3518:
2135:
1199:
1584:
1462:
2625:
2172:
3284:
3279:
2843:
1156:
3072:
3605:
57:
3395:
3053:
3016:
2936:
1334:
3376:
3371:
217:
3129:
1872:
2744:
1907:
3442:
3437:
209:
2997:
2992:
1838:
2079:
2004:
1999:
3686:
78:
1687:
1648:
1527:
3536:
1180:
3032:
3319:
2696:
1750:
1443:
691:
3413:
3788:
1932:
1508:
1503:
1567:
1255:
2824:
2971:
2604:
1962:
2095:
1722:
4275:, p. 122. "That they hailed from the Kayı branch of the Oğuz confederacy seems to be a creative "rediscovery" in the genealogical concoction of the fifteenth century. It is missing not only in Ahmedi but also, and more importantly, in the Yahşi Fakih-Aşıkpaşazade narrative, which gives its own version of an elaborate genealogical family tree going back to Noah. If there was a particularly significant claim to Kayı lineage, it is hard to imagine that Yahşi Fakih would not have heard of it."
1137:
956:
3704:
3247:
2039:
1664:
1543:
995:
3166:
2712:
2511:
2394:
1978:
1600:
1478:
1375:
3667:
3621:
3303:
3090:
2915:
2792:
2527:
2335:
2207:
3754:
3475:
3461:
928:
3586:
2859:
2660:
2267:
1803:
7066:
5882:
2453:
2151:
871:
1783:
892:
1069:
7090:
7054:
2955:
2319:
2191:
1358:
1274:
2880:
2302:
2116:
5944:
7102:
2023:
1822:
975:
225:
1031:
2774:
2588:
1891:
838:
857:
2060:
4285:, p. 10. "In fact, no matter how one were to try, the sources simply do not allow the recovery of a family tree linking the antecedents of Osman to the Kayı of the Oğuz tribe. Without a proven genealogy, or even without evidence of sufficient care to produce a single genealogy to be presented to all the court chroniclers, there obviously could be no tribe; thus, the tribe was not a factor in early Ottoman history."
2899:
7078:
1769:
2437:
3148:
1706:
3231:
2644:
2378:
2251:
911:
804:
627:
Although absolute in theory and in principle, the sultan's powers were limited in practice. Political decisions had to take into account the opinions and attitudes of important members of the dynasty, the bureaucratic and military establishments, as well as religious leaders. Beginning in the last
712:
were the calligraphic seals or signatures used by
Ottoman sultans. They were displayed on all official documents as well as on coins, and were far more important in identifying a sultan than his portrait. The "Notes" column contains information on each sultan's parentage and fate. Early Ottomans
4280:, p. 78. "Based on these charters, all of which were drawn up between 1324 and 1360 (almost one hundred fifty years prior to the emergence of the Ottoman dynastic myth identifying them as members of the Kayı branch of the Oguz federation of Turkish tribes), we may posit that..."
497:
during much of its existence. By the second half of the fifteenth century, the sultan sat at the apex of a hierarchical system and acted in political, military, judicial, social, and religious capacities under a variety of titles. He was theoretically responsible only to
3517:
738:), whereby the throne went to the oldest male of the family. This in turn explains why from the 17th century onwards a deceased sultan was rarely succeeded by his own son, but usually by an uncle or brother. Agnatic seniority was retained until the
3909:
was used continuously by all rulers almost from the beginning. However, because it was widespread in the Muslim world, the
Ottomans quickly adopted variations of it to dissociate themselves from other Muslim rulers of lesser status.
4017:(1362–1389), who brought most of the Balkans under Ottoman rule and established the title of sultan in 1383. It is currently agreed that the caliphate "disappeared" for two-and-a-half centuries, before being revived with the
4238:
lacking any political power, he remained in his position of Caliph until the office of the
Caliphate was abolished by the TBMM on 3 March 1924. Mehmed VI later tried unsuccessfully to reinstall himself as caliph in the
322:
have been the subject of varying narratives, due to the difficulty of discerning fact from legend. The empire came into existence at the end of the 13th century, and its first ruler (and the namesake of the Empire) was
3954:
being an old
Islamic name for the Roman Empire. The combining of the Islamic and Central Asian heritages of the Ottomans led to the adoption of the title that became the standard designation of the Ottoman ruler:
4025:
in 1774. The treaty was highly symbolic, since it marked the first international recognition of the
Ottomans' claim to the caliphate. Although the treaty made official the Ottoman Empire's loss of the
4180:
was a gradual process which started with the abolition of the sultanate and ended with that of the caliphate 16 months later. The sultanate was formally abolished on 1 November 1922. Sultan
624:, an important ceremony that served as the equivalent of European monarchs' coronation. A non-girded sultan was not eligible to have his children included in the line of succession.
4013:
in 1516-1517. However, the general consensus among modern scholars is that
Ottoman rulers had used the title of caliph before the conquest of Egypt, as early as during the reign of
5142:
Karateke, Hakan T. (2005). "Who is the Next
Ottoman Sultan? Attempts to Change the Rule of Succession during the Nineteenth Century". In Weismann, Itzchak; Zachs, Fruma (eds.).
2134:
335:. The eponymous Ottoman dynasty he founded endured for six centuries through the reigns of 36 sultans. The Ottoman Empire disappeared as a result of the defeat of the
403:). In Ottoman usage the word "Padisha" was usually used except "sultan" was used when he was directly named. In several European languages, he was referred to as the
6946:
5575:
4067:
was by far the
Ottoman sultan who made the most use of his caliphal position, and was recognized as caliph by many Muslim heads of state, even as far away as
1198:
717:, not eldest, son": when a sultan died, his sons had to fight each other for the throne until a victor emerged. Because of the infighting and numerous
6072:
4452:
3208:
1583:
1461:
628:
decades of the sixteenth century, the role of the
Ottoman sultans in the government of the empire began to decrease, in a period known as the
6609:
6772:
6151:
5568:
2979:
2751:
658:, who thus became the empire's last absolute ruler and its reluctant first constitutional monarch. Although Abdul Hamid II abolished the
6745:
6146:
3562:
667:
4105:, the founder of the empire, has ever been discovered, although a coin with the inscription "Osman bin Ertuğrul" has been identified.
3555:
651:
5894:
6543:
3852:
722:
703:
488:
200:
3098:
1730:
5932:
5899:
7130:
7035:
6177:
6124:
5885:
5561:
2624:
659:
4143:), was a period of chaos in the Ottoman Empire which lasted from 1402 to 1413. It started following the defeat and capture of
721:
that occurred, there was often a time gap between a sultan's death date and the accession date of his successor. In 1617, the
7140:
5517:
5478:
5436:
5401:
5356:
5327:
5288:
5249:
5153:
5118:
5057:
5014:
4958:
4882:
4222:
government," and not the old
Istanbul-based Ottoman government, as representing the rightful owner and successor state. The
1859:
595:, Ottoman sultans came to regard themselves as the successors of the Roman Empire, hence their occasional use of the titles
7150:
6055:
5910:
4010:
2103:
1939:
1845:
1560:
Surrendered the throne to his father after having asked him to return to power, along with rising threats from Janissaries.
629:
694:
Poster showing sultans of the Ottoman dynasty, from Osman I (upper left corner) to Mehmed V (large portrait in the center)
6502:
6217:
6043:
5049:
640:—also played an important behind-the-scenes political role, effectively ruling the empire during the period known as the
5220:
2171:
7135:
6993:
6533:
6523:
4991:
4925:
4493:
3722:
3693:
2867:
739:
356:
154:
62:
7145:
6538:
6485:
6423:
6111:
6094:
5780:
5195:
5093:
4207:
4177:
3765:
3283:
3278:
2580:
456:". The translation of the Ottoman Constitution of 1876 instead used a direct transliterations of "sultan" (Σουλτάνος
260:
256:
3905:
of the Ottoman ruler was complex, as it was composed of several titles and evolved over the centuries. The title of
1906:
6971:
6656:
6455:
6379:
6167:
5612:
3857:
4808:
4033:. From the 18th century onwards, Ottoman sultans increasingly emphasized their status as caliphs in order to stir
4018:
1837:
1155:
6651:
6099:
3071:
418:
385:
344:
17:
3535:
2842:
6793:
6490:
6445:
6359:
6337:
6250:
5393:
5110:
3997:
symbolized their spiritual power, whereas the sultanate represented their temporal power. According to Ottoman
3604:
3155:
3079:
292:
3402:
3031:
6882:
6599:
6320:
5770:
3873:
3318:
2429:
548:). All offices were filled by his authority, and every law was issued by him in the form of a decree called
7094:
6966:
6661:
6292:
6272:
4655:
4101:
in the 14th century, whose tughra has been found on two different documents. No tughra bearing the name of
3181:
3105:
1627:
663:
443:
3394:
6921:
6548:
6528:
6450:
6374:
6119:
5925:
5541:
352:
164:
56:
6644:
6619:
6497:
6347:
6184:
6172:
6038:
5280:
4330:
3821:
3795:
3412:
781:
708:
The table below lists Ottoman sultans, as well as the last Ottoman caliph, in chronological order. The
588:
319:
5617:
5372:
5315:
The Sultan of Vezirs: The Life and Times of the Ottoman Grand Vezir Mahmud Pasha Angelović (1453–1474)
4460:
3015:
2970:
2603:
2556:
1333:
6822:
6460:
6440:
6087:
5473:. Social, Economic and Political Studies of the Middle East. Vol. 11. Leiden: Brill Publishers.
3052:
3165:
2711:
2094:
1721:
7020:
6686:
6384:
6313:
6082:
5725:
5376:
5366:
4214:, the then crown prince, as caliph. The official end of the Ottoman State was declared through the
1883:
572:
was the first ruler of the Ottoman state, which during his reign constituted a small principality (
376:
4227:
4114:
3703:
3302:
3246:
3089:
2914:
2791:
2526:
2334:
2206:
2038:
1663:
1542:
994:
7082:
6369:
6342:
6287:
6282:
6134:
4950:
4072:
2781:
714:
647:
6129:
3620:
3375:
3370:
3128:
2935:
2858:
2659:
2393:
2266:
1977:
1871:
1599:
1477:
1374:
6877:
6817:
6805:
6698:
6555:
6048:
5971:
5918:
4052:
4022:
3868:
3761:
3040:
2743:
1674:
308:
6872:
5355:
and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages". In Herzog, Christoph; Malek Sharif (eds.).
