431:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6406:
6399:
6374:
6372:
6371:
6366:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6352:
6347:
6346:
6339:
6333:
6330:
6323:
6318:
6317:
6310:
6283:
6281:
6280:
6275:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6261:
6251:
6248:
6241:
6238:
6235:
6228:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6209:
6203:
6200:
6193:
6171:hydrogen sulfide
6165:
6163:
6162:
6157:
6155:
6151:
6150:
6149:
6142:
6133:
6130:
6127:
6120:
6111:
6109:
6108:
6102:
6095:
6092:
6087:
6081:
6073:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6051:
6041:
6038:
6031:
6022:
6020:
6019:
6009:
6001:
5997:
5996:
5995:
5988:
5979:
5976:
5973:
5966:
5961:
5959:
5958:
5952:
5945:
5942:
5937:
5931:
5923:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5901:
5891:
5888:
5881:
5876:
5874:
5873:
5863:
5855:
5817:
5815:
5814:
5809:
5807:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5791:
5785:
5782:
5775:
5765:
5762:
5755:
5752:
5749:
5742:
5729:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5707:
5700:
5691:
5686:
5683:
5678:
5672:
5664:
5659:
5656:
5649:
5638:
5634:
5631:
5626:
5623:
5616:
5606:
5603:
5596:
5585:
5564:ammonium ozonide
5554:
5552:
5551:
5546:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5532:
5527:
5526:
5519:
5514:
5513:
5506:
5500:
5497:
5490:
5477:
5473:
5465:
5458:
5451:
5444:
5435:
5433:
5432:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5410:
5404:
5401:
5394:
5384:
5381:
5374:
5364:
5361:
5354:
5343:
5320:
5318:
5317:
5312:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5298:
5292:
5289:
5282:
5276:
5273:
5266:
5260:
5257:
5250:
5237:
5230:
5215:
5214:
5213:
5210:
5192:
5190:
5189:
5184:
5182:
5180:
5179:
5167:
5166:
5165:
5153:
5152:
5139:
5134:
5133:
5130:
5114:
5112:
5111:
5106:
5104:
5103:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5079:
5070:
5069:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5048:
5039:
5038:
5035:
5026:
5024:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5008:
5001:
5000:
4999:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4978:
4969:
4968:
4965:
4958:
4940:
4928:
4926:
4925:
4920:
4918:
4916:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4900:
4891:
4890:
4877:
4876:
4875:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4854:
4845:
4844:
4832:
4831:
4818:
4797:
4795:
4794:
4789:
4787:
4785:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4769:
4760:
4759:
4746:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4730:
4721:
4720:
4710:
4702:
4699:
4686:
4684:
4683:
4678:
4676:
4674:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4658:
4651:
4647:
4644:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4621:
4614:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4594:
4593:
4584:
4579:
4578:
4555:
4553:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4530:
4518:
4515:
4507:
4506:
4474:
4472:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4449:
4437:
4434:
4426:
4425:
4413:
4412:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4387:
4378:
4377:
4365:
4364:
4342:
4340:
4339:
4334:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4320:
4309:
4304:
4301:
4294:
4282:
4280:
4279:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4264:
4261:
4254:
4248:
4245:
4238:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4210:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4190:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4160:
4147:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4108:
4098:
4095:
4088:
4035:
4033:
4032:
4027:
4025:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4009:
4006:
4003:
3996:
3990:
3987:
3980:
3972:
3968:
3965:
3960:
3957:
3950:
3944:
3941:
3934:
3927:
3924:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3870:
3859:
3850:
3847:
3840:
3830:
3827:
3820:
3817:
3814:
3807:
3786:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3741:
3735:
3732:
3725:
3718:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3696:
3690:
3687:
3680:
3673:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3629:
3619:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3603:
3596:
3587:
3578:
3575:
3568:
3562:
3559:
3552:
3542:
3539:
3532:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3480:
3470:
3467:
3460:
3450:
3447:
3440:
3433:
3424:
3421:
3414:
3392:tin(II) chloride
3382:Other substrates
3372:dimethyl sulfide
3342:carboxylic acids
3302:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3263:
3253:
3250:
3243:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3220:
3212:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3193:
3187:
3184:
3177:
3170:
3165:
3162:
3155:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3136:
3132:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3082:
3076:
3073:
3066:
3060:
3057:
3050:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3031:
3017:hydrogen sulfide
3007:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2968:
2958:
2955:
2948:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2929:
2919:
2916:
2909:
2901:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2872:
2866:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2837:
2830:
2827:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2777:
2767:
2764:
2757:
2751:
2748:
2741:
2730:
2717:lead(II) sulfate
2713:lead(II) sulfide
2694:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2672:
2662:
2659:
2652:
2646:
2643:
2636:
2625:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2577:
2571:
2568:
2561:
2551:
2548:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2528:
2522:
2519:
2512:
2502:
2499:
2492:
2474:ammonium nitrate
2460:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2438:
2428:
2425:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2405:
2399:
2396:
2389:
2379:
2376:
2369:
2363:
2360:
2353:
2340:
2333:
2315:
2300:
2293:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2261:
2255:
2252:
2245:
2239:
2236:
2229:
2223:
2220:
2213:
2196:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2160:
2154:
2151:
2144:
2138:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2108:nitrogen dioxide
2093:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2067:
2060:
2055:
2052:
2045:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2019:
2012:
2007:
2004:
1997:
1990:
1987:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1922:
1917:
1916:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1888:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1870:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1845:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1827:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1809:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1790:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1768:
1757:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1708:
1698:
1695:
1688:
1666:
1649:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1629:
1606:
1598:
1562:on one side and
1530:(similar to the
1464:
1463:
1462:
1409:mucous membranes
1393:dimethyl sulfide
1366:white phosphorus
1363:
1362:
1356:
1290:trioxidanylidene
1255:catena-trioxygen
1225:
1190:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1102:chemical formula
1091:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1042:
1036:
1033:
1032:
919:lowest published
894:
887:
880:
873:
858:
838:
834:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
750:
723:
703:Thermochemistry
616:Refractive index
595:Protonated ozone
564:Very soluble in
492:
477:
470:Chemical formula
400:
399:
384:
382:
366:
330:
319:
308:
291:
267:Gmelin Reference
250:
242:
231:
220:
200:
180:
156:
127:2λ-trioxidiene;
69:
63:
54:
47:
43:
21:
18459:
18458:
18454:
18453:
18452:
18450:
18449:
18448:
18384:
18383:
18382:
18377:
18376:
18371:
18361:
18359:
18349:
18347:
18337:
18335:
18315:
18141:
18117:
18108:
18061:
18051:
17994:
17982:
17963:Propionaldehyde
17938:Ethylene glycol
17927:
17919:
17915:
17886:
17884:
17877:
17833:Cyanohexatriyne
17819:
17812:
17759:
17752:
17687:
17680:
17640:
17593:
17586:
17557:Methoxy radical
17487:
17480:
17476:Thiocyanic acid
17357:
17350:
17260:
17200:Ethynyl radical
17136:
17130:
17129:
17128:
17127:
17121:
17120:
17119:
17118:
17109:
17100:Sulfur monoxide
17085:Sodium chloride
17070:Silicon carbide
16977:Diatomic carbon
16967:Carbon monoxide
16909:
16904:
16874:
16869:
16864:
16859:
16854:
16849:
16844:
16839:
16834:
16829:
16824:
16819:
16814:
16809:
16804:
16799:
16788:
16780:
16750:
16745:
16740:
16737:
16733:
16732:
16724:
16721:
16717:
16716:
16708:
16705:
16701:
16700:
16695: and
16684:
16681:
16677:
16676:
16671: and
16655:
16651:
16650:
16632:
16627:
16592:
16540:Wayback Machine
16528:Wayback Machine
16503:
16492:
16486:
16483:
16464:
16455:This section's
16451:
16447:
16440:
16406:
16383:
16381:Further reading
16378:
16377:
16361:
16360:
16353:
16351:
16342:
16341:
16337:
16294:
16290:
16253:
16249:
16222:Radiochim. Acta
16218:
16211:
16172:
16168:
16145:
16141:
16118:
16114:
16091:
16087:
16055:
16051:
16027:
16023:
15992:
15988:
15959:
15955:
15946:
15944:
15936:
15932:
15931:
15927:
15920:
15906:
15902:
15893:
15891:
15880:
15876:
15867:
15860:
15854:
15850:
15839:
15832:
15816:
15812:
15781:
15777:
15738:
15734:
15727:
15719:
15715:
15703:
15699:
15638:
15634:
15589:
15585:
15562:
15558:
15543:
15539:
15516:
15512:
15505:
15501:
15470:
15466:
15459:
15455:
15416:
15412:
15381:
15374:
15367:
15360:
15337:
15333:
15322:
15318:
15309:
15307:
15288:
15284:
15277:
15261:
15257:
15206:
15202:
15194:
15190:
15189:
15185:
15176:
15174:
15161:
15160:
15156:
15145:
15141:
15132:
15130:
15129:on May 28, 2008
15126:
15119:
15113:
15104:
15095:
15093:
15080:
15079:
15075:
15058:
15054:
15047:
15033:
15029:
15020:
15018:
15005:
15004:
15000:
14989:
14985:
14976:
14974:
14961:
14960:
14956:
14925:
14921:
14912:
14910:
14901:
14900:
14896:
14886:Wayback Machine
14877:
14873:
14863:
14861:
14854:"Lab Note #106
14852:
14851:
14847:
14837:
14835:
14826:
14822:
14791:
14787:
14756:
14752:
14721:
14717:
14707:
14688:
14684:
14675:
14673:
14664:
14663:
14659:
14646:
14645:
14641:
14633:
14629:
14620:
14613:
14605:
14601:
14593:
14589:
14540:
14539:
14535:
14526:
14524:
14511:
14507:
14459:
14452:
14404:
14397:
14357:
14353:
14306:
14302:
14271:
14267:
14258:
14256:
14229:
14225:
14215:
14213:
14181:
14177:
14171:Wayback Machine
14161:
14157:
14120:
14116:
14108:
14104:
14095:
14093:
14084:
14083:
14079:
14071:
14067:
14058:
14056:
14048:
14047:
14043:
14035:
14028:
14024:
14023:
14019:
14010:
14008:
14003:
14002:
13998:
13990:
13986:
13941:
13937:
13900:
13896:
13873:
13869:
13832:N. Engl. J. Med
13824:
13820:
13775:
13766:
13748:
13744:
13738:Wayback Machine
13729:
13725:
13716:
13714:
13707:
13703:
13691:
13687:
13679:
13675:
13630:
13626:
13611:
13607:
13562:
13558:
13513:
13509:
13464:
13460:
13407:
13403:
13358:
13354:
13309:
13305:
13268:
13264:
13227:
13223:
13192:(10): 700–706.
13178:
13174:
13137:
13133:
13125:
13112:
13104:
13093:
13062:(1–3): 173–91.
13048:
13033:
12996:
12992:
12953:
12949:
12910:
12906:
12891:
12887:
12877:
12875:
12865:
12858:
12849:
12847:
12837:
12833:
12818:
12814:
12761:
12757:
12747:
12745:
12735:
12733:
12683:
12679:
12671:
12667:
12662:
12658:
12649:
12647:
12638:
12637:
12633:
12624:
12622:
12613:
12612:
12608:
12599:
12597:
12592:
12591:
12587:
12536:
12532:
12509:
12505:
12497:
12493:
12484:
12482:
12479:
12473:
12469:
12416:
12407:
12398:
12396:
12388:
12387:
12383:
12375:
12371:
12308:
12304:
12243:
12239:
12190:(5): e0177937.
12176:
12172:
12135:
12128:
12121:
12097:
12096:
12092:
12083:
12081:
12070:
12063:
12054:
12052:
12043:
12042:
12038:
12029:
12027:
12012:
12008:
12002:Wayback Machine
11993:
11986:
11964:(12): 4767–82.
11954:
11950:
11935:
11931:
11924:
11916:. McGraw-Hill.
