Bone - Knowledge

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growth factors I and II, transforming growth factor-beta, fibroblast growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, and bone morphogenetic proteins. Evidence suggests that bone cells produce growth factors for extracellular storage in the bone matrix. The release of these growth factors from the bone matrix could cause the proliferation of osteoblast precursors. Essentially, bone growth factors may act as potential determinants of local bone formation. Cancellous bone volume in postmenopausal osteoporosis may be determined by the relationship between the total bone forming surface and the percent of surface resorption.

1108: 2552: 2682: 2541: 2894: 4060: 1100: 511: 439: 2337: 735: 1121: 1080:, which secrete both collagen and ground substance. These cells synthesise collagen alpha polypetpide chains and then secrete collagen molecules. The collagen molecules associate with their neighbors and crosslink via lysyl oxidase to form collagen fibrils. At this stage, they are not yet mineralized, and this zone of unmineralized collagen fibrils is called "osteoid". Around and inside collagen fibrils calcium and phosphate eventually 2870: 671: 1311: 2021: 1014: 1091:. This cleaves the inhibitory pyrophosphate and simultaneously generates free phosphate ions for mineralization, acting as the foci for calcium and phosphate deposition. Vesicles may initiate some of the early mineralization events by rupturing and acting as a centre for crystals to grow on. Bone mineral may be formed from globular and plate structures, and via initially amorphous phases. 800:, while the osteocyte cell processes occupy channels called canaliculi. The many processes of osteocytes reach out to meet osteoblasts, osteoclasts, bone lining cells, and other osteocytes probably for the purposes of communication. Osteocytes remain in contact with other osteocytes in the bone through gap junctions—coupled cell processes which pass through the canalicular channels. 1303: 1395:). At skeletal maturity (18 to 25 years of age), all of the cartilage is replaced by bone, fusing the diaphysis and both epiphyses together (epiphyseal closure). In the upper limbs, only the diaphyses of the long bones and scapula are ossified. The epiphyses, carpal bones, coracoid process, medial border of the scapula, and acromion are still cartilaginous. 998:. Collagen consists of strands of repeating units, which give bone tensile strength, and are arranged in an overlapping fashion that prevents shear stress. The function of ground substance is not fully known. Two types of bone can be identified microscopically according to the arrangement of collagen: woven and lamellar. 784:. Once the osteoblast is finished working it is actually trapped inside the bone once it hardens. When the osteoblast becomes trapped, it becomes known as an osteocyte. Other osteoblasts remain on the top of the new bone and are used to protect the underlying bone, these become known as bone lining cells. 1943:

Bone volume is determined by the rates of bone formation and bone resorption. Certain growth factors may work to locally alter bone formation by increasing osteoblast activity. Numerous bone-derived growth factors have been isolated and classified via bone cultures. These factors include insulin-like

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Zone of bone deposition. Within each column, the walls between the lacunae break down and the chondrocytes die. This converts each column into a longitudinal channel, which is immediately invaded by blood vessels and marrow from the marrow cavity. Osteoblasts line up along the walls of these channels

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forces. After a fracture, woven bone forms initially and is gradually replaced by lamellar bone during a process known as "bony substitution". Compared to woven bone, lamellar bone formation takes place more slowly. The orderly deposition of collagen fibers restricts the formation of osteoid to about

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do not fit into the above categories. They consist of thin layers of compact bone surrounding a spongy interior. As implied by the name, their shapes are irregular and complicated. Often this irregular shape is due to their many centers of ossification or because they contain bony sinuses. The bones

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Some examples of terms used to describe bones include the term "foramen" to describe a hole through which something passes, and a "canal" or "meatus" to describe a tunnel-like structure. A protrusion from a bone can be called a number of terms, including a "condyle", "crest", "spine", "eminence",

772:, to act on the bone itself. The osteoblast creates and repairs new bone by actually building around itself. First, the osteoblast puts up collagen fibers. These collagen fibers are used as a framework for the osteoblasts' work. The osteoblast then deposits calcium phosphate which is hardened by 1412:

Zone of calcification. Minerals are deposited in the matrix between the columns of lacunae and calcify the cartilage. These are not the permanent mineral deposits of bone, but only a temporary support for the cartilage that would otherwise soon be weakened by the breakdown of the enlarged

545:. This makes it weaker and more flexible. The greater surface area also makes it suitable for metabolic activities such as the exchange of calcium ions. Cancellous bone is typically found at the ends of long bones, near joints, and in the interior of vertebrae. Cancellous bone is highly 596:. Trabecular marrow is composed of a network of rod- and plate-like elements that make the overall organ lighter and allow room for blood vessels and marrow. Trabecular bone accounts for the remaining 20% of total bone mass but has nearly ten times the surface area of compact bone. 429:

Bone is actively constructed and remodeled throughout life by special bone cells known as osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Within any single bone, the tissue is woven into two main patterns, known as cortical and cancellous bone, each with a different appearance and characteristics.

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are cells of mesenchymal origin and originate from osteoblasts that have migrated into and become trapped and surrounded by a bone matrix that they themselves produced. The spaces the cell body of osteocytes occupy within the mineralized collagen type I matrix are known as

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occur when there is significant force applied or repetitive trauma over a long time. Fractures can also occur when a bone is weakened, such as with osteoporosis, or when there is a structural problem, such as when the bone remodels excessively (such as

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can be made by prolonged boiling of ground or cracked bones, followed by filtering and evaporation to thicken the resulting fluid. Historically once important, bone glue and other animal glues today have only a few specialized uses, such as in

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occurs in long bones and most other bones in the body; it involves the development of bone from cartilage. This process includes the development of a cartilage model, its growth and development, development of the primary and secondary

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strength (51.6 MPa). This means that bone resists pushing (compressional) stress well, resist pulling (tensional) stress less well, but only poorly resists shear stress (such as due to torsional loads). While bone is essentially

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for a variety of tasks. This can include determining the nutritional, health, age or injury status of the individual the bones were taken from. Preparing fleshed bones for these types of studies can involve the process of

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Zone of cell hypertrophy. Next, the chondrocytes cease to divide and begin to hypertrophy (enlarge), much like they do in the primary ossification center of the fetus. The walls of the matrix between lacunae become very

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at right angles connect the osteons together. The columns are metabolically active, and as bone is reabsorbed and created the nature and location of the cells within the osteon will change. Cortical bone is covered by a

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are bones embedded in tendons. Since they act to hold the tendon further away from the joint, the angle of the tendon is increased and thus the leverage of the muscle is increased. Examples of sesamoid bones are the

1825:. This ongoing turnover of bone is a process of resorption followed by replacement of bone with little change in shape. This is accomplished through osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Cells are stimulated by a variety of 454:

as it is much denser than cancellous bone. It forms the hard exterior (cortex) of bones. The cortical bone gives bone its smooth, white, and solid appearance, and accounts for 80% of the total bone mass of an adult

4274: 5841:"An analysis of vertebral 'pachyostosis' in Carentonosaurus mineaui (Mosasauroidea, Squamata) from the Cenomanian (early Late Cretaceous) of France, with comments on its phylogenetic and functional significance" 1382:

Endochondral ossification begins with points in the cartilage called "primary ossification centers". They mostly appear during fetal development, though a few short bones begin their primary ossification after

2388:. Osteoporosis usually has no symptoms until a fracture occurs. For this reason, DEXA scans are often done in people with one or more risk factors, who have developed osteoporosis and are at risk of fracture. 1797:

Calcium balance – the process of bone resorption by the osteoclasts releases stored calcium into the systemic circulation and is an important process in regulating calcium balance. As bone formation actively

1537:, which function together to generate and transfer forces so that individual body parts or the whole body can be manipulated in three-dimensional space (the interaction between bone and muscle is studied in 5886:

de Buffrénil, Vivian; Canoville, Aurore; D'Anastasio, Ruggero; Domning, Daryl P. (June 2010). "Evolution of Sirenian Pachyosteosclerosis, a Model-case for the Study of Bone Structure in Aquatic Tetrapods".

1196:-shaped, and have only a thin layer of compact bone surrounding a spongy interior. Short bones provide stability and support as well as some limited motion. The bones of the wrist and ankle are short bones. 395:(about 30%) and bound minerals (about 70%), which are intricately woven and continuously remodeled by a group of specialized bone cells. Their unique composition and design allows bones to be relatively 760:, which mineralizes to become bone. The osteoid seam is a narrow region of a newly formed organic matrix, not yet mineralized, located on the surface of a bone. Osteoid is primarily composed of Type I 6258: 267:

of bone tissue. Modified (flattened) osteoblasts become the lining cells that form a protective layer on the bone surface. The mineralised matrix of bone tissue has an organic component of mainly

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associated with high-energy trauma and cancer, and fractures of long-bones. Not all fractures are painful. When serious, depending on the fractures type and location, complications may include

1876:, and can bind to receptors on osteoclasts to directly inhibit osteoclast activity. Osteoprotegerin is secreted by osteoblasts and is able to bind RANK-L, inhibiting osteoclast stimulation. 5923: 2101:. Fractures are described by their location and shape, and several classification systems exist, depending on the location of the fracture. A common long bone fracture in children is a 1958:

A number of diseases can affect bone, including arthritis, fractures, infections, osteoporosis and tumors. Conditions relating to bone can be managed by a variety of doctors, including

2247:, and is one cause of bone pain. If the cancer is metastatic, then there might be other symptoms depending on the site of the original cancer. Some bone cancers can also be felt. 1387:. They are responsible for the formation of the diaphyses of long bones, short bones and certain parts of irregular bones. Secondary ossification occurs after birth and forms the 2881: 1039:. Woven bone is weaker, with a smaller number of randomly oriented collagen fibers, but forms quickly; it is for this appearance of the fibrous matrix that the bone is termed 320:

at birth, approximately 300 bones are present. Many of these fuse together during development, leaving a total of 206 separate bones in the adult, not counting numerous small

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Nordin, BE; Aaron, J; Speed, R; Crilly, RG (8 August 1981). "Bone formation and resorption as the determinants of trabecular bone volume in postmenopausal osteoporosis".

2184:) to. Cancers that arise in bone are called "primary" cancers, although such cancers are rare. Metastases within bone are "secondary" cancers, with the most common being 492:

on its inner surface. The endosteum is the boundary between the cortical bone and the cancellous bone. The primary anatomical and functional unit of cortical bone is the

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Fernández, KS; de Alarcón, PA (December 2013). "Development of the hematopoietic system and disorders of hematopoiesis that present during infancy and early childhood".

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that either promote or inhibit the activity of the bone remodeling cells, controlling the rate at which bone is made, destroyed, or changed in shape. The cells also use

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come closest to birds in terms of bone density, suggesting that small dense bones are a flight adaptation. Many bird bones have little marrow due to them being hollow.

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during the third trimester, is stronger and filled with many collagen fibers parallel to other fibers in the same layer (these parallel columns are called osteons). In

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Betts, J Gordon; Desaix, Peter; Johnson, Eddie; Johnson, Jody E; Korol, Oksana; Kruse, Dean; Poe, Brandon; Wise, James; Womble, Mark D; Young, Kelly A (8 June 2023).

1829:, and together referred to as a remodeling unit. Approximately 10% of the skeletal mass of an adult is remodelled each year. The purpose of remodeling is to regulate 1283:. Some anatomists still use Latin to refer to bones. The term "osseous", and the prefix "osteo-", referring to things related to bone, are still used commonly today. 919:

including salts. Approximately 30% of the acellular component of bone consists of organic matter, while roughly 70% by mass is attributed to the inorganic phase. The

6061: 5014: 2639:, among others. It subsequently decreases in pelagic taxa, which typically acquire spongy bone, but aquatic taxa that live in shallow water can retain very thick, 1402:

Zone of reserve cartilage. This region, farthest from the marrow cavity, consists of typical hyaline cartilage that as yet shows no sign of transforming into bone.

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Sims, Natalie A.; Vrahnas, Christina (2014). "Regulation of cortical and trabecular bone mass by communication between osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts".

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of long bones and the extremities of irregular and flat bones. The diaphysis and both epiphyses of a long bone are separated by a growing zone of cartilage (the

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When two bones join, they are said to "articulate". If the two bones have a fibrous connection and are relatively immobile, then the joint is called a "suture".

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Zone of cell proliferation. A little closer to the marrow cavity, chondrocytes multiply and arrange themselves into longitudinal columns of flattened lacunae.

150: 6725: 2372:, when it is called "postmenopausal osteoporosis", but may develop in men and premenopausal women in the presence of particular hormonal disorders and other 209:. Bones come in a variety of shapes and sizes and have complex internal and external structures. They are lightweight yet strong and hard and serve multiple 2651:. In some cases, even marine taxa that had acquired spongy bone can revert to thicker, compact bones if they become adapted to live in shallow water, or in 6279: 2231:

Bone tissue that is destroyed or altered as a result of cancers is distorted, weakened, and more prone to fracture. This may lead to compression of the

1107: 2631:, among others. This proportion can vary quickly in evolution; it often increases in early stages of returns to an aquatic lifestyle, as seen in early 5527:

Chen Q, Liu K, Robinson AR, et al. DNA damage drives accelerated bone aging via an NF-κB-dependent mechanism. J Bone Miner Res. 2013;28(5):1214-1228.

