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Research by Martin
Stevens et al. (2008), however, suggests that eyespots are not a form of mimicry and do not deter predators because they look like eyes. Rather the conspicuous contrast in the patterns on the wings deter predators. In this study, however, the influence of surrounding forms, like
299:
Owl butterflies are very large, 65–200 mm (2.6–7.9 in), and fly only a few meters at a time, so avian predators have little difficulty in following them to their settling place. However, the butterflies preferentially fly in dusk, when few avian
1196:
751:
The role of eyespots as antipredator mechanisms has been discussed since the 19th century. Several hypotheses are suggested to explain their occurrence. In some butterflies, particularly
763:), it has been shown that ocelli (eyespots) serve as a decoy, diverting bird attack away from the vulnerable body, and towards the outer part of the hindwings or the forewing tip.
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the head region of a predator, was not tested. Also the question why animals evolved such complex imitations of other species is left unanswered.
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979:(2005). "The role of eyespots as anti-predator mechanisms, principally demonstrated in the Lepidoptera".
717:. It is known that many small animals hesitate to go near patterns resembling eyes with a light-colored
665:
328:
There are some twenty species in this genus, which can be divided into six groups that might constitute
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André V. L. Freitas; Woodruff W. Benson; Onildo J. Marini-Filho; Roberta M. de
Carvalho (1995).
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31:
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8:
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Robert B. Srygley & Carla M. Penz (1999). "Lekking in neotropical owl butterflies,
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73:
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Sebastiano De Bona, Janne K. Valkonen, Andrés López-Sepulcre, Johanna Mappes (2015).
430:
366:
281:
184:
1008:
915:"Predator mimicry, not conspicuousness, explains the efficacy of butterfly eyespots"
860:
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1027:"Conspicuousness, not eye mimicry, makes "eyespots" effective antipredator signals"
988:
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744:. It should deter predators while resting, feeding, mating, or emerging from the
725:, which matches the appearance of the eyes of many predators that hunt by sight.
332:. Some species are of uncertain placement with regard to these groups, however:
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785:"Territoriality by the dawn's early light: The neotropical owl butterfly
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are around. The Latin name may possibly refer to their active periods;
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90:
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713:. It is conceivable that the eye pattern is a generalized form of
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38:
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901:
A Swift Guide to the
Butterflies of Mexico and Central America
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Garwood, K. M., Lehman, Carter, W., & Carter, G. (2007).
722:
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637:
285:
919:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
1021:
1025:; Hardman, Chloe J.; Stubbins, Claire L. (2008).
1315:
696:
27:Members of brush-footed butterfly genus Caligo
961:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
37:"Caligo" redirects here. For the deity, see
895:
893:
891:
889:
1066:. Mission, Texas: Neotropical Butterflies.
54:
1114:Pictures of an owl butterflies from Kenya
1044:
938:
886:
700:
975:
736:resemble the head of a predator like a
14:
1316:
1094:Micropanorama of an owl butterfly wing
797:Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera
296:of Mexico, Central and South America.
1123:
1122:
882:Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
325:Listed alphabetically within groups:
1101:Upperside and underside photographs.
732:theory the pattern on the wings of
24:
1084:Consortium for the Barcode of Life
1056:
25:
1345:
1070:
1064:Butterflies of Southern Amazonia
709:The underwing pattern is highly
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362:– Brazilian owl, almond-eyed owl
77:
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288:' eyes. They are found in the
13:
1:
837:(Lepidoptera: Brassolinae)".
770:
697:Functions of the wing pattern
280:and are known for their huge
1329:Nymphalidae of South America
1089:Pictures of an owl butterfly
804:(1–4): 14–20. Archived from
206:
7:
789:(Nymphalidae: Brassolinae)"
10:
1350:
1334:Taxa named by Jacob Hübner
840:Journal of Insect Behavior
604:(C. & R. Felder, 1862)
435:(C. & R. Felder, 1862)
320:
313:Some owl butterflies form
36:
29:
1131:
993:10.1017/S1464793105006810
903:. Sunstreak Books. p.132.
705:Close-up of a Caligo wing
219:
212:
205:
198:
182:
175:
74:Scientific classification
72:
62:
53:
48:
544:C. & R. Felder, 1861
505:– yellow-edged giant owl
30:Not to be confused with
853:10.1023/A:1020981215501
931:10.1098/rspb.2015.0202
899:Glassberg, J. (2007).
706:
514:Herrich-Schäffer, 1850
404:(C. & R. Felder, )
1107:In Japanese but with
1046:10.1093/beheco/arm162
704:
606:– Euphorbus giant owl
516:– yellow-bordered owl
406:– giant owl, pale owl
395:– Illioneus giant owl
384:– Idomeneus giant owl
32:Hamadryas (butterfly)
1077:Images representing
757:gatekeeper butterfly
437:– yellow-fronted owl
317:in mating behavior.