11910:
11906:
11897:
11895:
11882:
11881:
11877:
11866:
11862:
11854:
11843:
11837:
11833:
11814:
11810:
11803:
11789:
11785:
11778:
11764:
11760:
11753:
11739:
11735:
11682:
11678:
11665:
11661:
11651:
11649:
11636:
11635:
11622:
11575:
11571:
11564:
11550:
11543:
11490:
11486:
11479:
11465:
11461:
11454:
11440:
11436:
11429:
11407:
11403:
11394:
11393:
11389:
11381:
11350:
11344:
11340:
11328:
11324:
11293:
11289:
11258:
11254:
11245:
11243:
11234:
11233:
11229:
11219:
11205:
11201:
11194:
11180:
11167:
11158:
11156:
11148:
11147:
11143:
11137:
11115:
11108:
11099:
11097:
11084:
11078:
11069:
11046:
11042:
11005:
11001:
10991:
10989:
10977:
10971:
10967:
10948:
10944:
10935:
10933:
10924:
10923:
10919:
10898:
10894:
10889:
10885:
10880:
10876:
10867:
10865:
10856:
10855:
10851:
10830:
10826:
10815:
10811:
10804:
10787:
10783:
10773:
10771:
10756:
10745:
10732:
10731:
10727:
10718:
10716:
10712:
10696:
10690:
10679:
10670:
10668:
10660:
10659:
10655:
10640:
10633:
10623:
10621:
10612:
10611:
10607:
10554:
10550:
10525:
10521:
10504:
10503:
10499:
10489:
10487:
10453:
10449:
10441:
10437:
10422:
10409:
10399:
10398:
10393:
10389:
10376:
10372:
10362:
10308:Ozone depletion
10303:Nitrogen oxides
10272:
10260:
10254:
10245:
10202:
10174:
10171:
10170:
10169:
10167:
10162:
10160:
10159:
10158:
10156:
10151:
10149:
10148:
10147:
10145:
10130:
10123:
10049:
10043:
10031:
9949:Cryptosporidium
9943:Giardia lamblia
9738:pharmaceuticals
9734:
9729:
9708:
9703:
9687:
9681:
9677:
9672:
9663:
9661:
9658:
9657:
9649:
9646:
9645:
9644:
9642:
9637:
9634:
9633:
9632:
9630:
9621:
9618:
9617:
9616:
9614:
9584:represents the
9581:
9564:
9563:
9555:
9546:
9542:
9531:
9524:
9520:
9507:
9503:
9492:
9487:
9473:
9468:
9459:
9455:
9454:
9446:
9437:
9433:
9422:
9417:
9412:
9395:
9391:
9378:
9374:
9369:
9365:
9364:
9356:
9344:
9340:
9329:
9322:
9318:
9305:
9301:
9290:
9285:
9271:
9266:
9257:
9252:
9250:
9247:
9246:
9198:
9182:Catatumbo River
9163:Electric motors
9120:
9117:
9116:
9115:
9113:
9110:
9056:stainless steel
9024:
8999:
8995:
8991:
8986:
8966:
8936:
8930:
8913:nitrogen oxides
8895:
8883:
8863:
8824:
8811:
8797:, generated by
8774:immune response
8734:
8728:
8716:
8669:
8666:
8665:
8664:
8662:
8636:In the US, the
8621:(EPA), and the
8527:
8517:
8480:
8459:
8430:
8399:
8390:
8384:
8286:
8213:
8207:
8196:
8192:
8143:
8118:
8100:
8072:nitrogen oxides
8056:
8018:
8016:
8004:
7997:
7996:
7896:
7888:
7887:
7861:
7853:
7852:
7788:Pharmaceuticals
7768:Nonpoint source
7708:
7698:
7697:
7666:Nuclear fallout
7639:
7629:
7628:
7599:
7589:
7588:
7579:
7569:
7568:
7559:
7551:
7550:
7536:Packaging waste
7501:Hazardous waste
7461:
7453:
7452:
7413:
7403:
7402:
7373:Nuclear fallout
7368:Nuclear fission
7348:
7338:
7337:
7303:
7293:
7292:
7268:
7260:
7259:
7233:
7231:Electromagnetic
7223:
7222:
7213:
7205:
7204:
7178:
7168:
7167:
7138:Ozone depletion
7083:
7073:
7058:
7043:
7035:Main articles:
7033:
7031:Low level ozone
6998:
6990:ozone depleting
6970:
6966:
6945:
6940:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6903:
6897:
6893:
6873:
6865:
6860:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6827:
6799:
6794:
6777:
6772:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6755:
6722:
6712:
6686:
6677:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6657:
6636:
6622:
6620:Ozone depletion
6612:
6607:
6601:
6553:
6537:
6533:
6515:
6491:
6486:
6471:
6466:
6455:
6450:
6439:
6434:
6420:
6415:
6407:
6402:
6394:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6386:
6360:
6355:
6342:
6338:
6331:
6326:
6313:
6309:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6302:
6269:
6264:
6249:
6244:
6236:
6231:
6217:
6212:
6201:
6196:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6181:
6153:
6152:
6145:
6141:
6132:
6128:
6123:
6110:
6098:
6097:
6093:
6088:
6077:
6059:
6054:
6039:
6034:
6021:
6012:
6008:
6003:
5999:
5998:
5991:
5987:
5978:
5974:
5969:
5960:
5948:
5947:
5943:
5938:
5927:
5909:
5904:
5889:
5884:
5875:
5866:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5846:
5824:
5805:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5783:
5778:
5763:
5758:
5750:
5745:
5736:
5727:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5708:
5703:
5695:
5684:
5679:
5668:
5657:
5652:
5637:
5635:
5624:
5619:
5604:
5599:
5580:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5570:
5540:
5535:
5522:
5518:
5509:
5505:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5475:
5471:
5464:
5460:
5457:
5453:
5450:
5446:
5443:
5439:
5418:
5413:
5402:
5397:
5382:
5377:
5362:
5357:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5306:
5301:
5290:
5285:
5274:
5269:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5236:
5232:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5211:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5198:
5172:
5168:
5161:
5157:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5138:
5129:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5096:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5065:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5034:
5030:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5002:
4995:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4964:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4949:
4946:
4945:
4939:
4933:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4883:
4879:
4878:
4871:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4840:
4836:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4817:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4752:
4748:
4747:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4716:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4698:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4652:
4643:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4615:
4613:
4599:
4595:
4589:
4585:
4583:
4574:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4514:
4502:
4498:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4433:
4421:
4417:
4408:
4404:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4373:
4369:
4360:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4328:
4323:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4262:
4257:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4184:
4177:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4148:
4146:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4116:
4111:
4096:
4091:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4066:
4047:
4042:
4023:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4004:
3999:
3988:
3983:
3974:
3970:
3969:
3958:
3953:
3942:
3937:
3926:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3878:
3873:
3848:
3843:
3828:
3823:
3815:
3810:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3785:
3781:
3770:
3749:
3744:
3733:
3728:
3704:
3699:
3688:
3683:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3637:
3632:
3617:
3612:
3604:
3599:
3591:
3576:
3571:
3560:
3555:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3518:perchloric acid
3488:
3483:
3468:
3463:
3448:
3443:
3422:
3417:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3384:
3360:dichloromethane
3315:
3309:
3290:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3271:
3266:
3251:
3246:
3228:
3223:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3201:
3196:
3185:
3180:
3163:
3158:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3090:
3085:
3074:
3069:
3058:
3053:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3023:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2976:
2971:
2956:
2951:
2937:
2932:
2917:
2912:
2903:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2880:
2875:
2864:
2859:
2845:
2840:
2829:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2785:
2780:
2765:
2760:
2749:
2744:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2715:is oxidized to
2711:. For example,
2703:Ozone oxidizes
2701:
2680:
2675:
2660:
2655:
2644:
2639:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2585:
2580:
2569:
2564:
2549:
2544:
2536:
2531:
2520:
2515:
2500:
2495:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2446:
2441:
2426:
2421:
2413:
2408:
2397:
2392:
2377:
2372:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2299:
2295:
2292:
2288:
2269:
2264:
2253:
2248:
2237:
2232:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2199:nitrate radical
2195:
2191:
2168:
2163:
2152:
2147:
2136:
2131:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2100:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2053:
2048:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2005:
2000:
1989:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1974:. For example:
1972:oxidation state
1948:
1921:
1912:
1908:
1896:
1891:
1882:
1878:
1866:
1862:
1848:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1830:
1823:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1812:
1808:
1799:
1793:
1789:
1780:
1776:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1716:
1711:
1696:
1691:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1665:
1661:
1650:
1639:
1633:
1630:
1619:
1607:
1596:
1526:
1517:
1506:chlorine bleach
1479:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1371:
1313:
1236:
1223:
1194:
1185:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1071:
1067:
1061:
1054:
1049:
1048:
1047: ?)
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1012:
1008:
1004:
998:
983:
970:
957:
936:
934:
932:
930:
928:
926:
922:
916:
899:
898:
897:
896:
889:
882:
875:
868:
864:
856:
829:
815:
779:
751:
748:
742:
738:
735:
734:Std enthalpy of
727:238.92 J K mol
724:
721:
714:
711:
695:
670:
668:Molecular shape
658:
649:
643:
626:
624:
609:+6.7·10 cm/mol
606:
569:
550:
490:
480:
472:
458:
455:
450:
449:
438:
435:
434:
431:
425:
424:
421:
415:
414:
403:
385:
378:
369:
349:
333:
320:
294:
281:
269:
260:
223:
203:
183:
170:
159:
146:
132:
120:
119:
108:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
18457:
18447:
18446:
18441:
18436:
18431:
18426:
18421:
18416:
18411:
18406:
18401:
18396:
18379:
18378:
18373:
18372:
18370:
18369:
18357:
18345:
18333:
18320:
18317:
18316:
18314:
18313:
18308:
18303:
18298:
18292:
18287:
18282:
18277:
18272:
18267:
18262:
18257:
18252:
18247:
18242:
18237:
18232:
18227:
18222:
18217:
18212:
18207:
18202:
18200:Cosmochemistry
18197:
18192:
18187:
18182:
18177:
18172:
18167:
18165:Astrochemistry
18162:
18157:
18151:
18149:
18143:
18142:
18140:
18139:
18134:
18129:
18124:
18119:
18115:
18111:
18106:
18102:
18097:
18092:
18087:
18082:
18077:
18071:
18069:
18063:
18062:
18060:
18059:
18054:
18049:
18045:
18040:
18035:
18030:
18025:
18020:
18018:Formyl radical
18015:
18010:
18004:
17998:
17996:
17988:
17987:
17984:
17983:
17981:
17980:
17975:
17970:
17965:
17960:
17955:
17950:
17948:Methyl acetate
17945:
17940:
17935:
17930:
17925:
17921:
17917:
17913:
17907:
17902:
17897:
17891:
17889:
17879:
17878:
17876:
17875:
17870:
17865:
17860:
17855:
17850:
17845:
17840:
17838:Dimethyl ether
17835:
17830:
17824:
17822:
17814:
17813:
17811:
17810:
17805:
17803:Methyl formate
17800:
17795:
17790:
17788:Glycolaldehyde
17785:
17780:
17775:
17770:
17764:
17762:
17754:
17753:
17751:
17750:
17745:
17740:
17735:
17730:
17725:
17723:Glycolonitrile
17720:
17718:Ethylene oxide
17715:
17710:
17709:
17708:
17698:
17692:
17690:
17682:
17681:
17679:
17678:
17673:
17668:
17663:
17658:
17653:
17648:
17643:
17638:
17634:
17629:
17624:
17619:
17617:Cyclopropenone
17614:
17609:
17604:
17598:
17596:
17588:
17587:
17585:
17584:
17579:
17574:
17569:
17564:
17559:
17554:
17549:
17544:
17539:
17534:
17529:
17524:
17519:
17517:Cyanoacetylene
17514:
17509:
17504:
17499:
17492:
17490:
17482:
17481:
17479:
17478:
17473:
17468:
17463:
17458:
17453:
17448:
17443:
17438:
17436:Methyl radical
17433:
17428:
17423:
17418:
17413:
17411:Isocyanic acid
17408:
17403:
17398:
17393:
17388:
17383:
17378:
17376:Isocyanic acid
17373:
17368:
17362:
17360:
17352:
17351:
17349:
17348:
17343:
17338:
17333:
17328:
17323:
17321:Sulfur dioxide
17318:
17313:
17308:
17303:
17298:
17296:Sodium cyanide
17293:
17288:
17283:
17278:
17273:
17268:
17263:
17258:
17254:
17249:
17244:
17239:
17234:
17229:
17224:
17219:
17213:
17207:
17205:Formyl radical
17202:
17197:
17192:
17187:
17182:
17177:
17172:
17167:
17165:Carbon dioxide
17162:
17157:
17152:
17146:
17144:
17138:
17137:
17112:
17110:
17108:
17107:
17102:
17097:
17092:
17087:
17082:
17077:
17072:
17067:
17062:
17057:
17052:
17046:
17041:
17036:
17030:
17025:
17020:
17015:
17013:Iron(II) oxide
17010:
17005:
16999:
16994:
16989:
16984:
16979:
16974:
16969:
16964:
16959:
16954:
16949:
16944:
16939:
16934:
16928:
16926:
16917:
16911:
16910:
16903:
16902:
16895:
16888:
16880:
16871:
16870:
16868:
16867:
16862:
16857:
16852:
16847:
16842:
16837:
16832:
16827:
16822:
16817:
16812:
16807:
16802:
16796:
16794:
16790:
16789:
16779:
16778:
16771:
16764:
16756:
16747:
16746:
16742:
16741:
16735:
16727:
16725:
16719:
16711:
16709:
16703:
16687:
16685:
16679:
16658:
16656:
16648:Nascent oxygen
16645:
16643:
16637:
16634:
16633:
16626:
16625:
16618:
16611:
16603:
16597:
16594:
16593:
16584:
16583:
16578:
16568:
16563:
16558:
16553:
16548:
16542:
16530:
16518:
16513:
16505:
16504:
16459:external links
16454:
16452:
16445:
16439:
16438:External links
16436:
16435:
16434:
16425:
16410:
16404:
16382:
16379:
16376:
16375:
16335:
16288:
16247:
16209:
16166:
16139:
16128:(3): 317–325.
16112:
16101:(4): 666–671.
16085:
16066:(1): 102–107.
16049:
16038:(3): 248–257.
16021:
15986:
15953:
15925:
15918:
15900:
15874:
15870:on 2011-07-15.
15848:
15830:
15810:
15791:(19): 193502.
15775:
15748:(2): 338–350.
15732:
15713:
15697:
15632:
15603:(4): 269–288.
15583:
15572:(4): 453–460.
15556:
15537:
15510:
15499:
15464:
15453:
15420:Water Research
15410:
15372:
15358:
15331:
15316:
15282:
15275:
15255:
15226:10.1086/507966
15200:
15183:
15154:
15151:. Purdue News.
15139:
15102:
15073:
15052:
15045:
15027:
14998:
14983:
14954:
14919:
14894:
14871:
14845:
14820:
14785:
14750:
14731:(4): 315–334.
14725:Ozone Sci. Eng
14715:
14682:
14657:
14639:
14627:
14611:
14599:
14587:
14533:
14516:(2022-01-17).