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Bones consist of living cells (osteoblasts and osteocytes) embedded in a mineralized organic matrix. The primary inorganic component of human bone is

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Gdyczynski, C.M.; Manbachi, A.; et al. (2014). "On estimating the directionality distribution in pedicle trabecular bone from micro-CT images".

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Some bones, primarily formed separately in subcutaneous tissues, include headgears (such as bony core of horns, antlers, ossicones), osteoderm, and

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Bertazzo, S.; Bertran, C.A.; Camilli, J.A. (2006). "Morphological Characterization of Femur and Parietal Bone Mineral of Rats at Different Ages".

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and other foreign elements, removing them from the blood and reducing their effects on other tissues. These can later be gradually released for

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Styner, Maya; Pagnotti, Gabriel M; McGrath, Cody; Wu, Xin; Sen, Buer; Uzer, Gunes; Xie, Zhihui; Zong, Xiaopeng; Styner, Martin A (1 May 2017).

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Adriana Jerez; Susana Mangione; Virginia Abdala (2010), "Occurrence and distribution of sesamoid bones in squamates: a comparative approach",

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Dewaele, Leonard; Gol'din, Pavel; Marx, Felix G.; Lambert, Olivier; Laurin, Michel; Obadă, Theodor; Buffrénil, Vivian de (10 January 2022).

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Turner, C.H.; Wang, T.; Burr, D.B. (2001). "Shear Strength and Fatigue Properties of Human Cortical Bone Determined from Pure Shear Tests".

6324: 2847:, and are still customarily used in a tradition to determine which one of two people pulling on either prong of the bone may make a wish. 1656:

which give rise to red blood cells. Unlike red and white blood cells, created by mitosis, platelets are shed from very large cells called

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sheets with a much lower proportion of osteocytes to surrounding tissue. Lamellar bone, which makes its first appearance in humans in the

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WHO (1994). "Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Report of a WHO Study Group".

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based on inscriptions in bones. Its name originates from oracle bones, which were mainly ox clavicle. The Ancient Chinese (mainly in the

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for movement, and to store and release chemical elements, mainly calcium. It consists of multiple microscopic columns, each called an

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are thin and generally curved, with two parallel layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongy bone. Most of the bones of the

2518:. Bones can serve a number of uses such as projectile points or artistic pigments, and can also be made from external bones such as 1935:

by osteoblasts, which promotes the differentiation of progenitor cells into osteoclasts, and decrease secretion of osteoprotegerin.

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Osteoporosis treatment includes advice to stop smoking, decrease alcohol consumption, exercise regularly, and have a healthy diet.

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refer to the tiny lattice-shaped units (trabeculae) that form the tissue. It was first illustrated accurately in the engravings of

5642: 5567: 9849: 4881:"Birth and death of bone cells: basic regulatory mechanisms and implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of osteoporosis" 1931:, which cytokines then stimulate increased reabsorption of bone by osteoclasts. These same compounds also increase secretion of 1084:

within days to weeks becoming then fully mineralized bone with an overall carbonate substituted hydroxyapatite inorganic phase.

907:—"organic" referring to materials produced as a result of the human body—and inorganic components, which alongside the dominant 835:). These lacunae are the result of surrounding bone tissue that has been reabsorbed. Because the osteoclasts are derived from a 642:(MAT) increases in quantity. In adults, red marrow is mostly found in the bone marrow of the femur, the ribs, the vertebrae and 9839: 7911: 7516: 7294: 4586: 4248: 2467: 1911:). These hormones also promote increased secretion of osteoprotegerin. Osteoblasts can also be induced to secrete a number of 8944: 7526: 7506: 6273: 6219: 6200: 6175: 6156: 6137: 6118: 6089: 5077: 5024: 4983: 4749: 4343: 4309: 4258: 4083: 3885: 3491: 3149: 3041: 1671:

As well as creating cells, bone marrow is also one of the major sites where defective or aged red blood cells are destroyed.

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per day. Lamellar bone also requires a relatively flat surface to lay the collagen fibers in parallel or concentric layers.

561:. The trabeculae are aligned towards the mechanical load distribution that a bone experiences within long bones such as the 11291: 7587: 6711: 5761:

de Buffrénil V.; Mazin J.-M. (1990). "Bone histology of the ichthyosaurs: comparative data and functional interpretation".

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is a school of medical thought that links the musculoskeletal system to overall health. As of 2012, over 77,000 physicians

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de Buffrénil, Vivian; de Ricqlès, Armand J; Zylberberg, Louise; Padian, Kevin; Laurin, Michel; Quilhac, Alexandra (2021).

2105:. When fractures are managed, pain relief is often given, and the fractured area is often immobilised. This is to promote 11196: 8834: 8718: 7627: 5922:

Dewaele, Leonard; Lambert, Olivier; Laurin, Michel; De Kock, Tim; Louwye, Stephen; de Buffrénil, Vivian (December 2019).

2225: 1660:. This process of progressive differentiation occurs within the bone marrow. After the cells are matured, they enter the 1512: 970:

Type I collagen composes 90–95% of the organic matrix, with the remainder of the matrix being a homogenous liquid called

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are composed of bone which is an unusual example of bone being outside the skin of the animal once the velvet is shed.

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Many bone diseases that affect humans also affect other vertebrates—an example of one disorder is skeletal fluorosis.

2008:, which may be used to investigate cancer. Other tests such as a blood test for autoimmune markers may be taken, or a 1009:

Lamellar bone, which has a regular parallel alignment of collagen into sheets ("lamellae") and is mechanically strong.

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marrow, but as the child ages the hematopoietic fraction decreases in quantity and the fatty/ yellow fraction called

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The proportion of cortical bone that is 80% in the human skeleton may be much lower in other animals, especially in

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and begin depositing concentric lamellae of matrix, while osteoclasts dissolve the temporarily calcified cartilage.

1017: 4064: 2220:. Bone may also be affected by cancers in other parts of the body. Cancers in other parts of the body may release 10426: 8034: 8012: 7958: 1088: 1915:

that promote reabsorption of bone by stimulating osteoclast activity and differentiation from progenitor cells.

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Doyle, Máire E.; Jan de Beur, Suzanne M. (2008). "The Skeleton: Endocrine Regulator of Phosphate Homeostasis".

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Bertazzo, S.; Bertran, C. A. (2006). "Morphological and dimensional characteristics of bone mineral crystals".

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to control the activity of each other. For example, the rate at which osteoclasts resorb bone is inhibited by

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to describe the appearance, shape and function of bones. Other anatomical terms are also used to describe the

557:, the production of blood cells, occurs. The primary anatomical and functional unit of cancellous bone is the 10900: 10895: 9444: 9314: 9217: 8635: 8481: 2925: 1806:

it thereby increasing circulating calcium levels. These processes occur in tandem at site-specific locations.

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in bone marrow is about 6.6%, compared to about 12% in arterial blood, and 5% in venous and capillary blood.

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Educational resource materials (including animations) by the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research

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Various cultures throughout history have adopted the custom of shaping an infant's head by the practice of

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In order to mineralise the bone, the osteoblasts secrete alkaline phosphatase, some of which is carried by

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Laurin, M.; Canoville, A.; Germain, D. (2011). "Bone microanatomy and lifestyle: a descriptive approach".

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Light micrograph of a section through a juvenile knee joint (rat) showing the cartilagineous growth plates

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covered in endosteum create an irregular network of spaces, known as trabeculae. Within these spaces are

73: 11819: 11334: 11209: 10411: 10208: 9430: 9393: 9347: 9338: 8919: 7904: 7520: 7423: 7287: 3903:"Crossfibrillar mineral tessellation in normal and Hyp mouse bone as revealed by 3D FIB-SEM microscopy" 2102: 2047: 1837:

from everyday stress, and to shape the skeleton during growth. Repeated stress, such as weight-bearing

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by the resorption of osteoclasts and created by osteoblasts. Osteoclasts are large cells with multiple

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cancellous bone tissue displaying osteoblasts actively synthesizing osteoid, containing two osteocytes.

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Gomez, Santiago (February 2002). "Crisóstomo Martinez, 1638–1694: the discoverer of trabecular bone".

3318: 2212:" cancer). Cancers of the bone marrow inside the bone can also affect bone tissue, examples including 138: 11669: 11435: 11339: 11286: 10999: 10022: 9993: 9762: 9488: 9310: 7716: 7688: 6435: 2353: 2304: 2082:

involve the bone's penetration through the skin. Some complex fractures can be treated by the use of

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bones, but is later replaced by more resilient lamellar bone. In adults, woven bone is created after

924: 850:. Osteoclasts mature and/or migrate to discrete bone surfaces. Upon arrival, active enzymes, such as 694:, which are involved in the reabsorption of bone tissue. Osteoblasts and osteocytes are derived from 569: 5840: 5839:

Houssaye, Alexandra; De Buffrenil, Vivian; Rage, Jean-Claude; Bardet, Nathalie (12 September 2008).

4840: 4667: 4210: 4041:"DoITPoMS – TLP Library Structure of bone and implant materials – Structure and composition of bone" 1985:

When a doctor sees a patient, a history and exam will be taken. Bones are then often imaged, called

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Determined by the species, age, and the type of bone, bone cells make up to 15 percent of the bone.

659: 11814: 10494: 10443: 10403: 10290: 10017: 10010: 10005: 9398: 9136: 8703: 8698: 8493: 8444: 8408: 8290: 8017: 7968: 7856: 7530: 7255: 6297: 5966:"Hypersalinity drives convergent bone mass increases in Miocene marine mammals from the Paratethys" 5259: 2920: 2562:

skeletons are very lightweight. Their bones are smaller and thinner, to aid flight. Among mammals,

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of decalcified woven bone matrix displaying characteristic irregular orientation of collagen fibers

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below peak bone mass, relative to the age and sex-matched average. This density is measured using

1006:), which is characterized by a haphazard organization of collagen fibers and is mechanically weak. 11515: 11500: 11189: 11126: 10522: 10499: 10448: 10337: 9921: 9869: 9702: 9038: 8750: 8680: 7431: 2299: 1967: 1641: 1352:

but also the mandible, maxilla, and clavicles; the bone is formed from connective tissue such as

711: 581: 3996: 3787: 3292: 2775:. Essentially the same process, with further refinement, thickening and drying, is used to make 1182:. Long bones such as the clavicle, that have a differently shaped shaft or ends are also called 752:

are mononucleate bone-forming cells. They are located on the surface of osteon seams and make a

459:. It facilitates bone's main functions—to support the whole body, to protect organs, to provide 243:

internally, which helps to give the bone rigidity. Bone tissue is made up of different types of

11485: 11329: 11266: 11135: 11065: 10865: 10714: 10704: 10378: 10369: 10332: 9864: 9784: 9674: 9646: 9636: 9611: 9516: 9492: 9028: 8755: 8670: 8594: 7595: 7591: 7402: 7238: 7102: 5389: 3965: 3694:"Bone Lining Cells: Normal Physiology and Role in Response to Anabolic Osteoporosis Treatments" 2309: 2113:

may be used. Because of the immobilisation, people with fractures are often advised to undergo

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circulating calcium in its mineral form, removing it from the bloodstream, resorption actively

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Woven bone is produced when osteoblasts produce osteoid rapidly, which occurs initially in all

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improves fracture resistance. The matrix is hardened by the binding of inorganic mineral salt,

355: 350: 157: 117: 105: 39: 5339: 3693: 3141: 3135: 939:. The exact composition of the matrix may be subject to change over time due to nutrition and 608: 11693: 11628: 11549: 11344: 11130: 10875: 10870: 10836: 10719: 10709: 10699: 9916: 9911: 9859: 9651: 9641: 9631: 9539: 9285: 9281: 9141: 9070: 8871: 8783: 8653: 8351: 7897: 7811: 7754: 7668: 7581: 7556: 7280: 7094: 6983: 6840: 6358: 5364: 4559: 2829: 2514: 1712: 1115:

Five types of bones are found in the human body: long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid.

639: 32: 6151:. Illustrated by Robert Britton (21st ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. 5414: 3682:

Washington. "The O' Cells." Bone Cells. The University of Washington, n.d. Web. 3 Apr. 2013.

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in the bones. In advanced cases, skeletal fluorosis damages bones and joints and is painful.

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against the mineral substrate. The reabsorption of bone by osteoclasts also plays a role in

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Bone is metabolically active tissue composed of several types of cells. These cells include

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Davidson, Stanley (2010). Colledge, Nicki R.; Walker, Brian R.; Ralston, Stuart H. (eds.).

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Hauschka, PV; Chen, TL; Mavrakos, AE (1988). "Polypeptide Growth Factors in Bone Matrix".