4162:, which was fought on 20 July 1402. Bayezid's sons fought each other for over a decade, until
3493:
3474:
3348:
2452:
2150:
1003:
927:
7025:
6810:
6800:
6767:
6507:
6330:
4048:
3544:
3185:
348:
216:
5940:
4037:
sentiments among the empire's Muslims in the face of encroaching European imperialism. When
1922:
6961:
6956:
6941:
6887:
6832:
6716:
6575:
6560:
6408:
6325:
6139:
5663:
3109:
1226:
1129:
312:
114:
2078:
1782:
1363:
1280:
1170:
for the European portion of the empire, a short period after the Ottoman defeat at Ankara.
1048:
870:
208:
181:
8:
6837:
6788:
6721:
6671:
6570:
6480:
6428:
6241:
6222:
6008:
5651:
5607:
4231:
4132:
3862:
3685:
3629:
3441:
3436:
3355:
3266:
1038:
747:
699:
77:
5503:
5052:(5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress.
3811:
3633:
3327:
2996:
2991:
327:. According to later, often unreliable Ottoman tradition, Osman was a descendant of the
7008:
6951:
6931:
6844:
6733:
6676:
6472:
6394:
6060:
5981:
5976:
5351:
Strauss, Johann (2010). "A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the
5208:
The Legacy of Sultan Abdulhamid II: Memoirs and Biography of Sultan Selim bin Hamid Han
4215:
3716:
3712:
3421:
2800:
2720:
1686:
641:
561:
435:
360:
187:
4334:
4109:, the last Ottoman Caliph, also lacked a tughra of his own, since he did not serve as
3483:
3255:
2923:
2003:
1998:
1647:
1526:
1179:
7106:
7053:
7015:
6978:
6864:
6849:
6666:
6604:
6591:
6565:
6433:
6364:
6308:
6227:
6020:
5995:
5956:
5591:
5523:
5513:
5484:
5474:
5460:
5442:
5432:
5407:
5397:
5333:
5323:
5294:
5284:
5255:
5245:
5212:
5191:
5159:
5149:
5124:
5114:
5089:
5063:
5053:
5043:
5039:
5020:
5010:
4987:
4964:
4954:
4931:
4921:
4888:
4878:
4744:
4340:
4203:
3994:
3576:
3569:
3525:
3174:
726:
494:
5682:
2695:
1749:
1403:
1225:
for the European portion of the empire on 18 February 1411, just after the death of
750:
are also listed here, but they are not included in the formal numbering of sultans.
175:
6936:
6904:
6726:
6681:
6624:
6277:
6200:
6015:
5319:
5235:
4448:
4159:
4136:
3744:
3344:
period of reforms and reorganization on 3 November 1839 at the behest of reformist
2292:
1299:
1142:
1109:
1090:
1044:
1010:
984:
980:
946:
917:
581:
244:
4117:, President of the newly founded Republic of Turkey) but as a religious and royal
3548:
1986:
1442:
1233:
1105:
936:
7070:
7003:
6983:
6914:
6909:
6854:
6827:
6738:
6711:
6389:
6354:
5657:
5602:
5468:
5426:
5387:
5313:
5274:
5239:
5143:
5104:
5002:
4944:
4870:
4736:
4030:
4026:
2468:
1306:
1094:
1061:
690:
550:
527:
425:
396:
272:
252:
3787:
3648:
2542:
2461:
2409:
2402:
1507:
1502:
6926:
6706:
6629:
6262:
6030:
5991:
5850:
5584:
4672:Ágoston, Gábor (2009). "Süleyman I". In Ágoston, Gábor; Masters, Bruce (eds.).
4148:
4064:
4060:
4056:
3998:
3935:
3902:
3510:
3192:
3116:
2668:
2275:
2047:
1852:
1566:
1254:
679:
671:
655:
633:
621:
596:
467:
449:
336:
300:
287:
since 1323 or 1324, the empire's capital was moved to Adrianople (now known as
240:
228:
5669:
5145:
Ottoman Reform and Muslim Regeneration: Studies in Honour of Butrus Abu-Manneb
2612:
1961:
1931:
1324:
1191:
1098:
446:
instead used direct translations of "sultan" (Sultan) and "padishah" (Padišax)
7124:
7058:
6998:
6899:
6639:
6634:
6267:
6212:
6003:
5865:
5815:
5527:
5259:
5206:
5081:
4892:
4344:
4211:
4110:
4106:
3960:
3780:
3334:
3008:
2823:
2811:
2549:
2535:
2482:
2219:
2159:
1136:
955:
743:
637:
5553:
5411:
5337:
5298:
5216:
5163:
5128:
5067:
5024:
4968:
4935:
1554:
328:
280:
7030:
6988:
6614:
6065:
5835:
5488:
5464:
5446:
5088:. Vol. 1. Translated by Nilüfer Epçeli. Istanbul: Yeditepe yayınları.
4748:
4034:
4029:, it acknowledged the Ottoman caliph's continuing religious authority over
3959:. Ironically, although the title of sultan is most often associated in the
3655:
3652:
3644:
3345:
3295:
2731:
2479:
2289:
1915:
1740:
1383:
879:
503:
276:
268:
264:
3753:
6894:
6205:
5810:
5383:
5211:. Foreword by Manoutchehr M. Eskandari-Qajar. Santa Fe, NM: Sultana Pub.
4038:
3666:
3585:
3262:
2947:
1802:
1486:
675:
340:
332:
5362:
4877:. Volume. Vol. III: M–R. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 779.
3460:
2059:
856:
825:
569:
5825:
5790:
5740:
5714:
5708:
4812:
4235:
4190:
4118:
3640:
3140:
3119:
2688:
2510:
2215:
2071:
1761:
1698:
1101:
and took the western Anatolian territories for approximately two years.
1068:
891:
742:, despite unsuccessful attempts in the 19th century to replace it with
718:
170:
2352:
Deposed due to his poor mental health and confined until his death in
1021:
452:: In earlier periods the Greeks used the Byzantine Empire-style name "
5860:
5840:
5830:
5820:
5805:
5795:
5775:
5760:
5750:
5735:
5703:
5693:
5645:
4456:
4181:
4144:
3943:
3939:
3678:
3387:
3223:
3195:
3064:
2954:
2891:
2879:
2807:
2766:
2727:
2503:
2318:
2301:
2282:
2190:
2183:
2115:
2015:
1611:
1519:
1493:
1428:
1357:
1273:
967:
592:
135:
87:
3969:
far more frequently when referring to rulers of the Ottoman Dynasty.
2225:
Deposed due to his mental instability in favour of his young nephew
2022:
1821:
1030:
974:
530:) was reflected in Islamic titles such as "shadow of God on Earth" (
224:
6750:
6077:
5855:
5800:
5785:
5765:
5755:
5730:
5698:
5688:
5676:
4920:. Tarihin şahitleri dizisi (in Turkish). Istanbul: Burak Yayınevi.
4163:
3965:
3963:
with the Ottomans, people within Turkey generally use the title of
3729:
3597:
3341:
2835:
2773:
2636:
2587:
2475:
2370:
2353:
2346:
2243:
2226:
1954:
1454:
1434:
1350:
1320:
1295:
1265:
1245:
666:
to return to personal rule in 1878, he was again forced in 1908 to
577:
453:
372:
304:
6760:
4336:
The Latins in the Levant: A History of Frankish Greece (1204–1566)
1890:
837:
5845:
5745:
5720:
5640:
5630:
4151:
4102:
4068:
4014:
4006:
4005:
adopted the title of caliph during his reign (1362 to 1389), and
4002:
3929:
3919:
3911:
3740:
3453:
2127:
1814:
1241:
1221:
1166:
903:
796:
730:
613:
600:
565:
555:
540:
531:
507:
324:
296:
124:
5548:. condensed by Abdülkadir Karahan. Istanbul: Milliyet yayınları.
4743:. Vol. 32. New York: Leavitt, Trow, & Co. p. 376.
632:. Despite being barred from inheriting the throne, women of the
263:
in 1922. At its height, the Ottoman Empire spanned an area from
6755:
5948:
5943:
5241:
The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire
5038:
Glazer, Steven A. (1996) . "Chapter 1: Historical Setting". In
4223:
4219:
4094:
3906:
3832:
2563:
2555:
Deposed on 8 November 1687 following the Ottoman defeat at the
2436:
1768:
1310:
768:
709:
617:
522:
288:
236:
3951:
3558:
on 23 November 1876 and then suspended it on 13 February 1878.
3147:
620:
of Islam. Newly enthroned Ottoman rulers were girded with the
609:
474:("the king") was used. In addition some Ladino documents used
231:
in 1683, at the height of its territorial expansion in Europe.
5635:
4741:
The Eclectic Magazine of Foreign Literature, Science, and Art
4240:
4185:
4155:
4098:
4043:
3828:
3817:
3736:
2898:
2345:
Returned to the throne after the assassination of his nephew
1705:
1014:
849:
526:), of which he was the chief executor. His heavenly mandate (
429:
390:
284:
3230:
4737:"The Race, Religions, and Government of the Ottoman Empire"
2643:
2377:
1316:
Became the sole ruler of Anatolia upon İsa's death in 1406.