14514:Dickie, Gloria
14505:
14450:
14395:
14351:
14300:
14265:
14223:
14175:
14155:
14134:(8): 429–433.
14114:
14112:airinfonow.org
14110:What is Ozone?
14102:
14077:
14065:
14041:
14017:
13996:
13984:
13935:
13894:
13867:
13818:
13764:
13742:
13723:
13701:
13685:
13673:
13624:
13605:
13576:(6): 745–753.
13556:
13507:
13458:
13401:
13352:
13303:
13262:
13221:
13172:
13131:
13110:
13091:
13031:
12990:
12947:
12904:
12885:
12856:
12831:
12812:
12755:
12699:(4): 365–372.
12677:
12665:
12656:
12631:
12606:
12585:
12530:
12519:(3): 426–450.
12503:
12491:
12467:
12430:(2): 196–211.
12405:
12381:
12369:
12302:
12237:
12170:
12149:(3): 142–148.
12126:
12119:
12105:. 1991-01-01.
12090:
12061:
12036:
12006:
11984:
11948:
11945:on 2015-11-17.
11929:
11922:
11904:
11875:
11860:
11831:
11808:
11801:
11783:
11776:
11758:
11751:
11733:
11676:
11659:
11620:
11569:
11562:
11541:
11484:
11477:
11459:
11452:
11434:
11427:
11401:
11387:
11384:on 2009-03-27.
11338:
11322:
11287:
11268:(3): 538–551.
11252:
11227:
11217:
11199:
11192:
11165:
11141:
11135:
11106:
11067:
11040:
10999:
10965:
10942:
10917:
10892:
10883:
10874:
10849:
10824:
10809:
10802:
10781:
10743:
10725:
10677:
10653:
10631:
10605:
10548:
10537:(3): 431–436.
10519:
10497:
10447:
10435:
10406:
10405:
10397:
10396:
10387:
10369:
10368:
10361:
10358:
10357:
10356:
10351:
10346:
10341:
10335:
10330:
10325:
10320:
10315:
10305:
10300:
10295:
10294:(September 16)
10289:
10283:
10278:
10271:
10268:
10253:
10250:
10244:
10241:
10201:
10198:
10172:
10161:
10150:
10144:from ferrous (
10122:
10119:
10089:residues from
10042:
10039:
10030:
10027:
10023:carbon dioxide
9954:
9953:
9938:
9935:
9932:
9925:
9922:
9919:
9912:
9893:
9890:
9887:
9884:
9881:
9874:cooling towers
9870:
9863:peracetic acid
9851:
9848:
9839:
9836:
9766:organochlorine
9733:
9730:
9728:
9725:
9724:
9723:
9706:
9697:
9685:
9675:
9666:
9647:
9635:
9619:
9578:
9577:
9562:
9554:
9549:
9545:
9541:
9538:
9535:
9533:
9527:
9518:
9515:
9510:
9501:
9498:
9490:
9482:
9471:
9462:
9458:
9456:
9453:
9445:
9440:
9436:
9432:
9429:
9426:
9424:
9415:
9406:
9403:
9398:
9389:
9386:
9381:
9372:
9368:
9366:
9363:
9355:
9352:
9347:
9343:
9339:
9336:
9333:
9331:
9325:
9316:
9313:
9308:
9299:
9296:
9288:
9280:
9269:
9260:
9256:
9254:
9214:9 volt battery
9197:
9194:
9147:laser printers
9118:
9109:
9106:
9023:
9020:
8997:
8993:
8989:
8985:
8982:
8965:
8962:
8934:Photochemistry
8929:
8926:
8894:
8891:
8881:
8862:
8859:
8823:
8820:
8810:
8807:
8803:5,6 secosterol
8742:singlet oxygen
8727:
8724:
8715:
8712:
8667:
8627:health effects
8623:European Union
8525:Climate change
8516:
8513:
8479:
8476:
8458:
8455:
8429:
8426:
8422:
8421:
8415:
8412:
8409:
8406:
8398:
8395:
8383:
8382:Health effects
8380:
8373:Southern Ocean
8365:carbon dioxide
8363:up to 150% of
8349:carbon dioxide
8345:carbon dioxide
8326:carbon dioxide
8311:climate change
8302:greenhouse gas
8285:
8282:
8274:electric motor
8254:Ozone cracking
8241:nitrile rubber
8237:natural rubber
8221:natural rubber
8211:Ozone cracking
8209:Main article:
8206:
8205:Ozone cracking
8203:
8194:
8190:
8141:
8126:Houston, Texas
8117:
8114:
8106:photosynthesis
8098:
8058:
8057:
8055:
8054:
8047:
8040:
8032:
8029:
8028:
8027:
8026:
8014:
7999:
7998:
7993:
7992:
7991:
7990:
7982:
7981:
7977:
7976:
7975:
7974:
7969:
7964:
7959:
7957:Law by country
7954:
7946:
7945:
7939:
7938:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7908:
7903:
7897:
7894:
7893:
7890:
7889:
7886:
7885:
7884:
7883:
7878:
7868:
7862:
7859:
7858:
7855:
7854:
7851:
7850:
7845:
7840:
7835:
7830:
7828:Surface runoff
7825:
7820:
7815:
7810:
7805:
7800:
7795:
7790:
7785:
7780:
7775:
7770:
7765:
7760:
7755:
7750:
7745:
7740:
7735:
7730:
7728:Eutrophication
7725:
7720:
7715:
7709:
7704:
7703:
7700:
7699:
7696:
7695:
7690:
7685:
7683:Scorched earth
7680:
7679:
7678:
7676:Nuclear winter
7673:
7671:Nuclear famine
7668:
7658:
7657:
7656:
7646:
7640:
7635:
7634:
7631:
7630:
7627:
7626:
7621:
7616:
7611:
7606:
7600:
7595:
7594:
7591:
7590:
7587:
7586:
7580:
7575:
7574:
7571:
7570:
7567:
7566:
7560:
7557:
7556:
7553:
7552:
7549:
7548:
7543:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7462:
7459:
7458:
7455:
7454:
7451:
7450:
7445:
7440:
7435:
7430:
7428:Bioremediation
7425:
7420:
7414:
7409:
7408:
7405:
7404:
7401:
7400:
7395:
7390:
7385:
7380:
7375:
7370:
7365:
7360:
7358:Bioremediation
7355:
7349:
7344:
7343:
7340:
7339:
7336:
7335:
7330:
7325:
7320:
7315:
7310:
7308:Transportation
7304:
7299:
7298:
7295:
7294:
7291:
7290:
7285:
7280:
7275:
7269:
7266:
7265:
7262:
7261:
7258:
7257:
7255:Radio spectrum
7252:
7251:
7250:
7245:
7234:
7229:
7228:
7225:
7224:
7221:
7220:
7214:
7211:
7210:
7207:
7206:
7203:
7202:
7201:
7200:
7190:
7185:
7179:
7174:
7173:
7170:
7169:
7166:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7135:
7130:
7125:
7123:Global dimming
7120:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7100:
7095:
7090:
7084:
7079:
7078:
7075:
7074:
7071:
7063:
7062:
7054:
7053:
7032:
7029:
6997:
6994:
6968:
6964:
6961:
6960:
6943:
6934:
6931:
6925:
6917:
6895:
6889:
6888:
6875:kinetic energy
6872:
6863:
6855:
6849:
6841:
6821:
6820:
6805:
6797:
6789:
6783:
6775:
6767:
6749:
6748:
6732:
6719:
6708:
6702:
6696:
6685:
6681:
6671:
6634:
6611:
6608:
6603:Main article:
6600:
6597:
6593:concentrations
6589:mole fractions
6552:
6549:
6535:
6524:greenhouse gas
6514:
6511:
6510:
6509:
6489:
6480:
6477:
6469:
6461:
6453:
6445:
6437:
6429:
6418:
6413:
6405:
6397:
6376:
6375:
6358:
6350:
6345:
6337:
6329:
6321:
6316:
6285:
6284:
6267:
6258:
6255:
6247:
6234:
6226:
6215:
6207:
6199:
6190:
6175:sulfurous acid
6167:
6166:
6148:
6139:
6136:
6126:
6117:
6114:
6107:
6101:
6091:
6086:
6080:
6071:
6068:
6057:
6048:
6045:
6037:
6028:
6025:
6018:
6015:
6006:
6002:
6000:
5994:
5985:
5982:
5972:
5964:
5957:
5951:
5941:
5936:
5930:
5921:
5918:
5907:
5898:
5895:
5887:
5879:
5872:
5869:
5860:
5856:
5854:
5823:
5820:
5819:
5818:
5797:
5789:
5781:
5772:
5769:
5761:
5748:
5739:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5728:
5719:
5714:
5706:
5698:
5690:
5682:
5677:
5671:
5663:
5655:
5646:
5643:
5636:
5630:
5622:
5613:
5610:
5602:
5593:
5590:
5583:
5579:
5578:
5558:A solution of
5556:
5555:
5538:
5530:
5525:
5517:
5512:
5504:
5496:
5462:
5455:
5448:
5441:
5437:
5436:
5416:
5408:
5400:
5391:
5388:
5380:
5371:
5368:
5360:
5351:
5348:
5341:
5322:
5321:
5304:
5296:
5288:
5280:
5272:
5264:
5256:
5234:
5227:
5223:
5197:
5194:
5178:
5175:
5171:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5151:
5147:
5143:
5137:
5128:
5116:
5115:
5102:
5099:
5095:
5085:
5076:
5073:
5068:
5064:
5054:
5045:
5042:
5033:
5029:
5023:
5014:
5005:
4998:
4994:
4984:
4975:
4972:
4963:
4956:
4953:
4937:
4930:
4929:
4915:
4906:
4897:
4894:
4889:
4886:
4882:
4874:
4870:
4860:
4851:
4848:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4816:
4813:
4799:
4798:
4784:
4775:
4766:
4763:
4758:
4755:
4751:
4745:
4736:
4727:
4724:
4719:
4715:
4708:
4705:
4697:
4687:
4673:
4664:
4655:
4650:
4642:
4639:
4636:
4627:
4618:
4612:
4605:
4602:
4598:
4592:
4588:
4582:
4577:
4573:
4557:
4556:
4545:
4536:
4527:
4524:
4521:
4513:
4510:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4494:
4491:
4476:
4475:
4464:
4455:
4446:
4443:
4440:
4432:
4429:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4411:
4407:
4402:
4393:
4384:
4381:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4363:
4359:
4326:
4317:
4314:
4308:
4300:
4268:
4260:
4252:
4244:
4205:
4196:
4187:
4180:
4176:
4166:
4157:
4154:
4151:
4145:
4142:
4114:
4105:
4102:
4094:
4085:
4065:
4062:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4036:
4015:
4002:
3994:
3986:
3977:
3973:
3971:
3964:
3956:
3948:
3940:
3932:
3925:
3923:
3894:
3893:
3876:
3867:
3864:
3857:
3854:
3846:
3837:
3834:
3826:
3813:
3804:
3783:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3747:
3739:
3731:
3723:
3716:
3713:
3702:
3694:
3686:
3678:
3671:
3656:
3655:
3635:
3626:
3623:
3615:
3610:
3602:
3594:
3585:
3582:
3574:
3566:
3558:
3549:
3546:
3538:
3507:
3506:
3486:
3477:
3474:
3466:
3457:
3454:
3446:
3438:
3431:
3428:
3420:
3411:
3383:
3380:
3356:
3355:
3334:acid anhydride
3311:Main article:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3282:
3269:
3260:
3257:
3249:
3240:
3237:
3226:
3217:
3213:
3211:
3199:
3191:
3183:
3175:
3169:
3161:
3153:
3142:
3133:
3131:
3109:
3108:
3088:
3080:
3072:
3064:
3056:
3048:
3037:
3009:
3008:
2987:
2974:
2965:
2962:
2954:
2946:
2935:
2926:
2923:
2915:
2906:
2902:
2900:
2891:
2878:
2870:
2862:
2854:
2843:
2835:
2828:
2826:
2812:sulfur dioxide
2801:
2800:
2783:
2774:
2771:
2763:
2755:
2747:
2738:
2735:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2678:
2669:
2666:
2658:
2650:
2642:
2633:
2630:
2612:carbon dioxide
2604:
2603:
2583:
2575:
2567:
2558:
2555:
2547:
2534:
2526:
2518:
2509:
2506:
2498:
2489:
2462:
2461:
2444:
2435:
2432:
2424:
2411:
2403:
2395:
2386:
2383:
2375:
2367:
2359:
2337:
2330:
2326:
2312:
2308:
2297:
2290:
2285:
2284:
2267:
2259:
2251:
2243:
2235:
2227:
2219:
2193:
2184:
2183:
2166:
2158:
2150:
2142:
2134:
2126:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2073:
2065:
2059:
2051:
2043:
2036:
2034:
2025:
2017:
2011:
2003:
1995:
1988:
1986:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1928:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1894:
1886:
1875:
1869:
1865:
1851:
1844:
1833:
1826:
1815:
1806:
1803:
1796:
1787:
1784:
1773:
1767:
1763:
1732:
1731:
1714:
1705:
1702:
1694:
1685:
1663:
1652:
1651:
1610:
1608:
1601:
1595:
1592:
1524:
1516:
1513:
1478:
1475:
1459:
1419:stated in the
1369:
1312:
1309:
1301:Trioxidanediyl
