Ottoman Baroque architecture

1060: 317: 1779: 997: 1860: 852:(r. 1808–1839). The Beylerbeyi Mosque is notable for being oriented towards the water: while some Istanbul mosques had been built along the waterside before, the Beylerbeyi Mosque is the first one which was clearly designed to present its main façade towards the shoreline. The mosque was intended to serve as the sultan's prayer space when he was residing in one of his palaces along the Bosphorus. The prayer hall is a traditional single-domed space, but the mosque's most innovative and influential feature is the wide two-story pavilion structure that occupies its front façade, replacing the traditional courtyard or entrance portico. This is an evolution of the imperial pavilions which were attached to the side or back of earlier mosques, taking on a more residential function as a royal apartment and forming an integrated part of the mosque's appearance. This new configuration was repeated in the design of later imperial mosques. 536: 673:. Its construction began in 1760 and finished in 1764. Its architect was Mehmed Tahir Agha. Due to the sultan's personal wishes, its form is based on that of the Selimiye Mosque in Edirne, consisting of a main dome supported by eight piers and four corner semi-domes, thus differing significantly from the Nuruosmaniye's design. However, unlike the Selimiye Mosque, the piers are more slender and are mostly integrated directly into the walls. The mosque's courtyard is rectangular again, leaving the Nuruosmaniye's semi-elliptical courtyard as an experiment that was not repeated. The decoration is also firmly Baroque, with Ionic-like capitals, round and mixtilinear arches, a mihrab similar to the Nuruosmaniye's, and other Baroque motifs. The result is a mosque that incorporates the visual style of the Nuruosmaniye in a more restrained way and integrates it more closely with traditional Ottoman architecture. 1464:. Goodwin also describes it as the last in a line of imperial mosques that started with the Nuruosmaniye. The mosque follows the model of Selim III's imperial mosque in Üsküdar, as seen in some of its details and in the portico and double-winged imperial pavilion fronting the mosque. The mosque was innovative in other details such as the greater use of vaults and stairways, the use of wood instead of stone for elements like stairs, and in the decoration of the dome where the traditional circular Arabic inscription is replaced with a vegetal foliate motif. Despite its relatively small size the mosque's tall proportions creates a sense of height, which may the culmination of a trend that began with the Ayazma Mosque. From the outside, the mosque's most notable details are the extreme slenderness of its minarets and its two Rococo sebils which have flamboyantly undulating surfaces. 1375: 1232: 329: 1087: 1557: 4857: 1208: 1299: 1794: 1359: 4797: 293: 882: 1347: 1533: 1323: 1335: 810: 1841: 1806: 1741: 894: 1985:

influenced by the European Baroque, the Ottoman Baroque reflects a local interpretation of the style that became its own distinctive indigenous style. More recent scholars like Tulay Artan and Shirine Hamadeh have argued for a more positive evaluation of the style and for a lesser emphasis on the role of Western influence. In a 2019 book, Ünver Rüstem argues that 18th-century developments in Ottoman culture and architecture should be contextualized within the attitudes of Ottoman elites at the time, who saw their empire as an integral part of Europe and adapted ideas from the West insofar as they were deemed useful, and that they were part of

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three-dimensional sculpting, being profusely carved with scrolls, shells, foliage, and other Baroque moldings. The decoration also demonstrates a greater Rococo tendency, such as asymmetries in the details of the motifs. Another similar example from this period is the decorated façade and sebil of the Recai Mehmet Efendi School (1775), near the Şehzade Mosque. This trend towards even greater ornateness, including more three-dimensional renditions of motifs like acanthus leaves and oyster shells, and the similarities to the Rococo style came to characterize Ottoman Baroque architecture in the last quarter of the 18th century.

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Sinan – whose design had in turn been repeated in major 17th-century mosques like the Sultan Ahmed I Mosque and the New Mosque. This probably indicates that contemporary builders saw the new Baroque style as inappropriate for the appearance of an ancient mosque embedded in the mythology of the city's 1453 conquest. At the same time, it showed that Sinan's architecture was associated with the Ottoman golden age and thus appeared as an appropriate model to imitate, despite the anachronism. By contrast, however, the nearby tomb of Mehmed II, which was rebuilt at the same time, is in a fully Baroque style.

743: 1196: 1184: 1157: 1172: 526:) for the sultan when visiting the mosque and gave him direct access to the sultan's loge inside the mosque. Because such imperial pavilions were closer to the public eye than the imperial palace, they played a role in enhancing the sultan's public presence and in staging some public ceremonies. Accordingly, the construction of imperial pavilions as part of imperial mosques aligned itself with the cultural shift taking place in the 18th century around the sultan's official displays of power, and such imperial pavilions became ever more prominent in later imperial mosques. 659: 608: 1545: 584: 48: 1506: 548: 41: 1879: 1521: 715: 341: 1114: 390:(to whom it is dedicated), in December 1755. Kuban describes it as the "most important monumental construction after the Selimiye Mosque in Edirne", marking the integration of European culture into Ottoman architecture and the rejection of the Classical Ottoman style. It also marked the first time since the Sultan Ahmed I Mosque (early 17th century) that an Ottoman sultan built his own imperial mosque complex in Istanbul, thus inaugurating the return of this tradition. Historical sources attest that the architect in charge was a 1130: 1145: 399: 620: 1045:

of factories, shops, and modern facilities such as a printing house, all arranged to form the nucleus of a new neighbourhood with a regular grid of streets. The mosque is built in high-quality stone and in a fully Baroque style. Its design illustrates the degree of influence exerted by the earlier Beylerbeyi Mosque, as it incorporates a wide imperial pavilion that stretches across its front façade. However, the design of the imperial pavilion was further refined: the two wings of the pavilion are raised on a marble

771: 1898: 1311: 906: 783: 731: 372: 572: 1474: 825: 1630: 921: 798: 560: 596: 646:. Construction began in 1757–1758 and finished in 1760–1761. It is essentially a smaller version of the Nuruosmaniye Mosque, signalling the importance of the Nuruosmaniye as a new model to emulate. It is richly decorated with Baroque carved stonework, especially in the mihrab and minbar. While the mosque is smaller than the Nuruosmaniye, it is relatively tall for its proportions, enhancing its sense of height. This trend towards height was pursued in later mosques such as the 1102: 1015:, was built to house sailors and included an accompanying mosque. It was commissioned by admiral Cezayirli Hasan Pasha in 1783–1784, under Abdülhamid I. However, it was under Selim III that monumental barracks proliferated and became highly visible elements of the urban landscape. Most of these early barracks were wooden buildings that were later rebuilt in the 19th century. This new building type arose in conjunction with Selim III's reform attempts, the 693:(Mustafa III's sister), built in 1769, exhibits an even stronger Byzantine appearance. According to Ünver Rüstem, this phenomenon may reflect a certain introspection among Ottoman architects of the time about the city's past and about the connection between Ottoman architecture and Byzantine architecture. This was abetted by the fact that some Baroque motifs evoked forms and motifs that are also found in Byzantine architecture, including the Hagia Sophia. 30: 1255:(queen mother), were probably renovated by Mahmud I around 1744, providing them with their current Baroque decoration. The School of Princes was redecorated with some Baroque elements in 18th century, the most elaborate additions being the fireplaces in the School's classroom and in its private apartments. Osman III renovated the prayer room of the women's section in the Harem, providing it with a stone-carved Baroque mihrab. 493:), most of which are equally Baroque. The sebil and fountain that flank the western gate of the complex have curved and flamboyant forms counterbalanced by the plain walls around them, which Goodwin calls the "epitome of the baroque" style for these features. The library in the northeastern corner is distinguished by undulating curves and a roughly elliptical interior. The tomb, which houses the remains of 1259:

private passage on the west side grants access between the kiosk and the palace. The terrace façade of the kiosk includes a wide undulating eave. The kiosk itself is made of wood and consists of several rooms, with the main room in the middle projecting out over the edge of the palace walls to provide wider views. Its interior is heavily decorated with Baroque and Rococo decoration, including

864:). Its main components were instead a madrasa and an imaret, along with the tomb itself and other minor structures. The design of the complex was notable for being completely integrated into the pre-existing urban fabric instead of being set apart in its own enclosure. The sultan's tomb is in Baroque style and one of its notable details is a large Qur'anic inscription band in 1660:. New palaces, caravanserais, hammams, and madrasas were built. In contrast with earlier caravanserais, which were centered around the traditional open courtyard, the multiple new caravanserais built in Damascus during this century embraced the Ottoman predilection for domes and featured domed central spaces. The most spectacular and admired building of this kind is the 474:. The hood of the mihrab, like the semi-vaults above the exterior doorways, is carved with a mix of eclectic friezes that replace the traditional muqarnas. The mosque's stone decoration also establishes a new style of capitals that distinguishes the Ottoman Baroque: a vase or inverse bell shape, either plain or decorated, usually with small but prominent 1244:) in Rococo style. This kiosk is a garden pavilion in the Fourth Court that was first begun in the late 17th century by Mustafa Pasha and then either completed or restored by Ahmet III in 1704. The Imperial Council (Divan) Hall in the Second Court of the palace was redecorated in flamboyant Baroque style by Selim III in 1792 and by Mahmud II in 1819. 1675:, sponsored by Mahmud I and dated to 1750, was the first Ottoman complex in Cairo to be founded by a sultan, over two and a half centuries after the conquest of the city. It consists of a madrasa and a sabil-kuttab (a combination of sebil and primary school). The style and decoration of the complex is a fusion of Ottoman and local Cairene ( 1460:

Selim III. The mosque is the first major imperial work by Krikor Balian. It is sometimes described as belonging to the Empire style, but is considered by Godfrey Goodwin and Doğan Kuban as one of the last Baroque mosques. Ünver Rüstem describes the style as moving away from the Baroque and towards an Ottoman interpretation of

1622:(or Tombul Mosque), built in 1744–1745, is one of the few notable constructions in the Balkan region during this period. In addition to the mosque, the complex includes a madrasa, a library, and a primary school. Its style, however, resembles more strongly that of the earlier Damat Ibrahim Pasha Mosque in 1578:

It was only in the 1750s that the Ottoman Baroque style began to appear outside Istanbul. The Cihanoğlu Mosque in Aydın (1756), mentioned above, is among the early examples. During the reign of Abdülhamid I two notable provincial mosques were built in Baroque style in Anatolia: the Kurşunlu Mosque in

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and there is space in the middle, between the two wings, where a staircase and entrance portico leads into the mosque, allowing for a more monumental entrance to be retained. The prayer hall is once again a single-domed space but the side galleries that are usually present inside earlier mosques have

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complex between 1801 and 1805. Three men served as chief court architects during this period but the main architect may have been Foti Kalfa, a Christian master carpenter. The complex included a mosque and its usual dependencies like a mektep and a hammam. More innovatively, it also included an array

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The Laleli Mosque is surrounded by the usual annexes: imperial pavilion, sebil, madrasa, imaret and the tomb of Mustafa III. More unique, though, is the large artificial platform on which the mosque stands. The substructure of this platform was originally used as a storehouse and is now occupied by a

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The mosque consists of a square prayer hall surmounted by a large single dome with large pendentives. The dome is one of the largest in Istanbul, measuring 25.75 meters in diameter. From the outside, the dome sits above four huge arches (one for each side of the square) pierced with many windows that

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imported from Istanbul. The most influential innovation of Mahmud I's complex was the curved façade of its sabil-kuttab, a local interpretation of the curved sebil facades in Istanbul, which was repeated in subsequent sabil-kuttab designs in Cairo. In the 19th century, under the de facto independent

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influences. The walls of the mosque's exterior and the walls of its courtyard are constructed in alternating layers of white stone and red brick. This technique was used in early Ottoman constructions but it was largely absent in the later imperial mosques of Istanbul. Along with the use of coloured