482:
439:
5463:(1974). "The Ottoman Empire's Place in World History". In
4051:, unsuccessfully attempting to incite the subjects of the
3115:
Assassinated in Istanbul on 28 July 1808 at the behest of
2250:
910:
803:
725:
changed from survival of the fittest to a system based on
419:
Names of the sultan in languages used by ethnic minorities
5106:
Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State
4097:
were used by 35 out of 36 Ottoman sultans, starting with
499:
407:, as the ruler of the Turks, or simply the "Great Lord" (
636:—especially the reigning sultan's mother, known as the
438:: In earlier periods Bulgarian people called him the "
4371:
4369:
4009:
later strengthened the caliphal authority during his
3191:
Executed in Istanbul on 17 November 1808 by order of
4226:
was proclaimed by the TBMM on 29 October 1923, with
1492:
Abdicated of his own free will in favour of his son
713:
practiced what historian Quataert has described as "
279:
in the east. Administered at first from the city of
4366:
746:. Note that pretenders and co-claimants during the
4071:. He had his claim to the title inserted into the
5389:Southeastern Europe under Ottoman Rule, 1354–1804
4859:, "Table A. Chronology of Major Kemalist Reforms"
4483:, "External Threats and Internal Transformations"
7122:
5470:The Ottoman State and Its Place in World History
4984:Osman's Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire
428:: In some documents "padishah" was replaced by "
5512:] (in Turkish). Istanbul: Çatı Publishing.
4494:"Last heir to Ottoman throne passes away at 90"
4041:broke out, the sultan/caliph issued a call for
3430:Found dead (suicide or murder) five days later.
3356:Islâhat Hatt-ı Hümayun (Imperial Reform Edict)
259:empire from its perceived inception in 1299 to
4634:, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, İstanbul, 1991 pp 74–75
4313:
4311:
4309:
4307:
4305:
4303:
2467:Deposed on 8 August 1648 in a coup led by the
1921:Died of natural causes in his tent during the
5926:
5583:
5569:
670:and was deposed. Since 2021, the head of the
4734:
3914:, the third Ottoman monarch, styled himself
516:
283:since before 1280 and then from the city of
4665:
4540:
4300:
4194:. This event marked the end of the Ottoman
2752:Stagnation and reform of the Ottoman Empire
2541:Ruled under the regency of his grandmother
1610:Forced to return to the throne following a
5933:
5919:
5576:
5562:
5379:) // CITED: pp. 43–44 (PDF pp. 45–46/338).
4218:(24 July 1923), which recognized the new "
4188:on 17 November aboard the British warship
5428:Islam and Political Development in Turkey
5358:The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy
4790:
4788:
4356:
4354:
4166:emerged as the undisputed victor in 1413.
4135:, also known as the Ottoman Triumvirate (
3934:, emperor), titles used by the Anatolian
731:
601:
556:
541:
539:) and "caliph of the face of the earth" (
532:
508:
5244:. New York: Oxford University Press US.
5179:Nomads and Ottomans in Medieval Anatolia
4599:
4597:
4172:
4127:
4021:, signed between the Ottoman Empire and
3853:Line of succession to the Ottoman throne
704:List of burial places of Ottoman sultans
689:
564:and had the official title to all land.
489:State organisation of the Ottoman Empire
483:State organisation of the Ottoman Empire
478:(in Hebrew characters: שולטן and סולטן).
339:, with whom it had allied itself during
223:
215:
207:
4868:
4671:
4614:
4612:
4557:
4555:
3987:
3981:
3975:
2478:on 18 August 1648 at the behest of the
371:The sultan was also referred to as the
14:
7123:
6863:
4785:
4351:
4329:
2548:Ruled under the regency of his mother
2408:Ruled under the regency of his mother
1793:Acquired the title Cem bin Mehmed Han.
5914:
5557:
5188:The Nature of the Early Ottoman State
4594:
4584:
4582:
4580:
4578:
4576:
4574:
4572:
4570:
4047:in 1914 against the Ottoman Empire's
7089:
7077:
5876:First Ottoman caliph • Caliph only
5205:d'Osman Han, Nadine Sultana (2001).
5009:. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.
4609:
4552:
4087:
4081:
3930:
3920:
3895:
3889:
3489:Deposed due to his ill mental health
1940:Transformation of the Ottoman Empire
630:Transformation of the Ottoman Empire
380:
359:in 1922 and the birth of the modern
3988:
3982:
3976:
3209:Modernization of the Ottoman Empire
2737:Died in Istanbul on 8 January 1704.
1009:Captured on the battlefield at the
517:
24:
4806:
4674:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
4630:Prof. Yaşar Yüce-Prof. Ali Sevim:
4567:
4447:
4210:(TBMM) elected Mehmed VI's cousin
3715:(later became the adoptive son of
3632:(later became the adoptive son of
3579:where he died on 10 February 1918.
3547:(later became the adoptive son of
685:
415:) especially in the 16th century.
25:
7162:
4178:dissolution of the Ottoman Empire
3766:Grand National Assembly of Turkey
947:Battle of Kosovo on June 15, 1389
945:Killed on the battlefield at the
470:: Especially in older documents,
255:(House of Osman), ruled over the
7100:
7088:
7076:
7065:
7064:
7052:
6456:Court of Jurisdictional Disputes
5942:
5881:
5880:
4088:
4082:
3896:
3890:
3786:
3770:(1 November 1922 – 3 March 1924)
3752:
3702:
3684:
3665:
3619:
3603:
3584:
3534:
3516:
3500:
3496:where he died on 29 August 1904.
3473:
3459:
3440:
3435:
3411:
3393:
3374:
3369:
3317:
3301:
3282:
3277:
3245:
3229:
3202:
3164:
3146:
3127:
3088:
3070:
3051:
3030:
3014:
2995:
2990:
2969:
2953:
2934:
2913:
2897:
2878:
2857:
2841:
2822:
2790:
2772:
2742:
2710:
2694:
2678:
2658:
2642:
2623:
2602:
2586:
2570:
2525:
2509:
2493:
2451:
2435:
2419:
2392:
2376:
2360:
2333:
2317:
2300:
2265:
2249:
2233:
2205:
2189:
2170:
2149:
2133:
2114:
2093:
2077:
2058:
2037:
2021:
2002:
1997:
1976:
1960:
1930:
1905:
1889:
1870:
1836:
1820:
1801:
1781:
1767:
1748:
1720:
1704:
1685:
1662:
1646:
1621:
1598:
1582:
1565:
1541:
1525:
1506:
1501:
1476:
1460:
1441:
1418:
1408:
1393:
1373:
1356:
1332:
1294:Acquired the control of Eastern
1288:
1272:
1253:
1212:
1197:
1178:
1154:
1135:
1119:
1080:
1067:
1029:
993:
973:
954:
926:
909:
890:
869:
855:
836:
818:
802:
76:
55:
7101:
5223:from the original on 2009-01-05
4908:
4862:
4850:
4838:
4826:
4800:
4773:
4761:
4728:
4716:
4704:
4692:
4680:
4649:
4637:
4624:
4528:
4516:
4504:
4486:
4474:
4441:
4429:
4426:, "Ottoman Padishah Succession"
4417:
4405:
4234:. Although Abdulmejid II was a
3924:, the most exalted sultan) and
2726:Deposed on 22 August 1703 by a
2288:Murdered on 20 May 1622 by the
251:), who were all members of the
5394:University of Washington Press
5111:University of California Press
4393:
4381:
4323:
4288:
4266:
4254:
3530:(32 years, 239 days)
3407:(14 years, 340 days)
3313:(21 years, 359 days)
3241:(30 years, 338 days)
2806:Deposed in consequence of the
2388:(16 years, 151 days)
2145:(13 years, 335 days)
1901:(45 years, 341 days)
1716:(30 years, 342 days)
291:in English) in 1363 following
13:
1:
7131:Sultans of the Ottoman Empire
5895:Heads of the Osmanoğlu family
5312:Stavrides, Theoharis (2001).
5276:The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922
5007:The New Encyclopedia of Islam
4916:Aşiroğlu, Orhan Gâzi (1992).
4248:
4113:(that position being held by
3874:List of Ottoman grand viziers
3698:(4 years, 120 days)
3084:(18 years, 52 days)
3026:(15 years, 76 days)
2965:(16 years, 83 days)
2909:(2 years, 321 days)
2853:(24 years, 72 days)
2786:(27 years, 40 days)
2706:(8 years, 197 days)
2654:(3 years, 229 days)
2598:(3 years, 226 days)
2521:(39 years, 92 days)
2447:(8 years, 181 days)
2089:(8 years, 340 days)
2033:(20 years, 20 days)
1832:(8 years, 149 days)
1658:(30 years, 89 days)
1369:(7 years, 325 days)
1209:(2 years, 137 days)
1173:Murdered on 17 February 1411.
1150:(8 years, 212 days)
989:(13 years, 35 days)
809:
92:4 July 1918 – 1 November 1922
7141:Ottoman Empire-related lists
6947:Intangible cultural heritage
6293:Southeastern Anatolia Region
6125:Proclamation of the republic
5431:. Leiden: Brill Publishers.
4873:. In Tucker, Spencer (ed.).
4656:Turkish Language Association
3800:(1 year, 106 days)
3615:(9 years, 67 days)
2329:(1 year, 113 days)
2261:(4 years, 82 days)
1972:(8 years, 77 days)
1628:Growth of the Ottoman Empire
1321:Ottoman Sultan Mehmed I Khan
1115:Strangled in September 1403.
444:Ottoman Constitution of 1876
391:
320:Ottoman Empire's early years
7:
7151:Lists of monarchs in Europe
6218:Ancient peoples of Anatolia
5181:. Indiana University Press.
5177:Lindner, Rudi Paul (1983).
5001:Glassé, Cyril, ed. (2003).
4943:Findley, Carter V. (2005).
4811:. Tugra.org. Archived from
3846:
3160:(1 year, 60 days)
3104:Deposed as a result of the
1236:'s forces in the battle of
775:
668:reinstall constitutionalism
353:Turkish War of Independence
10:
7167:
6049:Conquest of Constantinople
5501:
5459:
5424:
5382:
5350:
5311:
5281:Cambridge University Press
5272:
5234:
5204:
5185:
5176:
5141:
5102:
5080:
5037:
5000:
4981:
4946:The Turks in World History
4942:
4915:
4856:
4844:
4832:
4794:
4779:
4767:
4735:M'Gregor, J. (July 1854).