4068: 4059: 1287:"tubercle" or "tuberosity", depending on the protrusion's shape and location. In general, 8: 11554: 11505: 11495: 11349: 11276: 11243: 11233: 11228: 10548: 10484: 10034: 10029: 9799: 9403: 9262: 9131: 9060: 8881: 8675: 8486: 8216: 8094: 7742: 7710: 7680: 7386: 6606: 3200:"Bone Apatite Nanocrystal: Crystalline Structure, Chemical Composition, and Architecture" 3081: 2869: 2785:

is made by simmering several ingredients for a long time, traditionally including bones.

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Mineral storage – bones act as reserves of minerals important for the body, most notably

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Reduced bone mineral density in Osteoporosis (R), increasing the likelihood of fractures

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can arise in bone tissue, and bones are also a common site for other cancers to spread (

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Osteoblasts can also be stimulated to increase bone mass through increased secretion of

11783: 11773: 11703: 11469: 11354: 11182: 11099: 11095: 10506: 10387: 10320: 10315: 10223: 10185: 10165: 9976: 9956: 9898: 9888: 9834: 9821: 9669: 9387: 9075: 8993: 8827: 8788: 8617: 8336: 8007: 7941: 7749: 7454: 7391: 7233: 7098: 6952: 6947: 6616: 6053: 6003: 5946: 5904: 5868: 5794: 5786: 5670: 5618: 5593: 5464: 5229: 5156: 4993: 4949: 4816: 4791: 4715: 4682: 4655: 4541: 4415: 4121: 4000: 3969: 3938: 3713: 3614: 3589: 3540: 3449: 3437: 3393: 2966: 2821:, and burn the bone, and where the bone cracked would be the answer for the questions. 2806: 2681: 2544: 2431: 2373: 2365: 2357: 2314: 2063: 1661: 1517:

Bones serve a variety of mechanical functions. Together the bones in the body form the

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Connective Tissue and Its Heritable Disorders: Molecular, Genetic, and Medical Aspects

658:, flows through the marrow, and exits through small vessels in the cortex. In humans, 11674: 11623: 11582: 11539: 11490: 11407: 11402: 11394: 11314: 11223: 11121: 11109: 10624: 10342: 10327: 10213: 9998: 9981: 9951: 9779: 9481: 9244: 9222: 8767: 8589: 8572: 8567: 8525: 8449: 8328: 8159: 8149: 8059: 8042: 7799: 7769: 7191: 6904: 6391: 6386: 6269: 6246: 6215: 6196: 6171: 6152: 6133: 6114: 6085: 6057: 6045: 6007: 5995: 5987: 5872: 5860: 5711: 5674: 5662: 5623: 5510: 5456: 5225: 5148: 5113: 5109: 5073: 5020: 4979: 4941: 4902: 4859: 4821: 4745: 4720: 4702: 4636: 4626: 4614:

Ciba Foundation Symposium 136 - Cell and Molecular Biology of Vertebrate Hard Tissues

4533: 4450: 4407: 4339: 4305: 4254: 4156: 4126: 4079: 4018: 4004: 3973: 3942: 3930: 3922: 3881: 3841: 3755: 3619: 3563: 3532: 3524: 3487: 3453: 3441: 3398: 3380: 3338: 3317:

Meyers, Marc André; Chen, Po-Yu; Lin, Albert Yu-Min; Seki, Yasuaki (1 January 2008).

3231: 3145: 3108: 3061: 3037: 3004: 2970: 2935: 2833: 2737: 2701: 2496: 2244: 2110: 2079: 1649: 1485: 1335: 1175: 995: 940: 627: 415: 232: 206: 5950: 5908: 5798: 5468: 5233: 5160: 4978:(5. print. ed.). Summit, N.J.: Novartis Pharmaceutical Corp. pp. 187–189. 4953: 4683:"Exercise Decreases Marrow Adipose Tissue through β-Oxidation in Obese Running Mice" 4545: 4419: 3717: 3544: 3486:(5th ed., Revised. ed.). Burr Ridge: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. p. 88. 3026: 565:. As far as short bones are concerned, trabecular alignment has been studied in the 505: 11732: 11722: 11655: 11645: 11638: 11544: 11455: 11426: 11384: 11271: 11104: 11088: 10935: 10691: 10391: 9938: 9844: 9752: 9679: 9623: 9591: 9371: 9361: 9301: 9291: 9018: 8981: 8817: 8663: 8648: 8625: 8604: 8599: 8464: 8394: 8346: 8305: 8206: 8193: 8099: 8074: 7978: 7878: 7866: 7764: 7737: 7732: 7706: 7446: 7437: 7339: 7272: 7243: 7106: 7071: 6957: 6934: 6631: 6621: 6534: 6037: 5977: 5938: 5896: 5852: 5821: 5778: 5701: 5654: 5613: 5605: 5528: 5448: 5314: 5221: 5140: 5105: 4933: 4892: 4811: 4803: 4710: 4694: 4618: 4525: 4442: 4399: 4160: 4152: 4116: 4108: 3992: 3961: 3914: 3747: 3705: 3609: 3601: 3516: 3433: 3388: 3372: 3330: 3221: 3211: 3178: 2962: 2666:—the eating of bones. This is presumably carried out in order to replenish lacking 2652: 2217: 1884: 1849:

properties, which cause bone to generate small electrical potentials under stress.

1846: 1751: 1726: 1648:

to produce precursor cells. These include precursors which eventually give rise to

1637: 1577: 1392: 1376: 1233: 1150:, and areas of spongy, cancellous bone at the ends of the bones. Most bones of the 1147: 971: 715: 593: 407: 392: 240: 198: 3334: 2540: 1982:

may play a role in preventing complications of bone disease such as osteoporosis.

11763: 11618: 11613: 11587: 11574: 11481: 11324: 11306: 11296: 11248: 11174: 11055: 10758: 10679: 10674: 10669: 10664: 10190: 10180: 9854: 9804: 9772: 9581: 9532: 9448: 9377: 9365: 9207: 9195: 9087: 8876: 8762: 8733: 8584: 8379: 8374: 8295: 8285: 8260: 8164: 8069: 8047: 7990: 7861: 7774: 7676: 7561: 7484: 7479: 7450: 7370: 7304: 7211: 7063: 6992: 6942: 6807: 6579: 6538: 5452: 4188: 3833: 3826: 3360: 2910: 2713: 2377: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2193: 2172: 2140: 1923:

and stimulation from osteocytes induce osteoblasts to increase secretion of RANK-

1900: 1865: 1852:

The action of osteoblasts and osteoclasts are controlled by a number of chemical

1841:

or bone healing, results in the bone thickening at the points of maximum stress (

1822: 1816: 1601: 1522: 979: 820: 816: 695: 476: 264: 182: 98: 3376: 1664:. Every day, over 2.5 billion red blood cells and platelets, and 50–100 billion 1356:

tissue rather than from cartilage. The process includes: the development of the

11809: 11778: 11768: 11633: 11604: 11559: 11319: 11281: 11050: 10940: 10654: 10130: 9881: 9876: 9757: 9596: 9477: 9212: 9126: 9121: 9045: 8936: 8738: 8612: 8404: 8399: 8201: 8174: 8115: 8052: 7932: 7804: 7702: 7684: 7498: 7250: 7206: 7173: 7075: 6850: 6830: 6772: 6746: 6738: 6694: 6667: 6396: 5825: 4807: 4622: 3902: 3520: 3216: 3183: 3166: 2753: 2644: 2624: 2617: 2427: 2385: 2251: 2197: 2144: 2051: 2009: 1892: 1888: 1842: 1783: 1629: 1573: 1521:. They provide a frame to keep the body supported, and an attachment point for 1508: 1280: 1228: 1151: 928: 908: 880: 719: 623: 589: 456: 396: 194: 6703: 6687: 6041: 5982: 5965: 5942: 5900: 5782: 4529: 4446: 4403: 3918: 3751: 3709: 1966:

surgeons, who may conduct surgery to fix broken bones. Other doctors, such as

11803: 11755: 11713: 11564: 11531: 11474: 11464: 11238: 11205: 11155: 10978: 10846: 10828: 10560: 10352: 10218: 10200: 10175: 10157: 10135: 10113: 10049: 9988: 9601: 9586: 9571: 9468: 9382: 9272: 9050: 9023: 8904: 8886: 8562: 8557: 8539: 8469: 8427: 8389: 8383: 8319: 8300: 8265: 8169: 8154: 8141: 7963: 7851: 7833: 7541: 7458: 7079: 7067: 7055: 7033: 6835: 6825: 6792: 6787: 6777: 6672: 6353: 5991: 5864: 4765: 4706: 4368: 4051: 3926: 3528: 3384: 3342: 2814: 2810: 2613: 2472: 2419: 2364:(DEXA), with the term "established osteoporosis" including the presence of a 2349: 2287: 2263: 2201: 2185: 2148: 2083: 2042: 2036: 2028: 1979: 1928: 1873: 1693: 1657: 1625: 1569: 1361: 1245: 1213: 1139: 1032: 812: 769: 635: 554: 379: 321: 7889: 4937: 4921: 1055:, the fibers run in opposite directions in alternating layers, much like in 126: 122: 11741: 11417: 11379: 11145: 11029: 10819: 10785: 10735: 10360: 10303: 10298: 10044: 9906: 9811: 9661: 9563: 9528: 9440: 8973: 8822: 8802: 8432: 8184: 7995: 7973: 7920: 7698: 7354: 7343: 7228: 7135: 7125: 7051: 6797: 6782: 6764: 6477: 6425: 6417: 6371: 6049: 5999: 5885: 5715: 5666: 5627: 5609: 4945: 4906: 4897: 4880: 4825: 4724: 4612: 4537: 4454: 4411: 4142: 4130: 3934: 3759: 3623: 3536: 3445: 3402: 3359:

Buss, Daniel J.; Kröger, Roland; McKee, Marc D.; Reznikov, Natalie (2022).

3235: 2855: 2709: 2640: 2605: 2531: 2508: 2483: 2392: 2331: 2296:

is a painful softening of adult bone caused by severe vitamin D deficiency.

2293: 2259: 2255: 2106: 2075: 2059: 2055: 1959: 1953: 1767: 1741: 1653: 1581: 1538: 1319: 1163: 1099: 975: 884: 843: 824: 643: 510: 438: 419: 306: 278: 5748:"My, What a Big Mouth You Have | Cleveland Museum of Natural History" 5514: 5460: 5152: 5117: 4640: 3361:"Hierarchical organization of bone in three dimensions: A twist of twists" 11150: 11040: 10945: 10930: 10659: 10527: 10238: 10145: 10140: 10125: 9606: 9576: 8708: 7924: 7873: 7601: 7308: 7216: 7083: 7059: 6755: 6636: 6376: 6252:

A good basic overview of bone biology from the Science Creative Quarterly

5707:

10.1002/(SICI)1097-0185(19990501)255:1<69::AID-AR8>3.0.CO;2-R

4112: 2915: 2818: 2717: 2628: 2589: 2535: 2381: 2232: 2205: 2189: 2181: 2152: 2067: 2024: 1986: 1975: 1775: 1771: 1734: 1665: 1621: 1586: 1464: 1398:

The following steps are followed in the conversion of cartilage to bone:

1171: 1143: 991: 987: 904: 862: 777: 619: 577: 550: 290: 228: 4367:. Department of Bioengineering, University of California. Archived from 3605: 2336: 2204:. Secondary cancers that affect bone can either destroy bone (called a " 1696:

storage—mineralized bone matrix stores important growth factors such as

1240:, and some bones of the skull are irregular bones. Examples include the 815:

cells that are responsible for the breakdown of bones by the process of

11788: 11258: 11113: 11083: 10649: 10310: 10108: 9055: 9003: 8238: 7794: 7427: 7223: 7089: 6855: 6815: 6657: 6599: 6558: 6543: 6461: 6451: 6363: 5790: 5643:"Formation, structure, and function of extra-skeletal bones in mammals" 4165: 2844: 2792: 2749: 2663: 2487: 2408: 2132: 2126: 1990: 1963: 1861: 1716: 1685: 1609: 1353: 1189: 1159: 1155: 1077: 1065: 1044: 847: 808: 749: 738: 703: 699: 691: 679: 573: 485: 468: 367: 346: 335: 317: 298: 260: 248: 190: 10750: 6264:. In Ignac Fogelman; Gopinath Gnanasegaran; Hans van der Wall (eds.). 6247:

Review (including references) of piezoelectricity and bone remodelling

5658: 5532: 4698: 2996: 2290:

is inflammation of the bone or bone marrow due to bacterial infection.

1338:

whereas endochondral ossification involves the formation of bone from

1138:, a rounded head at each end of the shaft. They are made up mostly of 163: 10642: 10637: 10632: 10582: 10543: 10273: 10170: 10103: 9694: 9520: 8125: 7201: 7145: 6662: 6652: 6626: 6594: 6548: 6529: 6524: 6456: 6345: 6337: 6302: 6229:

Anthony edits the current version; Harrison edited previous versions.