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in 1826, the year of the mosque's completion. Mahmud II also built a new artillery barracks and parade ground near the mosque at the same time, replacing the barracks of Selim III which had been destroyed by the Janissaries, thus continuing Tophane's association with the age of reforms initiated by

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and Esma Sultan on the Golden Horn, her palace may have been one of the first Ottoman palaces to consist of a single block stretching along the shoreline. Most of these palaces have not survived to the present day. Among the rare surviving examples, Baroque decoration from this period can still be

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that partially destroyed it. The new Fatih Mosque was completed in 1771 and it neither reproduced the appearance of the original 15th-century building nor followed the contemporary Baroque style. It was instead built in a Classical Ottoman style modelled on the 16th-century Şehzade Mosque built by

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master carpenter named Simeon or Simon. Simeon's chief assistant was a Christian man named Kozma and the majority of the stonemasons under him were Christians as well. Both Simeon and Kozma were given robes of honour by the grand vizier at the mosque's opening ceremony. Ünver Rüstem notes this may

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Scholarly attitudes towards the Ottoman Baroque and towards later Ottoman architecture have varied over time and from one author to another. Many scholars have traditionally framed post-classical Ottoman architecture as a symbol of Ottoman decline and cultural insecurity vis-à-vis Europe, lacking

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influence. After the Tulip Period, Ottoman architecture openly imitated European architecture, so that architectural and decorative trends in Europe were mirrored in the Ottoman Empire at the same time or after a short delay. Changes were especially evident in the ornamentation and details of new

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The Kiosk of Osman III, completed in 1754-55, is one of the most notable additions of this era. It was built over a masonry substructure that extends behind the Imperial Hall, with a marble terrace filling the space between them. The terrace includes flowerbeds and a central water basin, while a

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as part of a charitable complex, the Hamidiye Complex, constructed between 1775 and 1780 in the Eminönü neighbourhood. The chief court architect at the time was still Mehmed Tahir Agha (as it was under Mustafa III), but his role in the design of the Hamidiye complex is not confirmed. The complex

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buildings rather than in their overall forms, though new building types were eventually introduced from European influences as well. The term "Turkish Rococo", or simply "Rococo", is also used to describe the Ottoman Baroque, or parts of it, due to the similarities and influences from the French

278:. Ünver Rüstem argues that the rapidity with which the style appeared across Istanbul after 1740 and the fact that the first Baroque structures were all commissioned by high-ranking elites should be interpreted as a deliberate effort by the sultan and his court to promote the new style. Scholar 1984:

In his 1971 book on the history of Ottoman architecture, Godfrey Goodwin argues that the Ottoman Baroque should be viewed as a more "creative" period, despite many Turkish scholars having previously given it little credit. Turkish scholar Doğan Kuban has argued that even though it was directly

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Across the street from Abdülhamid's tomb was an ornate sebil, but this was relocated near the Zeynep Sultan Mosque after 1911 when the complex was partly demolished to widen the street. This sebil is considered one of the finest examples of Baroque sebils. Its surface shows a greater degree of

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nearby in a vibrant Baroque style. Its construction took place between 1792 and 1796. It consists of a large imaret (still functioning today) and a mektep (primary school), but from the street its most visible elements are the tomb and sebil. This urban configuration is similar to the earlier

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in 1756, the Cihanoğlu Mosque. The latter is also an example of Baroque elements appearing outside Istanbul in the mid century. One minor detail of the Ayazma Mosque that was recurrent in the 18th century is the small birdhouse carved in stone on the exterior. Such birdhouses were made in the

1436:), built in 1818 near the Fatih Mosque complex in Istanbul, is one of the finest Ottoman Baroque tombs and one of the best examples of late Baroque monuments. Some details recall the earlier Şah Sultan Tomb, such as the elliptical windows above. It also incorporates some influence from the 282:

states that Baroque motifs spread gradually from one architectural element to another, progressively replacing the sharper geometric decoration of the classical era with more dynamic curved forms such as the "S" and "C" curves and eventually with even more flamboyant European Baroque

1025:. Selim III built a barracks building for his "New Artillery" regiment in Tophane, near the later site of the Nusretiye Mosque. This was destroyed by fire in 1823 and rebuilt by Mahmud II in 1824. Another barracks for artillerymen was built by Mihrişah Sultan in 1792 or 1793–1794 in 1399:), the Tersane Palace, and others. However, at some time during the 18th century there was a transition to palaces consisting of a single block or a single large building. This trend may have been popularized by the sisters of Selim III in the late 18th century. One of his sisters, 1059: 984:

style in particular. He notes that similar ornamentation in the apartments of Abdülhamid I and Selim III in the Topkapı Palace (added around the same period) may have been executed by the same craftsmen. Further south from Mihrişah Sultan's complex, near the 16th-century

1931:, into Ottoman architecture. This marked a trend towards increasingly direct imitation of Western styles, particularly from France. Ottoman Baroque motifs and forms continued to be used during the 19th century, but they were often employed alongside other styles. The 1935:

reforms that began in 1839 under Abdülmecid I sought to modernize the Ottoman Empire with Western-style reforms. In the architectural realm this period resulted in the dominance of European architects and Ottoman architects with European training. Among these, the

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As in the preceding centuries, other palaces were built around Istanbul by the sultan and his family. Previously, the traditional Ottoman palace configuration consisted of different buildings or pavilions arranged in a group, as was the case at Topkapı Palace, the

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in this case been moved completely outside the prayer hall, along the building's exterior. The building is also notable for high-quality stone decoration, with the exterior marked by stone moldings along its many edges and sculpted keystones for its arches.

681:, at around the same time (in 1764) in the city's central commercial district. It is Istanbul's second-largest caravanserai. Both caravanserais are centred around long rectangular courtyards, which was a trend for these type of buildings in this period. 689:

marble decoration inside the mosque, this feature may have been a deliberate callback to the city's ancient Byzantine monuments. This "Byzantinising" trend was not commonplace but did occur in other monuments during the Baroque period. For example, the

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platform in the middle of the mosque. This gallery arrangement leaves the central space unencumbered while still dissimulating the supporting piers of the dome. The most exuberant Baroque carvings, such as flutes and scroll forms, are found on the

650:. The Ayazma Mosque differs from others mainly in the unique arrangement of its front façade, which consists of a five-arched portico reached by a wide semi-circular staircase. This arrangement is similar to another contemporary mosque built in 1276:

reliefs and marble fountains and fireplaces. Unlike some of the earlier domed apartments of the classical Ottoman period, they have flat wooden ceilings. A nearby upstairs apartment was also commissioned by Selim III in 1790 for his mother

1251:), adding among other things a Baroque wall fountain and Dutch blue-and-white tiles (although the decoration of the dome has since been restored to its late 16th-century state). The main baths of the Harem, which served the sultan and the 1239:

In Topkapı Palace the Ottoman sultans and their family continued to build new rooms or remodel old ones throughout the 18th century, introducing Baroque and Rococo decoration in the process. In 1752 Mahmud I restored the Sofa Kiosk

1691:(1744). While Mamluk-era configurations remained predominant, Ottoman decoration was applied in highly visible ways in some local monuments, most notably in the use of Ottoman blue and white tiles, including re-used 16th-century 1778: 3713: 980:

Hamidiye Complex. The façade of the complex, with its vibrantly Baroque sebil and tomb, is one of the most notable exterior façade designs in Ottoman Baroque architecture. Doğan Kuban compares its ornamentation to the French

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Inside, the mosque's prayer hall is flanked by symmetrical two-story galleries that extend outside the main perimeter of the hall. The corners of these galleries, on either side of the mihrab area, include space for the

165:. In more specific terms, however, the period after the 17th century is marked by several different styles. The Ottoman or Turkish "Baroque" style emerged in its full expression during the 1740s and rapidly replaced the 951:

in the Azapkapı neighbourhood, but much of its decoration is in the contemporary Baroque style. Only the minarets, dating from the reign of Ahmet III, remain from the previous mosque. In 1804 Selim III also rebuilt the

1859: 1679:) styles, but it does not include any elements of the new Baroque style Mahmud I was employing in Istanbul. A slightly later imperial foundation, the Sabil-kuttab of Mustafa III in Cairo (located across from the 947:, an important Islamic religious site in the area of Istanbul originally built by Mehmed II. The new mosque made use of the Classical Ottoman tradition by following the octagonal baldaquin design, similar to the 292: 6638: 535: 248:

that Mahmud I added in the northeastern corner of Hagia Sophia's precinct in 1743. The imaret has an extravagantly Baroque gate which is carved with high-relief vegetal scrolls and a spiralling "swan-neck"

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above the exterior arches have concave flourishes at their edges, while the windows, doorways, and arches of the mosque have mixtilinear (i.e. combination of different curves) or round profiles instead of

1952:. After the early 19th century Ottoman architecture was characterized by an eclectic architecture which mixed or borrowed from multiple styles. The Balians, for example, commonly combined Neoclassical or 1793: 1420:

seen in the Aynalıkavak Pavilion (mentioned above), which was restored by Selim III and Mahmud II. Beyond Istanbul some large palaces were built by powerful local families in different regional styles.

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have been the first time Christian architects were officially honoured in this fashion at the inauguration of a mosque and that it reflected the growing status of Christian craftsmen during this era.

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The Ottoman Baroque style was also very visible in the empire and it was historically influential in shaping Westerners' conceptions of what Ottoman architecture looked like, particularly during the

520:. At the Nuruosmaniye, however, this pavilion is more detailed, more prominent, and more deliberately integrated into the rest of the complex. It was used as a private lounge or reception area ( 1740: 504:

At the eastern corner of the mosque is an L-shaped structured which consists of a covered ramp leading to an imperial pavilion. This kind of feature first appeared in the 17th century with the

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profiles. The central doorway of the courtyard is topped by an unusual radiating sun motif carved in stone while the other doorways have pyramidal semi-vaults which, instead of the traditional

1444:. Some of the Baroque mosques from this period feature elliptical domes, such as the small single-domed Küçük Efendi (or Fevziye) Mosque in Istanbul (1825) and the multi-domed Kapı Mosque in 1298: 993:(Selim III's sister) is another important example of a Baroque tomb from this era, built in 1800–1801. One notable detail is its use of elliptical windows above its ground-floor windows. 1644:

In more distant provinces in the Middle East and North Africa, local styles continued to be employed with greater independence, as they already were in the 16th and 17th centuries. In

1346: 893: 1671:, several rare monuments sponsored by Ottoman sultans were built in the mid-18th century, demonstrating a certain level of renewed imperial interest in this provincial capital. The 607: 1711:

Beyond Istanbul the greatest palaces were built by powerful local families, but they were often built in regional styles that did not follow the trends of the Ottoman capital. The

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market. The complex also includes a caravanserai, the Çukurçeşme Han or Taş Han, which contributed to the mosque's revenues. Mustafa III also built another caravanserai, the

1683:) in 1758–1760, still demonstrates local Cairene influences but this time it incorporates some new Baroque details. (Another sabil-kuttab founded by Mustafa III near the 328: 1029:. It featured a mosque, the Humbarahane Mosque, at the center of it. The building has only partially survived to the present day. The largest barracks of the time, the 547: 1272:

In the area near Osman III's kiosk Abdulhamid I and Selim III later added their own lavishly-decorated Rococo apartments. The decoration here includes Baroque-style

964:). The previous Emir Sultan Mosque's foundations and some of its materials were reused in construction, resulting in a work that mixes archaic and Baroque elements. 809: 1715:

in Damascus, for example, was built around 1750 in a largely Damascene style. The Azm family also had a major palace in Hama. In eastern Anatolia, near present-day

127:, completed in 1755. Later in the 18th century, new building types were also introduced based on European influences. The last fully Baroque monuments, such as the 742: 1687:

in 1756–1757 has not been preserved.) Other 18th-century buildings sponsored by local elites were generally built in an Ottoman-Mamluk hybrid style, such as the

881: 1805: 451:-like friezes and other motifs – a composition that is neither Ottoman nor European in style. Even more unusual is the form of the mosque's courtyard, which is 6645: 6001: 1322: 1840: 1610:, the Sultan Mustafa Mosque, built in 1764 for Mustafa III, has a tall single-dome design that reflects the trends of 18th-century mosques in Istanbul. In 1759: 1074: 244:

fountain in 1740–41 that is decorated with Baroque motifs but still maintains a traditional Ottoman form overall. More indicative of the new style is the

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preceding century but in the Baroque period they become more ornate and are commonly attached to the exteriors of both religious and civil buildings.