4722:
4710:
4698:
4686:
4643:
4603:
4588:
4561:
4546:
4534:
4522:
4510:
4480:
4435:
4423:
4411:
4399:
4387:
4375:
4360:
4317:
4294:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4260:
3858:Ottoman sultan family tree
3822:abolition of the Caliphate
3807:
3708:
3625:
3540:
3479:
3417:
3335:Imperial Edict of Gülhane
3323:
3251:
3170:
3094:
3036:
2975:
2919:
2863:
2796:
2716:
2664:
2608:
2531:
2457:
2398:
2339:
2271:
2211:
2155:
2099:
2043:
1982:
1911:
1842:
1787:
1726:
1668:
1604:
1547:
1482:
1421:
1379:
1291:
1215:
1160:
1083:
999:
932:
875:
821:
782:Rise of the Ottoman Empire
767:
761:
740:abolition of the sultanate
697:
589:conquest of Constantinople
562:supreme military commander
493:The Ottoman Empire was an
486:
460:) and "padishah" (ΠΑΔΙΣΑΧ
442:". The translation of the
357:abolition of the sultanate
345:partitioning of the Empire
27:Monarchy of Ottoman Empire
7136:Lists of monarchs in Asia
7048:
6781:
6697:
6590:
6556:The constitutional system
6516:
6471:
6416:
6407:
6301:
6249:
6240:
6193:
6160:
6110:
6088:Second Constitutional Era
6073:Decline and modernization
6029:
5990:
5964:
5955:
5874:
5626:
5598:
5540:
5392:(3rd ed.). Seattle:
5273:Quataert, Donald (2005).
5086:Geschishte des Osmanichen
4982:Finkel, Caroline (2007).
4875:World War I: Encyclopedia
4618:
3760:
3563:Second Constitutional Era
3427:Deposed by his ministers.
3254:Son of Abdul Hamid I and
3207:
3173:Son of Abdul Hamid I and
2750:
1938:
1626:
1340:
1232:Killed on 5 July 1413 by
1037:
780:
772:
764:
758:
212:Ottoman Imperial Standard
196:
160:
150:
142:
131:
120:
110:
105:
101:
97:
75:
71:
54:
47:
40:
32:
7146:Heads of state of Turkey
6539:Ministry of the Interior
6524:Administrative divisions
6083:First Constitutional Era
5613:Family tree (simplified)
5377:Martin Luther University
5367:Orient-Institut Istanbul
4453:"The sultanate of women"
4378:, "Ottoman Institutions"
4019:Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca
3879:
3711:Son of Abdulmejid I and
3660:Reigned until his death.
3628:Son of Abdulmejid I and
3556:First Constitutional Era
3554:Reluctantly allowed the
3543:Son of Abdulmejid I and
3482:Son of Abdulmejid I and
3364:Reigned until his death.
3272:Reigned until his death.
3046:Reigned until his death.
2985:Reigned until his death.
2929:Reigned until his death.
2873:Reigned until his death.
2674:Reigned until his death.
2618:Reigned until his death.
2415:Reigned until his death.
2165:Reigned until his death.
2053:Reigned until his death.
1992:Reigned until his death.
1865:Reigned until his death.
1680:Reigned until his death.
1675:Conquered Constantinople
1617:Reigned until his death.
1389:Reigned until his death.
1074:January – March/May 1403
942:Reigned until his death.
885:Reigned until his death.
831:Reigned until his death.
755:
366:
6486:Parliamentary elections
6288:Eastern Anatolia Region
6283:Central Anatolia Region
5965:Ancient and Middle Ages
5425:Toprak, Binnaz (1981).
5148:. London: I.B. Tauris.
5103:Kafadar, Cemal (1995).
5045:A Country Study: Turkey
4951:Oxford University Press
4339:. London: John Murray.
4297:, "War of Independence"
4208:Grand National Assembly
3466:30 May – 31 August 1876
3097:Son of Mustafa III and
2557:Second Battle of Mohács
2109:Reigned until his death
1412:January 1419 – May 1422
1298:as co-Sultan after the
715:survival of the fittest
580:on the frontier of the
6657:Science and technology
6491:Presidential elections
5972:Prehistory of Anatolia
5608:Family tree (detailed)
4918:Son halife, Abdülmecid
4869:Steffen, Dirk (2005).
4632:Türkiye tarihi Cilt II
4206:. On 19 November, the
4140:
4023:Catherine II of Russia
3942:respectively. His son
3869:List of valide sultans
3561:Forced to restore the
3265:in consequence of the
2922:Son of Mustafa II and
2866:Son of Mustafa II and
2730:uprising known as the
2158:Son of Mehmed III and
1985:Son of Suleiman I and
1858:Son of Bayezid II and
1319:Acquired the title of
1218:Acquired the title of
1163:Acquired the title of
695:
678:, a great-grandson of
400:
271:in the south and from
248:
232:
221:
213:
184:(1853–1889; 1909–1922)
6652:Free trade agreements
6534:Intelligence Services
6331:North Anatolian Fault
5546:Osmanlı Tarihi cilt I
5186:Lowry, Heath (2003).
4662:, p. 467 (in Turkish)
4198:, not of the Ottoman
3810:Son of Abdulaziz and
3549:Rahime Perestu Sultan
3492:Ordered to reside in
3420:Son of Mahmud II and
3326:Son of Mahmud II and
3186:Alemdar Mustafa Pasha
3039:Son of Ahmed III and
2978:Son of Ahmed III and
2799:Son of Mehmed IV and
2719:Son of Mehmed IV and
2552:from 1651 until 1656.
2102:Son of Murad III and
1774:28 May – 20 June 1481
1729:Son of Mehmed II and
1382:Son of Bayezid I and
1112:in March or May 1403.
1086:Co-sultan of Anatolia
1020:Died in captivity in
828:and an unknown woman.
693:
568:(died 1323/4) son of
537:ẓıll Allāh fī'l-ʿalem
515:, known in Arabic as
227:
219:
211:
63:Imperial Coat of arms
7036:World heritage sites
6561:Turkish Armed Forces
6446:Constitutional Court
6360:Flora and vegetation
6338:Environmental issues
6326:East Anatolian Fault
6273:Mediterranean Region
3732:on 17 November 1922.
3361:on 18 February 1856;
3112:against his reforms.
2817:Died on 1 July 1736.
2285:riot on 19 May 1622.
2046:Son of Selim II and
1553:Son of Murad II and
1485:Son of Mehmed I and
1472:(23 years, 2 months)
922:(27 years, 3 months)
862:c. 1324 – March 1362
546:Ḫalife-i rū-yi zemīn
307:) in 1453 following
115:His Imperial Majesty
6605:Banking and Finance
6223:History of Anatolia
6120:War of Independence
6112:Republic of Türkiye
6009:Battle of Manzikert
5893:Related templates:
4871:"Mehmed VI, Sultan"
4133:Ottoman Interregnum
4063:empires to revolt.
3863:Ottoman family tree
3723:Sultanate abolished
3349:Mustafa Reşid Pasha
3267:Auspicious Incident
2667:Son of Ibrahim and
2611:Son of Ibrahim and
2534:Son of Ibrahim and
2487:(Sofu Mehmed Pasha)
2460:Son of Ahmed I and
2401:Son of Ahmed I and
2383:10 September 1623 –
2356:on 20 January 1639.
2274:Son of Ahmed I and
1967:29 September 1566 –
1914:Son of Selim I and
1896:30 September 1520 –
1594:(4 years, 5 months)
1415:(3 years, 4 months)
1039:Ottoman Interregnum
1002:Son of Murad I and
878:Son of Osman I and
748:Ottoman Interregnum
700:Ottoman family tree
576:) in the region of
249:Osmanlı padişahları
165:Palaces in Istanbul
6662:Telecommunications
6451:Court of Cassation
6152:Multi-party period
6061:Ottoman Old Regime
5982:Byzantine Anatolia
5977:Classical Anatolia
5618:Line of succession
5542:von Hammer, Joseph
5502:Uğur, Ali (2007).
5461:Toynbee, Arnold J.
5040:Metz, Helen Chapin
4500:. 19 January 2021.
4224:Republic of Turkey
4216:Treaty of Lausanne
3946:adopted the style
3835:on 23 August 1944.
3793:19 November 1922 –
3568:Deposed after the
3422:Pertevniyal Sultan
3340:that launched the
3337:(Tanzimât Fermânı)
2904:13 December 1754 –
2566:on 6 January 1693.
2256:26 February 1618 –
2196:22 November 1617 –
2140:22 December 1603 –
2028:27 December 1574 –
1923:Siege of Szigetvár
1537:(2 years, 1 month)
1341:Sultanate resumed
1204:18 February 1411 –
696:
642:Sultanate of Women
361:Republic of Turkey
347:by the victorious
233:
222:
214:
121:First monarch
35:the Ottoman Empire
7116:
7115:
7044:
7043:
6586:
6585:
6529:Foreign relations
6503:Political parties
6403:
6402:
6236:
6235:
6228:History of Thrace
6130:Atatürk's reforms
6021:Anatolian beyliks
5908:
5907:
5519:978-975-8845-87-3
5480:978-90-04-03945-2
5438:978-90-04-06471-3
5403:978-0-295-96033-3
5373:info page on book
5329:978-90-04-12106-5
5290:978-0-521-83910-5
5251:978-0-19-508677-5
5236:Peirce, Leslie P.