6127: 3003:(Firstiton ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp. xii + 825. 2788: 2767: 2761: 2705: 2667: 2659: 2647:, or pachyosteosclerotic bones, especially if they move slowly, like 2503: 2491: 2479: 2423: 2404: 2369: 2005: 1971: 1916: 1896: 1826: 1791: 1755: 1745: 1388: 1339: 1288: 1199: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1043:. It is soon replaced by lamellar bone, which is highly organized in 964: 960: 952: 951:

varying between 1.3 and 2.0 (per weight), and trace minerals such as

948: 916: 855: 839: 792: 773: 734: 687: 655: 566: 558: 489: 472: 373: 361: 310: 294: 252: 244: 236: 224: 193:

animals. Bones protect the various other organs of the body, produce

179: 8986: 5013:

Fogelman, Ignac; Gnanasegaran, Gopinath; Wall, Hans van der (2013).

4738:

Fogelman, Ignac; Gnanasegaran, Gopinath; Wall, Hans van der (2013).

3901:

Buss, Daniel J.; Reznikov, Natalie; McKee, Marc D. (November 2020).

2471:

Human femurs and humerus from Roman period, with evidence of healed

2228:. This increases bone reabsorption, and can lead to bone fractures. 1821:

Bone is constantly being created and replaced in a process known as

1013: 27:

Rigid organs that constitute part of the endoskeleton of vertebrates

10809: 10090: 9737: 9296: 9199: 9152: 8505: 8221: 7641: 7196: 7000: 6917: 6873: 6611: 5237: 3023: 2930: 2800: 2741: 2636: 2621: 2585: 2574: 2318: 2274:, may play a role in management, particularly if the likelihood of 2240: 2236: 2213: 2094: 2050:) or is the site of the growth of cancer. Common fractures include 2001: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1891:. Increased secretion of osteoid is stimulated by the secretion of 1838: 1633: 1605: 1594: 1530: 1518: 1504: 1334:. Intramembranous ossification involves the formation of bone from 1222: 920: 836: 761: 723: 707: 585: 546: 534: 530: 411: 403: 268: 186: 5067: 1120: 529:, is the internal tissue of the skeletal bone and is an open cell 10963: 10603: 10598: 9459: 9329: 9232: 9116: 8998: 7316: 7158: 7130: 7023: 7005: 6912: 6878: 6820: 6553: 6487: 4617:. Novartis Foundation Symposia. Vol. 136. pp. 207–225. 2840: 2796: 2776: 2694: 2648: 2578: 2415: 2136: 1997: 1880: 1790:

secretion and sensitivity, in addition to boosting the number of

1787: 1779: 1697: 1681: 1645: 1479: 1449: 1264: 1241: 1218: 1207: 1179: 1056: 944: 936: 912: 859: 819:. New bone is then formed by the osteoblasts. Bone is constantly 781: 765: 757: 753: 670: 423: 202: 6259:"Ch 2: Physiology of Bone Formation, Remodeling, and Metabolism" 6108: 5747: 5484: 5482: 5480: 5478: 5172: 5170: 5130: 4304:. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins. p. 598. 10804: 10799: 10574: 10081: 10061: 9968: 9100: 9095: 9013: 8120: 7163: 7117: 6969: 6964: 6888: 6574: 6482: 6251: 4209:

OpenStax, Anatomy & Physiology. OpenStax CNX. Feb 26, 2016

2733: 2729: 2721: 2686: 2597: 2519: 2396: 2250:

Cancers of the bone are managed according to their type, their

2177: 2131:

Tumor that can affect bone in several ways. Examples of benign

1924: 1853: 1763: 1526: 1237: 956: 631: 626:

in red bone marrow, can be found in almost any bone that holds

493: 464: 330: 273: 5838: 2411:

cells appears to be a key factor in age-related osteoporosis.

2020: 1364:, trabeculae formation and the development of the periosteum. 1302: 10469: 10281: 9729: 9008: 7954: 7828: 7168: 7153: 6883: 6845: 6168:

Wheater's functional histology : a text and colour atlas

5963: 5690:"Hard fallow deer antler: a living bone till antler casting?" 5475: 5167: 2782: 2757: 2632: 2090: 2089:

Fractures and their underlying causes can be investigated by

1993: 1561: 1557: 1549: 1545: 1534: 1384: 1349: 1276: 1203: 1167: 1048: 1028: 780:

ions. The brand-new bone created by the osteoblast is called

562: 542: 460: 325: 302: 2828:

at someone is considered bad luck in some cultures, such as

1845:). It has been hypothesized that this is a result of bone's 654:

Bone receives about 10% of cardiac output. Blood enters the

10615: 9554: 9507: 7660: 7183: 7043: 7028: 5921: 5285: 5283: 5281: 5191: 5189: 5187: 5185: 4792:"Endocrine Regulation of Energy Metabolism by the Skeleton" 3319:"Biological materials: Structure and mechanical properties" 3107:(12th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. pp. 957–960. 2745: 2725: 2690: 2593: 2570: 2559: 1722: 1553: 1310: 1193: 702:

are derived from the same cells that differentiate to form

634:, all such bones are filled exclusively with red marrow or 5760: 5687: 4099:

Bart Clarke (2008), "Normal Bone Anatomy and Physiology",

3955: 2887:

Scanning electron microscope of bone at 100× magnification

1564:. Because of the way that bone is formed, bone has a high 1111:

One way to classify bones is by their shape or appearance.

903:. The organic components of this matrix consist mainly of 11371: 10098: 9187: 7664: 7015: 6922: 6865: 5857:

10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[685:AAOVPI]2.0.CO;2

5439:

Whitford GM (1994). "Intake and Metabolism of Fluoride".

4073: 3790:

Journal of Materials Science & Technology,38, 148-158

3664: 2700:

Bones from slaughtered animals have a number of uses. In

2563: 2344:

Osteoporosis is a disease of bone where there is reduced

2317:

is a bone disease caused by an excessive accumulation of

2098: 1708: 1275:. Like other anatomical terms, many of these derive from 345:"), hence the many terms that use it as a prefix—such as 205:, provide structure and support for the body, and enable 6170:(5th ed.). London: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. 5295: 5278: 5182: 5012: 4737: 3771: 3769: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3560:

The Handy Anatomy Answer Book : Includes Physiology

3558:

Barnes-Svarney, Patricia L.; Svarney, Thomas E. (2016).

3465: 3463: 3275: 3273: 3271: 2791:, a porous, black, granular material primarily used for 1348:

mainly occurs during formation of the flat bones of the

391:

Bone is not uniformly solid, but consists of a flexible

6256: 6210:

Anthony, S. Fauci; Harrison, T.R.; et al. (2008).

5598:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

4680: 4461: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3358: 2990: 1730: 1624:. Bone marrow produces blood cells in a process called 467:

or Haversian system. Each column is multiple layers of

5811: 4361:"Topic 3: Structure and Mechanical Properties of Bone" 4336:

Anatomy and Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function

4101:

Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology

3986: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3796: 1628:. Blood cells that are created in bone marrow include 426:. It is the mineralization that gives bones rigidity. 5594:"Bone density and the lightweight skeletons of birds" 5070:

Medical physiology: a cellular and molecular approach

4919: 4223:"Bone Growth and Development | Biology for Majors II" 3766: 3630: 3557: 3460: 3268: 3130: 2609:

had sharp edges of hard exposed bone along its jaws.

7302: 6078:

Laszlovszky, J¢zsef; Szab¢, P‚ter (1 January 2003).