1295:trioxidanediyl
1251:2λ-trioxidiene
1235:
1232:
1192:
1147:
1135:
1110:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1028:
1027:
1023:standard state
1020:
1017:
1016:
1002:Sulfur dioxide
999:
996:
993:
992:
988:
987:
984:
978:
975:
974:
971:
965:
962:
961:
958:
952:
949:
948:
939:
938:
923:
914:
912:
909:
908:
901:
900:
890:
883:
876:
869:
854:
853:
852:
851:
849:
840:
839:
830:
825:
822:
821:
816:
811:
808:
807:
780:
775:
772:
771:
761:
760:
756:
755:
754:142.67 kJ mol
752:
746:
740:
732:
729:
728:
725:
719:
708:
705:
704:
700:
699:
696:
691:
688:
687:
681:
675:
674:
671:
666:
663:
662:
659:
654:
651:
650:
647:
644:
639:
636:
635:
631:
630:
627:
622:
614:
611:
610:
607:
601:
598:
597:
592:
590:Conjugate acid
586:
585:
582:
580:Vapor pressure
576:
575:
567:
562:
555:
554:
551:
546:
543:
542:
539:
533:
532:
529:
523:
522:
519:
513:
512:
509:
503:
502:
499:
495:
494:
488:
482:
481:
478:
473:
468:
465:
464:
460:
459:
457:
456:
453:
445:
444:
443:
440:
439:
437:
436:
432:
429:
428:
426:
422:
419:
418:
410:
409:
408:
405:
404:
402:
401:
388:
386:
374:
371:
370:
368:
367:
359:
357:
351:
350:
348:
347:
343:
341:
335:
334:
332:
331:
323:
321:
313:
310:
309:
302:
296:
295:
293:
292:
284:
282:
277:
274:
273:
270:
265:
262:
261:
259:
258:
254:
252:
244:
243:
233:
225:
224:
222:
221:
213:
211:
205:
204:
202:
201:
193:
191:
185:
184:
182:
181:
173:
171:
164:
161:
160:
158:
157:
149:
147:
142:
139:
138:
134:
133:
126:
122:
121:
117:
116:
110:
109:
106:
100:
99:
95:
94:
91:
90:
80:
65:
64:
56:
55:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
18456:
18445:
18442:
18440:
18437:
18435:
18432:
18430:
18427:
18425:
18422:
18420:
18417:
18415:
18412:
18410:
18409:Disinfectants
18407:
18405:
18402:
18400:
18399:Air pollution
18397:
18395:
18392:
18391:
18389:
18368:
18358:
18356:
18346:
18344:
18334:
18332:
18331:
18322:
18321:
18318:
18312:
18309:
18307:
18304:
18302:
18299:
18296:
18293:
18291:
18288:
18286:
18283:
18281:
18278:
18276:
18273:
18271:
18268:
18266:
18263:
18261:
18258:
18256:
18253:
18251:
18248:
18246:
18243:
18241:
18238:
18236:
18233:
18231:
18230:Homochirality
18228:
18226:
18223:
18221:
18218:
18216:
18213:
18211:
18208:
18206:
18203:
18201:
18198:
18196:
18193:
18191:
18188:
18186:
18183:
18181:
18178:
18176:
18173:
18171:
18168:
18166:
18163:
18161:
18158:
18156:
18153:
18152:
18150:
18148:
18144:
18138:
18135:
18133:
18130:
18128:
18125:
18123:
18120:
18118:
18112:
18110:
18103:
18101:
18098:
18096:
18093:
18091:
18088:
18086:
18085:Methoxyethane
18083:
18081:
18078:
18076:
18073:
18072:
18070:
18068:
18064:
18058:
18055:
18053:
18046:
18044:
18041:
18039:
18036:
18034:
18031:
18029:
18026:
18024:
18021:
18019:
18016:
18014:
18011:
18008:
18005:
18003:
18000:
17999:
17997:
17993:
17989:
17979:
17976:
17974:
17971:
17969:
17968:Butyronitrile
17966:
17964:
17961:
17959:
17956:
17954:
17951:
17949:
17946:
17944:
17943:Ethyl formate
17941:
17939:
17936:
17934:
17931:
17929:
17922:
17911:
17908:
17906:
17903:
17901:
17898:
17896:
17893:
17892:
17890:
17888:
17880:
17874:
17871:
17869:
17868:Propionitrile
17866:
17864:
17861:
17859:
17856:
17854:
17851:
17849:
17846:
17844:
17841:
17839:
17836:
17834:
17831:
17829:
17826:
17825:
17823:
17821:
17815:
17809:
17806:
17804:
17801:
17799:
17796:
17794:
17791:
17789:
17786:
17784:
17781:
17779:
17776:
17774:
17771:
17769:
17766:
17765:
17763:
17761:
17755:
17749:
17748:Vinyl alcohol
17746:
17744:
17741:
17739:
17736:
17734:
17731:
17729:
17726:
17724:
17721:
17719:
17716:
17714:
17711:
17707:
17706:Vinyl cyanide
17704:
17703:
17702:
17701:Acrylonitrile
17699:
17697:
17694:
17693:
17691:
17689:
17683:
17677:
17674:
17672:
17669:
17667:
17666:Pentynylidyne
17664:
17662:
17659:
17657:
17654:
17652:
17649:
17647:
17644:
17642:
17635:
17633:
17630:
17628:
17625:
17623:
17620:
17618:
17615:
17613:
17610:
17608:
17605:
17603:
17600:
17599:
17597:
17595:
17589:
17583:
17580:
17578:
17575:
17573:
17570:
17568:
17565:
17563:
17562:Methylenimine
17560:
17558:
17555:
17553:
17550:
17548:
17545:
17543:
17540:
17538:
17535:
17533:
17530:
17528:
17525:
17523:
17520:
17518:
17515:
17513:
17510:
17508:
17505:
17503:
17500:
17497:
17494:
17493:
17491:
17489:
17483:
17477:
17474:
17472:
17469:
17467:
17464:
17462:
17459:
17457:
17454:
17452:
17449:
17447:
17444:
17442:
17441:Propynylidyne
17439:
17437:
17434:
17432:
17431:Methyl cation
17429:
17427:
17424:
17422:
17419:
17417:
17414:
17412:
17409:
17407:
17404:
17402:
17399:
17397:
17394:
17392:
17391:Fulminic acid
17389:
17387:
17384:
17382:
17379:
17377:
17374:
17372:
17369:
17367:
17364:
17363:
17361:
17359:
17353:
17347:
17344:
17342:
17339:
17337:
17334:
17332:
17329:
17327:
17324:
17322:
17319:
17317:
17314:
17312:
17309:
17307:
17304:
17302:
17299:
17297:
17294:
17292:
17289:
17287:
17284:
17282:
17279:
17277:
17274:
17272:
17269:
17267:
17266:Nitrous oxide
17264:
17262:
17255:
17253:
17250:
17248:
17245:
17243:
17240:
17238:
17235:
17233:
17230:
17228:
17225:
17223:
17220:
17217:
17214:
17211:
17208:
17206:
17203:
17201:
17198:
17196:
17193:
17191:
17188:
17186:
17183:
17181:
17178:
17176:
17173:
17171:
17168:
17166:
17163:
17161:
17160:Amino radical
17158:
17156:
17153:
17151:
17148:
17147:
17145:
17143:
17139:
17134:
17125:
17116:
17106:
17103:
17101:
17098:
17096:
17093:
17091:
17090:Sodium iodide
17088:
17086:
17083:
17081:
17078:
17076:
17073:
17071:
17068:
17066:
17063:
17061:
17058:
17056:
17053:
17050:
17047:
17045:
17042:
17040:
17037:
17034:
17031:
17029:
17026:
17024:
17021:
17019:
17016:
17014:
17011:
17009:
17006:
17003:
17000:
16998:
16995:
16993:
16990:
16988:
16985:
16983:
16980:
16978:
16975:
16973:
16972:Cyano radical
16970:
16968:
16965:
16963:
16960:
16958:
16955:
16953:
16952:Carbon cation
16950:
16948:
16945:
16943:
16940:
16938:
16935:
16933:
16930:
16929:
16927:
16925:
16921:
16918:
16916:
16912:
16908:
16901:
16896:
16894:
16889:
16887:
16882:
16881:
16878:
16865:
16858:
16855:
16848:
16845:
16838:
16835:
16828:
16825:
16818:
16815:
16808:
16805:
16798:
16797:
16795:
16791:
16787:
16784:
16777:
16772:
16770:
16765:
16763:
16758:
16757:
16754:
16739:
16731:
16726:
16723:
16715:
16710:
16707:
16698:
16694:
16693:
16686:
16683:
16674:
16670:
16669:
16664:
16663:
16657:
16654:
16649:
16644:
16641:
16640:
16635:
16631:
16624:
16619:
16617:
16612:
16610:
16605:
16604:
16601:
16595:
16588:
16582:
16579:
16576:
16572:
16569:
16567:
16564:
16562:
16559:
16557:
16554:
16552:
16549:
16546:
16543:
16541:
16537:
16534:
16531:
16529:
16525:
16522:
16519:
16517:
16514:
16512:
16509:
16508:
16501:
16498:
16490:
16480:
16476:
16475:inappropriate
16472:
16468:
16462:
16460:
16453:
16444:
16443:
16432:
16431:
16426:
16423:
16422:0-7503-0962-8
16419:
16415:
16411:
16407:
16401:
16397:
16393:
16389:
16385:
16384:
16371:
16365:
16349:
16345:
16339:
16331:
16327:
16323:
16319:
16315:
16311:
16307:
16303:
16299:
16292:
16283:
16278:
16274:
16270:
16266:
16262:
16258:
16251:
16243:
16239:
16235:
16231:
16227:
16223:
16216:
16214:
16205:
16201:
16197:
16193:
16189:
16185:
16181:
16177:
16170:
16162:
16158:
16154:
16150:
16143:
16135:
16131:
16127:
16123:
16116:
16108:
16104:
16100:
16096:
16089:
16081:
16077:
16073:
16069:
16065:
16061:
16053:
16045:
16041:
16037:
16033:
16025:
16017:
16013:
16009:
16005:
16001:
15997:
15990:
15981:
15976:
15972:
15968:
15964:
15957:
15942:
15935:
15929:
15921:
15915:
15911:
15904:
15890:on 2007-02-11
15889:
15885:
15878:
15866:
15859:
15852:
15844:
15837:
15835:
15826:
15822:
15814:
15806:
15802:
15798:
15794:
15790:
15786:
15779:
15771:
15767:
15763:
15759:
15755:
15751:
15747:
15743:
15736:
15723:
15717:
15709:
15701:
15693:
15689:
15684:
15679:
15675:
15671:
15667:
15663:
15659:
15655:
15651:
15649:
15645:
15636:
15628:
15624:
15619:
15614:
15610:
15606:
15602:
15598:
15594:
15587:
15579:
15575:
15571:
15567:
15560:
15552:
15548:
15541:
15533:
15529:
15525:
15521:
15514:
15503:
15495:
15491:
15487:
15483:
15479:
15475:
15468:
15457:
15449:
15445:
15441:
15437:
15433:
15429:
15425:
15421:
15414:
15406:
15402:
15398:
15394:
15390:
15386:
15379:
15377:
15365:
15363:
15354:
15350:
15346:
15342:
15335:
15327:
15320:
15306:on 2010-10-14
15305:
15301:
15297:
15293:
15286:
15278:
15272:
15268:
15267:
15259:
15251:
15247:
15243:
15239:
15235:
15231:
15227:
15223:
15219:
15215:
15211:
15204:
15193:
15187:
15173:on 2008-04-10
15172:
15168:
15164:
15158:
15150:
15143:
15125:
15118:
15111:
15109:
15107:
15092:on 2007-09-29
15091:
15087:
15083:
15077:
15069:
15068:
15063:
15056:
15048:
15042:
15038:
15031:
15017:on 2008-04-19
15016:
15012:
15008:
15002:
14994:
14987:
14973:on 2011-07-15
14972:
14968:
14964:
14958:
14950:
14946:
14942:
14938:
14934:
14930:
14923:
14909:on 2011-07-21
14908:
14904:
14898:
14891:
14887:
14883:
14880:
14875:
14859:
14857:
14849:
14833:
14832:
14824:
14816:
14812:
14808:
14804:
14800:
14796:
14789:
14781:
14777:
14773:
14769:
14765:
14761:
14754:
14746:
14742:
14738:
14734:
14730:
14726:
14719:
14710:
14703:
14699:
14698:
14693:
14686:
14672:on 2020-01-10
14671:
14667:
14661:
14653:
14649:
14643:
14636:
14631:
14624:
14618:
14616:
14608:
14603:
14596:
14591:
14583:
14579:
14575:
14571:
14567:
14563:
14559:
14555:
14551:
14547:
14543:
14537:
14523:
14519:
14515:
14509:
14501:
14497:
14493:
14489:
14485:
14481:
14477:
14473:
14469:
14465:
14457:
14455:
14446:
14442:
14438:
14434:
14430:
14426:
14422:
14418:
14414:
14410:
14402:
14400:
14391:
14387:
14383:
14379:
14375:
14371:
14367:
14363:
14355:
14347:
14343:
14339:
14335:
14331:
14327:
14323:
14319:
14315:
14311:
14304:
14296:
14292:
14288:
14284:
14281:(3): 318–24.