5155:978-1-85043-757-4
5120:978-0-520-20600-7
5059:978-0-8444-0864-4
5016:978-0-7591-0190-6
4960:978-0-19-517726-8
4884:978-1-85109-420-2
4204:Ottoman Caliphate
4073:1876 Constitution
4031:Muslims in Russia
4011:conquest of Egypt
3995:Ottoman Caliphate
3844:
3843:
3801:
3771:
3699:
3616:
3577:Beylerbeyi Palace
3570:31 March Incident
3531:
3470:
3408:
3358:(Islâhat Fermânı)
3314:
3242:
3214:
3175:Sineperver Sultan
3161:
3085:
3041:Rabia Şermi Kadın
3027:
3021:21 January 1774 –
2966:
2960:30 October 1757 –
2910:
2854:
2810:rebellion led by
2787:
2757:
2707:
2701:6 February 1695 –
2655:
2599:
2593:8 November 1687 –
2522:
2448:
2442:9 February 1640 –
2389:
2330:
2326:10 September 1623
2262:
2202:
2146:
2090:
2084:16 January 1595 –
2034:
1973:
1945:
1902:
1846:Conquered Mamluks
1833:
1829:21 September 1520
1778:
1717:
1659:
1653:3 February 1451 –
1633:
1595:
1538:
1473:
1424:Sultan of Rumelia
1416:
1370:
1309:in the battle of
1286:
1210:
1151:
1078:
1052:
990:
935:Son of Orhan and
923:
866:
816:
787:
727:agnatic seniority
723:law of succession
654:during the reign
648:Constitutionalism
616:, as well as the
533:ظل الله في العالم
495:absolute monarchy
413:le grand seigneur
389:
206:
205:
132:Last monarch
16:(Redirected from
7158:
7104:
7103:
7092:
7091:
7080:
7079:
7068:
7067:
7056:
6861:
6860:
6746:Cities and towns
6727:Turkish language
6682:Turkish Airlines
6498:Electoral system
6461:Council of State
6414:
6413:
6348:Waste management
6278:Black Sea Region
6256:
6247:
6246:
6201:Turkic migration
6147:One-party period
6016:Sultanate of Rum
5962:
5961:
5947:
5946:
5935:
5928:
5921:
5912:
5911:
5884:
5883:
5578:
5571:
5564:
5555:
5554:
5549:
5537:
5535:
5534:
5510:Blue Imperialism
5505:Mavi Emperyalizm
5498:
5496:
5495:
5465:Karpat, Kemal H.
5456:
5454:
5453:
5421:
5419:
5418:
5370:
5347:
5345:
5344:
5320:Brill Publishers
5308:
5306:
5305:
5279:(2nd ed.).
5269:
5267:
5266:
5231:
5229:
5228:
5201:
5182:
5173:
5171:
5170:
5138:
5136:
5135:
5109:. Berkeley, CA:
5099:
5077:
5075:
5074:
5034:
5032:
5031:
4997:
4978:
4976:
4975:
4939:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4899:
4866:
4860:
4854:
4848:
4842:
4836:
4830:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4820:
4804:
4798:
4792:
4783:
4777:
4771:
4765:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4755:
4732:
4726:
4720:
4714:
4708:
4702:
4696:
4690:
4684:
4678:
4677:
4669:
4663:
4653:
4647:
4641:
4635:
4628:
4622:
4616:
4607:
4601:
4592:
4586:
4565:
4559:
4550:
4544:
4538:
4532:
4526:
4520:
4514:
4508:
4502:
4501:
4490:
4484:
4478:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4468:
4459:. Archived from
4445:
4439:
4433:
4427:
4424:d'Osman Han 2001
4421:
4415:
4409:
4403:
4397:
4391:
4385:
4379:
4373:
4364:
4358:
4349:
4348:
4327:
4321:
4315:
4298:
4292:
4286:
4270:
4264:
4258:
4175:
4160:Battle of Ankara
4130:
4092:
4086:
3992:
3986:
3980:
3933:
3932:
3923:
3922:
3900:
3894:
3812:Hayranidil Kadın
3799:
3790:
3769:
3756:
3706:
3697:
3688:
3669:
3634:Servetseza Kadın
3623:
3614:
3607:
3588:
3545:Tirimüjgan Kadın
3538:
3529:
3523:31 August 1876 –
3520:
3477:
3468:
3463:
3444:
3439:
3415:
3406:
3397:
3378:
3373:
3328:Bezmiâlem Sultan
3321:
3312:
3305:
3286:
3281:
3249:
3240:
3233:
3212:
3168:
3159:
3150:
3131:
3106:Janissary revolt
3092:
3083:
3074:
3055:
3034:
3025:
3018:
2999:
2994:
2973:
2964:
2957:
2938:
2917:
2908:
2901:
2882:
2861:
2852:
2850:13 December 1754
2848:2 October 1730 –
2845:
2826:
2794:
2785:
2779:22 August 1703 –
2776:
2755:
2746:
2714:
2705:
2698:
2662:
2653:
2646:
2627:
2606:
2597:
2590:
2529:
2520:
2513:
2455:
2446:
2439:
2396:
2387:
2380:
2337:
2328:
2321:
2304:
2293:Kara Davud Pasha
2269:
2260:
2253:
2209:
2200:
2198:26 February 1618
2193:
2174:
2153:
2144:
2142:22 November 1617
2137:
2118:
2097:
2088:
2086:22 December 1603
2081:
2062:
2041:
2032:
2025:
2006:
2001:
1980:
1971:
1969:15 December 1574
1964:
1943:
1934:
1909:
1900:
1898:6 September 1566
1893:
1874:
1840:
1831:
1824:
1805:
1790:Son of Mehmed II
1785:
1776:
1771:
1752:
1724:
1715:
1708:
1689:
1666:
1657:
1650:
1631:
1602:
1593:
1589:September 1446 –
1586:
1569:
1545:
1536:
1529:
1510:
1505:
1480:
1471:
1464:
1445:
1414:
1377:
1368:
1360:
1336:
1300:Battle of Ankara
1284:
1276:
1257:
1208:
1201:
1182:
1158:
1149:
1147:17 February 1411
1139:
1110:Battle of Ulubad
1091:Battle of Ankara
1076:
1071:
1042:
1033:
1024:on 8 March 1403.
1011:Battle of Ankara
997:
988:
977:
958:
930:
921:
913:
894:
873:
864:
859:
840:
814:
811:
806:
785:
753:
752:
734:
733:
604:
603:
582:Byzantine Empire
559:
558:
544:
543:
535:
534:
520:
519:
511:
510:
394:
384:
382:
351:and the ensuing
267:in the north to
257:transcontinental
127:(c. 1299–1323/4)
80:
59:
42:Osmanlı padişahı
36:
30:
29:
21:
7166:
7165:
7161:
7160:
7159:
7157:
7156:
7155:
7121:
7120:
7117:
7112:
7040:
6859:
6855:Women in Turkey
6823:Law enforcement
6777:
6773:Life expectancy
6739:Islam in Turkey
6693:
6582:
6544:National Police
6512:
6467:
6399:
6390:Turkish Riviera
6297:
6254:
6253:
6232:
6189:
6156:
6135:Language reform
6106:
6025:
5986:
5951:
5941:
5939:
5909:
5904:
5870:
5664:Süleyman Çelebi
5622:
5594:
5582:
5552:
5532:
5530:
5520:
5493:
5491:
5481:
5451:
5449:
5439:
5416:
5414:
5404:
5384:Sugar, Peter F.
5342:
5340:
5330:
5303:
5301:
5291:
5264:
5262:
5252:
5226:
5224:
5198:
5168:
5166:
5156:
5133:
5131:
5121:
5096:
5082:Jorga, Nicholae
5072:
5070:
5060:
5050:Country Studies
5029:
5027:
5017:
4994:
4986:. Basic Books.
4973:
4971:
4961:
4928:
4911:
4906:
4897:
4895:
4885:
4867:
4863:
4855:
4851:
4843:
4839:
4831:
4827:
4818:
4816:
4807:Mensiz, Ercan.
4805:
4801:
4793:
4786:
4778:
4774:
4766:
4762:
4753:
4751:
4733:
4729:
4721:
4717:
4709:
4705:
4697:
4693:
4685:
4681:
4670:
4666:
4654:
4650:
4642:
4638:
4629:
4625:
4617:
4610:
4602:
4595:
4587:
4568:
4560:
4553:
4545:
4541:
4533:
4529:
4521:
4517:
4509:
4505:
4492:
4491:
4487:
4479:
4475:
4466:
4464:
4446:
4442:
4434:
4430:
4422:
4418:
4410:
4406:
4398:
4394:
4386:
4382:
4374:
4367:
4359:
4352:
4331:Miller, William
4328:
4324:
4316:
4301:
4293:
4289:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4267:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4246:
4027:Crimean Khanate
3938:and the Mongol
3882:
3865:(more detailed)
3849:
3805:
3798:
3794:
3768:
3747:on 16 May 1926.
3696:
3694:1 November 1922
3692:
3613:
3611:
3610:27 April 1909 –
3565:on 3 July 1908;
3528:
3524:
3484:Şevkefza Sultan
3467:
3405:
3401:
3333:Proclaimed the
3311:
3309:
3256:Nakşidil Sultan
3239:
3237:
3211:
3158:
3154:
3110:Kabakçı Mustafa
3099:Mihrişah Sultan
3082:
3078:
3024:
3022:
2963:
2962:21 January 1774
2961:
2924:Şehsuvar Sultan
2907:
2906:30 October 1757
2905:
2851:
2849:
2784:
2780:
2754:
2704:
2702:
2652:
2651:6 February 1695
2650:
2596:
2594:
2519:
2518:8 November 1687
2517:
2516:8 August 1648 –
2469:Sheikh ul-Islam
2445:
2443:
2386:
2385:8 February 1640
2384:
2327:
2325:
2259:
2257:
2199:
2197:
2143:
2141:
2087:
2085:
2031:
2030:16 January 1595
2029:
1970:
1968:
1942:
1899:
1897:
1830:
1828:
1827:25 April 1512 –
1775:
1743:on 26 May 1512.