5585: 4610: 4497: 4485: 4473: 3647: 3167:"A mineralogical perspective on the apatite in bone" 5566:. American Osteopathic Organisation. Archived from 4432: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4321: 3793: 3060:. New York: Marshall Cavendish. 2010. p. 129. 1729:balance – bone buffers the blood against excessive 1375:, and the formation of articular cartilage and the 406:fibers, also known as ossein, and the remainder is 11204: 6113:(7th ed.). San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings. 4078:. Houston: OpenStax CNX. 6.2 Bone classification. 3874:Royce, Peter M.; Steinmann, Beat (14 April 2003). 3858:Biology of Mineralized Tissues: Cartilage and Bone 3415: 3100: 3025: 2502:Typically anthropologists and archeologists study 1700:-like growth factors, transforming growth factor, 714:. These cells give rise to other cells, including 6214:(17th ed.). New York : McGraw-Hill Medical. 5503:World Health Organization Technical Report Series 4974:ed, Russell T. Woodburne ..., consulting (1999). 4920:Hadjidakis DJ, Androulakis II (31 January 2007). 4247:Tortora, Gerard J.; Derrickson, Bryan H. (2018). 4246: 3900: 3316: 3140:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 3126: 3124: 2854:. A widely practised custom in China was that of 1076:The extracellular matrix of bone is laid down by 11801: 8966: 6128:Bryan H. Derrickson; Tortora, Gerard J. (2005). 6077: 4515: 4318: 3000:Vertebrate skeletal histology and paleohistology 2573:is primarily made of bone as projections of the 1600:Mechanically, bones also have a special role in 1134:, that is much longer than its width; and by an 533:network that follows the material properties of 8508:in petrous part, but not part of temporal bone) 6733: 6692: 6209: 3587: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3164: 2547:in a cow's leg, due to industrial contamination 2478:The study of bones and teeth is referred to as 2086:procedures that replace missing bone portions. 1978:in investigating the cause of the disease, and 1291:are said to have a "head", "neck", and "body". 1162:, are long bones. The exceptions are the eight 710:. Within the marrow of the bone there are also 359:international standard, the word for a bone is 289:. Other types of tissue found in bones include 6195:(11th ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. 6149:Davidson's principles and practice of medicine 6023:"Evolution: Back to heavy bones in salty seas" 5754: 5096:Baylink, D. J. (1991). "Bone growth factors". 5095: 5091: 5089: 5072:. Philadelphia: Saunders. pp. 1089–1091. 4389: 3873: 3862:Columbia University College of Dental Medicine 3562:. Detroit: Visible Ink Press. pp. 90–91. 3121: 3024:Steele, D. Gentry; Claud A. Bramblett (1988). 2262:, and other forms of targeted therapy such as 986:, as well as non-collagenous proteins such as 11190: 10766: 10254: 9710: 9168: 8952: 7919: 7905: 7288: 6719: 6318: 5537: 5068:Boulpaep, Emile L.; Boron, Walter F. (2005). 4790:Lee, Na Kyung; et al. (10 August 2007). 3840:. Princeton University Press. Princeton, NJ. 3165:Wopenka, Brigitte; Pasteris, Jill D. (2005). 3028:The Anatomy and Biology of the Human Skeleton 2368:. Osteoporosis is most common in women after 2258:. Cancers of bone marrow may be treated with 1974:in interpreting the findings on imaging, and 1740:Detoxification – bone tissues can also store 446:The hard outer layer of bones is composed of 402:Bone matrix is 90 to 95% composed of elastic 6257:Usha Kini; B. N. Nandeesh (3 January 2013). 5681: 5557:"2012 Osteopathic Medical Profession Report" 5207: 4998:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4976:Anatomy, physiology, and metabolic disorders 4365:BENG 112A Biomechanics, Winter Quarter, 2013 3821: 3819: 3576: 3197: 2459:are trained in osteopathic medical schools. 1059:, assisting in the bone's ability to resist 827:located on bone surfaces in what are called 38:"Bones" redirects here. For other uses, see 6166:Deakin, Barbara Young; et al. (2006). 6109:Katja Hoehn; Marieb, Elaine Nicpon (2007). 6081:People and Nature in Historical Perspective 5438: 5124: 5086: 4864:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4098: 3737: 2391:One of the most important risk factors for 2281: 1770:. Bone cells also release a hormone called 1544:Bones protect internal organs, such as the 11197: 11183: 10773: 10759: 10268: 10261: 10247: 9717: 9703: 9175: 9161: 8959: 8945: 7912: 7898: 7295: 7281: 6726: 6712: 6325: 6311: 6212:Harrison's principles of internal medicine 5098:Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 5041:"Introduction to cell signaling (article)" 4926:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 4358: 3590:"The Key Role of the Blood Supply to Bone" 3293:"Structure of Bone Tissue | SEER Training" 3032:. Texas A&M University Press. p. 2426:. When medication is used, it may include 2352:. Osteoporosis is defined in women by the 1612:which are involved in sound transduction. 72: 56: 6191:Hall, Arthur C.; Guyton, John E. (2005). 5981: 5705: 5617: 5210:"Injuries Involving the Epiphyseal Plate" 4896: 4878: 4815: 4714: 4164: 4120: 3997:10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.309-311.11 3864:post-graduate dental lecture series, 2007 3850: 3816: 3788:Enhancement of Hydroxyapatite Dissolution 3613: 3392: 3225: 3215: 3182: 3137:Scaling: Why Is Animal Size So Important? 2448:Osteopathic medicine in the United States 2270:, which focuses on maximising a person's 2235:, destruction of the marrow resulting in 2109:. In addition, surgical measures such as 1887:the ability of osteoclasts to break down 1774:, which contributes to the regulation of 1589:, bone does have a significant degree of 682:, which are involved in the creation and 399:and strong, while remaining lightweight. 281:made up of various salts. Bone tissue is 6146: 6020: 5543: 5488: 5301: 5289: 5195: 5176: 5063: 5061: 3966:10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.309-311.3 2958:The Bone Organ System: Form and Function 2948: 2858:to limit the normal growth of the foot. 2680: 2550: 2539: 2466: 2422:supplements may also be advised, as may 2335: 2019: 1947: 1309: 1301: 1119: 1098: 1012: 846:-like mechanisms similar to circulating 733: 669: 509: 437: 10780: 6021:Houssaye, Alexandra (10 January 2022). 5640: 5494: 4333: 3740:Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 2441: 328:or thigh-bone, and the smallest is the 219:(osseous tissue), which is also called 14: 11802: 9724: 6332: 6165: 6067:from the original on 23 November 2022. 5591: 4838: 4503: 4491: 4479: 4467: 4338:. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 217. 3775: 3670: 3658: 3641: 3469: 3279: 2817:), would write their questions on the 2676: 887:, having the nominal composition of Ca 324:. The largest bone in the body is the 11178: 10754: 10242: 9698: 9156: 8940: 7893: 7276: 6707: 6691: 6306: 6084:. Central European University Press. 5688:Hans J. Rolf; Alfred Enderle (1999). 5058: 3506: 3354: 3352: 3198:Wang, B.; Zhang, Z.; Pan, H. (2023). 1620:The cancellous part of bones contain 418:, in a chemical arrangement known as 11292:Zygomaticomaxillary complex fracture 9182: 6503: 6268:. Berlin: Springer. pp. 29–57. 6266:Radionuclide and hybrid bone imaging 6190: 6130:Principles of anatomy and physiology 5805: 5419:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library 5394:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library 5369:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library 5344:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library 5319:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library 5016:Radionuclide and Hybrid Bone Imaging 4741:Radionuclide and Hybrid Bone Imaging 4687:Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 4299: 4250:Principles of Anatomy and Physiology 3810: 3691: 3481: 3285: 3171:Materials Science and Engineering: C 3098: 3058:Mammal anatomy: an illustrated guide 2861: 1933:macrophage colony-stimulating factor 442:Cross-section details of a long bone 341:The Greek word for bone is ὀστέον (" 5500: 4789: 4033: 3092: 2954: 2555:Leg and pelvic girdle bones of bird 2226:parathyroid hormone-related peptide 1715:(MAT) acts as a storage reserve of 1513:List of bones of the human skeleton 1495:Bones have a variety of functions: 927:, and the interspersed crystals of 852:tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 24: 11685:Combined tibia and fibula fracture 6508: 6102: 5845:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 5734:American Museum of Natural History 4973: 4584: 4435:Pediatric Clinics of North America 3949: 3349: 2899:Structure detail of an animal bone 1733:changes by absorbing or releasing 1130:are characterized by a shaft, the 1106: 911:phase, include other compounds of 649: 541:than cortical bone and it is less 475:around a central canal called the 255:are involved in the formation and 25: 11831: 6235: 4178: 3698:Current Molecular Biology Reports 2961:. Academic Press. pp. 3–20. 2708:. They have further been used in 2704:, they have been used for making 2356:as a bone mineral density of 2.5 1786:. Osteocalcin increases both the 287:cortical bone and cancellous bone 66:of an extinct species of elephant 6071: 6014: 5226:10.2106/00004623-196345030-00019 5110:10.1097/00003086-199102000-00004 4157:10.1111/j.1463-6395.2009.00408.x 4063: This article incorporates 4058: 3365:Journal of Structural Biology: X 2967:10.1016/B978-012470862-4/50002-7 2892: 2880: 2868: 2525: 2362:dual energy X-ray absorptiometry 1318:The formation of bone is called 842:lineage, they are equipped with 82:of bone at 10,000× magnification 8013:Internal occipital protuberance 7959:External occipital protuberance 6298:Bone histology photomicrographs 5957: 5915: 5879: 5832: 5740: 5722: 5634: 5592:Dumont, E. R. (17 March 2010). 5549: 5521: 5432: 5407: 5382: 5357: 5332: 5307: 5252: 5201: 5033: 5006: 4967: 4913: 4872: 4832: 4783: 4758: 4731: 4674: 4604: 4578: 4552: 4509: 4426: 4383: 4352: 4293: 4267: 4240: 4215: 4203: 4172: 4136: 4092: 4011: 3980: 3894: 3867: 3781: 3731: 3685: 3676: 3588:Marenzana M, Arnett TB (2013). 3551: 3500: 3475: 3409: 3310: 3242: 2955:Lee, Cassandra (January 2001). 2348:, increasing the likelihood of 2325: 1640:. Progenitor cells such as the 1580:of 104–121 MPa, and a very low 764:. Osteoblasts also manufacture 537:. Cancellous bone has a higher 506:Trabecula § Bone trabecula 11360:Vertebral compression fracture 6193:Textbook of medical physiology 6111:Human Anatomy & Physiology 5931:Journal of Mammalian Evolution 5889:Journal of Mammalian Evolution 4392:Calcified Tissue International 4187:. Amirsys, Inc. Archived from 3838:Bones: Structure and Mechanics 3827:"The Structure of Bone Tissue" 3692:Wein, Marc N (28 April 2017). 3191: 3158: 3103:Textbook of Medical Physiology 3074: 3050: 3017: 2852:artificial cranial deformation 1326:this occurs by two processes: 1297: 1252: 868: 286: 277:and an inorganic component of 80:scanning electronic micrograph 13: 1: 5208:Salter RB, Harris WR (1963). 5145:10.1016/S0140-6736(81)90526-2 4275:"6.4B: Postnatal Bone Growth" 3907:Journal of Structural Biology 3335:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2007.05.002 3323:Progress in Materials Science 2941: 2926:National Bone Health Campaign 2809:was a writing system used in 2208:" cancer) or create bone (a " 1970:may be involved in recovery, 1810: 1608:are three small bones in the 1498: 1267:, anatomists use a number of 1178:and the sesamoid bone of the 1124:Skeletal System of Human Body 1071: 803: 729: 514:Micrograph of cancellous bone 499: 488:on its outer surface, and an 185:that constitutes part of the 9929:Uncinate process of vertebra 9830:Uncinate process of vertebra 8967:Compound structures of skull 5453:10.1177/08959374940080011001 4879:Manolagas, SC (April 2000). 4518:Current Osteoporosis Reports 3960:. 309–311 (Pt. 1, 2): 3–10. 