880:at Markku Savela's
878:Hübner, [1819]"
356:Caligo brasiliensis
1032:Behavioral Ecology
981:Biological Reviews
925:(1806): 20150202.
707:
557:– placid giant owl
551:Caligo placidianus
546:– Oileus giant owl
448:– Teucer giant owl
373:– forest giant owl
346:Caligo bellerophon
1311:
1310:
1296:Open Tree of Life
1125:Taxon identifiers
787:Caligo idomenaeus
728:According to the
688:Caligo telamonius
616:
605:
585:
567:
556:
545:
534:
515:
504:
486:
481:Caligo oberthurii
476:
466:
447:
436:
431:Caligo telamonius
426:
416:
411:Caligo prometheus
405:
394:
383:
372:
367:Caligo eurilochus
361:
360:(C. Felder, 1862)
351:
294:secondary forests
284:, which resemble
264:
263:
258:
250:
237:
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185:Caligo eurilochus
171:
16:(Redirected from
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1099:Taxonomy Browser
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831:Caligo illioneus
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730:Batesian mimicry
684:
668:
648:
633:Caligo idomeneus
628:
615:Staudinger, 1887
614:
603:
600:Caligo euphorbus
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565:
562:Caligo zeuxippus
555:Staudinger, 1887
554:
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513:
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485:(Deyrolle, 1872)
484:
474:
464:
446:(Linnaeus, 1758)
445:
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425:(Deyrolle, 1872)
424:
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389:Caligo illioneus
382:(Linnaeus, 1758)
381:
378:Caligo idomeneus
370:
359:
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310:means darkness.
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49:Owl butterflies
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1057:Further reading
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1023:Stevens, Martin
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977:Stevens, Martin
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611:Caligo superbus
584:(Illiger, 1801)
535:– boomerang owl
494:species group:
456:species group:
323:
268:owl butterflies
207:Some 20 species
194:
188:
165:
76:
42:
35:
28:
23:
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18:Owl butterflies
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1109:binomial names
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1071:External links
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593:incertae sedis
589:
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580:Caligo beltrao
575:species group
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529:Caligo oedipus
524:species group
519:
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503:(Kollar, 1850)
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421:Caligo suzanna
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847:(1): 81–103.
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811:on 2016-03-03
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755:(such as the
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691:in Costa Rica
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653:Caligo teucer
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540:Caligo oileus
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533:Stichel, 1903
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510:Caligo uranus
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499:Caligo atreus
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471:Caligo martia
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461:Caligo arisbe
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442:Caligo teucer
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400:Caligo memnon
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350:Stichel, 1903
348:
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341:
340:species group
338:
337:C. eurilochus
335:
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274:of the genus
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957:cite journal
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813:. Retrieved
806:the original
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721:and a large
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177:Type species
161:
68:, underside
63:
43:
1257:iNaturalist
1157:Wikispecies
566:Druce, 1902
290:rainforests
240:preoccupied
226:Mikan, 1821
141:Nymphalidae
131:Lepidoptera
1318:Categories
815:2009-10-15
771:References
573:C. beltrao
475:(Godart, )
393:(Cramer, )
371:(Cramer, )
151:Brassolini
111:Arthropoda
1194:ButMoth:
835:C. oileus
753:Satyrinae
742:amphibian
522:C. oileus
492:C. atreus
454:C. arisbe
330:subgenera
302:predators
223:Hamadryas
200:Diversity
97:Kingdom:
91:Eukaryota
1270:LepIndex
1171:BioLib:
1142:Wikidata
1009:24868603
1001:16221330
949:25854889
861:30918158
761:grayling
759:and the
465:Hübner,
282:eyespots
257:Godart,
214:Synonyms
137:Family:
107:Phylum:
101:Animalia
87:Domain:
1249:1918071
1148:Q857483
940:4426626
715:mimicry
711:cryptic
321:Species
272:species
254:Pavonia
246:Aerodes
157:Genus:
147:Tribe:
127:Order:
121:Insecta
117:Class:
1324:Caligo
1301:401862
1288:127325
1275:145791
1236:1CALIG
1197:4642.0
1174:128915
1163:Caligo
1133:Caligo
1105:Pteron
1079:Caligo
1007:
999:
947:
937:
876:Caligo
859:
740:or an
738:lizard
734:Caligo
307:caligo
277:Caligo
236:, 1804
234:Hübner
193:, 1775
191:Cramer
168:Hübner
162:Caligo
39:Achlys
1262:55011
1223:17392
1210:924BF
1005:S2CID
857:S2CID
809:(PDF)
792:(PDF)
723:pupil
1283:NCBI
1244:GBIF
1231:EPPO
1187:7107
1182:BOLD
997:PMID
963:link
945:PMID
833:and
746:pupa
719:iris
658:MHNT
638:MHNT
315:leks
292:and
286:owls
270:are
266:The
1218:EoL
1205:CoL
1082:at
1041:doi
989:doi
935:PMC
927:doi
923:282
849:doi
230:non
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228:(
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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