14280:
14276:
14269:
14255:on 2006-09-25
14254:
14250:
14246:
14242:
14238:
14234:
14227:
14212:
14208:
14203:
14198:
14194:
14190:
14186:
14179:
14172:
14168:
14165:
14159:
14151:
14147:
14142:
14137:
14133:
14129:
14125:
14118:
14111:
14106:
14091:
14087:
14081:
14074:
14069:
14055:
14051:
14045:
14034:
14027:
14021:
14006:
14000:
13993:
13988:
13980:
13976:
13971:
13966:
13962:
13958:
13954:
13950:
13946:
13939:
13930:
13925:
13921:
13917:
13913:
13909:
13905:
13898:
13890:
13886:
13882:
13878:
13871:
13863:
13859:
13854:
13849:
13845:
13841:
13837:
13833:
13829:
13822:
13814:
13810:
13805:
13800:
13796:
13792:
13788:
13784:
13780:
13773:
13771:
13769:
13760:
13756:
13752:
13746:
13739:
13735:
13732:
13727:
13712:
13705:
13698:
13694:
13689:
13682:
13677:
13669:
13665:
13660:
13655:
13651:
13647:
13643:
13639:
13635:
13628:
13620:
13616:
13609:
13601:
13597:
13592:
13587:
13583:
13579:
13575:
13571:
13567:
13560:
13552:
13548:
13543:
13538:
13534:
13530:
13527:(3): 99–113.
13526:
13522:
13518:
13511:
13503:
13499:
13494:
13489:
13485:
13481:
13477:
13473:
13469:
13462:
13454:
13450:
13445:
13440:
13436:
13432:
13428:
13424:
13420:
13416:
13412:
13405:
13397:
13393:
13388:
13383:
13379:
13375:
13371:
13367:
13363:
13356:
13348:
13344:
13339:
13334:
13330:
13326:
13322:
13318:
13314:
13307:
13299:
13295:
13290:
13285:
13281:
13277:
13273:
13266:
13258:
13254:
13249:
13244:
13240:
13236:
13232:
13225:
13217:
13213:
13208:
13203:
13199:
13195:
13191:
13187:
13183:
13176:
13168:
13164:
13159:
13154:
13150:
13146:
13142:
13135:
13129:
13123:
13121:
13119:
13117:
13115:
13108:
13102:
13100:
13098:
13096:
13087:
13083:
13078:
13073:
13069:
13065:
13061:
13057:
13053:
13046:
13044:
13042:
13040:
13038:
13036:
13027:
13023:
13018:
13013:
13009:
13005:
13001:
12994:
12986:
12982:
12978:
12974:
12970:
12966:
12962:
12958:
12951:
12943:
12939:
12935:
12931:
12927:
12923:
12919:
12915:
12908:
12900:
12896:
12889:
12874:
12870:
12863:
12861:
12846:
12842:
12835:
12827:
12823:
12816:
12808:
12804:
12799:
12794:
12790:
12786:
12782:
12778:
12774:
12770:
12766:
12759:
12744:
12743:
12738:
12730:
12726:
12722:
12718:
12714:
12710:
12706:
12702:
12698:
12694:
12689:
12681:
12674:
12669:
12660:
12646:on 2006-09-13
12645:
12641:
12635:
12621:on 2006-07-10
12620:
12616:
12610:
12595:
12589:
12581:
12577:
12573:
12564:
12559:
12554:
12549:
12545:
12541:
12534:
12526:
12522:
12518:
12514:
12507:
12501:
12495:
12478:
12471:
12463:
12459:
12455:
12451:
12446:
12441:
12437:
12433:
12429:
12425:
12421:
12414:
12412:
12410:
12395:
12391:
12385:
12379:
12373:
12365:
12361:
12356:
12351:
12347:
12343:
12338:
12333:
12329:
12325:
12321:
12317:
12313:
12306:
12298:
12294:
12289:
12284:
12280:
12276:
12272:
12268:
12264:
12260:
12256:
12252:
12248:
12241:
12233:
12229:
12224:
12219:
12215:
12211:
12206:
12201:
12197:
12193:
12189:
12185:
12181:
12174:
12165:
12160:
12156:
12152:
12148:
12144:
12140:
12133:
12131:
12122:
12116:
12112:
12111:10.17226/1889
12108:
12103:
12102:
12094:
12080:on 2004-02-17
12079:
12075:
12068:
12066:
12051:on 2010-03-16
12050:
12046:
12040:
12026:on 2011-11-04
12025:
12021:
12017:
12010:
12003:
11999:
11996:
11991:
11989:
11979:
11975:
11971:
11967:
11963:
11959:
11952:
11944:
11940:
11933:
11925:
11919:
11915:
11908:
11894:on 2013-09-14
11893:
11889:
11885:
11879:
11871:
11864:
11853:
11849:
11842:
11835:
11827:
11823:
11819:
11812:
11804:
11798:
11794:
11787:
11779:
11773:
11769:
11762:
11754:
11748:
11744:
11737:
11729:
11725:
11720:
11715:
11711:
11707:
11703:
11699:
11695:
11691:
11687:
11680:
11672:
11671:
11663:
11647:
11643:
11639:
11633:
11631:
11629:
11627:
11625:
11616:
11612:
11608:
11604:
11600:
11596:
11592:
11588:
11584:
11580:
11573:
11565:
11559:
11555:
11548:
11546:
11537:
11533:
11529:
11525:
11520:
11515:
11511:
11507:
11504:(1): 012062.
11503:
11499:
11495:
11488:
11480:
11474:
11470:
11463:
11455:
11449:
11445:
11438:
11430:
11424:
11420:
11415:
11414:
11405:
11397:
11391:
11380:
11376:
11372:
11368:
11364:
11360:
11356:
11349:
11342:
11336:
11332:
11326:
11318:
11314:
11310:
11306:
11302:
11298:
11291:
11283:
11279:
11275:
11271:
11267:
11263:
11256:
11241:
11237:
11231:
11224:
11220:
11218:0-471-84997-9
11214:
11210:
11203:
11195:
11189:
11185:
11178:
11176:
11174:
11172:
11170:
11155:
11151:
11145:
11138:
11132:
11128:
11124:
11120:
11113:
11111:
11095:
11092:
11091:
11083:
11076:
11074:
11072:
11063:
11059:
11056:(4860): 712.
11055:
11051:
11044:
11035:
11030:
11026:
11022:
11018:
11014:
11010:
11003:
10987:
10983:
10976:
10969:
10961:
10957:
10953:
10946:
10931:
10927:
10921:
10913:
10909:
10908:The Telegraph
10904:
10896:
10887:
10878:
10864:on 2006-06-01
10863:
10859:
10853:
10845:
10841:
10840:
10835:
10828:
10820:
10813:
10805:
10799:
10795:
10794:
10785:
10769:
10765:
10764:Distillations
10761:
10754:
10752:
10750:
10748:
10739:
10735:
10729:
10715:on 2008-04-11
10711:
10707:
10704:
10703:
10695:
10688:
10686:
10684:
10682:
10667:
10663:
10657:
10649:
10648:colostate.edu
10645:
10638:
10636:
10619:
10615:
10609:
10601:
10597:
10592:
10587:
10583:
10579:
10575:
10571:
10567:
10563:
10559:
10552:
10544:
10540:
10536:
10532:
10531:
10523:
10515:
10511:
10507:
10501:
10485:
10480:
10476:
10472:
10468:
10464:
10463:
10458:
10451:
10445:
10439:
10431:
10427:
10420:
10418:
10416:
10414:
10412:
10407:
10404:
10403:
10391:
10384:
10380:
10374:
10370:
10367:
10366:
10355:
10352:
10350:
10347:
10345:
10342:
10339:
10336:
10334:
10331:
10329:
10328:Ozone therapy
10326:
10324:
10321:
10319:
10318:Ozone Monitor
10316:
10313:
10309:
10306:
10304:
10301:
10299:
10296:
10293:
10290:
10287:
10284:
10282:
10279:
10277:
10274:
10273:
10267:
10265:
10259:
10258:Ozone therapy
10249:
10240:
10238:
10234:
10230:
10226:
10222:
10218:
10213:
10211:
10208:(one form of
10207:
10206:ascorbic acid
10197:
10194:
10190:
10185:
10183:
10182:
10155:) to ferric (
10143:
10139:
10135:
10128:
10118:
10116:
10110:
10108:
10103:
10098:
10096:
10092:
10088:
10084:
10080:
10079:Campylobacter
10076:
10072:
10068:
10064:
10063:food additive
10060:
10055:
10052:
10048:
10038:
10036:
10026:
10024:
10020:
10016:
10013:
10009:
10005:
10000:
9998:
9994:
9990:
9986:
9981:
9977:
9975:
9971:
9967:
9963:
9959:
9951:
9950:
9945:
9944:
9939:
9936:
9933:
9930:
9926:
9923:
9920:
9917:
9913:
9910:
9906:
9902:
9898:
9894:
9891:
9888:
9885:
9882:
9879:
9875:
9871:
9868:
9864:
9860:
9856:
9852:
9849:
9847:
9843:
9840:
9837:
9834:
9833:
9832:
9829:
9827:
9822:
9820:
9815:
9811:
9806:
9804:
9800:
9796:
9790:
9787:
9783:
9782:free chlorine
9779:
9775:
9771:
9767:
9763:
9759:
9755:
9751:
9747:
9743:
9739:
9704:
9695:
9683:
9673:
9664:
9656:
9655:
9654:
9628:
9610:
9608:
9604:
9601:
9596:
9594:
9589:
9587:
9552:
9547:
9543:
9534:
9525:
9516:
9513:
9508:
9499:
9496:
9488:
9469:
9460:
9443:
9438:
9434:
9425:
9413:
9404:
9396:
9387:
9384:
9379:
9370:
9353:
9350:
9345:
9341:
9332:
9323:
9314:
9311:
9306:
9297:
9294:
9286:
9267:
9258:
9245:
9244:
9243:
9241:
9237:
9234:
9233:sulfuric acid
9231:
9227:
9223:
9219:
9215:
9211:
9202:
9193:
9191:
9187:
9183:
9179:
9174:
9172:
9168:
9164:
9160:
9156:
9152:
9148:
9144:
9140:
9139:high voltages
9136:
9131:
9127:
9105:
9103:
9099:
9095:
9093:
9089:
9088:Embrittlement
9085:
9081:
9077:
9073:
9069:
9065:
9061:
9057:
9052:
9048:
9046:
9042:
9038:
9034:
9030:
9019:
9015:
9013:
9008:
9007:overpotential
9003:
8981:
8979:
8975:
8971:
8961:
8958:
8954:
8950:
8946:
8945:sterilization
8940:
8935:
8925:
8923:
8918:
8914:
8909:
8899:
8890:
8886:
8879:
8875:
8867:
8858:
8855:
8851:
8846:
8843:
8839:
8833:
8828:
8819:
8815:
8806:
8804:
8800:
8796:
8795:
8790:
8789:heart disease
8786:
8781:
8779:
8775:
8771:
8767:
8763:
8762:free radicals
8759:
8755:
8751:
8747:
8743:
8739:
8733:
8723:
8721:
8711:
8709:
8708:phytoplankton
8705:
8701:
8700:Victorian era
8696:
8694:
8690:
8685:
8683:
8678:
8674:
8660:
8654:
8650:
8648:
8643:
8639:
8638:Clean Air Act
8634:
8630:
8628:
8624:
8620:
8616:
8611:
8609:
8604:
8602:
8598:
8594:
8590:
8586:
8581:
8578:
8574:
8570:
8566:
8562:
8558:
8551:
8547:
8544:Signboard in
8542:
8535:
8531:
8526:
8522:
8511:
8509:
8502:
8500:
8496:
8491:
8489:
8485:
8475:
8471:
8467:
8463:
8454:
8450:
8446:
8442:
8438:
8434:
8425:
8420:
8416:
8413:
8410:
8407:
8404:
8403:
8402:
8394:
8389:
8379:
8377:
8374:
8370:
8366:
8362:
8356:
8354:
8350:
8346:
8342:
8338:
8334:
8329:
8327:
8323:
8319:
8316:
8312:
8307:
8303:
8299:
8290:
8281:
8279:
8275:
8272:
8267:
8263:
8259:
8255:
8251:
8246:
8242:
8238:
8234:
8230:
8222:
8217:
8212:
8202:
8198:
8187:
8182:
8180:
8175:
8171:
8167:
8163:
8158:
8155:
8151:
8147:
8137:
8135:
8131:
8127:
8123:
8113:
8111:
8107:
8102:
8096:
8092:
8088:
8084:
8080:
8075:
8073:
8069:
8065:
8053:
8048:
8046:
8041:
8039:
8034:
8033:
8031:
8030:
8025:
8015:
8013:
8008:
8003:
8002:
8001:
8000:
7989:
7986:
7985:
7984:
7983:
7979:
7978:
7973:
7970:
7968:
7965:
7963:
7960:
7958:
7955:
7953:
7950:
7949:
7948:
7947:
7943:
7942:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7907:
7904:
7902:
7899:
7898:
7892:
7891:
7882:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7873:
7872:
7869:
7867:
7864:
7863:
7857:
7856:
7849:
7846:
7844:
7843:Water quality
7841:
7839:
7836:
7834:
7831:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7801:
7799:
7796:
7794:
7791:
7789:
7786:
7784:
7781:
7779:
7776:
7774:
7771:
7769:
7766:
7764:
7761:
7759:
7756:
7754:
7751:
7749:
7746:
7744:
7741:
7739:
7736:
7734:
7731:
7729:
7726:
7724:
7721:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7711:
7710:
7707:
7702:
7701:
7694:
7691:
7689:
7686:
7684:
7681:
7677:
7674:
7672:
7669:
7667:
7664:
7663:
7662:
7659:
7655:
7652:
7651:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7641:
7638:
7633:
7632:
7625:
7622:
7620:
7619:Traffic signs
7617:
7615:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7601:
7598:
7593:
7592:
7585:
7582:
7581:
7578:
7573:
7572:
7565:
7562:
7561:
7555:
7554:
7547:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7526:Nanomaterials
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7463:
7457:
7456:
7449:
7446:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7419:
7416:
7415:
7412:
7407:
7406:
7399:
7396:
7394:
7391:
7389:
7388:Radioactivity
7386:
7384:
7381:
7379:
7376:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7366:
7364:
7361:
7359:
7356:
7354:
7351:
7350:
7347:
7342:
7341:
7334:
7333:Soundproofing
7331:
7329:
7328:Noise control
7326:
7324:
7323:Noise barrier
7321:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7305:
7302:
7297:
7296:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7271:
7270:
7264:
7263:
7256:
7253:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7240:
7239:
7236:
7235:
7232:
7227:
7226:
7219:
7216:
7215:
7209:
7208:
7199:
7196:
7195:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7180:
7177:
7172:
7171:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7085:
7082:
7077:
7076:
7069:
7065:
7064:
7061:
7056:
7055:
7051:
7047:
7046:
7042:
7038:
7028:
7026:
7020:
7018:
7008:
7002:
6993:
6991:
6987:
6983:
6979:
6974:
6941:
6932:
6923:
6915:
6902:
6901:
6900:
6870:
6861:
6853:
6839:
6826:
6825:
6824:
6803:
6795:
6781:
6773:
6765:
6754:
6753:
6752:
6730:
6706:
6700:
6694:
6679:
6669:
6656:
6655:
6654:
6652:
6651:Chapman cycle
6647:
6644:
6638:
6631:
6627:
6621:
6617:
6606:
6596:
6594:
6590:
6586:
6577:
6570:
6565:
6557:
6548:
6545:
6541:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6520:
6487:
6478:
6475:
6467:
6459:
6451:
6435:
6427:
6416:
6403:
6385:
6384:
6383:
6381:
6356:
6348:
6343:
6327:
6319:
6314:
6301:
6300:
6299:
6297:
6293:
6288:
6265:
6256:
6253:
6245:
6232:
6213:
6205:
6197:
6188:
6180:
6179:
6178:
6176:
6172:
6146:
6137:
6134:
6124:
6115:
6112:
6089:
6069:
6055:
6046:
6043:
6035:
6026:
6023:
6016:
6013:
6004:
5992:
5983:
5980:
5970:
5962:
5939:
5919:
5905:
5896:
5893:
5885:
5877:
5870:
5867:
5858:
5845:
5844:
5843:
5841:
5837:
5833:
5829:
5795:
5787:
5779:
5770:
5767:
5759:
5746:
5737:
5733:
5731:
5717:
5704:
5688:
5680:
5661:
5653:
5644:
5641:
5620:
5611:
5608:
5600:
5591:
5588:
5581:
5569:
5568:
5567:
5565:
5561:
5536:
5528:
5523:
5510:
5502:
5494:
5481:
5480:
5479:
5469:
5414:
5406:
5398:
5389:
5386:
5378:
5369:
5358:
5349:
5346:
5339:
5331:
5330:
5329:
5327:
5302:
5294:
5286:
5270:
5262:
5254:
5241:
5240:
5239:
5219:
5218:alkali metals
5203:
5193:
5176:
5173:
5169:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5135:
5126:
5100:
5097:
5083:
5071:
5066:
5052:
5040:
5031:
5027:
5012:
4996:
4982:
4970:
4961:
4954:
4951:
4944:
4943:
4942:
4936:
4904:
4892:
4887:
4884:
4880:
4872:
4858:
4846:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4814:
4811:
4804:
4803:
4802:
4773:
4761:
4756:
4753:
4749:
4734:
4722:
4717:
4713:
4706:
4688:
4662:
4637:
4625:
4610:
4603:
4600:
4596:
4590:
4586:
4580:
4575:
4571:
4563:
4562:
4561:
4534:
4522:
4508:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4492:
4489:
4482:
4481:
4480:
4453:
4441:
4427:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4409:
4405:
4391:
4379:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4361:
4357:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4346:that follow:
4343:
4324:
4315:
4306:
4298:
4283:
4266:
4258:
4242:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4194:
4178:
4164:
4152:
4149:
4143:
4140:
4131:
4112:
4103:
4092:
4083:
4073:
4071:
4061:
4058:
4054:
4051:
4013:
4000:
3984:
3975:
3962:
3954:
3938:
3930:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3906:
3903:
3899:
3874:
3865:
3862:
3855:
3844:
3835:
3832:
3824:
3811:
3802:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3779:
3775:
3745:
3737:
3729:
3721:
3714:
3700:
3692:
3684:
3676:
3669:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3633:
3624:
3621:
3613:
3600:
3583:
3572:
3564:
3556:
3547:
3544:
3536:
3523:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3512:
3484:
3475:
3472:
3464:
3455:
3444:
3436:
3429:
3426:
3418:
3409:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3351:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3326:
3322:
3320:
3314:
3280:
3267:
3258:
3247:
3238:
3235:
3224:
3215:
3197:
3189:
3181:
3173:
3159:
3151:
3140:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3117:sulfuric acid
3114:
3086:
3078:
3070:
3054:
3046:
3035:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3014:
2985:
2972:
2963:
2952:
2944:
2933:
2924:
2921:
2913:
2904:
2889:
2876:
2860:
2852:
2841:
2833:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2804:Sulfuric acid
2781:
2772:
2769:
2761:
2745:
2736:
2733:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2676:
2667:
2664:
2656:
2640:
2631:
2628:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2581:
2573:
2565:
2556:
2553:
2545:
2532:
2516:
2507:
2504:
2496:
2487:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2442:
2433:
2430:
2422:
2409:
2393:
2384:
2381:
2373:
2365:
2357:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2322:
2317:
2304:
2265:
2257:
2249:
2233:
2225:
2217:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2189:
2164:
2156:
2148:
2132:
2124:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2071:
2063:
2049:
2041:
2023:
2015:
2001:
1993:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1943:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1892:
1884:
1863:
1842:
1831:
1813:
1804:
1801:
1794:
1785:
1782:
1761:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1712:
1703:
1692:
1683:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1659:
1648:
1645:
1637:
1627:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1611:This section
1609:
1605:
1600:
1599:
1587:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1572:isoelectronic
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1550:of 0.53
1549:
1548:dipole moment
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1522:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1483:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1452:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1385:Henry Henshaw
1382:
1377:
1375:
1367:
1357:
1355:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1337:
1328:
1321:
1317:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1280:
1277:(ὄζειν), the
1276:
1273:derives from
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1231:
1229:
1221:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1189:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1089:
1065:
1053:
1046:
1041:
1024:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1000:
995:
994:
989:
985:
981:
977:
976:
972:
969:(Recommended)
968:
964:
963:
959:
956:(Permissible)
955:
951:
950:
946:
945:
940:
924:
920:
911:
910:
906:
902:
895:
888:
881:
874:
850:
847:
846:
842:
841:
831:
828:
824:
823:
820:
817:
814:
810:
809:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
781:
778:
774:
773:
769:
767:
762:
757:
753:
745:
737:
731:
730:
726:
718:
713:
707:
706:
701:
697:
694:
693:Dipole moment
690:
689:
685:
682:
680:
679:Hybridisation
677:
676:
672:
669:
665:
664:
660:
657:
653:
652:
645:
642:
638:
637:
632:
628:
621:
617:
613:
612:
608:
604:
600:
599:
596:
593:
591:
588:
587:
583:
581:
578:
577:
574:
573:sulfuric acid
570:
563:
560:
557:
556:
552:
549:
545:
544:
540:
538:
537:Boiling point
535:
534:
530:
528:
527:Melting point
525:
524:
520:
518:
515:
514:
510:
508:
505:
504:
500:
497:
496:
489:
487:
484:
483:
474:
471:
467:
466:
461:
452:
451:
448:
441:
427:
417:
416:
413:
406:
398:
394:
393:DTXSID0021098
390:
389:
387:
377:
373:
372:
365:
361:
360:
358:
356:
353:
352:
345:
344:
342:
340:
337:
336:
329:
325:
324:
322:
316:
312:
311:
307:
303:
301:
298:
297:
290:
286:
285:
283:
280:
276:
275:
271:
268:
264:
263:
256:
255:
253:
251:
246:
245:
241:
237:
234:
232:
230:ECHA InfoCard
227:
226:
219:
215:
214:
212:
210:
207:
206:
199:
195:
194:
192:
190:
187:
186:
179:
175:
174:
172:
168:
163:
162:
155:
151:
150:
148:
145:
141:
140:
135:
130:
123:
115:
111:
105:
101:
96:
85:
81:
75:
71:
70:
66:
62:
57:
53:
48:
40:
33:
19:
18323:
18306:Spectroscopy
18160:Astrobiology
18013:Formaldehyde
17905:Benzonitrile
17696:Acetaldehyde
17651:Methanethiol
17602:Acetonitrile
17507:Carbodiimide
17386:Formaldehyde
17381:Cyanoethynyl
17275:
17232:Iron cyanide
17227:Hydroperoxyl
17028:Nitric oxide
16840:
16728:
16712:
16697:cyclic ozone
16691:
16690:
16688:
16667:
16661:
16659:
16646:
16575:NASA Goddard
16493:
16484:
16469:by removing
16456:
16428:
16413:
16391:
16352:. Retrieved
16338:
16305:
16301:
16291:
16264:
16260:
16250:
16225:
16221:
16179:
16175:
16169:
16152:
16148:
16142:
16125:
16121:
16115:
16098:
16094:
16088:
16063:
16059:
16052:
16035:
16031:
16024:
15999:
15995:
15989:
15970:
15966:
15956:
15945:. Retrieved
15943:. April 1999
15928:
15909:
15903:
15892:. Retrieved
15888:the original
15877:
15865:the original
15851:
15824:
15820:
15813:
15788:
15784:
15778:
15745:
15741:
15735:
15716:
15707:
15700:
15660:(1): 17573.
15657:
15653:
15647:
15643:
15635:
15600:
15596:
15586:
15569:
15565:
15559:
15553:: 1969–1983.
15550:
15546:
15540:
15523:
15519:
15513:
15502:
15480:(1): 63–72.
15477:
15473:
15467:
15456:
15426:(1): 65–74.
15423:
15419:
15413:
15388:
15385:Desalination
15384:
15344:
15340:
15334:
15325:
15319:
15308:. Retrieved
15304:the original
15299:
15295:
15285:
15265:
15258:
15217:
15213:
15209:
15203:
15186:
15175:. Retrieved
15171:the original
15166:
15157:
15142:
15131:. Retrieved
15124:the original
15094:. Retrieved
15090:the original
15085:
15076:
15067:The Guardian
15065:
15055:
15036:
15030:
15019:. Retrieved
15015:the original
15010:
15001:
14992:
14986:
14975:. Retrieved
14971:the original
14966:
14957:
14935:(10): 1546.
14932:
14928:
14922:
14911:. Retrieved
14907:the original
14897:
14874:
14862:. Retrieved
14855:
14848:
14838:12 September
14836:. Retrieved
14830:
14823:
14798:
14794:
14788:
14763:
14759:
14753:
14728:
14724:
14718:
14708:
14701:
14695:
14685:
14674:. Retrieved
14670:the original
14660:
14651:
14642:
14630:
14602:
14590:
14549:
14545:
14536:
14525:. Retrieved
14521:
14508:
14467:
14463:
14412:
14408:
14365:
14361:
14354:
14313:
14309:
14303:
14278:
14274:
14268:
14257:. Retrieved
14253:the original
14240:
14236:
14226:
14214:. Retrieved
14192:
14188:
14178:
14158:
14131:
14127:
14117:
14105:
14094:. Retrieved
14092:. 2015-10-26
14089:
14080:
14068:
14057:. Retrieved
14053:
14044:
14033:the original
14020:
14009:. Retrieved
13999:
13987:
13955:(4): 532–6.
13952:
13948:
13938:
13911:
13907:
13897:
13880:
13876:
13870:
13835:
13831:
13821:
13786:
13782:
13745:
13726:
13715:. Retrieved
13704:
13688:
13676:
13641:
13637:
13627:
13618:
13614:
13608:
13573:
13569:
13559:
13524:
13520:
13510:
13475:
13471:
13461:
13418:
13414:
13404:
13369:
13365:
13355:
13320:
13316:
13306:
13279:
13275:
13265:
13238:
13234:
13224:
13189:
13185:
13175:
13148:
13144:
13134:
13059:
13055:
13007:
13003:
12993:
12963:(1): 29–37.
12960:
12956:
12950:
12920:(1): 24–31.
12917:
12913:
12907:
12898:
12894:
12888:
12876:. Retrieved
12872:
12848:. Retrieved
12844:
12834:
12825:
12815:
12772:
12768:
12758:
12746:. Retrieved
12740:
12696:
12692:
12680:
12668:
12659:
12648:. Retrieved
12644:the original
12634:
12623:. Retrieved
12619:the original
12609:
12598:. Retrieved
12588:
12575:
12543:
12533:
12516:
12512:
12506:
12494:
12483:. Retrieved
12470:
12427:
12423:
12397:. Retrieved
12393:
12384:
12372:
12319:
12315:
12305:
12257:(1): 23792.
12254:
12250:
12240:
12187:
12183:
12173:
12146:
12142:
12100:
12093:
12082:. Retrieved
12078:the original
12053:. Retrieved
12049:the original
12039:
12028:. Retrieved
12024:the original
12009:
11961:
11957:
11951:
11943:the original
11932:
11913:
11907:
11896:. Retrieved
11892:the original
11887:
11878:
11863:
11852:the original
11847:
11834:
11825:
11821:
11811:
11792:
11786:
11767:
11761:
11742:
11736:
11696:(2): 47–59.
11693:
11689:
11679:
11669:
11662:
11650:. Retrieved
11641:
11582:
11578:
11572:
11553:
11501:
11497:
11487:
11468:
11462:
11443:
11437:
11412:
11404:
11390:
11379:the original
11361:(4–6): 465.