638:(r. 1757–1774), successor of Osman II and a son of Ahmed III, engaged in many building activities during his long reign. His first foundation was the 6445: 1824: 1700:

and his successors, Ottoman Baroque and contemporary late Ottoman Westernizing decoration was conspicuously employed in new buildings, including the

304: 4856: 161:. In an Ottoman context, the term “Baroque” is sometimes applied more widely to Ottoman art and architecture across the 18th century including the 1037:

in 1812. It was rebuilt in stone by Mahmud II between 1825 and 1828 and further expanded to its current form by Abdulmecid between 1842 and 1853.

5964: 5871: 4896: 4876: 4786: 824: 844:(r. 1774–1789) more foreign architects and artists arrived in Istanbul and the Baroque style was further consolidated. Abdulhamid I built the 1573: 1656:

remained prosperous commercial centers. Damascus, the provincial capital, benefitted from the long and relatively capable governance of the

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The political and cultural conditions which led to the Ottoman Baroque trace their origins in part to the Tulip Period, during the reign of

135:(r. 1808–1839) in the early 19th century, but during this period new European-influenced styles were introduced and supplanted the Baroque. 6687: 6028: 1489: 848:(1777–1778) and Emirgan Mosque (1781–82), both located in suburbs of Istanbul on the shores of the Bosphorus, though both were modified by 4951: 1129: 6774: 6475: 1285:, it is one of the finest examples of this style in the palace. It consists of two rooms with flat ceilings decorated with Baroque-style 1231: 1981:

merit in comparison with earlier Ottoman architecture. This attitude has been progressively revised since the later twentieth century.

1505: 1144: 7006: 6580: 6038: 1310: 583: 5277: 1455:, Mahmud II's imperial mosque, was built between 1822 and 1826 at Tophane. Its name commemorates the "victory" which Mahmud II won by 6878: 6375: 6048: 5051: 1113: 7021: 6843: 6112: 1944:

family, succeeded in dominating imperial architecture for much of the century. They were joined by European architects such as the

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Like earlier imperial foundations, the mosque formed the center of a complex consisting of several buildings including a

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in Ottoman architecture of the time may be also evident in Mustafa III's reconstruction of the Fatih Mosque after the

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is an exceptional and flamboyant piece of architecture that mixes various local traditions including Seljuk Turkish,

403: 797: 6570: 5167: 4846: 4366: 4318: 2380: 1440:, which was being introduced in Istanbul around this time. The tomb was designed by the Ottoman Armenian architect 198: 116: 782: 6868: 6833: 6739: 6697: 5991: 5312: 4901: 4871: 3674: 1941: 6692: 6518: 6459: 6065: 5857: 5172: 4819: 4155: 4032:

Kiel, Machiel. "Athens". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).

2015:"Eighteenth-century Ottoman architecture and the problem of scope: a critical view from the Balkan 'periphery'" 170: 153:

itself became more open to outside influences. During this period, the most predominant architectural style in

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provide light to the interior. The closest precedent to this design in Classical Ottoman architecture is the

346: 271: 240:(Ayasofya) Mosque, where Mahmud I built several new annexes and additions. These additions included a domed 236:, demonstrating that even the sultan promoted the style. The revenues of this hammam were earmarked for the 6529: 6311: 6060: 5484: 5378: 5272: 298:

Entrance to the Fatih Mosque's cemetery, with the Fountain of Nisançı Ahmed Pasha (1741–42) on the far left

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Mihrab of the prayer room in the Harem of Topkapı Palace, added in Osman III's restoration (1754–1757)

1065: 1012: 976: 63: 5986: 5416: 5157: 5117: 5001: 4986: 4824: 1961: 1924: 1799:

Sabil-kuttab of Mustafa III (1758–1760), featuring some of the first Ottoman Baroque details in Cairo

1461: 1412: 595: 166: 144: 108: 5661: 4713:"Westernization, Decadence, and the Turkish Baroque: Modern Constructions of the Eighteenth Century" 1903:

Sabil of Isma'il Pasha (1828) with Baroque and late Ottoman decoration typical of 19th-century Cairo

613:

Imperial pavilion: a ramp on the right leads to a private lounge connected to the mosque on the left

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From the 18th century onward European influences were introduced into Ottoman architecture as the

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The construction of the Selimiye Barracks was soon accompanied by the construction of the nearby

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1830s illustration of the Tophane Barracks built by Mahmud II (with the Nusretiye Mosque behind)

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neighbourhood around this time by Selim III's family. Before the reconstruction of the mosque,

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after it was damaged by an earthquake (though the new mosque was in turn damaged during the

940: 6784: 6769: 6513: 5757: 5623: 5212: 5187: 5086: 4800: 4307:(7th ed.). Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press. pp. 138, 194, 226, 240. 1411:) on the Bopshorus. In the 1790s she commissioned Antoine Ignace Melling to add a European 1026: 690: 513: 498: 229: 158: 100: 96: 5797: 5676: 5671: 5608: 5502: 5202: 4961: 1177:

Selimiye Mosque: side view with external gallery and part of the imperial pavilion (right)

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Mustafa III's own imperial mosque was built in the center of Istanbul and is known as the

658: 416: 221: 119:

to mostly traditional Ottoman building types. It emerged in the 1740s during the reign of

8: 6508: 6270: 5911: 5431: 5411: 5127: 5036: 5026: 2059:

M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Architecture; VII. c. 1500–c. 1900".

1986: 1750: 1676: 1661: 1633: 1456: 1235:

Baroque decoration on the exterior of the Imperial Council (Divan) Hall in Topkapı Palace

1022: 944: 788: 678: 643: 463:

on one side and for the sultan's loge on the other, thus dispensing with the traditional

383: 375: 124: 59: 6893: 5945: 5339: 1033:, was built in southern Üsküdar between 1800 and 1803, but was burned down by revolting 1007:

Selim III established a new Western-inspired building type in Ottoman architecture: the

47: 6816: 6075: 5952: 5928: 5787: 5638: 5628: 5297: 5252: 5147: 5091: 5081: 4931: 4732: 4700:

Artan, Tülay (2006). "Arts and architecture". In Kunt, Metin; Faroqhi, Suraiya (eds.).

4605: 1949: 1865: 1811: 1720: 1603: 1135: 953: 40: 6341: 5441: 1496: 1429: 1304:

Baths of the Sultan and Queen Mother, Topkapı Palace, renovated circa 1744 by Mahmud I

1265: 899:

Beylerbeyi Mosque on the Bosphorus, near Istanbul (circa 1778, with later renovations)

494: 489:, an imaret, a library, a royal tomb, a sebil and fountain, and an imperial pavilion ( 465: 434:

The details and decoration of the mosque are firmly Baroque. For example, the curving

270:

which most clearly demonstrates the transition between the old and new styles was the

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Baroque decoration in the Imperial Hall in the Harem of Topkapı Palace (18th century)

1213: 1030: 845: 553:

Semi-vault above one of the mosque entrances, with Baroque friezes replacing muqarnas

216:

in 1741–1742: the fountain of Nisançı Ahmed Pasha added to the southwest wall of the

5041: 5031: 275: 6806: 6565: 6363: 5896: 5752: 5742: 5719: 5237: 5222: 5122: 5016: 4688: 4455: 4234: 3733:. Translated by Kline, Stuart. Akşit Kültür ve Turizm Yayıncılık. pp. 100–101. 1964:, initially encouraged by European architects like Vallaury, eventually led to the 1945: 1869: 1716: 1511: 1452: 647: 398: 254: 209: 128: 6169: 5792: 5540: 4956: 1664:(1753), whose main hall consists of nine domes supported by four central pillars. 6811: 6665: 6606: 6368: 6127: 5838: 5802: 5656: 5142: 1352:

Partial view of the Kiosk of Osman III in the Harem of Topkapı Palace (1754–1755)

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The first structures to exhibit the new Baroque style are several fountains and

6873: 6826: 5880: 5633: 5550: 5535: 5401: 1645: 1591:(1778, expanded in 1795). Another example during the reign of Selim III is the 1538:

Decoration of the dome of the Nusretiye Mosque (before most recent restoration)

1216:

in Üsküdar, originally built by Selim III (circa 1803) but rebuilt by Mahmud II

1165:

in Üsküdar, Istanbul (1801–1805): view of the front façade and entrance portico

154: 150: 4684:

Architecture as a Theatre of Life: Profile of the Eighteenth Century Bosphorus

4647:

Ottoman Baroque: The Architectural Refashioning of Eighteenth-Century Istanbul

4238: 1629: 279: 264:

Godfrey Goodwin, a scholar of Ottoman architecture history, suggests that the

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The Cambridge History of Turkey; Vol. 3, The Later Ottoman Empire, 1603–1839

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in the 18th century and early 19th century which was influenced by European

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lacks a monumental congregational mosque and includes only a small mosque (

517: 386:

complex, begun by Mahmud I in October 1748 and completed by his successor,

382:

The most important monument heralding the new Ottoman Baroque style is the

237: 225: 162: 104: 4055: 173:

which had dominated Ottoman architecture in the 16th and 17th centuries.

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style in particular, but this terminology varies from author to author.

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Example of 18th-century birdhouse on the exterior of the Ayazma Mosque

402:

Elevation and floor plan of the Nuruosmaniye Mosque (from drawings by

266: 6724: 6497: 6424: 6407: 6201: 5747: 5575: 5545: 5421: 1956:

architecture with highly eclectic decoration. Later trends involving

1433: 1286: 1034: 1011:. The first barracks of this new tradition, the Kalyoncu Barracks in 936: 849: 387: 177: 132: 29: 6080: 3676:

Topkapi Palace: An Illustrated Guide to Its Life & Personalities

1247:

Inside the Harem section, Abdulhamid I renovated the Imperial Hall (

830:

Reconstructed tomb of Mehmed II behind the Fatih Mosque (circa 1771)

6523: 6255: 5969: 5701: 5436: 4443: 1932: 1928: 1731:. It was begun in the 17th century and generally completed by 1784. 1649: 1637: 1615: 1574:

Classical Ottoman architecture § Architecture in the provinces

1008: 1000:

Tophane Barracks of Selim III (right), seen in a 1819 engraving by

981: 541:

Mixtilinear arches in the lateral portico and windows of the mosque

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between 1798 and 1800. This mosque is located next to the tomb of

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in Istanbul was also built in the same year and was sponsored by

224:, and the Sa'deddin Efendi Sebil at the Karaca Ahmet Cemetery in 6660: 4245: 3582: 3495: 3242: 3206: 2898: 968: 85:

Ottoman architectural style in the 18th and early 19th centuries

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The later reign of Mahmud II also saw the introduction of the

2381:"Nuruosmaniye Mosque - Discover Islamic Art - Virtual Museum" 2019:

Thirteenth International Congress of Turkish Art: Proceedings

1668: 1480: 1445: 957: 1221: 6436: 4367:"İshak Paşa Palace - Discover Islamic Art - Virtual Museum" 4335: 4001: 3960: 3948: 3870: 3606: 2703: 1602:

In Athens, one small mosque survives from this period: the

274:

and its sebil, built in 1745 near the western perimeter of

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Strolling Through Istanbul: The Classic Guide to the City