1714:
1712:
1656:
1654:
1630:
1592:
1591:3 February 1451
1590:
1535:
1533:
1470:
1468:
1413:
1367:
1283:
1238:Çamurlu Derbent
1227:Süleyman Çelebi
1207:
1205:
1148:
1146:
1130:Süleyman Çelebi
1075:
1041:
987:
920:
863:
813:
784:
706:
688:
686:List of sultans
491:
485:
409:il Gran Signore
377:Ottoman Turkish
369:
275:in the west to
261:its dissolution
253:Ottoman dynasty
155:1 November 1922
93:
91:
85:
67:
50:
34:
28:
23:
22:
18:Ottoman Sultans
15:
12:
11:
5:
7164:
7154:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7114:
7113:
7111:
7110:
7098:
7086:
7074:
7062:
7049:
7046:
7045:
7042:
7041:
7039:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7012:
7011:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6975:
6974:
6972:Radio stations
6969:
6964:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6918:
6917:
6907:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6891:
6890:
6885:
6875:
6869:
6867:
6858:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6841:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6820:
6815:
6814:
6813:
6803:
6798:
6797:
6796:
6785:
6783:
6779:
6778:
6776:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6764:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6743:
6742:
6741:
6731:
6730:
6729:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6707:Turkish people
6703:
6701:
6695:
6694:
6692:
6691:
6690:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6672:Transportation
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6648:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6596:
6594:
6588:
6587:
6584:
6583:
6581:
6580:
6579:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6558:
6553:
6552:
6551:
6546:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6520:
6518:
6514:
6513:
6511:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6494:
6493:
6488:
6477:
6475:
6469:
6468:
6466:
6465:
6464:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6438:
6437:
6436:
6426:
6420:
6418:
6411:
6405:
6404:
6401:
6400:
6398:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6380:National parks
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6351:
6350:
6345:
6335:
6334:
6333:
6328:
6318:
6317:
6316:
6314:Climate change
6305:
6303:
6299:
6298:
6296:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6263:Marmara Region
6259:
6257:
6255:(west to east)
6244:
6238:
6237:
6234:
6233:
6231:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6209:
6208:
6197:
6195:
6191:
6190:
6188:
6187:
6182:
6181:
6180:
6170:
6168:Constitutional
6164:
6162:
6158:
6157:
6155:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6143:
6142:
6137:
6127:
6122:
6116:
6114:
6108:
6107:
6105:
6104:
6103:
6102:
6092:
6091:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6070:
6069:
6068:
6058:
6056:Transformation
6053:
6052:
6051:
6041:
6035:
6033:
6031:Ottoman Empire
6027:
6026:
6024:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6012:
6011:
6000:
5998:
5988:
5987:
5985:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5968:
5966:
5959:
5953:
5952:
5938:
5937:
5930:
5923:
5915:
5906:
5905:
5903:
5902:
5900:Valide sultans
5897:
5890:
5889:
5875:
5872:
5871:
5869:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5851:Abdul Hamid II
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5683:Mustafa Çelebi
5679:
5674:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5627:
5624:
5623:
5621:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5599:
5596:
5595:
5581:
5580:
5573:
5566:
5558:
5551:
5550:
5538:
5518:
5499:
5479:
5457:
5437:
5422:
5402:
5380:
5348:
5328:
5309:
5289:
5270:
5250:
5232:
5202:
5196:
5190:. SUNY Press.
5183:
5174:
5154:
5139:
5119:
5100:
5094:
5078:
5058:
5035:
5015:
4998:
4993:978-0465008506
4992:
4979:
4959:
4940:
4927:978-9757645177
4926:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4904:
4883:
4861:
4849:
4837:
4825:
4799:
4784:
4772:
4770:, pp. 349–351.
4760:
4727:
4715:
4703:
4691:
4679:
4664:
4648:
4636:
4623:
4608:
4593:
4566:
4564:, pp. 60, 122.
4551:
4539:
4527:
4515:
4503:
4485:
4473:
4449:Peirce, Leslie
4440:
4428:
4416:
4404:
4400:Stavrides 2001
4392:
4380:
4365:
4350:
4322:
4299:
4287:
4265:
4261:Stavrides 2001
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4167:
4122:
4076:
4065:Abdul Hamid II
4049:Allied enemies
3999:historiography
3970:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3860:
3855:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3825:
3815:
3806:
3802:
3791:
3784:
3777:
3773:
3772:
3758:
3757:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3733:
3726:
3720:
3707:
3700:
3689:
3682:
3675:
3671:
3670:
3663:
3662:
3661:
3658:
3637:
3630:Gülcemal Kadın
3624:
3617:
3608:
3601:
3594:
3590:
3589:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3573:
3566:
3559:
3552:
3539:
3532:
3521:
3514:
3511:Abdul Hamid II
3507:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3494:Çırağan Palace
3490:
3487:
3478:
3471:
3469:(93 days)
3464:
3457:
3450:
3446:
3445:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3416:
3409:
3400:25 June 1861 –
3398:
3391:
3384:
3380:
3379:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3352:
3331:
3322:
3315:
3306:
3299:
3292:
3288:
3287:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3261:Disbanded the
3259:
3250:
3243:
3236:28 July 1808 –
3234:
3227:
3220:
3216:
3215:
3205:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3193:Ottoman Sultan
3189:
3180:Deposed in an
3178:
3169:
3162:
3151:
3144:
3137:
3133:
3132:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3117:Ottoman Sultan
3113:
3102:
3093:
3086:
3077:7 April 1789 –
3075:
3068:
3061:
3057:
3056:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3044:
3035:
3028:
3019:
3012:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2980:Mihrişah Kadın
2974:
2967:
2958:
2951:
2944:
2940:
2939:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2918:
2911:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2884:
2883:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2871:
2862:
2855:
2846:
2839:
2832:
2828:
2827:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2804:
2795:
2788:
2782:1 October 1730
2777:
2770:
2763:
2759:
2758:
2748:
2747:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2735:
2724:
2715:
2708:
2703:22 August 1703
2699:
2692:
2685:
2681:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2669:Muazzez Sultan
2663:
2656:
2649:22 June 1691 –
2647:
2640:
2633:
2629:
2628:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2613:Dilaşub Sultan
2607:
2600:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2539:
2530:
2523:
2514:
2507:
2500:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2472:
2465:
2456:
2449:
2440:
2433:
2426:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2406:
2397:
2390:
2381:
2374:
2367:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2350:
2343:
2338:
2331:
2322:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2305:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2286:
2279:
2276:Mahfiruz Hatun
2270:
2263:
2254:
2247:
2240:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2223:
2210:
2203:
2201:(96 days)
2194:
2187:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2154:
2147:
2138:
2131:
2124:
2120:
2119:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2098:
2091:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2048:Nurbanu Sultan
2042:
2035:
2026:
2019:
2012:
2008:
2007:
1995:
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1981:
1974:
1965:
1958:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1936:
1935:
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1910:
1903:
1894:
1887:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1860:Gülbahar Hatun
1856:
1853:Ottoman Caliph
1849:
1841:
1834:
1825:
1818:
1811:
1807:
1806:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1786:
1779:
1777:(23 days)
1772:
1765:
1758:
1754:
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1746:
1745:
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1734:
1731:Gülbahar Hatun
1725:
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1695:
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1530:
1523:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1490:
1481:
1474:
1467:25 June 1421 –
1465:
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1451:
1447:
1446:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1420:
1417:
1410:
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1404:Mustafa Çelebi
1400:
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1165:The Sultan of
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1116:
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1027:
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1018:
1007:
1004:Gülçiçek Hatun
998:
991:
978:
971:
964:
960:
959:
952:
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950:
943:
940:
931:
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914:
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812:1299 – c. 1324
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788:
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771:
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687:
684:
680:Abdul Hamid II
672:House of Osman
656:Abdul Hamid II
634:imperial harem
622:Sword of Osman
560:). He was the
542:خلیفه روی زمین
487:Main article:
484:
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6343:Air pollution
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6289:
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6268:Aegean Region
6266:
6264:
6261:
6260:
6258:
6252:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6239:
6229:
6226:
6224:
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6213:Turkification
6211:
6207:
6204:
6203:
6202:
6199:
6198:
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6192:
6186:
6183:
6179:
6176:
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6109:
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6064:
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6059:
6057:
6054:
6050:
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6046:
6045:
6044:Classical Age
6042:
6040:
6037:
6036:
6034:
6032:
6028:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6010:
6007:
6006:
6005:
6004:Seljuk Empire
6002:
6001:
5999:
5997:
5993:
5989:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5969:
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5954:
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5924:
5922:
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5913:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5892:
5891:
5888:
5887:
5878:
5877:
5873:
5867:
5866:Abdulmejid II
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5816:Abdul Hamid I
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
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5759:
5757:
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5752:
5749:
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5716:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5684:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5672:
5671:
5666:
5665:
5660:
5659:
5654:
5653:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
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5634:
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5625:
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5616:
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5609:
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5395:
5391:
5390:
5385:
5381:
5378:
5374:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5359:
5354:
5353:Kanun-ı Esasi
5349:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5316:
5310:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5277:
5271:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5247:
5243:
5242:
5237:
5233:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5209:
5203:
5199:
5197:0-7914-5636-6
5193:
5189:
5184:
5180:
5175:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5151:
5147:
5146:
5140:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5107:
5101:
5097:
5095:975-6480-17-3
5091:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5012:
5008:
5004:
4999:
4995:
4989:
4985:
4980:
4970:
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4962:
4956:
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4947:
4941:
4937:
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4923:
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4914:
4913:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4865:
4858:
4853:
4846:
4845:Aşiroğlu 1992
4841:
4834:
4829:
4815:on 2007-10-25
4814:
4810:
4809:"About Tugra"
4803:
4796:
4791:
4789:
4781:
4780:Quataert 2005
4776:
4769:
4764:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4731:
4725:, pp. 158–159
4724:
4719:
4712:
4711:Aşiroğlu 1992
4707:
4700:
4699:Aşiroğlu 1992
4695:
4688:
4687:Aşiroğlu 1992
4683:
4675:
4668:
4661:
4657:
4652:
4645:
4640:
4633:
4627:
4620:
4615:
4613:
4605:
4600:
4598:
4590:
4585:
4583:
4581:
4579:
4577:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4563:
4558:
4556:
4548:
4543:
4536:
4535:Karateke 2005
4531:
4524:
4523:Quataert 2005
4519:
4512:
4511:Quataert 2005
4507:
4499:
4495:
4489:
4482:
4477:
4463:on 2007-12-03
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4444:
4437:
4436:Quataert 2005
4432:
4425:
4420:
4413:
4412:Quataert 2005
4408:
4401:
4396:
4389:
4384:
4377:
4372:
4370:
4362:
4357:
4355:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4337:
4332:
4326:
4319:
4314:
4312:
4310:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4296:
4291:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4262:
4257:
4253:
4242:
4237:
4233:
4230:as its first
4229:
4228:Mustafa Kemal
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4212:Abdulmejid II
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4192:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4174:
4171:
4168:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4129:
4126:
4123:
4120:
4116:
4115:Mustafa Kemal
4112:
4111:head of state
4108:
4107:Abdulmejid II
4104:
4100:
4096:
4091:
4090:
4085:
4084:
4080:
4077:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4045:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3991:
3990:
3985:
3984:
3979:
3978:
3974:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3962:
3961:Western world
3958:
3953:
3949:
3948:Sultan of Rûm
3945:
3941:
3937:
3927:
3917:
3916:sultân-ı âzam
3913:
3908:
3904:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3892:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3839:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3823:
3819:
3816:
3813:
3809:
3808:
3803:
3797:
3792:
3789:
3785:
3783:
3782:
3781:Abdulmejid II
3778:
3775:
3774:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3731:
3727:
3724:
3721:
3718:
3717:Şayeste Hanım
3714:
3713:Gülistu Kadın
3710:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3695:
3691:4 July 1918 –
3690:
3687:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3639:Reigned as a
3638:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3609:
3606:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3578:
3574:
3571:
3567:
3564:
3560:
3557:
3553:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3527:
3526:27 April 1909
3522:
3519:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3495:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3481:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3465:
3462:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3438:
3434:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3404:
3399:
3396:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3372:
3368:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3354:Accepted the
3353:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3338:
3332:
3329:
3325:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3308:1 July 1839 –
3307:
3304:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3280:
3276:
3271:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3257:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3235:
3232:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3210:
3206:
3197:
3194:
3190:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3172:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3157:
3153:29 May 1807 –
3152:
3149:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3121:
3118:
3114:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3100:
3096:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3081:
3076:
3073:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3009:Abdul Hamid I
3006:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2993:
2989:
2984:
2981:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2959:
2956:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2928:
2925:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2903:
2900:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2872:
2869:
2868:Saliha Sultan
2865:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2847:
2844:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2816:
2813:
2812:Patrona Halil
2809:
2805:
2802:
2801:Gülnuş Sultan
2798:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2783:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2721:Gülnuş Sultan
2718:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2700:
2697:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2673:
2670:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2648:
2645:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2565:
2561:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2550:Turhan Sultan
2547:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2536:Turhan Sultan
2533:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2515:
2512:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2474:Strangled in
2473:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2444:8 August 1648
2441:
2438:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2414:
2411:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2382:
2379:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2344:
2342:Second reign.