11358:
11354:
11341:
11325:
11300:
11296:
11290:
11265:
11261:
11255:
11244:. Retrieved
11242:. 2013-10-02
11239:
11230:
11222:
11208:
11202:
11183:
11157:. Retrieved
11153:
11144:
11118:
11098:. Retrieved
11093:
11088:
11053:
11049:
11043:
11016:
11012:
11002:
10990:. Retrieved
10985:
10981:
10968:
10959:
10955:
10945:
10934:. Retrieved
10929:
10920:
10907:
10895:
10886:
10877:
10866:. Retrieved
10862:the original
10852:
10843:
10837:
10827:
10818:
10812:
10791:
10784:
10772:. Retrieved
10767:
10763:
10737:
10728:
10717:. Retrieved
10710:the original
10705:
10700:
10669:. Retrieved
10665:
10656:
10647:
10622:. Retrieved
10617:
10614:"ozone (n.)"
10608:
10568:(2): 47–59.
10565:
10561:
10551:
10534:
10528:
10522:
10509:
10500:
10488:. Retrieved
10466:
10460:
10450:
10438:
10401:
10400:
10390:
10373:
10364:
10363:
10281:Cyclic ozone
10261:
10246:
10214:
10203:
10186:
10179:
10131:
10111:
10099:
10078:
10077:0157:H7 and
10074:
10056:
10053:
10050:
10032:
10001:
9982:
9978:
9955:
9947:
9941:
9916:flocculation
9876:and control
9867:hypochlorite
9830:
9823:
9810:Central Line
9807:
9791:
9735:
9727:Applications
9611:
9600:high voltage
9597:
9590:
9579:
9210:electrolysis
9207:
9175:
9151:photocopiers
9111:
9096:
9053:
9049:
9025:
9016:
9012:lead dioxide
8987:
8984:Electrolytic
8967:
8941:
8937:
8904:
8887:
8877:
8873:
8872:
8847:
8835:
8830:
8825:
8816:
8812:
8792:
8782:
8770:inflammation
8750:hypochlorite
8735:
8717:
8697:
8686:
8679:
8676:
8658:
8656:
8651:
8635:
8631:
8612:
8605:
8601:heart attack
8582:
8561:fossil fuels
8555:
8504:
8492:
8481:
8472:
8468:
8464:
8460:
8451:
8447:
8443:
8439:
8435:
8431:
8423:
8417:People with
8400:
8391:
8357:
8330:
8295:
8250:antiozonants
8233:double bonds
8226:
8199:
8183:
8170:Denver Metro
8159:
8138:
8119:
8103:
8076:
8068:hydrocarbons
8061:
7931:Point source
7876:Heavy metals
7838:Urban runoff
7823:Sulfur water
7798:Septic tanks
7654:Agent Orange
7564:Space debris
7418:Agricultural
7283:Volcanic ash
7272:
7143:Particulates
7021:
7013:
6962:
6890:
6822:
6750:
6648:
6639:
6626:stratosphere
6623:
6585:Dobson units
6582:
6546:
6542:
6531:
6528:
6516:
6377:
6289:
6286:
6173:in water to
6168:
5838:, forming a
5825:
5822:Applications
5557:
5438:
5323:
5199:
5117:
4934:
4931:
4800:
4558:
4477:
4344:
4284:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4132:
4074:
4067:
4059:
4055:
4052:
4048:
3895:
3771:
3657:
3520:with ozone:
3508:
3385:
3357:
3331:
3316:
3110:
3010:
2802:
2702:
2605:
2463:
2318:
2286:
2185:
2104:nitric oxide
2101:
1949:
1941:
1744:
1736:Deflagration
1733:
1655:
1640:
1631:
1620:Please help
1615:verification
1612:
1543:
1538:(1.272
1518:
1510:
1503:
1488:
1485:Liquid ozone
1448:
1440:disinfectant
1429:
1420:
1417:Martin Flack
1413:Leonard Hill
1397:
1378:
1351:
1341:
1333:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1283:
1274:
1270:
1263:substitutive
1254:
1250:
1242:
1240:trivial name
1237:
1234:Nomenclature
1228:ground level
1224:0.1 ppm
1217:
1179:
1171:stratosphere
1104:
1093:
1063:
1062:
1014:Cyclic ozone
943:
904:
844:
818:
765:
743:
716:
683:
619:
339:RTECS number
137:Identifiers
128:
125:Other names
18280:Outer space
18190:Cosmic dust
18155:Abiogenesis
18067:Unconfirmed
18023:Heavy water
17863:Ethanethiol
17778:Cyanoallene
17768:Acetic acid
17738:Methylamine
17622:Diacetylene
17537:Formic acid
17527:Cyanomethyl
17185:Diazenylium
17175:CCP radical
17051:(molecular)
17035:(molecular)
17004:(molecular)
16714:Tetraoxygen
16689:Trioxygen (
16354:29 November
16176:Chemosphere
15996:Aquaculture
14864:October 10,
14415:: 114–121.
14216:January 14,
14054:www.who.int
13914:(4): A240.
13276:Circulation
13235:Circulation
13145:Circulation
13056:Immunol Res
11652:28 February
11154:WebElements
11096:(2): 99–106
10858:"Ozone FAQ"
10200:Agriculture
10142:haemoglobin
10121:Aquaculture
9976:compounds.
9956:Ozone is a
9828:outbreaks.
9689:electricity
9627:electricity
9236:electrolyte
9159:arc welders
9002:dissolution
8972:created by
8964:Cold plasma
8787:(a form of
8695:sufferers.
8369:troposphere
8331:The annual
8186:natural gas
8130:Mexico City
8064:car engines
7901:Area source
7743:Groundwater
7496:Green waste
7476:Brown waste
7460:Solid waste
7218:Information
7113:Exhaust gas
7025:ultraviolet
7019:in humans.
6630:ozone layer
6605:Ozone layer
6599:Ozone layer
5840:precipitate
5470:containing
5328:and ozone:
5220:are known.
3398:and ozone:
3368:acetic acid
1946:With metals
1742:or higher.
1580:cyclic form
1564:double bond
1560:single bond
1444:antiseptics
1432:World War I
1400:James Dewar
1389:halogenated
1197:diamagnetic
1167:ozone layer
1159:ultraviolet
905:Lethal dose
813:Signal word
641:Space group
498:Appearance
463:Properties
236:100.030.051
198:CHEBI:25812
18388:Categories
18195:Cosmic ray
18137:Silylidyne
18100:Hemolithin
18075:Anthracene
17992:Deuterated
17973:Pyrimidine
17783:Ethanimine
17646:Ketenimine
17502:Butadiynyl
17326:Thioformyl
17180:Chloronium
16730:Octaoxygen
16308:: 102529.
16267:: 100285.
15947:2008-01-14
15894:2007-02-11
15597:Indoor Air
15310:2007-08-31
15177:2008-05-17
15133:2008-03-24
15096:2007-05-30
15021:2008-05-17
14977:2009-01-09
14913:2008-08-16
14801:(4): E71.
14766:(3): 506.
14676:2020-01-10
14527:2022-01-23
14259:2006-10-11
14195:(7): 3–4.
14096:2016-05-16
14059:2020-07-31
14011:2010-08-23
13717:2008-10-11
12850:2020-11-26
12650:2006-09-12
12625:2006-05-10
12600:2006-05-10
12546:: Fig. 1.
12485:2019-03-21
12399:2023-04-18
12084:2006-05-10
12055:2006-05-10
12030:2006-09-16
11898:2014-01-22
11246:2022-07-13
11159:2006-09-23
11100:2021-04-12
10936:2022-05-13
10868:2006-05-10
10770:(1): 34–37
10719:2008-02-28
10671:2022-09-24
10490:4 February
10360:References
10344:Ozonolysis
10312:ozone hole
10256:See also:
10184:) larvae.
10127:ozonolysis
10095:vegetables
10045:See also:
9966:Ozonolysis
9927:Act as an
9878:Legionella
9872:Disinfect
9141:, such as
9031:(200
8932:See also:
8861:Production
8799:ozonolysis
8794:atheronals
8778:trioxidane
8738:superoxide
8732:Trioxidane
8730:See also:
8726:Physiology
8720:heat waves
8714:Heat waves
8597:bronchitis
8386:See also:
8313:(e.g. the
8278:commutator
8266:Fuel lines
8150:heat waves
8087:photolysis
7988:By country
7980:Categories
7871:Pollutants
7848:Wastewater
7818:Stagnation
7763:Monitoring
7738:Freshwater
7604:Air travel
7491:Food waste
7433:Defecation
7243:Ecological
7176:Biological
7108:Combustion
7048:Part of a
7007:photolysis
6614:See also:
5459:in liquid
3902:superoxide
3774:combustion
3768:Combustion
3386:All three
3319:ozonolysis
3313:ozonolysis
1634:March 2022
1568:bond order
1286:trioxidane
1129:allotrope
777:Pictograms
634:Structure
559:Solubility
486:Molar mass
364:66H7ZZK23N
279:IUPHAR/BPS
209:ChemSpider
165:3D model (
154:10028-15-6
144:CAS Number
131:-trioxygen
104:IUPAC name
18439:Pollution
18127:Phosphine
17995:molecules
17928:fullerene
17828:Acetamide
17632:Formamide
17512:Cyanamide
17366:Acetylene
17341:Tricarbon
17252:Methylene
17237:Isoformyl
17142:Triatomic
16915:Molecules
16783:Triatomic
16487:June 2023
16471:excessive
16330:249086005
16155:: 10–18.
15973:: 65–92.
15770:105285760
15347:(9): 66.
14582:246165555
14492:0147-6513
14470:: 16–24.
14437:0147-6513
14243:(1): 23.
13883:(11): 9.
13435:0028-4793
12729:247844868
12721:1758-6798
12454:1096-2247
12346:0027-8424
12279:2045-2322
12214:1932-6203
11710:1337-6853
11673:(Thesis).
11607:0098-4108
11536:198344024
11528:1755-1315
10774:April 13,
10582:1337-6853
10402:Citations
10365:Footnotes
10298:Lightning
10210:vitamin C
10087:pesticide
10041:Consumers
9929:antichlor
9855:breweries
9842:Deodorize
9754:bleaching
9548:∘
9540:Δ
9526:−
9481:⟶
9439:∘
9431:Δ
9402:⟶
9397:−
9354:−
9346:∘
9338:Δ
9324:−
9279:⟶
9240:half cell
9186:Venezuela
9064:aluminium
8978:insulator
8917:air dryer
8878:ozonators
8758:marigolds
8534:Red Alder
8079:aldehydes
7916:Garbology
7833:Turbidity
7783:Oil spill
7733:Firewater
7718:Biosolids
7624:Vandalism
7383:Poisoning
7378:Plutonium
7353:Actinides
7346:Radiation
7088:Acid rain
7059:Pollution
7017:vitamin D
6973:catalysed
6930:⟶
6848:⟶
6788:⟶
6695:λ
6688:radiation
6571:satellite
6444:⟶
6344:−
6336:⟶
6315:−
6225:⟶
6067:⟶
5917:⟶
5832:manganese
5642:⋅
5629:⟶
5516:⟶
5367:⟶
5279:⟶
5174:−
5155:⋅
5098:−
5072:⋅
5041:⋅
4971:⋅
4893:⋅
4885:−
4847:⋅
4834:⋅
4762:⋅
4754:−
4723:⋅
4638:⋅
4601:−
4523:⋅
4509:⋅
4442:⋅
4428:⋅
4380:⋅
4313:⟶
4251:⟶
4153:⋅
4101:⟶
3993:⟶
3947:⟶
3909:dimerizes
3853:⟶
3712:⟶
3581:⟶
3515:anhydrous
3453:⟶
3256:⟶
3168:⟶
3063:⟶
3013:gas phase
2961:⟶
2869:⟶
2754:⟶
2649:⟶
2525:⟶
2402:⟶
2242:⟶
2141:⟶
2058:⟶
2010:⟶
1914:∘
1850:⇀
1843:−
1832:−
1825:↽
1814:−
1701:⟶
1669:half-life
1658:oxidizing
1594:Reactions
1556:resonance
1515:Structure
1348:lightning
1205:cryogenic
1186:0.1
1119:allotrope
1100:with the
1094:trioxygen
1006:Trisulfur
768:labelling
736:formation
710:Std molar
673:Dihedral
346:RS8225000
257:233–069–2
249:EC Number
118:Trioxygen
39:Oxygène 3
18:Ozonation
18114:Linear C
18095:Graphene
18007:Ammonium
17808:Acrolein
17671:Propynal
17656:Methanol
17627:Ethylene
17496:Ammonium
17271:Nitroxyl
17095:Sulfanyl
17039:Imidogen
17033:Nitrogen
17002:Hydrogen
16947:Argonium
16924:Diatomic
16662:Dioxygen
16536:Archived
16524:Archived
16364:cite web
16242:96019177
16204:16257321
15692:30514896
15627:11089331
15448:11766819
15250:11627160
15242:17006820
14882:Archived
14574:35064229
14500:26970882
14445:24238720
14390:16644230
14346:11099904
14338:14605372
14295:15223065
14211:29208081
14167:Archived
14150:11493720
13979:16581541
13862:19279340
13813:18629332
13734:Archived
13668:26681363
13621:: A2352.
13600:26647366
13551:29869579
13502:19079727
13453:19279340
13396:26528712
13347:26680605
13298:15466639
13257:11927516
13216:16757505
13167:10725286
13086:21132467
13026:14532314
12985:12051782
12878:24 March
12807:29162976
12748:19 April
12580:Archived
12576:Phys.org
12563:11325641
12462:27629587
12378:lung.org
12364:30858319
12297:27029386
12232:28520817
12184:PLOS ONE
11998:Archived
11978:14664632
11728:26109880
11646:Archived
11150:"Oxygen"
10992:13 April
10912:Archived
10600:26109880
10516:(NIOSH).