4431: 4407: 4347: 4311: 4282:. Leiden, the Netherlands: E.J. Brill. pp. 167–170. 4085: 3923: 3921: 3908: 3906: 3749: 3693: 3642: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3369: 3367: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3060: 3050: 3048: 3009: 2997: 2987: 2985: 2958: 2946: 2922: 2876: 2874: 2847: 2835: 2654: 2652: 2622: 2610: 2586: 2547: 2525: 2523: 2484: 2472: 2448: 2436: 2424: 2084: 2082: 2080: 1908: 1423: 1080:

Sebil of the Mihrişah Sultan Complex, with side fountains

967:

Other important Baroque monuments were also built in the

361:

Sebil of the Seyyid Hasan Pasha complex, Istanbul (1745)

4747:

The City's Pleasures: Istanbul in the Eighteenth Century

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Sofa Kiosk, Topkapı Palace, restored by Mahmud I in 1752

322:

Fountain of Mahmud I at Hagia Sophia, Istanbul (1740–41)

4629:. Translated by Mill, Adair. Antique Collectors' Club. 4419: 4013: 3972: 3882: 3816: 3797: 3519: 3418: 3271: 3269: 2825: 2823: 2786: 2784: 2639: 2637: 2576: 2574: 2402: 2400: 2288: 2286: 2235: 2187: 2153: 2151: 2109: 818:

in Istanbul, rebuilt by Mustafa III (completed in 1771)

4510: 4498: 4105:"ŞERİF HALİL PAŞA KÜLLİYESİ - TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi" 3918: 3903: 3618: 3558: 3430: 3391: 3379: 3364: 3329: 3218: 3153: 3045: 2982: 2871: 2649: 2559: 2520: 2322: 2126: 2124: 2077: 2061:

The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture

1150:

Tomb and courtyard of the Emir Sultan complex in Bursa

419:

neighbourhood. The projecting apse which contains the

4687:(Phd thesis). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 4483: 4319:"Qasr al-Azm - Discover Islamic Art - Virtual Museum" 4164: 4073: 3933: 3858: 3843: 3831: 3773: 3737: 3654: 3507: 3471: 3403: 3341: 3254: 3230: 3194: 3126: 3114: 3099: 3084: 3033: 2970: 2934: 2886: 2859: 2808: 2769: 2727: 2691: 2676: 2664: 2598: 2508: 2496: 2460: 2412: 2346: 2310: 2298: 2175: 1626:

and its decoration recalls that of the Tulip Period.

887:

Recai Mehmet Efendi School and sebil, Istanbul (1775)

3293: 3266: 3170: 2820: 2781: 2715: 2634: 2571: 2397: 2334: 2283: 2271: 2259: 2211: 2199: 2148: 169:. This shift signaled the final end to the previous 111:, the style marked a significant departure from the 2163: 2136: 2121: 2099: 2097: 2037: 2021:. Budapest: Hungarian National Museum. p. 298. 1328:

Interior of Sofa Kiosk restored by Mahmud I in 1752

684:The Laleli Mosque is also notable for its apparent 334:

Gate to the imaret of Hagia Sophia, Istanbul (1743)