3438:10.1088/0967-3334/35/12/2415 2462: 2399:. Accumulation of oxidative 2015: 2004:and other imaging such as a 1868:. Calcitonin is produced by 1674: 1615: 1421: 1346:Intramembranous ossification 1328:intramembranous ossification 787: 539:surface-area-to-volume ratio 386: 7: 8578:Posterior clinoid processes 8023:Groove for transverse sinus 5441:Advances in Dental Research 5390:"Osteochondritis Dissecans" 3484:Basic Biomechanics with OLC 3377:10.1016/j.yjsbx.2021.100057 2986:– via Science Direct. 2904: 2843:of fowl have been used for 2658:Many animals, particularly 2603:The extinct predatory fish 2482:. It is frequently used in 2436:hormone replacement therapy 2376:diseases or as a result of 1794:and reducing stores of fat. 1760:fibroblast growth factor 23 1702:bone morphogenetic proteins 1644:divide in a process called 10: 11836: 11335:Craniocervical instability 10209:Superior thoracic aperture 5826:10.1016/j.crpv.2011.02.003 5340:"Osteomalacia and Rickets" 4808:10.1016/j.cell.2007.05.047 4623:10.1002/9780470513637.ch13 3217:10.3390/biomimetics8010090 3184:10.1016/j.msec.2005.01.008 2720:as crafting materials for 2529: 2445: 2329: 2276:survival within five years 2170: 2124: 2034: 2027:used to identify possible 1968:rehabilitation specialists 1951: 1814: 1668:are produced in this way. 1502: 1324:fetal stage of development 1256: 1206:are flat bones, as is the 1002:Woven bone (also known as 872: 503: 29: 11754: 11731: 11712: 11683: 11670:Le Fort fracture of ankle 11654: 11603: 11596: 11573: 11530: 11454: 11425: 11416: 11393: 11370: 11340:Flexion teardrop fracture 11305: 11287:Le Fort fracture of skull 11257: 11216: 11076: 11028: 11008: 11000:tuberosity of the ischium 10992: 10971: 10962: 10919: 10884: 10854: 10845: 10827: 10818: 10792: 10728: 10690: 10623: 10614: 10591: 10573: 10536: 10515: 10477: 10468: 10402: 10351: 10289: 10280: 10199: 10156: 10089: 10080: 10060: 10023:posterior sacral foramina 9967: 9937: 9897: 9820: 9745: 9736: 9660: 9622: 9562: 9553: 9506: 9467: 9458: 9328: 9231: 9194: 9109: 9086: 8972: 8895: 8843: 8810: 8801: 8776: 8717: 8689: 8634: 8547: 8538: 8516: 8418: 8365: 8327: 8318: 8276: 8192: 8183: 8140: 8108: 8085: 8033: 7940: 7931: 7844: 7787: 7725: 7689:Mandibular incisive canal 7649: 7640: 7610: 7570: 7549: 7540: 7497: 7472: 7411: 7324: 7315: 7182: 7144: 7116: 7042: 7014: 6991: 6982: 6933: 6903: 6864: 6806: 6763: 6754: 6745: 6701: 6645: 6567: 6517: 6496: 6470: 6444: 6416: 6407: 6344: 6042:10.1016/j.cub.2021.11.049 5983:10.1016/j.cub.2021.10.065 5943:10.1007/s10914-018-9438-9 5901:10.1007/s10914-010-9130-1 5783:10.1017/S0094837300010174 5365:"Osteogenesis Imperfecta" 4530:10.1007/s11914-008-0024-6 4447:10.1016/j.pcl.2013.08.002 4404:10.1007/s00223-001-1006-1 4334:Saladin, Kenneth (2012). 4253:. John Wiley & Sons. 4227:courses.lumenlearning.com 3989:Key Engineering Materials 3919:10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107603 3880:. John Wiley & Sons. 3752:10.1016/j.abb.2014.05.015 3710:10.1007/s40610-017-0062-x 3418:Physiological Measurement 2354:World Health Organization 2305:Osteochondritis dissecans 2166: 2120: 1938: 1593:, contributed chiefly by 1368:Endochondral ossification 1332:endochondral ossification 1306:Endochondral ossification 1170:, the seven articulating 1154:, including those of the 1142:, with lesser amounts of 614: 433: 156: 144: 132: 116: 104: 92: 87: 71: 55: 50: 10011:anterior sacral foramina 9137:pterygomaxillary fissure 8704:Anterior clinoid process 8699:Superior orbital fissure 8445:Internal auditory meatus 8291:Fossa for lacrimal gland 8018:Internal occipital crest 7969:External occipital crest 7857:Posterior lacrimal crest 5415:"Ankylosing Spondylitis" 4302:Grant's Atlas of Anatomy 4211:http://cnx.org/contents/ 4076:Anatomy & Physiology 3825:Currey, John D. (2002). 3297:training.seer.cancer.gov 2936:Ossification § Evolution 2921:Distraction osteogenesis 2282:Other painful conditions 2157:giant-cell tumor of bone 1762:(FGF-23), which acts on 1758:metabolism by releasing 1259:Anatomical terms of bone 1103:Structure of a long bone 1094: 712:hematopoietic stem cells 665: 582:hematopoietic stem cells 231:, a type of specialised 11516:Essex-Lopresti fracture 11446:Holstein–Lewis fracture 11127:greater sciatic foramen 10338:intertrochanteric crest 8681:Sulcus of auditory tube 7432:Anterior lacrimal crest 4938:10.1196/annals.1365.035 4591:Encyclopedia Britannica 4564:Linus Pauling Institute 3482:Hall, Susan J. (2007). 2712:, already important in 2300:Osteogenesis imperfecta 2012:aspirate may be taken. 1792:insulin-producing cells 1642:hematopoietic stem cell 549:and often contains red 450:, which is also called 227:sense of that word, is 62:A bone dating from the 11330:Clay-shoveler fracture 11267:Basilar skull fracture 11136:lesser sciatic foramen 10370:intertrochanteric line 10333:intertrochanteric line 9785:Intervertebral foramen 8595:Middle clinoid process 7596:Sphenopalatine foramen 7592:Greater palatine canal 7403:Greater palatine canal 6841:inferior nasal conchae 5814:Comptes Rendus Palevol 5610:10.1098/rspb.2010.0117 4898:10.1210/edrv.21.2.0395 4560:"Bone Health In Depth" 4107:(Suppl 3): S131–S139, 2697: 2556: 2548: 2475: 2341: 2310:Ankylosing spondylitis 2103:Salter–Harris fracture 2032: 1903:and the sex hormones ( 1754:organ – bone controls 1315: 1307: 1125: 1112: 1104: 1024: 746: 675: 515: 443: 356:Terminologia Anatomica 351:anatomical terminology 158:Anatomical terminology 40:Bones (disambiguation) 11694:Trimalleolar fracture 11131:greater sciatic notch 9142:pterygopalatine fossa 8872:Superior nasal concha 8352:Petrotympanic fissure 7812:Inferior nasal concha 7669:Mandibular prominence 7582:Posterior nasal spine 7557:Pterygopalatine fossa 6359:fibrocartilage callus 6185:drawings by Philip J. 5694:The Anatomical Record 5491:, pp. 1116–1121. 5260:"Benign Bone Tumours" 5179:, pp. 1059–1062. 3832:25 April 2017 at the 3132:Schmidt-Nielsen, Knut 2830:Australian aborigines 2685:Bones of slaughtered 2684: 2577:which are covered in 2554: 2543: 2515:Homo neanderthalensis 2470: 2339: 2072:compartment syndromes 2023: 1989:. This might include 1948:Clinical significance 1713:marrow adipose tissue 1313: 1305: 1146:, located within the 1123: 1110: 1102: 1016: 923:fibers give bone its 737: 673: 640:marrow adipose tissue 572:. Thin formations of 513: 504:Further information: 441: 33:Bone (disambiguation) 11699:Bimalleolar fracture 11665:Maisonneuve fracture 10984:lesser sciatic notch 10554:Posterior colliculus 10040:Lateral sacral crest 9423:supracondylar ridges 8867:Supreme nasal concha 8499:Petrosquamous suture 8455:Stylomastoid foramen 8342:Suprameatal triangle 8234:Supraorbital foramen 7673:Mandibular symphysis 7463:Anterior nasal spine 7376:Maxillary tuberosity 7360:Anterior nasal spine 7350:Infraorbital foramen 5546:, pp. 1116–1121 5214:J Bone Joint Surg Am 4113:10.2215/CJN.04151206 4067:available under the 3521:10.1385/ENDO:17:1:03 2875:Cells in bone marrow 2795:and also as a black 2773:antiques restoration 2457:in the United States 2453:Osteopathic medicine 2442:Osteopathic medicine 2346:bone mineral density 2161:aneurysmal bone cyst 1870:parafollicular cells 1858:paracrine signalling 1766:to reduce phosphate 1566:compressive strength 1445:Facilitates movement 1373:ossification centers 943:, with the ratio of 935:. These effects are 933:compressive strength 875:Extracellular matrix 660:blood oxygen tension 422:, a form of calcium 410:. The elasticity of 263:are involved in the 31:For other uses, see 11350:Holdsworth fracture 11277:Mandibular fracture 11244:Pathologic fracture 11234:Greenstick fracture 11229:Chalkstick fracture 10549:Anterior colliculus 10456:intercondylar fossa 10035:Medial sacral crest 10030:Median sacral crest 9132:infratemporal fossa 8882:Middle nasal concha 8835:Perpendicular plate 8676:Infratemporal crest 8217:Superciliary arches 8095:Pharyngeal tubercle 7711:Submandibular fovea 7681:Mental protuberance 7588:Perpendicular plate 7387:Infraorbital groove 7256:accessory navicular 6132:. New York: Wiley. 5775:1990Pbio...16..435D 5641:Nasoori, A (2020). 5604:(1691): 2193–2198. 4839:Foundation, CK-12. 4300:Agur, Anne (2009). 4279:Medicine LibreTexts 3673:, pp. 189–190. 3606:10.4248/BR201303001 3430:2014PhyM...35.2415G 3250:"Structure of Bone" 3099:Hall, John (2011). 3086:The Free Dictionary 2677:Society and culture 2358:standard deviations 2222:parathyroid hormone 2064:vertebral fractures 2031:after a knee injury 1921:parathyroid hormone 1831:calcium homeostasis 1484:Helps regulate the 1358:ossification center 1184:modified long bones 1021:electron micrograph 984:chondroitin sulfate 609:Crisóstomo Martinez 64:Pleistocene Ice Age 11629:Toddler's fracture 11470:Monteggia fracture 11355:Jefferson fracture 11345:Hangman's fracture 11100:iliopectineal line 11096:iliopubic eminence 10911:posterior inferior 10906:posterior superior 10643:calcaneal tubercle 10638:sustentaculum tali 10507:intercondylar area 10388:gluteal tuberosity 10375:upper intermediate 10316:greater trochanter 10224:Infrasternal angle 10186:Xiphisternal joint 10166:Suprasternal notch 9899:Thoracic vertebrae 9889:Vertebra prominens 9850:Posterior tubercle 9835:Transverse foramen 9822:Cervical vertebrae 9388:deltoid tuberosity 8910:ethmoidal foramina 8828:Olfactory foramina 8789:Sphenoidal conchae 8626:Sphenoidal sinuses 8618:Sphenoidal lingula 8337:Articular tubercle 8008:Cruciform eminence 7750:Mandibular foramen 7521:Zygomaticotemporal 7511:Zygomatico-orbital 7455:Foramina of Scarpa 7392:Infraorbital canal 6285:on 6 November 2020 5647:Biological Reviews 5240:on 2 December 2016 4191:on 30 October 2019 4181:"Bone as an Organ" 4045:www.doitpoms.ac.uk 3991:. 309–311: 11–14. 3254:flexbooks.ck12.org 2807:Oracle bone script 2764:, ornaments, etc. 2698: 2557: 2549: 2545:Skeletal fluorosis 2476: 2432:Strontium ranelate 2366:fragility fracture 2342: 2315:Skeletal fluorosis 2080:Compound fractures 2058:, associated with 2033: 1835:microdamaged bones 1568:of about 170 1429:Functions of bone 1316: 1308: 1126: 1113: 1105: 1025: 747: 676: 584:that give rise to 516: 444: 283:mineralized tissue 139:H3.01.00.0.00001 11820:Connective tissue 11797: 11796: 11750: 11749: 11675:Bosworth fracture 11624:Gosselin fracture 11583:Duverney fracture 11526: 11525: 11395:Shoulder fracture 11315:Cervical fracture 11224:Avulsion fracture 11172: 11171: 11166: 11165: 11122:obturator foramen 11110:ischiopubic ramus 11024: 11023: 10958: 10957: 10954: 10953: 10901:anterior inferior 10896:anterior superior 10748: 10747: 10744: 10743: 10583:lateral malleolus 10569: 10568: 10464: 10463: 10412:adductor tubercle 10343:quadrate tubercle 10328:lesser trochanter 10236: 10235: 10232: 10231: 10214:Intercostal space 10076: 10075: 9999:sacral tuberosity 9982:sacral promontory 9840:Anterior tubercle 9780:Vertebral foramen 9746:General structure 9692: 9691: 9688: 9687: 9549: 9548: 9497:Lister's tubercle 9223:subclavian groove 9218:costal tuberosity 9150: 9149: 8934: 8933: 8930: 8929: 8797: 8796: 8623:Anterior surface: 8590:Chiasmatic groove 8573:Hypophysial fossa 8568:Tuberculum sellae 8555:Superior surface: 8534: 8533: 8526:Suprameatal spine 8482:Inferior tympanic 8450:Cochlear aqueduct 8357:Zygomatic process 8314: 8313: 8251:Zygomatic process 8150:Parietal eminence 8136: 8135: 8060:Hypoglossal canal 7887: 7886: 7822:Maxillary process 7817:Ethmoidal process 7800:Internasal suture 7783: 7782: 7770:Condyloid process 7636: 7635: 7493: 7492: 7419:Zygomatic process 7270: 7269: 7266: 7265: 6978: 6977: 6899: 6898: 6685: 6684: 6681: 6680: 6590:connective tissue 6585:Volkmann's canals 6275:978-3-642-02399-6 6231: 6221:978-0-07-147692-8 6202:978-0-7216-0240-0 6187: 6177:978-0-443-068-508 6158:978-0-7020-3085-7 6139:978-0-471-68934-8 6120:978-0-8053-5909-1 6091:978-963-9241-86-2 5976:(1): 248–255.e2. 5659:10.1111/brv.12597 5533:10.1002/jbmr.1851 5139:(8241): 277–279. 5079:978-1-4160-2328-9 5026:978-3-642-02400-9 4985:978-0-914168-88-1 4922:"Bone remodeling" 4885:Endocrine Reviews 4751:978-3-642-02400-9 4699:10.1002/jbmr.3159 4585:Walker, Kristin. 4566:. 7 November 2016 4470:, pp. 60–61. 4345:978-0-07-337825-1 4311:978-0-7817-7055-2 4260:978-1-119-44445-9 4085:978-1-947172-04-3 3887:978-0-471-46117-3 3493:978-0-07-126041-1 3424:(12): 2415–2428. 