2341:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2324:20 May 1622 –
2323:
2320:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2281:Deposed in a
2280:
2277:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2220:Halime Sultan
2217:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2161:
2160:Handan Sultan
2157:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2105:
2104:Safiye Sultan
2101:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2049:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2027:
2024:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1988:
1987:Hürrem Sultan
1984:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1848:in 1516–1517.
1847:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:Died in exile
1795:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1773:
1770:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1713:25 April 1512
1711:19 May 1481 –
1710:
1707:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1629:
1625:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1532:August 1444 –
1531:
1528:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1411:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1366:– 26 May 1421
1365:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1267:Mehmed Çelebi
1264:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1234:Mehmed Çelebi
1231:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1106:Mehmed Çelebi
1103:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1001:
1000:
996:
992:
986:
982:
979:
976:
972:
970:
969:
965:
962:
961:
957:
953:
948:
944:
941:
938:
937:Nilüfer Hatun
934:
933:
929:
925:
919:
916:March 1362 –
915:
912:
908:
906:
905:
901:
898:
897:
893:
889:
884:
881:
877:
876:
872:
868:
861:
858:
854:
852:
851:
847:
844:
843:
839:
835:
830:
827:
823:
822:
808:
805:
801:
799:
798:
794:
791:
790:
786:(1299 – 1453)
783:
779:
770:
754:
751:
749:
745:
744:primogeniture
741:
737:
728:
724:
720:
716:
711:
705:
701:
692:
683:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
643:
639:
638:valide sultan
635:
631:
625:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
598:
594:
590:
585:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
553:
552:
547:
538:
529:
525:
524:
514:
506:(the Islamic
505:
501:
496:
490:
477:
473:
469:
466:
463:
459:
455:
451:
448:
445:
441:
437:
434:
431:
427:
424:
423:
422:
420:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
393:
387:
378:
374:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
321:
316:
314:
310:
306:
303:(present-day
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
230:
226:
218:
210:
202:
199:
195:
189:
186:
183:
180:
177:
174:
172:
169:
168:
166:
163:
159:
156:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
134:
130:
126:
123:
119:
116:
113:
109:
104:
100:
96:
90:
89:
84:
83:Last to reign
79:
74:
70:
65:
64:
58:
53:
46:
43:
39:
31:
19:
7118:
7105:
7093:
7081:
7069:
7057:
6942:Illumination
6878:Architecture
6806:Human rights
6794:Universities
6712:Ethnic Kurds
6699:Demographics
6610:Construction
5879:
5836:Abdulmejid I
5713:
5681:
5668:
5662:
5656:
5650:
5587:
5545:
5531:. Retrieved
5509:
5504:
5492:. Retrieved
5469:
5450:. Retrieved
5427:
5415:. Retrieved
5388:
5357:
5352:
5341:. Retrieved
5314:
5302:. Retrieved
5275:
5263:. Retrieved
5240:
5225:. Retrieved
5207:
5187:
5178:
5167:. Retrieved
5144:
5132:. Retrieved
5105:
5085:
5071:. Retrieved
5044:
5028:. Retrieved
5006:
4983:
4972:. Retrieved
4949:. New York:
4945:
4917:
4909:Bibliography
4896:. Retrieved
4874:
4864:
4852:
4840:
4828:
4817:. Retrieved
4813:the original
4802:
4775:
4763:
4752:. Retrieved
4740:
4730:
4718:
4706:
4694:
4682:
4673:
4667:
4659:
4651:
4644:Kafadar 1995
4639:
4631:
4626:
4621:, pp. 58–60.
4562:Kafadar 1995
4542:
4530:
4518:
4506:
4497:
4488:
4476:
4465:. Retrieved
4461:the original
4443:
4431:
4419:
4407:
4395:
4388:Toynbee 1974
4383:
4361:Findley 2005
4335:
4325:
4320:, pp. 21–51.
4318:Strauss 2010
4290:
4283:Lindner 1983
4273:Kafadar 1995
4268:
4256:
4199:
4195:
4189:
4176: : The
4173:
4169:
4141:Fetret Devri
4131: : The
4128:
4124:
4089:
4083:
4078:
4075:(Article 4).
4042:
4035:Pan-Islamist
3993: : The
3989:
3983:
3977:
3972:
3964:
3957:Sultan Khan
3956:
3947:
3926:hüdavendigar
3925:
3915:
3901: : The
3897:
3891:
3886:
3796:3 March 1924
3779:
3677:
3649:İsmail Enver
3645:Mehmed Talat
3596:
3575:Confined to
3509:
3452:
3386:
3357:
3346:Grand vizier
3336:
3310:25 June 1861
3296:Abdulmejid I
3294:
3222:
3182:insurrection
3156:28 July 1808
3139:
3063:
3023:7 April 1789
3007:
2946:
2890:
2834:
2765:
2732:Edirne Event
2687:
2635:
2595:22 June 1691
2579:
2543:Kösem Sultan
2502:
2486:
2485:Mehmed Paşa
2480:Grand Vizier
2462:Kösem Sultan
2428:
2410:Kösem Sultan
2403:Kösem Sultan
2369:
2312:
2290:Grand Vizier
2242:
2182:
2126:
2070:
2014:
1953:
1916:Hafsa Sultan
1882:
1813:
1760:
1741:Didymoteicho
1697:
1671:Second reign
1641:
1607:Second reign
1577:
1518:
1453:
1433:Executed by
1402:
1384:Devlet Hatun
1349:
1266:
1237:
1219:
1190:
1164:
1143:20 July 1402
1128:
1104:Defeated by
1077:(3–5 months)
1060:
1045:20 July 1402
985:20 July 1402
981:15 June 1389
966:
918:15 June 1389
902:
880:Malhun Hatun
848:
826:Ertuğrul Bey
795:
735:
707:
664:constitution
646:
626:
605:
586:
573:
549:
545:
536:
521:
512:
492:
475:
471:
461:
457:
417:
412:
408:
404:
370:
317:
309:its conquest
299:and then to
293:its conquest
234:
178:(1460s–1853)
86:
82:
61:
41:
7095:WikiProject
7026:Video games
6818:Individuals
6811:LGBT rights
6801:Health care
6768:Immigration
6549:Gendarmerie
6508:Referendums
6424:Legislative
6321:Earthquakes
6206:Oghuz Turks
6095:Dissolution
5811:Mustafa III
5781:Suleiman II
5670:Musa Çelebi
5652:Interregnum
4857:Glazer 1996
4835:, pp. 23–27
4797:, pp. 44–45
4795:Toprak 1981
4782:, pp. 83–85
4768:Glassé 2003
4723:Peirce 1993
4547:Finkel 2007
4537:, pp. 37–54
4498:Daily Sabah
4481:Glazer 1996
4390:, pp. 22–23
4376:Glazer 1996
4295:Glazer 1996
4202:nor of the
4039:World War I
3653:Ahmed Cemal
3612:3 July 1918
3403:30 May 1876
3263:Janissaries
3238:1 July 1839
3213:(1827–1908)
3080:29 May 1807
2948:Mustafa III
2756:(1700–1827)
2581:Suleiman II
2545:until 1651.
2412:until 1632.
2258:19 May 1622
1944:(1550–1700)
1632:(1453–1550)
1614:insurgence.