2025: 1975: 1021:("New Order"), which among other things created a 939:(r. 1789–1807) was responsible for rebuilding the 625:The tomb (left) and library (right) of the complex 203: 4664: 3995: 3791: 3588: 3501: 3248: 3212: 2904: 1415:pavilion to the palace. Along with the palace of 180:, when the Ottoman ruling class opened itself to 6993: 4275: 4220: 2094: 2058: 1749:in Cairo (1744), a blend of Ottoman and Cairene 1567: 4835:Ottoman architecture in the 19th–20th centuries 4305:Islamic Monuments in Cairo: The Practical Guide 1915:Ottoman architecture in the 19th–20th centuries 1708:and several sabil-kuttabs throughout the city. 589:Baroque details of the minbar inside the mosque 4279:Islamic Architecture in Cairo: An Introduction 1604:Dizdar Mustafa Mosque or Mosque of Tzistarakis 455:instead of the traditional rectangular form. 310:Hacı Mehmet Emin Ağa Sebil, Istanbul (1741–42) 220:cemetery, the Hacı Mehmet Emin Ağa Sebil near 5865: 4794: 4780: 4583:Blair, Sheila S.; Bloom, Jonathan M. (1995). 3715:The Evolution of Turkish Art and Architecture 1095:in Istanbul, rebuilt by Selim III (1798–1800) 66:(1792–1796); Mausoleum of Mustafa III at the 4669:(Revised ed.). Tauris Parke Paperbacks. 4549:. Ankara: Atatürk Kültür Merkezi Yayınları. 2753:"Birdhouses: Miniature mansions of Istanbul" 1989:trends taking place on a more global scale. 1830:Remains of the Sultan Mustafa III Mosque in 926:Sebil of Abdülhamid I, Istanbul (circa 1780) 4586:The Art and Architecture of Islam 1250-1800 4359: 2017:. In David, Géza; Gerelyes, Ibolya (eds.). 776:Tomb and Sebil of the Laleli Mosque complex 366: 115:of Ottoman architecture and introduced new 7017:Baroque architecture in the Ottoman Empire 5872: 5858: 5057:Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque (Büyükçekmece) 4787: 4773: 4665:Sumner-Boyd, Hilary; Freely, John (2010). 4582: 4128: 3711: 1735:18th-century architecture in the provinces 4223:"The Complex of Sultan Mahmud I in Cairo" 1550:One of the sebils of the Nusretiye Mosque 1386:on the Bosphorus, Istanbul (18th century) 1222:Palace architecture in the Baroque period 868:script that curves around the interior. 5278:Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque (Lüleburgaz) 4568:. Bilkent Kültür Girişimi Publications. 4302: 4145: 2012: 1628: 1373: 1230: 995: 835: 657: 397: 370: 4743: 4710: 4603: 4492: 4425: 4341: 4025: 4019: 4007: 3983: 3966: 3954: 3897: 3876: 3825: 3810: 3672: 3612: 3528: 3424: 3224: 3164: 3078: 3054: 3027: 2991: 2880: 2709: 2658: 2565: 2529: 2328: 2253: 2229: 2169: 1927:style which originated in France under 696:A sense of historical consciousness or 630: 6994: 5052:Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque (Azapkapı) 4643: 4563: 4528: 4516: 4504: 4477: 4461: 4263: 4251: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4141: 4139: 4137: 3927: 3912: 3767: 3699: 3660: 3636: 3624: 3600: 3576: 3564: 3552: 3513: 3489: 3465: 3453: 3441: 3397: 3385: 3373: 3335: 3323: 3311: 3260: 3236: 3200: 3135: 3120: 3108: 3093: 3066: 3039: 3015: 2976: 2964: 2952: 2940: 2928: 2916: 2892: 2865: 2853: 2841: 2814: 2775: 2750: 2738: 2697: 2685: 2670: 2628: 2616: 2604: 2592: 2553: 2514: 2502: 2490: 2478: 2466: 2454: 2430: 2418: 2367: 2355: 2316: 2304: 2265: 2241: 2217: 2205: 2193: 2181: 2088: 2043: 2031: 1909:Ottoman architecture after the Baroque 1812:Dizdar Mustafa (or Tzistarakis) Mosque 1747:Sabil-kuttab of Abd ar-Rahman Katkhuda 1689:Sabil-kuttab of Abd ar-Rahman Katkhuda 1424:Late Baroque monuments under Mahmud II 1293:Baroque architecture in Topkapı Palace 5853: 5062:Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque (Kadırga) 4840:First national architectural movement 4768: 4699: 4680: 4624: 4449: 4437: 4413: 4401: 4389: 4353: 4182: 4170: 4091: 4079: 3942: 3864: 3852: 3837: 3779: 3755: 3743: 3728: 3648: 3540: 3477: 3412: 3358: 3299: 3287: 3275: 3188: 3176: 3147: 3003: 2829: 2802: 2790: 2721: 2643: 2580: 2541: 2442: 2406: 2340: 2292: 2277: 2157: 2142: 2130: 2115: 2103: 2054: 2052: 1766:Tombul (or Sherif Halil Pasha) Mosque 1138:in Bursa, rebuilt by Selim III (1804) 931: 803:Zeynep Sultan Mosque, Istanbul (1769) 5778:Hagia Sophia Hurrem Sultan Bathhouse 5188:Green Mosque of Bursa (Yeşil Mosque) 4952:Büyükdere Kara Mehmet Kethüda Mosque 4544: 4296: 4269: 1269:paintings of architectural scenes. 736:Ayazma Mosque in Üsküdar (1757–1761) 5462:Rüstem Pasha Caravanserai (Erzurum) 5007:Mihrimah Sultan Mosque (Edirnekapı) 4547:Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Saat Kuleleri 4203: 4134: 3712:Sözen, Metin; Akşit, İlhan (1987). 530:Details of the Nuruosmaniye complex 508:and was further exemplified by the 13: 6297:(reform and constitutional period) 5879: 5457:Rüstem Pasha Caravanserai (Ereğli) 5452:Rüstem Pasha Caravanserai (Edirne) 4750:. University of Washington Press. 4674: 2751:Ekinci, Ekrem Buğra (2016-10-21). 2049: 1395:, the Kavak or Üsküdar Palace (at 14: 7033: 7007:18th-century architectural styles 6185:List of Ottoman sultans' consorts 6148:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques 5467:Sokollu Mehmet Pasha Caravanserai 4607:A History of Ottoman Architecture 4056:"ATİNA - TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi" 1620:Sherif Halil Pasha Mosque Complex 1606:from 1763–1764. On the island of 1468:Baroque monuments under Mahmud II 1226: 253:, flanked by marble columns with 103:. Preceded by the changes of the 6180:List of Ottoman sultans' mothers 5168:Ferhat Pasha Mosque (Banja Luka) 5012:Mihrimah Sultan Mosque (Üsküdar) 4855: 4847:Ottoman architectural decoration 4795: 4276:Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (1989). 4221:Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (2011). 4176: 4150:. Flammarion. pp. 192–198. 4097: 4048: 4031: 3722: 3705: 3666: 1896: 1877: 1858: 1839: 1823: 1804: 1792: 1777: 1758: 1739: 1555: 1543: 1531: 1526:Interior of the Nusretiye Mosque 1519: 1514:in Tophane, Istanbul (1822–1824) 1504: 1488: 1472: 1369: 1357: 1345: 1333: 1321: 1309: 1297: 1206: 1194: 1182: 1170: 1155: 1143: 1128: 1112: 1100: 1085: 1073: 1058: 919: 904: 892: 880: 823: 808: 796: 781: 769: 753: 741: 729: 713: 618: 606: 594: 582: 570: 558: 546: 534: 354: 339: 327: 315: 303: 291: 261:, and surmounted by wide eaves. 199:Ottoman architectural decoration 46: 39: 28: 7022:Baroque architecture by country 6261:Defterdars/Ministers of Finance 5715:Fountain of Ahmed III (Üsküdar) 4538: 2744: 2373: 1976:Scholarly assessment and legacy 876:Architecture under Abdülhamid I 447:, are carved with many rows of 204:First Baroque monuments (1740s) 192: 6002:Persecution of Ottoman Muslims 5447:Öküz Mehmed Pasha Caravanserai 5173:Ferhat Pasha Mosque (Sarajevo) 4820:Classical Ottoman architecture 4650:. Princeton University Press. 3718:. Haşet Kitabevi. p. 183. 2006: 975:(Selim III's mother), built a 709:Architecture under Mustafa III 378:, Istanbul (completed in 1755) 1: 4452:, pp. 606, 614, 673–676. 4034:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three 3996:Sumner-Boyd & Freely 2010 3792:Sumner-Boyd & Freely 2010 3589:Sumner-Boyd & Freely 2010 3502:Sumner-Boyd & Freely 2010 3249:Sumner-Boyd & Freely 2010 3213:Sumner-Boyd & Freely 2010 2905:Sumner-Boyd & Freely 2010 2013:Hartmuth, Maximilian (2009). 1999: 1568:Architecture in the provinces 1201:Mihrab of the Selimiye Mosque 1123:in Eyüp, Istanbul (1800–1801) 1068:in Eyüp, Istanbul (1792–1796) 138: 5513:Mehmed Paša Sokolović Bridge 5485:Complex of Sultan Bayezid II 5379:Tomb of Hayreddin Barbarossa 5345:Medrese of Mehmet Şakir Paşa 5273:Sinan Pasha Mosque (Prizren) 5092:Yeni Valide Mosque (Üsküdar) 5087:Yeni Valide Mosque (Eminönü) 4830:Ottoman Baroque architecture 2919:, pp. 195–196, 198–200. 1054:Architecture under Selim III 89:Ottoman Baroque architecture 17:Ottoman Baroque architecture 7: 6446:Vassal and tributary states 5077:Vasat Atik Ali Pasha Mosque 4303:Williams, Caroline (2018). 2063:. Oxford University Press. 1966:First National Architecture 1948:, William James Smith, and 1189:Interior of Selimiye Mosque 1107:Eyüp Sultan Mosque interior 949:Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque 478:at its corners, similar to 10: 7038: 5667:Etfal Hospital Clock Tower 5313:Yakovalı Hasan Paşa Mosque 4977:Gazi Atik Ali Pasha Mosque 4853: 4815:Early Ottoman architecture 4189:. Routledge. p. 244. 3679:. Saqi Books. p. 93. 1968:movement which, alongside 1912: 1571: 1457:destroying the Janissaries 423:is also comparable to the 349:and sebil, Istanbul (1745) 212:built by elite patrons in 196: 142: 62:(1748–1755); Sebil of the 7012:19th-century architecture 6960: 6920: 6892: 6859: 6760: 6715: 6706: 6623: 6589: 6539: 6467: 6458: 6395: 6327: 6289: 6228: 6217: 6120: 6111: 6019: 6012: 5965:Decline and modernization 5887: 5816: 5733: 5700: 5647: 5584: 5526: 5493: 5475: 5417:Hafsa Sultan Caravanserai 5392: 5358: 5325: 5218:İzzet Mehmet Pasha Mosque 5158:Evliya Kasim Pasha Mosque 5105: 5002:Mesih Mehmed Pasha Mosque 4919: 4910: 4864: 4825:Tulip Period architecture 4807: 4744:Hamadeh, Shirine (2008). 4711:Hamadeh, Shirine (2007). 4604:Goodwin, Godfrey (1971). 4589:. Yale University Press. 4239:10.1163/22118993-90000178 4146:Degeorge, Gérard (2004). 3673:Goodwin, Godfrey (1999). 167:style of the Tulip Period 145:Tulip Period architecture 109:Tulip Period architecture 75: 21: 6493:Six Divisions of Cavalry 6029:Foreign Affairs Ministry 5369:Green Tomb (Yeşil Türbe) 5243:Muradiye Mosque (Edirne) 5238:Muradiye Complex (Bursa) 4404:, p. 605 and after. 4392:, pp. 505–506, 605. 4371:islamicart.museumwnf.org 4323:islamicart.museumwnf.org 4254:, p. 288 (note 18). 3555:, pp. 242–243, 261. 2385:islamicart.museumwnf.org 1853:(1778, expanded in 1795) 1685:Mosque of Sayyida Nafisa 1681:Mosque of Sayyida Zeinab 1407:at Defterdarburnu (near 914:in Istanbul (circa 1780) 642:in Üsküdar in honour of 367:The Nuruosmaniye complex 6486:Agha of the Janissaries 6133:List of Ottoman sultans 5829:Mihrişah Sultan Complex 5178:Fethiye Mosque (Athens) 4610:. Thames & Hudson. 4564:Atasoy, Nurhan (2011). 4109:TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi 4060:TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi 1872:(completed around 1784) 1787:, Damascus (circa 1750) 1066:Mihrişah Sultan Complex 987:Zal Mahmud Pasha Mosque 764:in Istanbul (1760–1764) 691:Mosque of Zeyneb Sultan 665:in Istanbul (1760–1764) 565:Courtyard of the mosque 501:and concave cornices. 287:Early Baroque monuments 64:Mihrişah Sultan Complex 6688:Science and technology 6138:Roman succession claim 5725:Sultan Mahmut Fountain 5662:Dolmabahçe Clock Tower 5183:Gazi Husrev-beg Mosque 5097:Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque 4877:Bosnia and Herzegovina 4644:Rüstem, Ünver (2019). 4531:, p. 9 and after. 4480:, p. 5 and after. 4129:Blair & Bloom 1995 1702:Mosque of Muhammad Ali 1641: 1405:grand shoreline palace 1387: 1384:Hadice Sultan's Palace 1283:Antoine Ignace Melling 1236: 1023:new Western-style army 1004: 666: 577:Interior of the mosque 413:Mihrimah Sultan Mosque 407: 379: 6561:Dragoman of the Fleet 6276:Dragoman of the Porte 6066:Armenian Constitution 5953:Stagnation and reform 5834:Nilüfer Hatun Imareti 5710:Fountain of Ahmed III 5687:Nusretiye Clock Tower 5384:Tomb of Turhan Sultan 5374:Tomb of Abdul Hamid I 5283:Sulayman Pasha Mosque 5193:Green Mosque of İznik 5153:Esmahan Sultan Mosque 4865:Other regional styles 4681:Artan, Tülay (1989). 