3256:. CK12-Foundation 3151:978-0-521-31987-4 3043:978-0-89096-300-5 2862:Additional images 2832:, such as by the 2799:, is produced by 2702:prehistoric times 2245:immunosuppression 2111:internal fixation 1650:white blood cells 1638:white blood cells 1493: 1492: 1486:acid-base balance 1377:epiphyseal plates 1336:connective tissue 1273:location of bones 996:bone sialoprotein 941:biomineralization 829:Howship's lacunae 756:mixture known as 716:white blood cells 628:cancellous tissue 594:white blood cells 481:Volkmann's canals 416:calcium phosphate 233:connective tissue 199:white blood cells 172: 171: 167: 16:(Redirected from 11827: 11733:Femoral fracture 11723:Patella fracture 11656:Fibular fracture 11646:Tillaux fracture 11639:Plafond fracture 11601: 11600: 11456:Forearm fracture 11427:Humerus fracture 11423: 11422: 11385:Sternal fracture 11272:Blowout fracture 11210:cartilage damage 11199: 11192: 11185: 11176: 11175: 11105:linea terminalis 11089:acetabular notch 11016:no substructures 10969: 10968: 10924: 10889: 10859: 10852: 10851: 10825: 10824: 10775: 10768: 10761: 10752: 10751: 10621: 10620: 10544:medial malleolus 10485:Gerdy's tubercle 10475: 10474: 10417:patellar surface 10392:third trochanter 10287: 10286: 10263: 10256: 10249: 10240: 10239: 10087: 10086: 9939:Lumbar vertebrae 9845:Carotid tubercle 9743: 9742: 9719: 9712: 9705: 9696: 9695: 9624:Metacarpal bones 9560: 9559: 9525:coronoid process 9465: 9464: 9372:bicipital groove 9302:coracoid process 9292:spine of scapula 9177: 9170: 9163: 9154: 9153: 8961: 8954: 8947: 8938: 8937: 8859:Uncinate process 8818:Cribriform plate 8808: 8807: 8746:pterygoid plates 8610:Lateral surface: 8600:Petrosal process 8545: 8544: 8465:Subarcuate fossa 8395:Occipital groove 8347:Mandibular fossa 8325: 8324: 8306:Frontonasal duct 8207:Frontal eminence 8190: 8189: 8160:Parietal foramen 8075:Jugular tubercle 7979:Suprainiac fossa 7938: 7937: 7914: 7907: 7900: 7891: 7890: 7879:Retromolar space 7867:Lacrimal hamulus 7765:Mandibular notch 7760:Coronoid process 7738:Mandibular canal 7733:Mylohyoid groove 7707:Sublingual fovea 7695:internal surface 7657:external surface 7647: 7646: 7578:Horizontal plate 7547: 7546: 7531:Zygomaticofacial 7517:Temporal process 7447:Incisive foramen 7443:Palatine process 7438:Alveolar process 7322: 7321: 7297: 7290: 7283: 7274: 7273: 6989: 6988: 6935:Vertebral column 6761: 6760: 6752: 6751: 6728: 6721: 6714: 6705: 6704: 6689: 6688: 6632:medullary cavity 6607:Sharpey's fibres 6580:Haversian canals 6535:epiphyseal plate 6525:subchondral bone 6414: 6413: 6327: 6320: 6313: 6304: 6303: 6294: 6292: 6290: 6284: 6278:. Archived from 6263: 6227: 6225: 6206: 6183: 6181: 6162: 6143: 6124: 6096: 6095: 6075: 6069: 6068: 6066: 6027: 6018: 6012: 6011: 5985: 5961: 5955: 5954: 5928: 5919: 5913: 5912: 5883: 5877: 5876: 5836: 5830: 5829: 5820:(5–6): 381–402. 5809: 5803: 5802: 5758: 5752: 5751: 5744: 5738: 5737: 5726: 5720: 5719: 5709: 5685: 5679: 5678: 5638: 5632: 5631: 5621: 5589: 5583: 5582: 5580: 5578: 5572: 5561: 5553: 5547: 5541: 5535: 5525: 5519: 5518: 5498: 5492: 5486: 5473: 5472: 5436: 5430: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5411: 5405: 5404: 5402: 5400: 5386: 5380: 5379: 5377: 5375: 5361: 5355: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5336: 5330: 5329: 5327: 5325: 5311: 5305: 5299: 5293: 5287: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5264:Cleveland Clinic 5256: 5250: 5249: 5247: 5245: 5236:. Archived from 5205: 5199: 5193: 5180: 5174: 5165: 5164: 5128: 5122: 5121: 5093: 5084: 5083: 5065: 5056: 5055: 5053: 5051: 5037: 5031: 5030: 5010: 5004: 5003: 4997: 4989: 4971: 4965: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4917: 4911: 4910: 4900: 4876: 4870: 4869: 4863: 4855: 4853: 4851: 4836: 4830: 4829: 4819: 4787: 4781: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4770:flipper.diff.org 4762: 4756: 4755: 4735: 4729: 4728: 4718: 4693:(8): 1692–1702. 4678: 4672: 4671: 4665: 4661: 4659: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4608: 4602: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4582: 4576: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4556: 4550: 4549: 4513: 4507: 4501: 4495: 4489: 4483: 4477: 4471: 4465: 4459: 4458: 4441:(6): 1273–1289. 4430: 4424: 4423: 4387: 4381: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4359:Vincent, Kevin. 4356: 4350: 4349: 4331: 4316: 4315: 4297: 4291: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4271: 4265: 4264: 4244: 4238: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4219: 4213: 4207: 4201: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4179:Pratt, Rebecca. 4176: 4170: 4169: 4168: 4140: 4134: 4133: 4124: 4096: 4090: 4089: 4062: 4055: 4049: 4048: 4037: 4031: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4021:. mananatomy.com 4015: 4009: 4008: 3984: 3978: 3977: 3953: 3947: 3946: 3898: 3892: 3891: 3871: 3865: 3854: 3848: 3836:, pp. 12–14 in 3823: 3814: 3808: 3791: 3785: 3779: 3773: 3764: 3763: 3735: 3729: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3689: 3683: 3680: 3674: 3668: 3662: 3656: 3645: 3639: 3628: 3627: 3617: 3585: 3574: 3573: 3555: 3549: 3548: 3504: 3498: 3497: 3479: 3473: 3467: 3458: 3457: 3413: 3407: 3406: 3396: 3356: 3347: 3346: 3314: 3308: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3289: 3283: 3277: 3266: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3246: 3240: 3239: 3229: 3219: 3195: 3189: 3188: 3186: 3162: 3156: 3155: 3128: 3119: 3118: 3114:978-08089-2400-5 3106: 3096: 3090: 3089: 3078: 3072: 3071: 3054: 3048: 3047: 3031: 3021: 3015: 3014: 2994: 2988: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2952: 2896: 2884: 2872: 2738:calculation aids 2655:(denser) water. 2620:, or in various 2492:forensic science 2218:multiple myeloma 2041:In normal bone, 1962:for joints, and 1578:tensile strength 1523:skeletal muscles 1426: 1425: 1393:epiphyseal plate 1269:anatomical terms 1263:In the study of 1148:medullary cavity 972:ground substance 925:tensile strength 739:Light micrograph 686:of bone tissue, 622:, also known as 525:, also known as 408:ground substance 353:, including the 164:edit on Wikidata 161: 76: 60: 48: 47: 43: 36: 21: 11835: 11834: 11830: 11829: 11828: 11826: 11825: 11824: 11815:Skeletal system 11800: 11799: 11798: 11793: 11746: 11727: 11708: 11704:Pott's fracture 11679: 11650: 11619:Segond fracture 11614:Bumper fracture 11592: 11588:Pipkin fracture 11575:Pelvic fracture 11569: 11522: 11482:Radius fracture 11450: 11412: 11389: 11366: 11325:Chance fracture 11307:Spinal fracture 11301: 11297:Zygoma fracture 11253: 11249:Spiral fracture 11212: 11203: 11173: 11168: 11167: 11162: 11072: 11062:inferior ramus 11056:obturator crest 11047:superior ramus 11020: 11004: 10988: 10950: 10920: 10915: 10885: 10880: 10855: 10841: 10814: 10788: 10779: 10749: 10740: 10724: 10686: 10610: 10587: 10565: 10537:lower extremity 10532: 10511: 10478:upper extremity 10460: 10404:lower extremity 10398: 10347: 10291:upper extremity 10276: 10267: 10237: 10228: 10195: 10191:Xiphoid process 10181:Body of sternum 10152: 10072: 10056: 9994:Lateral surface 9963: 9933: 9893: 9816: 9732: 9723: 9693: 9684: 9656: 9618: 9545: 9540:styloid process 9533:trochlear notch 9502: 9493:styloid process 9454: 9394:lower extremity 9339:upper extremity 9324: 9227: 9208:conoid tubercle 9196:Shoulder girdle 9190: 9181: 9151: 9146: 9105: 9088:Facial skeleton 9082: 8968: 8965: 8935: 8926: 8891: 8877:Superior meatus 8851:Lateral surface 8839: 8793: 8772: 8763:Pterygoid canal 8720: 8713: 8685: 8630: 8585:Ethmoidal spine 8530: 8512: 8494:Styloid process 8414: 8380:Mastoid process 8375:Mastoid foramen 8361: 8310: 8296:Trochlear fovea 8286:Ethmoidal notch 8272: 8261:Sagittal sulcus 8179: 8165:Sagittal sulcus 8132: 8104: 8081: 8070:Jugular process 8048:Condyloid fossa 8029: 7927: 7918: 7888: 7883: 7862:Lacrimal groove 7840: 7779: 7775:Pterygoid fovea 7721: 7677:Lingual foramen 7632: 7606: 7566: 7562:Pterygoid fossa 7536: 7527:Lateral process 7507:Orbital process 7489: 7485:Maxillary sinus 7480:Body of maxilla 7468: 7451:Incisive canals 7424:Frontal process 7407: 7371:Alveolar canals 7311: 7305:facial skeleton 7301: 7271: 7262: 7178: 7140: 7112: 7038: 7010: 6974: 6929: 6895: 6860: 6802: 6741: 6732: 6697: 6686: 6677: 6641: 6563: 6539:epiphyseal line 6513: 6492: 6466: 6440: 6431:intramembranous 6403: 6340: 6331: 6288: 6286: 6282: 6276: 6261: 6238: 6222: 6203: 6178: 6159: 6140: 6121: 6105: 6103:Further reading 6100: 6099: 6092: 6076: 6072: 6064: 6030:Current Biology 6025: 6019: 6015: 5970:Current Biology 5962: 5958: 5926: 5920: 5916: 5884: 5880: 5837: 5833: 5810: 5806: 5759: 5755: 5746: 5745: 5741: 5728: 5727: 5723: 5686: 5682: 5653:(4): 986–1019. 5639: 5635: 5590: 5586: 5576: 5574: 5573:on 16 June 2013 5570: 5564:Osteopathic.org 5559: 5555: 5554: 5550: 5542: 5538: 5526: 5522: 5499: 5495: 5487: 5476: 5437: 5433: 5423: 5421: 5413: 5412: 5408: 5398: 5396: 5388: 5387: 5383: 5373: 5371: 5363: 5362: 5358: 5348: 5346: 5338: 5337: 5333: 5323: 5321: 5315:"Osteomyelitis" 5313: 5312: 5308: 5304:, p. 1032. 5300: 5296: 5292:, p. 1125. 5288: 5279: 5269: 5267: 5258: 5257: 5253: 5243: 5241: 5206: 5202: 5198:, p. 1068. 5194: 5183: 5175: 5168: 5129: 5125: 5094: 5087: 5080: 5066: 5059: 5049: 5047: 5039: 5038: 5034: 5027: 5011: 5007: 4991: 4990: 4986: 4972: 4968: 4958: 4956: 4918: 4914: 4877: 4873: 4857: 4856: 4849: 4847: 4837: 4833: 4788: 4784: 4774: 4772: 4764: 4763: 4759: 4752: 4736: 4732: 4679: 4675: 4663: 4662: 4653: 4652: 4645: 4643: 4633: 4609: 4605: 4595: 4593: 4583: 4579: 4569: 4567: 4558: 4557: 4553: 4514: 4510: 4502: 4498: 4490: 4486: 4478: 4474: 4466: 4462: 4431: 4427: 4388: 4384: 4374: 4372: 4357: 4353: 4346: 4332: 4319: 4312: 4298: 4294: 4284: 4282: 4273: 4272: 4268: 4261: 4245: 4241: 4231: 4229: 4221: 4220: 4216: 4208: 4204: 4194: 4192: 4177: 4173: 4141: 4137: 4097: 4093: 4086: 4056: 4052: 4039: 4038: 4034: 4024: 4022: 4019:"Types of bone" 4017: 4016: 4012: 3985: 3981: 3954: 3950: 3899: 3895: 3888: 3872: 3868: 3855: 3851: 3834:Wayback Machine 3824: 3817: 3809: 3794: 3786: 3782: 3774: 3767: 3736: 3732: 3722: 3720: 3690: 3686: 3681: 3677: 3669: 3665: 3657: 3648: 3640: 3631: 3586: 3577: 3570: 3556: 3552: 3505: 3501: 3494: 3480: 3476: 3468: 3461: 3414: 3410: 3357: 3350: 3315: 3311: 3301: 3299: 3291: 3290: 3286: 3278: 3269: 3259: 3257: 3248: 3247: 3243: 3196: 3192: 3163: 3159: 3152: 3129: 3122: 3115: 3097: 3093: 3080: 3079: 3075: 3068: 3056: 3055: 3051: 3044: 3022: 3018: 3011: 2995: 2991: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2953: 2949: 2944: 2911:Artificial bone 2907: 2900: 2897: 2888: 2885: 2876: 2873: 2864: 2714:prehistoric art 2679: 2625:marine reptiles 2538: 2530:Main articles: 2528: 2465: 2450: 2444: 2428:bisphosphonates 2386:glucocorticoids 2384:, specifically 2334: 2328: 2284: 2272:quality of life 2268:Palliative care 2194:prostate cancer 2175: 2173:Bone metastases 2169: 2141:osteoid osteoma 2129: 2123: 2052:wrist fractures 2048:Paget's disease 2039: 2018: 1960:rheumatologists 1956: 1950: 1941: 1901:thyroid hormone 1866:osteoprotegerin 1819: 1817:Bone remodeling 1813: 1677: 1630:red blood cells 1618: 1556:protecting the 1548:protecting the 1515: 1501: 1442:Gives structure 1424: 1300: 1261: 1255: 1229:Irregular bones 1097: 1074: 1037:Paget's disease 980:hyaluronic acid 967:also be found. 