1550:First reign
1487:Emine Hatun
1469:August 1444
1364:5 July 1413
1281:5 July 1413
1206:5 July 1413
1192:Musa Çelebi
1099:Musa Çelebi
1049:5 July 1413
865:(38 years~)
815:(25 years~)
719:fratricides
676:Harun Osman
652:established
591:in 1453 by
355:led to the
341:World War I
333:Oghuz Turks
220:Family tree
190:(1889–1909)
138:(1918–1922)
66:(from 1882)
7125:Categories
6967:Newspapers
6952:Literature
6932:Folk dance
6833:Corruption
6717:Minorities
6645:Renewables
6600:Automotive
6409:Government
6140:Secularism
5826:Mustafa IV
5791:Mustafa II
5741:Mehmed III
5726:Suleiman I
5715:Cem Sultan
5709:Bayezid II
5658:İsa Çelebi
5533:2009-04-19
5494:2009-05-02
5452:2009-04-19
5417:2009-04-18
5343:2009-04-18
5318:. Leiden:
5304:2009-04-18
5265:2009-04-19
5227:2009-05-02
5169:2009-05-02
5134:2009-04-18
5073:2009-04-22
5030:2009-05-02
5003:"Ottomans"
4974:2009-04-29
4898:2009-05-02
4833:Sugar 1993
4819:2009-02-06
4754:2009-04-25
4658:, (1960),
4619:von Hammer
4604:Jorga 2009
4589:Lowry 2003
4467:2009-04-18
4278:Lowry 2003
4249:References
4236:figurehead
4119:figurehead
3921:سلطان اعظم
3903:full style
3820:after the
3764:under the
3641:figurehead
3141:Mustafa IV
3120:Mustafa IV
2689:Mustafa II
2216:Mehmed III
2072:Mehmed III
1884:Suleiman I
1762:Cem Sultan
1739:Died near
1736:Abdicated.
1699:Bayezid II
1655:3 May 1481
1555:Hüma Hatun
1307:İsa Çelebi
1285:(10 years)
1095:İsa Çelebi
1089:After the
1062:İsa Çelebi
882:(unclear).
698:See also:
660:parliament
587:After the
432:" ("king")
405:Grand Turk
329:Kayı tribe
201:Hereditary
182:Dolmabahçe
171:Eski Saray
33:Sultan of
7021:TV series
6979:Miniature
6922:Festivals
6838:Terrorism
6789:Education
6722:Languages
6566:Air Force
6481:Elections
6429:Executive
6375:Mountains
6242:Geography
6161:Overviews
6100:Partition
6066:Tulip era
5861:Mehmed VI
5841:Abdulaziz
5831:Mahmud II
5821:Selim III
5806:Osman III
5796:Ahmed III
5776:Mehmed IV
5761:Mustafa I
5751:Mustafa I
5736:Murad III
5704:Mehmed II
5694:Mehmed II
5646:Bayezid I
5528:221203375
5260:243767445
4893:162287003
4606:, p. 314.
4591:, p. 153.
4457:Channel 4
4345:563022439
4232:President
4182:Mehmed VI
4156:Tamerlane
4145:Bayezid I
3944:Bayezid I
3940:Ilkhanids
3931:خداوندگار
3679:Mehmed VI
3388:Abdulaziz
3224:Mahmud II
3196:Mahmud II
3065:Selim III
2892:Osman III
2808:Janissary
2767:Ahmed III
2728:Janissary
2504:Mehmed IV
2313:Mustafa I
2283:Janissary
2184:Mustafa I
2016:Murad III
1642:Mehmed II
1612:Janissary
1520:Mehmed II
1494:Mehmed II
1429:Bayezid I
1327:'s death.
1305:Defeated
1097:defeated
968:Bayezid I
762:Portrait
736:ekberiyet
674:has been
593:Mehmed II
504:God's law
458:Soultanos
436:Bulgarian
386:romanized
363:in 1922.
313:Mehmed II
197:Appointer
161:Residence
151:Abolition
143:Formation
136:Mehmed VI
88:Mehmed VI
7071:Category
7009:Football
6994:Painting
6937:Folklore
6845:Marriage
6751:Istanbul
6734:Religion
6687:Railways
6677:Aviation
6615:Currency
6473:Politics
6441:Judicial
6417:Branches
6395:Wildlife
6185:Military
6173:Economic
6078:Tanzimat
5886:Category
5856:Mehmed V
5801:Mahmud I
5786:Ahmed II
5766:Murad IV
5756:Osman II
5731:Selim II
5699:Murad II
5689:Murad II
5677:Mehmed I
5412:34219399
5386:(1993).
5363:Würzburg
5338:46640850
5299:59280221
5238:(1993).
5221:Archived
5217:70659193
5164:60416792
5129:55849447
5084:(2009).
5068:33898522
5025:52611080
4969:54529318
4936:32085609
4660:Belleten
4646:, p. xix
4549:, p. 33.
4363:, p. 115
4333:(1908).
4184:fled to
4164:Mehmed I
4154:warlord
4093: :
3966:padishah
3847:See also
3827:Died in
3735:Died in
3730:Istanbul
3598:Mehmed V
3342:Tanzimat
3269:in 1826.
2836:Mahmud I
2637:Ahmed II
2562:Died in
2476:Istanbul
2371:Murad IV
2354:Istanbul
2347:Osman II
2244:Osman II
2227:Osman II
1955:Selim II
1925:in 1566.
1677:in 1453.
1578:Murad II
1455:Murad II
1435:Murad II
1351:Mehmed I
1313:in 1405.
1296:Anatolia
1246:Bulgaria
1013:against
776:Coinage
662:and the
578:Bithynia
570:Ertuğrul
462:padisach
454:basileus
401:Padichah
373:padishah
305:Istanbul
49:Imperial
7107:Outline
7083:Commons
7016:Theater
6999:Pottery
6915:Ottoman
6910:Cuisine
6888:Ottoman
6865:Culture
6850:Poverty
6782:Society
6667:Tourism
6620:Defense
6592:Economy
6434:Cabinet
6365:Geology
6309:Climate
6251:Regions
6178:Ottoman
5996:Beyliks
5992:Seljuks
5957:History
5846:Murad V
5771:Ibrahim
5746:Ahmed I
5721:Selim I
5641:Murad I
5631:Osman I
5603:Dynasty
5592:caliphs
5588:sultans
5585:Ottoman
5489:1318483
5467:(ed.).
5447:8258992
5042:(ed.).
4847:, p. 54
4749:6298914
4713:, p. 14
4701:, p. 17
4689:, p. 13
4525:, p. 92
4513:, p. 91
4438:, p. 90
4414:, p. 93
4402:, p. 20
4263:, p. 21
4196:Dynasty
4158:at the
4147:by the
4137:Turkish
4103:Osman I
4095:Tughras
4069:Sumatra
4061:Russian
4057:British
4015:Murad I
4007:Selim I
4003:Murad I
3936:Seljuqs
3912:Murad I
3741:Sanremo
3454:Murad V
3184:led by
3108:led by
2483:Mevlevî
2430:Ibrahim
2214:Son of
2128:Ahmed I
1815:Selim I
1427:Son of
1279:1403 –
1242:Samokov
1222:Rumelia
1167:Rumelia
1108:in the
1022:Akşehir
904:Murad I
824:Son of
797:Osman I
759:Sultan
710:tughras
614:emperor
392:pâdişâh
388::
331:of the
325:Osman I
297:Murad I
273:Algeria
265:Hungary
245:Turkish
239:of the
237:sultans
176:Topkapı
146:c. 1299
125:Osman I
106:Details
7059:Portal
7004:Sports
6905:Cinema
6900:Carpet
6883:Seljuk
6873:Anthem
6756:Ankara
6625:Energy
6517:Topics
6385:Rivers
6302:Topics
6194:Topics
5949:Turkey
5526:
5516:
5487:
5477:
5445:
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5326:
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5287:
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5162:
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5117:
5092:
5066:
5056:
5023:
5013:
4990:
4967:
4957:
4934:
4924:
4891:
4881:
4747:
4343:
4220:Ankara
4191:Malaya
4152:Mongol
4149:Turco-
4053:French
3907:sultan
3833:France
3818:Exiled
3762:Caliph
3656:Pashas
3651:, and
2564:Edirne
1851:First
1311:Ulubat
773:Notes
769:Tughra
765:Reign
732:اکبریت
618:caliph
612:, and
606:qayser
597:caesar
574:beylik
551:firman
523:sharia
513:şeriat
476:sultan
472:El Rey
426:Arabic
397:French
381:پادشاه
349:Allies
343:. The
289:Edirne
188:Yıldız
6989:Names
6984:Music
6957:Media
6828:Crime
6761:İzmir
6370:Lakes
6355:Fauna
5636:Orhan
5508:[
4241:Hejaz
4200:State
4186:Malta
4099:Orhan
4044:jihad
3880:Notes
3829:Paris
3745:Italy
3737:exile
3728:Left
2309:(15)
1323:upon
1240:near
1015:Timur
850:Orhan
608:) of
566:Osman
557:فرمان
518:شريعة
509:شریعت
450:Greek
430:malik
367:Names
285:Bursa
281:Söğüt
269:Yemen
111:Style
7031:Wine
6927:Flag
6630:Coal
6576:Navy
6571:Land
6039:Rise
5994:and
5524:OCLC
5514:ISBN
5485:OCLC
5475:ISBN
5443:OCLC
5433:ISBN
5408:OCLC
5398:ISBN
5334:OCLC
5324:ISBN
5295:OCLC
5285:ISBN
5256:OCLC
5246:ISBN
5213:OCLC
5192:ISBN
5160:OCLC
5150:ISBN
5125:OCLC
5115:ISBN
5090:ISBN
5064:OCLC
5054:ISBN
5021:OCLC
5011:ISBN
4988:ISBN
4965:OCLC
4955:ISBN
4953:US.
4932:OCLC
4922:ISBN
4889:OCLC
4879:ISBN
4745:OCLC
4341:OCLC
4059:and
2218:and
1638:(7)
1574:(6)
1325:Musa
756:No.
702:and
650:was
602:قیصر
502:and
440:tsar
318:The
277:Iraq
235:The
6895:Art
6640:Oil
6635:Gas
5375:at
5371:} (
3952:Rûm
3739:in
3674:36
3643:of
3593:35
3506:34
3449:33
3383:32
3291:31
3219:30
3136:29
3060:28
3004:27
2943:26
2887:25
2831:24
2762:23
2684:22
2632:21
2576:20
2499:19
2425:18
2366:17
2239:16
2179:15
2123:14
2067:13
2011:12
1950:11
1879:10
1244:in
610:Rûm
528:Kut
500:God
311:by
295:by
7127::
6962:TV
5667:,
5661:,
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