4625:Kuban, Doğan (2010). 3729:Akşit, İlhan (2014). 1996:of the 19th century. 1632: 1377: 1234: 999: 836:Reign of Abdülhamid I 661: 506:Sultan Ahmed I Mosque 401: 374: 7002:Ottoman architecture 6281:Outer Palace Service 6197:Inner Palace Service 5624:Hatice Sultan Palace 5350:Rüstem Pasha Medrese 5308:Veled-i Yaniç Mosque 5253:Old Mosque of Edirne 5213:Ibrahim Pasha Mosque 4987:Hırka-i Şerif Mosque 4982:Haseki Sultan Mosque 4801:Ottoman architecture 4627:Ottoman Architecture 4545:Acun, Hakkı (2011). 4183:Burns, Ross (2007). 3543:, pp. 430, 435. 3314:, pp. 247, 254. 3006:, pp. 537, 544. 2712:, pp. 387, 418. 2445:, pp. 532, 536. 1994:Romanticist movement 1960:designs and Ottoman 912:Tomb of Abdülhamid I 840:During the reign of 720:Cihanoğlu Mosque in 631:Reign of Mustafa III 601:Sebil of the complex 228:. The Baroque-style 101:Baroque architecture 97:Ottoman architecture 58:Clockwise from top: 6476:Classic period army 6317:Chamber of Deputies 6292:Imperial Government 5208:Hüdavendigar Mosque 5128:Behram Pasha Mosque 5037:Piyale Pasha Mosque 5027:Nuruosmaniye Mosque 4997:Mahmut Pasha Mosque 4440:, pp. 605–606. 4416:, pp. 609–612. 4356:, pp. 583–584. 4344:, pp. 404–407. 4186:Damascus: A History 4094:, pp. 592–593. 4010:, pp. 400–401. 3969:, pp. 418–419. 3957:, pp. 417–418. 3879:, pp. 414–415. 3770:, pp. 255–256. 3758:, pp. 437–438. 3651:, pp. 435–436. 3639:, pp. 158–159. 3615:, pp. 392–393. 3492:, pp. 258–259. 3468:, pp. 259–260. 3456:, pp. 258–260. 3326:, pp. 254–255. 3290:, pp. 548–550. 3191:, pp. 546–548. 3150:, pp. 519–520. 3081:, pp. 398–399. 3069:, pp. 236–237. 3030:, pp. 397–398. 3018:, pp. 234–235. 2967:, pp. 212–214. 2955:, pp. 198–200. 2931:, pp. 199–200. 2856:, pp. 194–195. 2844:, pp. 190–191. 2805:, pp. 540–541. 2631:, pp. 126–130. 2619:, pp. 125–128. 2595:, pp. 128–130. 2556:, pp. 112–113. 2544:, pp. 528–529. 2493:, pp. 144–145. 2481:, pp. 141–144. 2457:, pp. 139–140. 2433:, pp. 138–145. 2370:, p. 122, 138. 2256:, pp. 377–379. 2232:, pp. 375–376. 2118:, pp. 517–518. 1868:, near present-day 1704:(1830–1848) in the 945:Abu Ayyub al-Ansari 384:Nuruosmaniye Mosque 376:Nuruosmaniye Mosque 125:Nuruosmaniye Mosque 60:Nuruosmaniye Mosque 18: 6103:Translation Office 5987:2nd Constitutional 5975:1st Constitutional 5929:Sultanate of Women 5788:Mahmut Pasha Hamam 5773:Çemberlitaş Hamamı 5692:Yıldız Clock Tower 5629:Ishak Pasha Palace 5303:Üç Şerefeli Mosque 5298:Tzistarakis Mosque 5288:Suleymaniye Mosque 5248:Murat Pasha Mosque 5233:Kasım Pasha Mosque 5228:Karađoz Bey Mosque 5148:Emir Sultan Mosque 5133:Bursa Grand Mosque 5082:Yavuz Selim Mosque 5072:Süleymaniye Mosque 5067:Sultanahmet Mosque 5022:Murat Pasha Mosque 4967:Eyüp Sultan Mosque 4932:Atik Valide Mosque 4266:, p. 180-181. 4131:, p. 251-255. 3731:The Topkapı Palace 3702:, pp. 64, 71. 1950:Alexandre Vallaury 1885:Izzet Pasha Mosque 1866:Ishak Pasha Palace 1721:Ishak Pasha Palace 1673:Takiyya Mahmudiyya 1642: 1593:Izzet Pasha Mosque 1499:in Istanbul (1818) 1388: 1237: 1136:Emir Sultan Mosque 1093:Eyüp Sultan Mosque 1005: 977:charitable complex 954:Emir Sultan Mosque 941:Eyüp Sultan Mosque 932:Reign of Selim III 667: 408: 380: 95:, was a period in 16: 6989: 6988: 6956: 6955: 6948:Star and crescent 6619: 6618: 6615: 6614: 6454: 6453: 6391: 6390: 6143:Ottoman Caliphate 6024:Foreign relations 5847: 5846: 5798:Süleymaniye Hamam 5768:Davud Pasha Hamam 5682:Jaffa Clock Tower 5677:İzmit Clock Tower 5672:İzmir Clock Tower 5609:Dolmabahçe Palace 5599:Beylerbeyi Palace 5566:Yedikule Fortress 5556:Kilitbahir Castle 5503:Arslanagić Bridge 5335:Büyük Aga Medrese 5321: 5320: 5263:Osman Shah Mosque 5258:Orhan Gazi Mosque 5203:Haji Özbek Mosque 4962:Dolmabahçe Mosque 4947:Beylerbeyi Mosque 4942:Bayezid II Mosque 4927:Altunizade Mosque 4808:Historical stages 4757:978-0-295-98667-8 4196:978-1-134-48850-6 3686:978-0-86356-067-5 3603:, pp. 32–34. 3579:, pp. 98–99. 2244:, pp. 70–73. 2196:, pp. 64–65. 2091:, pp. 21–22. 1403:(d. 1822), had a 1214:Selimiye Barracks 1031:Selimiye Barracks 855:Abdülhamid built 846:Beylerbeyi Mosque 791:, Istanbul (1764) 404:Cornelius Gurlitt 83: 82: 7029: 6720:Social structure 6713: 6712: 6566:Imperial Arsenal 6465: 6464: 6299: 6238: 6236:(classic period) 6231:Imperial Council 6226: 6225: 6118: 6117: 6017: 6016: 5874: 5867: 5860: 5851: 5850: 5743:Bayezid II Hamam 5720:Tophane Fountain 5518:Uzunköprü Bridge 5432:Khan As'ad Pasha 5407:Büyük Valide Han 5340:Caferağa Medrese 5223:Juma-Jami Mosque 5163:Ferhadija Mosque 5138:Çapanoğlu Mosque 5123:Bayezid I Mosque 5113:Ali Pasha Mosque 5017:Muradiye Complex 4917: 4916: 4859: 4799: 4789: 4782: 4775: 4766: 4765: 4761: 4740: 4707: 4696: 4670: 4661: 4640: 4621: 4600: 4579: 4560: 4532: 4526: 4520: 4514: 4508: 4502: 4496: 4490: 4481: 4475: 4469: 4459: 4453: 4447: 4441: 4435: 4429: 4423: 4417: 4411: 4405: 4399: 4393: 4387: 4381: 4380: 4378: 4377: 4363: 4357: 4351: 4345: 4339: 4333: 4332: 4330: 4329: 4315: 4309: 4308: 4300: 4294: 4293: 4273: 4267: 4261: 4255: 4249: 4243: 4242: 4218: 4201: 4200: 4180: 4174: 4168: 4162: 4161: 4143: 4132: 4126: 4120: 4119: 4117: 4116: 4101: 4095: 4089: 4083: 4077: 4071: 4070: 4068: 4067: 4052: 4046: 4045: 4029: 4023: 4017: 4011: 4005: 3999: 3993: 3987: 3981: 3970: 3964: 3958: 3952: 3946: 3940: 3931: 3925: 3916: 3910: 3901: 3895: 3880: 3874: 3868: 3862: 3856: 3850: 3841: 3835: 3829: 3823: 3814: 3808: 3795: 3789: 3783: 3777: 3771: 3765: 3759: 3753: 3747: 3741: 3735: 3734: 3726: 3720: 3719: 3709: 3703: 3697: 3691: 3690: 3670: 3664: 3658: 3652: 3646: 3640: 3634: 3628: 3622: 3616: 3610: 3604: 3598: 3592: 3586: 3580: 3574: 3568: 3562: 3556: 3550: 3544: 3538: 3532: 3526: 3517: 3511: 3505: 3499: 3493: 3487: 3481: 3475: 3469: 3463: 3457: 3451: 3445: 3439: 3428: 3422: 3416: 3410: 3401: 3395: 3389: 3383: 3377: 3371: 3362: 3356: 3339: 3333: 3327: 3321: 3315: 3309: 3303: 3297: 3291: 3285: 3279: 3273: 3264: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3216: 3210: 3204: 3198: 3192: 3186: 3180: 3174: 3168: 3162: 3151: 3145: 3139: 3133: 3124: 3118: 3112: 3106: 3097: 3091: 3082: 3076: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3043: 3037: 3031: 3025: 3019: 3013: 3007: 3001: 2995: 2989: 2980: 2974: 2968: 2962: 2956: 2950: 2944: 2938: 2932: 2926: 2920: 2914: 2908: 2902: 2896: 2890: 2884: 2878: 2869: 2863: 2857: 2851: 2845: 2839: 2833: 2827: 2818: 2812: 2806: 2800: 2794: 2788: 2779: 2773: 2767: 2766: 2764: 2763: 2748: 2742: 2736: 2725: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2701: 2695: 2689: 2683: 2674: 2668: 2662: 2656: 2647: 2641: 2632: 2626: 2620: 2614: 2608: 2602: 2596: 2590: 2584: 2578: 2569: 2563: 2557: 2551: 2545: 2539: 2533: 2527: 2518: 2512: 2506: 2500: 2494: 2488: 2482: 2476: 2470: 2464: 2458: 2452: 2446: 2440: 2434: 2428: 2422: 2416: 2410: 2404: 2395: 2394: 2392: 2391: 2377: 2371: 2365: 2359: 2353: 2344: 2338: 2332: 2326: 2320: 2314: 2308: 2302: 2296: 2290: 2281: 2275: 2269: 2263: 2257: 2251: 2245: 2239: 2233: 2227: 2221: 2215: 2209: 2203: 2197: 2191: 2185: 2179: 2173: 2167: 2161: 2155: 2146: 2140: 2134: 2128: 2119: 2113: 2107: 2101: 2092: 2086: 2075: 2074: 2056: 2047: 2041: 2035: 2029: 2023: 2022: 2010: 1946:Fossati brothers 1942:Ottoman Armenian 1900: 1881: 1862: 1847:Çapanoğlu Mosque 1843: 1827: 1808: 1796: 1781: 1762: 1743: 1662:Khan As'ad Pasha 1634:Khan As'ad Pasha 1585:Çapanoğlu Mosque 1559: 1547: 1535: 1523: 1512:Nusretiye Mosque 1508: 1492: 1476: 1453:Nusretiye Mosque 1361: 1349: 1337: 1325: 1313: 1301: 1210: 1198: 1186: 1174: 1159: 1147: 1132: 1116: 1104: 1089: 1077: 1062: 923: 908: 896: 884: 827: 812: 800: 785: 773: 760:Interior of the 757: 745: 733: 717: 648:Nusretiye Mosque 622: 610: 598: 586: 574: 562: 550: 538: 358: 347:Beşir Ağa Mosque 343: 331: 319: 307: 295: 272:Beşir Ağa Mosque 131:, were built by 129:Nusretiye Mosque 117:decorative forms 91:, also known as 50: 43: 32: 19: 15: 7037: 7036: 7032: 7031: 7030: 7028: 7027: 7026: 6992: 6991: 6990: 6985: 6952: 6916: 6888: 6855: 6756: 6745:Ottoman Turkish 6702: 6611: 6585: 6535: 6530:Modernized army 6514:Sekban-i Djedid 6450: 6387: 6342:Shaykh al-Islām 6323: 6300: 6295: 6294: 6285: 6239: 6234: 6233: 6213: 6128:Ottoman dynasty 6107: 6008: 5883: 5878: 5848: 5843: 5839:Imaret (Kavala) 5824:Köprülü Library 5817:other monuments 5812: 5803:Tahtakale Hamam 5758:Cağaloğlu Hamam 5729: 5696: 5643: 5580: 5522: 5489: 5471: 5388: 5354: 5317: 5268:Selimiye Mosque 5143:Dzhumaya Mosque 5118:Bajrakli Mosque 5101: 5047:Selimiye Mosque 4906: 4860: 4851: 4803: 4793: 4758: 4677: 4675:Further reading 4658: 4637: 4618: 4597: 4576: 4557: 4541: 4536: 4535: 4527: 4523: 4515: 4511: 4503: 4499: 4491: 4484: 4476: 4472: 4460: 4456: 4448: 4444: 4436: 4432: 4424: 4420: 4412: 4408: 4400: 4396: 4388: 4384: 4375: 4373: 4365: 4364: 4360: 4352: 4348: 4340: 4336: 4327: 4325: 4317: 4316: 4312: 4301: 4297: 4290: 4274: 4270: 4262: 4258: 4250: 4246: 4219: 4204: 4197: 4181: 4177: 4169: 4165: 4158: 4144: 4135: 4127: 4123: 4114: 4112: 4103: 4102: 4098: 4090: 4086: 4078: 4074: 4065: 4063: 4054: 4053: 4049: 4030: 4026: 4018: 4014: 4006: 4002: 3994: 3990: 3982: 3973: 3965: 3961: 3953: 3949: 3941: 3934: 3926: 3919: 3911: 3904: 3896: 3883: 3875: 3871: 3863: 3859: 3851: 3844: 3836: 3832: 3824: 3817: 3809: 3798: 3790: 3786: 3778: 3774: 3766: 3762: 3754: 3750: 3742: 3738: 3727: 3723: 3710: 3706: 3698: 3694: 3687: 3671: 3667: 3659: 3655: 3647: 3643: 3635: 3631: 3623: 3619: 3611: 3607: 3599: 3595: 3587: 3583: 3575: 3571: 3563: 3559: 3551: 3547: 3539: 3535: 3527: 3520: 3512: 3508: 3500: 3496: 3488: 3484: 3476: 3472: 3464: 3460: 3452: 3448: 3440: 3431: 3423: 3419: 3411: 3404: 3396: 3392: 3384: 3380: 3372: 3365: 3357: 3342: 3334: 3330: 3322: 3318: 3310: 3306: 3298: 3294: 3286: 3282: 3274: 3267: 3259: 3255: 3247: 3243: 3235: 3231: 3223: 3219: 3211: 3207: 3199: 3195: 3187: 3183: 3175: 3171: 3163: 3154: 3146: 3142: 3134: 3127: 3119: 3115: 3107: 3100: 3092: 3085: 3077: 3073: 3065: 3061: 3053: 3046: 3038: 3034: 3026: 3022: 3014: 3010: 3002: 2998: 2990: 2983: 2975: 2971: 2963: 2959: 2951: 2947: 2939: 2935: 2927: 2923: 2915: 2911: 2903: 2899: 2891: 2887: 2879: 2872: 2864: 2860: 2852: 2848: 2840: 2836: 2828: 2821: 2813: 2809: 2801: 2797: 2789: 2782: 2774: 2770: 2761: 2759: 2749: 2745: 2737: 2728: 2720: 2716: 2708: 2704: 2696: 2692: 2684: 2677: 2669: 2665: 2657: 2650: 2642: 2635: 2627: 2623: 2615: 2611: 2603: 2599: 2591: 2587: 2579: 2572: 2564: 2560: 2552: 2548: 2540: 2536: 2528: 2521: 2513: 2509: 2501: 2497: 2489: 2485: 2477: 2473: 2465: 2461: 2453: 2449: 2441: 2437: 2429: 2425: 2417: 2413: 2405: 2398: 2389: 2387: 2379: 2378: 2374: 2366: 2362: 2354: 2347: 2339: 2335: 2327: 2323: 2315: 2311: 2303: 2299: 2291: 2284: 2276: 2272: 2264: 2260: 2252: 2248: 2240: 2236: 2228: 2224: 2216: 2212: 2204: 2200: 2192: 2188: 2180: 2176: 2168: 2164: 2156: 2149: 2141: 2137: 2129: 2122: 2114: 2110: 2102: 2095: 2087: 2078: 2071: 2057: 2050: 2042: 2038: 2030: 2026: 2011: 2007: 2002: 1978: 1917: 1911: 1904: 1901: 1892: 1882: 1873: 1863: 1854: 1844: 1835: 