10432:(NIOSH).
10333:Ozoneweb
10270:See also
10107:halogens
10102:hot tubs
9985:chlorine
9974:carbonyl
9960:in many
9909:nitrites
9869:or heat.
9826:COVID-19
9758:chlorine
9732:Industry
9684:→
9593:hydrogen
9228:and a 3
9222:platinum
9212:using a
9171:sparking
9060:titanium
9045:voltages
8499:ionizers
8306:infrared
8085:. Ozone
7972:Treaties
7952:Diseases
7808:Shipping
7773:Nutrient
7723:Diseases
7288:Wildfire
6680:→
6569:Nimbus-7
6296:cyanates
6292:cyanides
4070:rate law
3907:, which
3898:hydrogen
3778:dioxygen
3338:diketone
2709:sulfates
2705:sulfides
2610:to form
2301:to form
1960:platinum
1954:(except
1528:symmetry
1257:, valid
1182:chlorine
1155:dioxygen
1127:diatomic
1098:molecule
845:NFPA 704
759:Hazards
661:Digonal
605:(χ)
511:Pungent
18260:Kerogen
18147:Related
18090:Glycine
18043:Propyne
18002:Ammonia
17900:Benzene
17895:Acetone
17887:or more
17858:Propene
17843:Ethanol
17733:Propyne
17552:Methane
17421:Ketenyl
17371:Ammonia
16673:triplet
16668:singlet
16465:Please
16457:use of
16310:Bibcode
16269:Bibcode
16184:Bibcode
16068:Bibcode
16004:Bibcode
15793:Bibcode
15750:Bibcode
15710:: 1165.
15683:6279761
15662:Bibcode
15605:Bibcode
15482:Bibcode
15428:Bibcode
15393:Bibcode
14937:Bibcode
14803:Bibcode
14768:Bibcode
14733:Bibcode
14554:Bibcode
14522:Reuters
14472:Bibcode
14417:Bibcode
14370:Bibcode
14318:Bibcode
14310:Science
13970:1440776
13929:1440818
13853:4105969
13804:2453178
13695:. From
13659:4872663
13591:4892911
13529:Bibcode
13493:2599770
13444:4105969
13387:4629747
13338:4872664
13207:2078044
13077:3747041
12965:Bibcode
12942:9012369
12922:Bibcode
12901:: 4313.
12869:"Ozone"
12798:5692127
12777:Bibcode
12701:Bibcode
12432:Bibcode
12355:6442600
12324:Bibcode
12288:4815017
12259:Bibcode
12223:5433771
12192:Bibcode
12151:Bibcode
11818:"Ozone"
11719:4427716
11615:6376815
11587:Bibcode
11506:Bibcode
11363:Bibcode
11305:Bibcode
11270:Bibcode
11021:Bibcode
10988:(1): 48
10591:4427716
10506:"Ozone"
10471:Bibcode
10426:"#0476"
10338:Ozonide
10288:(GOMOS)
10189:haddock
10138:nitrate
10134:nitrite
10075:E. coli
10019:cyanate
10004:cyanide
9991:in the
9958:reagent
9901:arsenic
9812:of the
9774:bromide
9770:bromate
9218:cathode
9167:brushes
9102:gaskets
9092:O-rings
9084:Hypalon
9041:current
8996:, and O
8698:In the
8659:at risk
8577:methane
8550:Houston
8546:Gulfton
8262:O-rings
8258:gaskets
8248:adding
8229:polymer
7866:History
7748:Hypoxia
7577:Thermal
7531:Plastic
7393:Uranium
7267:Natural
7212:Digital
7188:Genetic
7010:ground.
5560:calcium
5204:anion,
5202:ozonide
3905:radical
3113:aqueous
3011:In the
2470:ammonia
2341:gases:
1964:iridium
1923:2.075 V
1451:oxozone
1430:During
1311:History
1305:ozonide
1220:oxidant
1169:of the
1045:what is
1043: (
712:entropy
698:0.53 D
686:for O1
517:Density
315:PubChem
18311:Tholin
18132:Pyrene
17577:Silane
17547:Ketene
17049:Oxygen
16424:; 2005
16420:
16402:
16328:
16240:
16202:
15916:
15768:
15728:
15690:
15680:
15625:
15446:
15273:
15248:
15240:
15234:507966
15232:
15043:
14580:
14572:
14546:Nature
14498:
14490:
14443:
14435:
14388:
14344:
14336:
14293:
14209:
14148:
13977:
13967:
13926:
13860:
13850:
13811:
13801:
13666:
13656:
13598:
13588:
13549:
13500:
13490:
13451:
13441:
13433:
13394:
13384:
13345:
13335:
13296:
13255:
13214:
13204:
13165:
13084:
13074:
13024:
12983:
12940:
12845:US EPA
12826:US EPA
12805:
12795:
12727:
12719:
12560:
12460:
12452:
12362:
12352:
12344:
12295:
12285:
12277:
12230:
12220:
12212:
12117:
11976:
11920:
11799:
11774:
11749:
11726:
11716:
11708:
11613:
11605:
11560:
11534:
11526:
11475:
11450:
11425:
11215:
11190:
11133:
11050:Lancet
10846:: 941.
10800:
10624:24 May
10598:
10588:
10580:
10091:fruits
10015:mining
10012:silver
9970:alkene
9750:carbon
9580:where
9557:1.23 V
9358:1.53 V
9238:. The
9165:using
9155:tasers
8970:plasma
8748:, and
8693:asthma
8617:, the
8593:asthma
8243:, and
8223:tubing
8164:, the
8134:Mexico
8128:; and
7926:Midden
7921:Legacy
7906:Debris
7860:Topics
7813:Sludge
7803:Sewage
7758:Marine
7597:Visual
7516:Mining
7511:Litter
7050:series
6724:photon
6710:
6704:
6698:
6692:
5632:
5478:ions:
5466:on an
5231:, and
5118:where
3511:iodine
3111:In an
2808:sulfur
2608:carbon
2334:, and
2319:Solid
2190:. The
1968:oxides
1962:, and
1952:metals
1495:liquid
1209:liquid
1123:oxygen
1092:) (or
1040:verify
1037:
986:5 ppm
819:Danger
491:47.997
447:SMILES
129:catena
98:Names
45:Ozone
18394:Ozone
18297:(PAH)
17885:atoms
17820:atoms
17760:atoms
17758:Eight
17688:atoms
17686:Seven
17594:atoms
17488:atoms
17358:atoms
17346:Water
17276:Ozone
17218:(HNC)
17212:(HCN)
16692:ozone
16326:S2CID
16238:S2CID
15937:(PDF)
15868:(PDF)
15861:(PDF)
15766:S2CID
15246:S2CID
15230:JSTOR
15195:(PDF)
15127:(PDF)
15120:(PDF)
14578:S2CID
14342:S2CID
14036:(PDF)
14029:(PDF)
13740:(PDF)
12725:S2CID
12480:(PDF)
11855:(PDF)
11844:(PDF)
11793:Ozone
11554:Ozone
11532:S2CID
11382:(PDF)
11351:(PDF)
11085:(PDF)
10978:(PDF)
10713:(PDF)
10697:(PDF)
10444:Ozone
10340:(ion)
9997:paper
9859:dairy
9803:Spore
9230:molar
9226:anode
9224:wire
9080:Viton
9074:, or
9068:glass
8876:, or
8842:NIOSH
8589:death
7944:Lists
7936:Waste
7881:Paint
7706:Water
7558:Space
7301:Noise
7273:Ozone
7238:Light
6534:O + O
5836:water
5834:from
5226:, RbO
3394:with
3388:atoms
2466:salts
2329:, ClO
1966:) to
1574:with
1532:water
1499:solid
1361:ὄζειν
1354:ozein
1279:Greek
1275:ozein
1271:ozone
1259:IUPAC
1243:ozone
1213:solid
1199:. In
1064:Ozone
944:NIOSH
412:InChI
328:24823
306:Ozone
272:1101
218:23208
189:ChEBI
167:JSmol
107:Ozone
18444:Odor
17818:Nine
17486:Five
17396:HCCN
17356:Four
17316:SiNC
16793:List
16418:ISBN
16400:ISBN
16370:link
16356:2012
16200:PMID
15914:ISBN
15827:(1).
15688:PMID
15623:PMID
15444:PMID
15271:ISBN
15238:PMID
15041:ISBN
14866:2011
14840:2019
14704:: 63
14570:PMID
14496:PMID
14488:ISSN
14441:PMID
14433:ISSN
14386:PMID
14334:PMID
14291:PMID
14218:2014
14207:PMID
14146:PMID
13975:PMID
13858:PMID
13809:PMID
13664:PMID
13596:PMID
13547:PMID
13498:PMID
13449:PMID
13431:ISSN
13392:PMID
13343:PMID
13294:PMID
13253:PMID
13212:PMID
13163:PMID
13082:PMID
13022:PMID
13004:JAMA
12981:PMID
12938:PMID
12880:2019
12803:PMID
12750:2022
12717:ISSN
12458:PMID
12450:ISSN
12360:PMID
12342:ISSN
12293:PMID
12275:ISSN
12228:PMID
12210:ISSN
12115:ISBN
11974:PMID
11918:ISBN
11797:ISBN
11772:ISBN
11747:ISBN
11724:PMID
11706:ISSN
11654:2022
11611:PMID
11603:ISSN
11558:ISBN
11524:ISSN
11473:ISBN
11448:ISBN
11423:ISBN
11213:ISBN
11188:ISBN
11131:ISBN
10994:2018
10798:ISBN
10776:2018
10626:2023
10596:PMID
10578:ISSN
10492:2016
10235:and
10217:EDTA
10191:and
10093:and
10010:and
10008:gold
9946:and
9897:iron
9857:and
9797:and
9641:and
9220:, a
9157:and
9029:bars
8523:and
8493:The
8260:and
8146:VOCs
8144:and
8083:smog
8070:and
7911:Dust
7895:Misc
7411:Soil
7158:Soot
7153:Smog
7118:Haze
7039:and
6967:to O
6701:<
6618:and
6380:urea
5830:and
5828:iron
5445:and
3553:HClO
3461:SnCl
3415:SnCl
3364:zinc
2758:PbSO
2287:The
1956:gold
1415:and
1402:and
1303:(or
1265:and
1253:and
1238:The
980:IDLH
837:H314
833:H270
507:Odor
355:UNII
300:MeSH
289:6297
18109:NCO
18009:ion
17916:, C
17883:Ten
17592:Six
17498:ion
16473:or
16318:doi
16277:doi
16230:doi
16192:doi
16157:doi
16130:doi
16103:doi
16076:doi
16040:doi
16012:doi
16000:232
15975:doi
15801:doi
15789:100
15758:doi
15678:PMC
15670:doi
15613:doi
15574:doi
15528:doi
15490:doi
15436:doi
15401:doi
15389:176
15349:doi
15345:178
15222:doi
14945:doi
14811:doi
14799:154
14776:doi
14764:129
14741:doi
14562:doi
14550:601
14480:doi
14468:129
14425:doi
14413:100
14378:doi
14326:doi
14314:302
14283:doi
14245:doi
14197:doi
14136:doi
13965:PMC
13957:doi
13953:114
13924:PMC
13916:doi
13912:114
13885:doi
13848:PMC
13840:doi
13836:360
13799:PMC
13791:doi
13787:116
13759:EPA
13751:EPA
13654:PMC
13646:doi
13642:193
13619:195
13586:PMC
13578:doi
13574:124
13537:doi
13488:PMC
13480:doi
13476:116
13439:PMC
13423:doi
13419:360
13382:PMC
13374:doi
13370:123
13333:PMC
13325:doi
13321:193
13284:doi
13280:110
13243:doi
13239:105
13202:PMC
13194:doi
13153:doi
13149:101
13072:PMC
13064:doi
13012:doi
13008:290
12973:doi
12930:doi
12793:PMC
12785:doi
12709:doi
12558:PMC
12548:doi
12521:doi
12440:doi
12350:PMC
12332:doi
12320:116
12283:PMC
12267:doi
12218:PMC
12200:doi
12159:doi
12107:doi
11966:doi
11962:103
11714:PMC
11698:doi
11642:EPA
11595:doi
11514:doi
11502:292
11419:279
11371:doi
11331:doi
11313:doi
11278:doi
11123:doi
11058:doi
11054:188
11029:doi
10586:PMC
10570:doi
10539:doi
10479:doi
10467:213
10083:WHO
9987:or
9972:to
9821:).
9603:arc
9448:0 V
9184:in
9033:kPa
8992:, O
8974:DBD
8957:spa
8951:of
8488:EPA
8101:•.
7637:War
7081:Air
6707:240
6340:CNO
6074:MnO
5533:NaO
5491:CsO
5474:or
5454:CsO
5447:LiO
5440:NaO
5344:KOH
5233:CsO
5131:obs
5036:obs
4966:obs
4938:obs
3719:KOH
3597:ClO
3434:HCl
3370:or
3366:in
3336:or
2810:or
2731:PbS
2707:to
2472:to
2419:ClO
2370:ClO
2316:).
2106:to
2061:AgO
2013:CuO
1740:wt%
1624:by
1188:ppm
1175:Sun
1121:of
967:REL
954:PEL
766:GHS
747:298
720:298
566:CCl
381:EPA
318:CID
18390::
17926:70
17918:60
17914:60
17912:(C
17637:HC
16861:Ar
16811:He
16699:)
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