1828: 1819: 1809: 1800: 1797: 1788: 1782: 1773: 1763: 1754: 1744: 1583:(1779) and the 1576: 1570: 1563: 1560: 1551: 1548: 1539: 1536: 1527: 1524: 1515: 1509: 1500: 1497:Nakşidil Sultan 1493: 1484: 1479:Kapı Mosque in 1477: 1430:Nakşidil Sultan 1426: 1372: 1365: 1362: 1353: 1350: 1341: 1338: 1329: 1326: 1317: 1314: 1305: 1302: 1279:Mihrişah Sultan 1229: 1224: 1217: 1211: 1202: 1199: 1190: 1187: 1178: 1175: 1166: 1163:Selimiye Mosque 1160: 1151: 1148: 1139: 1133: 1124: 1117: 1108: 1105: 1096: 1090: 1081: 1078: 1069: 1063: 1042:Selimiye Mosque 973:Mihrişah Sultan 962:1855 earthquake 934: 927: 924: 915: 909: 900: 897: 888: 885: 838: 831: 828: 819: 813: 804: 801: 792: 786: 777: 774: 765: 758: 749: 746: 737: 734: 725: 718: 702:1766 earthquake 633: 626: 623: 614: 611: 602: 599: 590: 587: 578: 575: 566: 563: 554: 551: 542: 539: 495:Şehsuvar Sultan 466:müezzin mahfili 425:Selimiye Mosque 369: 362: 359: 350: 344: 335: 332: 323: 320: 311: 308: 299: 296: 230:Cağaloğlu Hamam 206: 201: 195: 171:classical style 147: 141: 113:classical style 93:Turkish Baroque 86: 71: 56: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 44: 35: 34: 33: 12: 11: 5: 7035: 7025: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6987: 6986: 6984: 6983: 6976: 6969: 6961: 6958: 6957: 6954: 6953: 6951: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6924: 6922: 6918: 6917: 6915: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6898: 6896: 6890: 6889: 6887: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6865: 6863: 6857: 6856: 6854: 6853: 6848: 6847: 6846: 6841: 6831: 6830: 6829: 6824: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6803: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6779: 6778: 6777: 6766: 6764: 6758: 6757: 6755: 6754: 6749: 6748: 6747: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6716: 6710: 6704: 6703: 6701: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6684: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6642: 6641: 6636: 6629: 6627: 6621: 6620: 6617: 6616: 6613: 6612: 6610: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6593: 6591: 6587: 6586: 6584: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6557: 6556: 6545: 6543: 6537: 6536: 6534: 6533: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6509:Nizam-i Djedid 6500: 6495: 6490: 6489: 6488: 6471: 6469: 6462: 6456: 6455: 6452: 6451: 6449: 6448: 6443: 6434: 6432:Mutasarrifates 6429: 6428: 6427: 6417: 6412: 6411: 6410: 6399: 6397: 6393: 6392: 6389: 6388: 6386: 6385: 6384: 6383: 6373: 6372: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6346: 6345: 6344: 6333: 6331: 6325: 6324: 6322: 6321: 6320: 6319: 6314: 6303: 6301: 6290: 6287: 6286: 6284: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6271:Reis ül-Küttab 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6242: 6240: 6229: 6223: 6215: 6214: 6212: 6211: 6210: 6209: 6207:Palace Schools 6204: 6194: 6193: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6155:Imperial Harem 6152: 6151: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6124: 6122: 6121:House of Osman 6115: 6109: 6108: 6106: 6105: 6100: 6099: 6098: 6093: 6085: 6084: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6053: 6052: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6020: 6014: 6010: 6009: 6007: 6006: 6005: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5979: 5978: 5977: 5972: 5962: 5961: 5960: 5950: 5949: 5948: 5943: 5941:Decline thesis 5936:Transformation 5933: 5932: 5931: 5921: 5920: 5919: 5917:Constantinople 5914: 5909: 5899: 5893: 5891: 5885: 5884: 5881:Ottoman Empire 5877: 5876: 5869: 5862: 5854: 5845: 5844: 5842: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5820: 5818: 5814: 5813: 5811: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5739: 5737: 5731: 5730: 5728: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5706: 5704: 5698: 5697: 5695: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5653: 5651: 5645: 5644: 5642: 5641: 5636: 5634:Topkapi Palace 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5604:Çırağan Palace 5601: 5596: 5590: 5588: 5582: 5581: 5579: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5551:Castle of Kars 5548: 5543: 5538: 5536:Ajyad Fortress 5532: 5530: 5528:Fortifications 5524: 5523: 5521: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5499: 5497: 5491: 5490: 5488: 5487: 5481: 5479: 5473: 5472: 5470: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5412:Büyük Yeni Han 5409: 5404: 5398: 5396: 5390: 5389: 5387: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5365: 5363: 5356: 5355: 5353: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5331: 5329: 5323: 5322: 5319: 5318: 5316: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5109: 5107: 5103: 5102: 5100: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5042:Şehzade Mosque 5039: 5034: 5032:Ortaköy Mosque 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4923: 4921: 4914: 4908: 4907: 4905: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4868: 4866: 4862: 4861: 4854: 4852: 4843: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4811: 4809: 4805: 4804: 4792: 4791: 4784: 4777: 4769: 4763: 4762: 4756: 4741: 4708: 4697: 4676: 4673: 4672: 4671: 4662: 4656: 4641: 4635: 4622: 4616: 4601: 4595: 4580: 4574: 4561: 4555: 4540: 4537: 4534: 4533: 4521: 4519:, p. 8-9. 4509: 4507:, p. 6-7. 4497: 4482: 4470: 4454: 4442: 4430: 4428:, p. 419. 4418: 4406: 4394: 4382: 4358: 4346: 4334: 4310: 4295: 4288: 4268: 4256: 4244: 4202: 4195: 4175: 4173:, p. 586. 4163: 4156: 4133: 4121: 4096: 4084: 4082:, p. 594. 4072: 4047: 4024: 4022:, p. 402. 4012: 4000: 3998:, p. 417. 3988: 3986:, p. 418. 3971: 3959: 3947: 3945:, p. 631. 3932: 3930:, p. 270. 3917: 3915:, p. 269. 3902: 3900:, p. 417. 3881: 3869: 3867:, p. 610. 3857: 3855:, p. 605. 3842: 3840:, p. 550. 3830: 3828:, p. 416. 3815: 3813:, p. 404. 3796: 3794:, p. 363. 3784: 3782:, p. 438. 3772: 3760: 3748: 3746:, p. 437. 3736: 3721: 3704: 3692: 3685: 3665: 3653: 3641: 3629: 3627:, p. 159. 3617: 3605: 3593: 3581: 3569: 3567:, p. 238. 3557: 3545: 3533: 3531:, p. 393. 3518: 3506: 3494: 3482: 3480:, p. 545. 3470: 3458: 3446: 3444:, p. 256. 3429: 3427:, p. 420. 3417: 3415:, p. 555. 3402: 3400:, p. 264. 3390: 3388:, p. 257. 3378: 3376:, p. 248. 3363: 3361:, p. 554. 3340: 3338:, p. 255. 3328: 3316: 3304: 3302:, p. 552. 3292: 3280: 3278:, p. 520. 3265: 3263:, p. 253. 3253: 3251:, p. 366. 3241: 3239:, p. 254. 3229: 3227:, p. 412. 3217: 3215:, p. 365. 3205: 3203:, p. 252. 3193: 3181: 3179:, p. 546. 3169: 3167:, p. 411. 3152: 3140: 3138:, p. 230. 3125: 3123:, p. 226. 3113: 3111:, p. 225. 3098: 3096:, p. 223. 3083: 3071: 3059: 3057:, p. 397. 3044: 3042:, p. 236. 3032: 3020: 3008: 2996: 2994:, p. 396. 2981: 2979:, p. 215. 2969: 2957: 2945: 2943:, p. 200. 2933: 2921: 2909: 2907:, p. 166. 2897: 2895:, p. 184. 2885: 2883:, p. 391. 2870: 2868:, p. 185. 2858: 2846: 2834: 2832:, p. 541. 2819: 2817:, p. 186. 2807: 2795: 2793:, p. 540. 2780: 2778:, p. 182. 2768: 2743: 2741:, p. 180. 2726: 2724:, p. 543. 2714: 2702: 2700:, p. 176. 2690: 2688:, p. 174. 2675: 2673:, p. 172. 2663: 2661:, p. 387. 2648: 2646:, p. 537. 2633: 2621: 2609: 2607:, p. 125. 2597: 2585: 2583:, p. 536. 2570: 2568:, p. 382. 2558: 2546: 2534: 2532:, p. 388. 2519: 2517:, p. 146. 2507: 2505:, p. 145. 2495: 2483: 2471: 2469:, p. 138. 2459: 2447: 2435: 2423: 2421:, p. 137. 2411: 2409:, p. 532. 2396: 2372: 2360: 2358:, p. 147. 2345: 2343:, p. 527. 2333: 2331:, p. 386. 2321: 2319:, p. 115. 2309: 2307:, p. 111. 2297: 2295:, p. 526. 2282: 2280:, p. 518. 2270: 2258: 2246: 2234: 2222: 2210: 2198: 2186: 2184:, p. 260. 2174: 2162: 2160:, p. 505. 2147: 2145:, p. 507. 2135: 2133:, p. 517. 2120: 2108: 2093: 2076: 2069: 2048: 2036: 2024: 2004: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1977: 1974: 1913:Main article: 1910: 1907: 1906: 1905: 1902: 1895: 1893: 1883: 1876: 1874: 1864: 1857: 1855: 1845: 1838: 1836: 1829: 1822: 1820: 1810: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1791: 1789: 1783: 1776: 1774: 1764: 1757: 1755: 1745: 1738: 1736: 1614:, present-day 1569: 1566: 1565: 1564: 1561: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1518: 1516: 1510: 1503: 1501: 1494: 1487: 1485: 1478: 1471: 1469: 1425: 1422: 1378:Engraving (by 1371: 1368: 1367: 1366: 1363: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1296: 1294: 1281:. Designed by 1228: 1227:Topkapı Palace 1225: 1223: 1220: 1219: 1218: 1212: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1169: 1167: 1161: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1142: 1140: 1134: 1127: 1125: 1118: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1099: 1097: 1091: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1072: 1070: 1064: 1057: 1055: 989:, the Tomb of 933: 930: 929: 928: 925: 918: 916: 910: 903: 901: 898: 891: 889: 886: 879: 877: 837: 834: 833: 832: 829: 822: 820: 814: 807: 805: 802: 795: 793: 789:Büyük Yeni Han 787: 780: 778: 775: 768: 766: 759: 752: 750: 747: 740: 738: 735: 728: 726: 719: 712: 710: 679:Büyük Yeni Han 632: 629: 628: 627: 624: 617: 615: 612: 605: 603: 600: 593: 591: 588: 581: 579: 576: 569: 567: 564: 557: 555: 552: 545: 543: 540: 533: 531: 453:semielliptical 368: 365: 364: 363: 360: 353: 351: 345: 338: 336: 333: 326: 324: 321: 314: 312: 309: 302: 300: 297: 290: 288: 276:Topkapı Palace 205: 202: 194: 191: 155:Western Europe 151:Ottoman Empire 140: 137: 84: 81: 80: 79:1740s to 1820s 77: 73: 72: 57: 45: 38: 37: 36: 27: 26: 25: 24: 23: 22: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7034: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6999: 6997: 6982: 6981: 6977: 6975: 6974: 6970: 6968: 6967: 6963: 6962: 6959: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6925: 6923: 6919: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6899: 6897: 6895: 6891: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6866: 6864: 6862: 6858: 6852: 6849: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6836: 6835: 6832: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6819: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6782: 6780: 6776: 6773: 6772: 6771: 6768: 6767: 6765: 6763: 6759: 6753: 6750: 6746: 6743: 6742: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6735:Ottoman court 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6717: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6705: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6658: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6640: 6637: 6634: 6633: 6631: 6630: 6628: 6626: 6622: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6594: 6592: 6588: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6576:Naval battles 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6555: 6552: 6551: 6550: 6549:Kapudan Pasha 6547: 6546: 6544: 6542: 6538: 6532: 6531: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6506: 6505: 6504:Reform period 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6487: 6484: 6483: 6482: 6478: 6477: 6473: 6472: 6470: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6457: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6426: 6423: 6422: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6409: 6406: 6405: 6404: 6401: 6400: 6398: 6394: 6382: 6379: 6378: 6377: 6374: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6351: 6350: 6347: 6343: 6340: 6339: 6338: 6335: 6334: 6332: 6330: 6326: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6309: 6308: 6305: 6304: 6302: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6243: 6241: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6224: 6221: 6216: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6199: 6198: 6195: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6165:Haseki sultan 6163: 6161: 6160:Valide sultan 6158: 6157: 6156: 6153: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6130: 6129: 6126: 6125: 6123: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6110: 6104: 6101: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6088: 6086: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6058: 6057: 6054: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6039:United States 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6026: 6025: 6022: 6021: 6018: 6015: 6011: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5984: 5983: 5980: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5967: 5966: 5963: 5959: 5956: 5955: 5954: 5951: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5938: 5937: 5934: 5930: 5927: 5926: 5925: 5924:Classical Age 5922: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5904: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5897:Osman's Dream 5895: 5894: 5892: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5875: 5870: 5868: 5863: 5861: 5856: 5855: 5852: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5821: 5819: 5815: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5793:Ömeriye Baths 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5732: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5707: 5705: 5703: 5699: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5654: 5652: 5650: 5646: 5640: 5639:Yıldız Palace 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5591: 5589: 5587: 5583: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5541:Anadoluhisarı 5539: 5537: 5534: 5533: 5531: 5529: 5525: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5508:Mostar Bridge 5506: 5504: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5496: 5492: 5486: 5483: 5482: 5480: 5478: 5474: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5427:Khan al-Umdan 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5399: 5397: 5395: 5394:Caravanserais 5391: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5357: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5332: 5330: 5328: 5324: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5293:Tombul Mosque 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5110: 5108: 5104: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4992:Laleli Mosque 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4957:Çinili Mosque 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4937:Ayazma Mosque 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4924: 4922: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4909: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4869: 4867: 4863: 4858: 4850: 4848: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4812: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4790: 4785: 4783: 4778: 4776: 4771: 4770: 4767: 4759: 4753: 4749: 4748: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4709: 4705: 4704: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4685: 4679: 4678: 4668: 4663: 4659: 4657:9780691181875 4653: 4649: 4648: 4642: 4638: 4636:9781851496044 4632: 4628: 4623: 4619: 4617:0-500-27429-0 4613: 4609: 4608: 4602: 4598: 4596:9780300064650 4592: 4588: 4587: 4581: 4577: 4575:9786055495060 4571: 4567: 4562: 4558: 4556:9789751623706 4552: 4548: 4543: 4542: 4530: 4525: 4518: 4513: 4506: 4501: 4494: 4489: 4487: 4479: 4474: 4467: 4463: 4458: 4451: 4446: 4439: 4434: 4427: 4422: 4415: 4410: 4403: 4398: 4391: 4386: 4372: 4368: 4362: 4355: 4350: 4343: 4338: 4324: 4320: 4314: 4306: 4299: 4291: 4289:9789004096264 4285: 4281: 4280: 4272: 4265: 4260: 4253: 4248: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4198: 4192: 4188: 4187: 4179: 4172: 4167: 4159: 4153: 4149: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4130: 4125: 4110: 4106: 4100: 4093: 4088: 4081: 4076: 4061: 4057: 4051: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4028: 4021: 4016: 4009: 4004: 3997: 3992: 3985: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3968: 3963: 3956: 3951: 3944: 3939: 3937: 3929: 3924: 3922: 3914: 3909: 3907: 3899: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3878: 3873: 3866: 3861: 3854: 3849: 3847: 3839: 3834: 3827: 3822: 3820: 3812: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3793: 3788: 3781: 3776: 3769: 3764: 3757: 3752: 3745: 3740: 3732: 3725: 3717: 3716: 3708: 3701: 3696: 3688: 3682: 3678: 3677: 3669: 3663:, p. 58. 3662: 3657: 3650: 3645: 3638: 3633: 3626: 3621: 3614: 3609: 3602: 3597: 3591:, p. 79. 3590: 3585: 3578: 3573: 3566: 3561: 3554: 3549: 3542: 3537: 3530: 3525: 3523: 3516:, p. 99. 3515: 3510: 3504:, p. 76. 3503: 3498: 3491: 3486: 3479: 3474: 3467: 3462: 3455: 3450: 3443: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3426: 3421: 3414: 3409: 3407: 3399: 3394: 3387: 3382: 3375: 3370: 3368: 3360: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3337: 3332: 3325: 3320: 3313: 3308: 3301: 3296: 3289: 3284: 3277: 3272: 3270: 3262: 3257: 3250: 3245: 3238: 3233: 3226: 3221: 3214: 3209: 3202: 3197: 3190: 3185: 3178: 3173: 3166: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3149: 3144: 3137: 3132: 3130: 3122: 3117: 3110: 3105: 3103: 3095: 3090: 3088: 3080: 3075: 3068: 3063: 3056: 3051: 3049: 3041: 3036: 3029: 3024: 3017: 3012: 3005: 3000: 2993: 2988: 2986: 2978: 2973: 2966: 2961: 2954: 2949: 2942: 2937: 2930: 2925: 2918: 2913: 2906: 2901: 2894: 2889: 2882: 2877: 2875: 2867: 2862: 2855: 2850: 2843: 2838: 2831: 2826: 2824: 2816: 2811: 2804: 2799: 2792: 2787: 2785: 2777: 2772: 2758: 2754: 2747: 2740: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2723: 2718: 2711: 2706: 2699: 2694: 2687: 2682: 2680: 2672: 2667: 2660: 2655: 2653: 2645: 2640: 2638: 2630: 2625: 2618: 2613: 2606: 2601: 2594: 2589: 2582: 2577: 2575: 2567: 2562: 2555: 2550: 2543: 2538: 2531: 2526: 2524: 2516: 2511: 2504: 2499: 2492: 2487: 2480: 2475: 2468: 2463: 2456: 2451: 2444: 2439: 2432: 2427: 2420: 2415: 2408: 2403: 2401: 2386: 2382: 2376: 2369: 2364: 2357: 2352: 2350: 2342: 2337: 2330: 2325: 2318: 2313: 2306: 2301: 2294: 2289: 2287: 2279: 2274: 2268:, p. 64. 2267: 2262: 2255: 2250: 2243: 2238: 2231: 2226: 2220:, p. 70. 2219: 2214: 2208:, p. 68. 2207: 2202: 2195: 2190: 2183: 2178: 2171: 2166: 2159: 2154: 2152: 2144: 2139: 2132: 2127: 2125: 2117: 2112: 2105: 2100: 2098: 2090: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2072: 2070:9780195309911 2066: 2062: 2055: 2053: 2046:, p. 21. 2045: 2040: 2033: 2028: 2020: 2016: 2009: 2005: 1997: 1995: 1990: 1988: 1982: 1973: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1916: 1899: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1880: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1861: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1842: 1837: 1833: 1826: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1807: 1802: 1795: 1790: 1786: 1780: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1761: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1742: 1737: 1734: 1733: 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Brill. 1599:(1796). 1434:Mahmud II 1287:gold leaf 1013:Kasımpaşa 937:Selim III 850:Mahmud II 686:Byzantine 436:pediments 392:Christian 388:Osman III 283:elements. 242:ablutions 178:Ahmed III 133:Mahmud II 6980:Category 6894:Religion 6807:Clothing 6693:Taxation 6656:Currency 6597:Aviation 6571:Admirals 6524:Hamidieh 6460:Military 6441:Kadiluks 6415:Vilayets 6369:Armenian 6307:Assembly 6044:Treaties 6013:Politics 5970:Tanzimat 5437:Koza Han 5327:Madrasas 4920:Istanbul 4737:25482459 4717:Muqarnas 4227:Muqarnas 4148:Damascus 1933:Tanzimat 1929:Napoleon 1729:Georgian 1725:Armenian 1696:rule of 1650:Damascus 1638:Damascus 1624:Nevşehir 1616:Bulgaria 1581:Gülşehir 1495:Tomb of 1448:(1812). 1119:Tomb of 1009:barracks 982:Rocaille 857:his tomb 523:selamlık 499:moldings 461:muezzins 449:acanthus 445:muqarnas 259:capitals 251:pediment 234:Mahmud I 214:Istanbul 157:was the 121:Mahmud I 6966:Outline 6921:Symbols 6912:Judaism 6839:Schools 6812:Cuisine 6775:Mosques 6762:Culture 6752:Slavery 6708:Society 6671:Sultani 6632:By era 6625:Economy 6607:Weapons 6420:Sanjaks 6403:Eyalets 6376:Judaism 6329:Millets 6266:Nişancı 6251:Viziers 6096:Halakha 6091:Mecelle 6034:Safavid 5946:Köprülü 5889:History 5735:Hammams 5586:Palaces 5495:Bridges 5362:(tombs) 4912:Mosques 4902:Tunisia 4872:Algeria 1938:Balians 1706:Citadel 1409:Ortaköy 1397:Salacak 1380:Melling 1002:Melling 866:thuluth 518:Eminönü 512:of the 487:madrasa 476:volutes 415:in the 267:külliye 226:Üsküdar 182:Western 159:Baroque 6943:Tughra 6928:Anthem 6874:Greeks 6827:Poetry 6312:Senate 6081:Düstur 5360:Türbes 4897:Serbia 4882:Cyprus 4754: 4735: 4727: 4654: 4633: 4614: 4593: 4572: 4553: 4286: 4193: 4154: 4040: 3683: 2067: 1891:(1796) 1851:Yozgat 1834:(1764) 1832:Rhodes 1816:Athens 1770:Shumen 1753:styles 1751:Mamluk 1727:, and 1719:, the 1677:Mamluk 1654:Aleppo 1640:(1753) 1618:, the 1612:Shumen 1608:Rhodes 1589:Yozgat 1483:(1812) 1417:Beyhan 1261:gilded 1047:arcade 1027:Hasköy 862:mescit 724:(1756) 472:minbar 429:Edirne 421:mihrab 257:-like 246:imaret 210:sebils 187:Rococo 6902:Islam 6884:Women 6851:Media 6822:Prose 6795:Music 6676:Kuruş 6590:Other 6581:Ships 6437:Kazas 6359:Ullah 6337:Islam 6220:Porte 5958:Tulip 4887:Egypt 4733:JSTOR 4566:Harem 1940:, an 1669:Cairo 1646:Syria 1481:Konya 1446:Konya 1382:) of 958:Bursa 722:Aydın 652:Aydın 480:Ionic 6938:Flag 6879:Jews 6781:Art 6681:Lira 6666:Para 6661:Akçe 6554:List 6541:Navy 6468:Army 6049:Wars 5902:Rise 4752:ISBN 4725:ISSN 4652:ISBN 4631:ISBN 4612:ISBN 4591:ISBN 4570:ISBN 4551:ISBN 4284:ISBN 4191:ISBN 4152:ISBN 4038:ISSN 3681:ISBN 2065:ISBN 1923:, a 1652:and 1451:The 1274:gilt 969:Eyüp 107:and 6354:Rūm 6056:Law 4689:hdl 4235:doi 1887:in 1849:in 1814:in 1768:in 1667:In 1636:in 1595:in 1587:in 956:in 516:in 431:. 427:in 6998:: 6507:: 6479:: 4849:) 4731:. 4721:24 4719:. 4715:. 4485:^ 4464:, 4369:. 4321:. 4231:28 4229:. 4225:. 4205:^ 4136:^ 4107:. 4058:. 3974:^ 3935:^ 3920:^ 3905:^ 3884:^ 3845:^ 3818:^ 3799:^ 3521:^ 3432:^ 3405:^ 3366:^ 3343:^ 3268:^ 3155:^ 3128:^ 3101:^ 3086:^ 3047:^ 2984:^ 2873:^ 2822:^ 2783:^ 2755:. 2729:^ 2678:^ 2651:^ 2636:^ 2573:^ 2522:^ 2399:^ 2383:. 2348:^ 2285:^ 2150:^ 2123:^ 2096:^ 2079:^ 2051:^ 6439:/ 6222:) 5873:e 5866:t 5859:v 4788:e 4781:t 4774:v 4760:. 4739:. 4695:. 4691:: 4660:. 4639:. 4620:. 4599:. 4578:. 4559:. 4468:. 4379:. 4331:. 4292:. 4241:. 4237:: 4199:. 4160:. 4118:. 4069:. 4044:. 3689:. 2765:. 2393:. 2172:. 2106:. 2073:. 1240:( 406:)

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Ottoman Baroque architecture

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