905:type I collagen 902: 898: 894: 890: 883:, the dominant 877: 871: 833:resorption pits 817:bone resorption 811:are very large 806: 790: 732: 720:red blood cells 696:osteoprogenitor 668: 652: 650:Vascular supply 617: 590:red blood cells 527:trabecular bone 519:Cancellous bone 508: 502: 436: 389: 168: 83: 67: 44: 37: 30: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11833: 11823: 11822: 11817: 11812: 11795: 11794: 11792: 11791: 11786: 11781: 11776: 11771: 11766: 11760: 11758: 11752: 11751: 11748: 11747: 11745: 11744: 11738: 11736: 11729: 11728: 11726: 11725: 11719: 11717: 11710: 11709: 11707: 11706: 11701: 11696: 11690: 11688: 11681: 11680: 11678: 11677: 11672: 11667: 11661: 11659: 11652: 11651: 11649: 11648: 11643: 11642: 11641: 11634:Pilon fracture 11631: 11626: 11621: 11616: 11610: 11608: 11605:Tibia fracture 11598: 11594: 11593: 11591: 11590: 11585: 11579: 11577: 11571: 11570: 11568: 11567: 11562: 11557: 11552: 11547: 11542: 11536: 11534: 11528: 11527: 11524: 11523: 11521: 11520: 11519: 11518: 11513: 11508: 11503: 11498: 11493: 11479: 11478: 11477: 11472: 11461: 11459: 11452: 11451: 11449: 11448: 11443: 11438: 11432: 11430: 11420: 11414: 11413: 11411: 11410: 11405: 11399: 11397: 11391: 11390: 11388: 11387: 11382: 11376: 11374: 11368: 11367: 11365: 11364: 11363: 11362: 11357: 11352: 11347: 11342: 11337: 11332: 11327: 11322: 11320:Burst fracture 11311: 11309: 11303: 11302: 11300: 11299: 11294: 11289: 11284: 11282:Nasal fracture 11279: 11274: 11269: 11263: 11261: 11255: 11254: 11252: 11251: 11246: 11241: 11236: 11231: 11226: 11220: 11218: 11214: 11213: 11202: 11201: 11194: 11187: 11179: 11170: 11169: 11164: 11163: 11161: 11160: 11159: 11158: 11153: 11148: 11140: 11139: 11138: 11133: 11124: 11116: 11107: 11102: 11093: 11092: 11091: 11080: 11078: 11074: 11073: 11071: 11070: 11069: 11068: 11066:pectineal line 11060: 11059: 11058: 11053: 11051:pubic tubercle 11045: 11044: 11043: 11034: 11032: 11026: 11025: 11022: 11021: 11019: 11018: 11012: 11010: 11009:inferior ramus 11006: 11005: 11003: 11002: 10996: 10994: 10993:superior ramus 10990: 10989: 10987: 10986: 10981: 10975: 10973: 10966: 10960: 10959: 10956: 10955: 10952: 10951: 10949: 10948: 10943: 10938: 10933: 10927: 10925: 10917: 10916: 10914: 10913: 10908: 10903: 10898: 10892: 10890: 10882: 10881: 10879: 10878: 10873: 10868: 10862: 10860: 10849: 10843: 10842: 10840: 10839: 10833: 10831: 10822: 10816: 10815: 10813: 10812: 10807: 10802: 10796: 10794: 10790: 10789: 10778: 10777: 10770: 10763: 10755: 10746: 10745: 10742: 10741: 10739: 10738: 10732: 10730: 10726: 10725: 10723: 10722: 10717: 10712: 10707: 10702: 10696: 10694: 10688: 10687: 10685: 10684: 10683: 10682: 10677: 10672: 10662: 10657: 10652: 10647: 10646: 10645: 10640: 10629: 10627: 10618: 10612: 10611: 10609: 10608: 10607: 10606: 10595: 10593: 10589: 10588: 10586: 10585: 10579: 10577: 10571: 10570: 10567: 10566: 10564: 10563: 10558: 10557: 10556: 10551: 10540: 10538: 10534: 10533: 10531: 10530: 10525: 10519: 10517: 10513: 10512: 10510: 10509: 10504: 10503: 10502: 10497: 10487: 10481: 10479: 10472: 10466: 10465: 10462: 10461: 10459: 10458: 10453: 10452: 10451: 10446: 10436: 10435: 10434: 10429: 10419: 10414: 10408: 10406: 10400: 10399: 10397: 10396: 10395: 10394: 10381: 10379:pectineal line 10372: 10368:: merges with 10357: 10355: 10349: 10348: 10346: 10345: 10340: 10335: 10330: 10325: 10324: 10323: 10313: 10308: 10307: 10306: 10295: 10293: 10284: 10278: 10277: 10266: 10265: 10258: 10251: 10243: 10234: 10233: 10230: 10229: 10227: 10226: 10221: 10216: 10211: 10205: 10203: 10197: 10196: 10194: 10193: 10188: 10183: 10178: 10173: 10168: 10162: 10160: 10154: 10153: 10151: 10150: 10149: 10148: 10143: 10138: 10133: 10128: 10118: 10117: 10116: 10111: 10106: 10095: 10093: 10084: 10078: 10077: 10074: 10073: 10071: 10070: 10066: 10064: 10058: 10057: 10055: 10054: 10053: 10052: 10042: 10037: 10032: 10027: 10026: 10025: 10018:Dorsal surface 10015: 10014: 10013: 10006:Pelvic surface 10003: 10002: 10001: 9991: 9986: 9985: 9984: 9973: 9971: 9965: 9964: 9962: 9961: 9960: 9959: 9954: 9943: 9941: 9935: 9934: 9932: 9931: 9926: 9925: 9924: 9919: 9914: 9903: 9901: 9895: 9894: 9892: 9891: 9886: 9885: 9884: 9874: 9873: 9872: 9870:posterior arch 9867: 9862: 9852: 9847: 9842: 9837: 9832: 9826: 9824: 9818: 9817: 9815: 9814: 9809: 9808: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9787: 9782: 9777: 9776: 9775: 9770: 9765: 9755: 9749: 9747: 9740: 9734: 9733: 9722: 9721: 9714: 9707: 9699: 9690: 9689: 9686: 9685: 9683: 9682: 9677: 9672: 9666: 9664: 9658: 9657: 9655: 9654: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9634: 9628: 9626: 9620: 9619: 9617: 9616: 9615: 9614: 9604: 9599: 9594: 9589: 9584: 9579: 9574: 9568: 9566: 9557: 9551: 9550: 9547: 9546: 9544: 9543: 9536: 9512: 9510: 9504: 9503: 9501: 9500: 9485: 9473: 9471: 9462: 9456: 9455: 9453: 9452: 9434: 9420: 9406: 9401: 9390: 9385: 9374: 9369: 9355: 9334: 9332: 9326: 9325: 9323: 9322: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9289: 9275: 9270: 9267:great scapular 9256: 9253:infraspinatous 9249:supraspinatous 9237: 9235: 9229: 9228: 9226: 9225: 9220: 9215: 9213:trapezoid line 9210: 9204: 9202: 9192: 9191: 9180: 9179: 9172: 9165: 9157: 9148: 9147: 9145: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9129: 9127:temporal fossa 9124: 9122:zygomatic arch 9119: 9113: 9111: 9107: 9106: 9104: 9103: 9098: 9092: 9090: 9084: 9083: 9081: 9080: 9079: 9078: 9073: 9068: 9063: 9053: 9048: 9046:cranial cavity 9043: 9042: 9041: 9036: 9031: 9021: 9016: 9011: 9006: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8990: 8989: 8978: 8976: 8970: 8969: 8964: 8963: 8956: 8949: 8941: 8932: 8931: 8928: 8927: 8925: 8924: 8923: 8922: 8917: 8907: 8901: 8899: 8893: 8892: 8890: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8874: 8869: 8864:Medial surface 8861: 8856: 8854:Orbital lamina 8847: 8845: 8841: 8840: 8838: 8837: 8832: 8831: 8830: 8825: 8814: 8812: 8805: 8799: 8798: 8795: 8794: 8792: 8791: 8786: 8780: 8778: 8774: 8773: 8771: 8770: 8765: 8760: 8759: 8758: 8753: 8743: 8742: 8741: 8736: 8725: 8723: 8715: 8714: 8712: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8695: 8693: 8687: 8686: 8684: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8668: 8667: 8666: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8640: 8638: 8632: 8631: 8629: 8628: 8620: 8615: 8613:Carotid groove 8607: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8587: 8582: 8581: 8580: 8575: 8570: 8565: 8551: 8549: 8542: 8536: 8535: 8532: 8531: 8529: 8528: 8522: 8520: 8514: 8513: 8511: 8510: 8501: 8496: 8491: 8490: 8489: 8484: 8474: 8473: 8472: 8467: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8441: 8440: 8430: 8424: 8422: 8416: 8415: 8413: 8412: 8405:Mastoid antrum 8402: 8400:Sigmoid sulcus 8397: 8392: 8387: 8377: 8371: 8369: 8363: 8362: 8360: 8359: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8339: 8333: 8331: 8322: 8316: 8315: 8312: 8311: 8309: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8282: 8280: 8274: 8273: 8271: 8270: 8269: 8268: 8263: 8253: 8248: 8247: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8226: 8225: 8224: 8219: 8209: 8204: 8202:Frontal suture 8198: 8196: 8187: 8181: 8180: 8178: 8177: 8175:Sagittal crest 8172: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8146: 8144: 8138: 8137: 8134: 8133: 8131: 8130: 8129: 8128: 8123: 8116:Foramen magnum 8112: 8110: 8106: 8105: 8103: 8102: 8097: 8091: 8089: 8083: 8082: 8080: 8079: 8078: 8077: 8072: 8062: 8057: 8056: 8055: 8053:Condylar canal 8050: 8039: 8037: 8031: 8030: 8028: 8027: 8026: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8010: 8000: 7999: 7998: 7993: 7983: 7982: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7946: 7944: 7935: 7929: 7928: 7917: 7916: 7909: 7902: 7894: 7885: 7884: 7882: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7870: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7848: 7846: 7842: 7841: 7839: 7838: 7837: 7836: 7826: 7825: 7824: 7819: 7809: 7808: 7807: 7805:Nasal foramina 7802: 7791: 7789: 7785: 7784: 7781: 7780: 7778: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7746: 7745: 7740: 7729: 7727: 7723: 7722: 7720: 7719: 7717:Alveolar part 7714: 7703:Mylohyoid line 7692: 7685:Mental foramen 7653: 7651: 7644: 7638: 7637: 7634: 7633: 7631: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7614: 7612: 7608: 7607: 7605: 7604: 7599: 7585: 7574: 7572: 7568: 7567: 7565: 7564: 7559: 7553: 7551: 7544: 7538: 7537: 7535: 7534: 7524: 7514: 7503: 7501: 7495: 7494: 7491: 7490: 7488: 7487: 7482: 7476: 7474: 7470: 7469: 7467: 7466: 7440: 7435: 7421: 7415: 7413: 7409: 7408: 7406: 7405: 7395: 7394: 7389: 7379: 7378: 7373: 7363: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7340:Incisive fossa 7328: 7326: 7319: 7313: 7312: 7300: 7299: 7292: 7285: 7277: 7268: 7267: 7264: 7263: 7261: 7260: 7259: 7258: 7248: 7247: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7226: 7221: 7220: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7188: 7186: 7180: 7179: 7177: 7176: 7174:sesamoid bones 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7150: 7148: 7142: 7141: 7139: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7122: 7120: 7114: 7113: 7111: 7110: 7092: 7087: 7048: 7046: 7040: 7039: 7037: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7020: 7018: 7012: 7011: 7009: 7008: 7003: 6997: 6995: 6986: 6980: 6979: 6976: 6975: 6973: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6961: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6939: 6937: 6931: 6930: 6928: 6927: 6926: 6925: 6915: 6909: 6907: 6901: 6900: 6897: 6896: 6894: 6893: 6892: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6870: 6868: 6862: 6861: 6859: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6812: 6810: 6804: 6803: 6801: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6769: 6767: 6758: 6749: 6747:Axial skeleton 6743: 6742: 6739:human skeleton 6731: 6730: 6723: 6716: 6708: 6702: 6699: 6698: 6695:human skeleton 6683: 6682: 6679: 6678: 6676: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6649: 6647: 6643: 6642: 6640: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6603: 6602: 6597: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6571: 6569: 6565: 6564: 6562: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6532: 6527: 6521: 6519: 6515: 6514: 6512: 6511: 6506: 6500: 6498: 6494: 6493: 6491: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6474: 6472: 6468: 6467: 6465: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6448: 6446: 6442: 6441: 6439: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6422: 6420: 6411: 6405: 6404: 6402: 6401: 6400: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6381: 6380: 6379: 6374: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6350: 6348: 6342: 6341: 6330: 6329: 6322: 6315: 6307: 6301: 6300: 6295: 6274: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6237: 6236:External links 6234: 6233: 6232: 6220: 6207: 6201: 6188: 6176: 6163: 6157: 6144: 6138: 6125: 6119: 6104: 6101: 6098: 6097: 6090: 6070: 6036:(1): R42–R44. 6013: 5956: 5937:(4): 517–543. 5914: 5895:(2): 101–120. 5878: 5851:(3): 685–691. 5831: 5804: 5769:(4): 435–447. 5753: 5739: 5730:"Dunkleosteus" 5721: 5680: 5633: 5584: 5548: 5536: 5520: 5493: 5474: 5431: 5406: 5381: 5356: 5331: 5306: 5294: 5277: 5251: 5220:(3): 587–622. 5200: 5181: 5166: 5123: 5104:(263): 30–48. 5085: 5078: 5057: 5032: 5025: 5005: 4984: 4966: 4912: 4891:(2): 115–137. 4871: 4831: 4802:(3): 456–469. 4782: 4757: 4750: 4730: 4673: 4664:|journal= 4631: 4603: 4577: 4551: 4524:(4): 134–141. 4508: 4496: 4484: 4472: 4460: 4425: 4398:(6): 373–378. 4382: 4371:on 28 May 2018 4351: 4344: 4317: 4310: 4292: 4281:. 19 July 2018 4266: 4259: 4239: 4214: 4202: 4171: 4151:(3): 295–305, 4145:Acta Zoologica 4135: 4091: 4084: 4050: 4032: 4010: 3979: 3948: 3893: 3886: 3866: 3856:Salentijn, L. 3849: 3815: 3813:, p. 981. 3792: 3780: 3778:, p. 190. 3765: 3730: 3684: 3675: 3663: 3646: 3644:, p. 189. 3629: 3600:(3): 203–215. 3575: 3568: 3550: 3499: 3492: 3474: 3472:, p. 195. 3459: 3408: 3348: 3309: 3284: 3282:, p. 192. 3267: 3241: 3190: 3177:(2): 131–143. 3157: 3150: 3120: 3113: 3091: 3073: 3066: 3049: 3042: 3016: 3010:978-1351189576 3009: 2989: 2975: 2946: 2945: 2943: 2940: 2939: 2938: 2933: 2928: 2923: 2918: 2913: 2906: 2903: 2902: 2901: 2898: 2891: 2889: 2886: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2867: 2863: 2860: 2826:point the bone 2803:mammal bones. 2754:pick-up sticks 2716:, and also in 2678: 2675: 2645:osteosclerotic 2618:marine turtles 2614:marine mammals 2527: 2524: 2464: 2461: 2446:Main article: 2443: 2440: 2330:Main article: 2327: 2324: 2323: 2322: 2312: 2307: 2302: 2297: 2291: 2283: 2280: 2198:thyroid cancer 2171:Main article: 2168: 2165: 2145:osteochondroma 2125:Main article: 2122: 2119: 2115:rehabilitation 2035:Main article: 2029:bone fractures 2017: 2014: 2010:synovial fluid 1980:family doctors 1949: 1946: 1940: 1937: 1893:growth hormone 1889:osseous tissue 1815:Main article: 1812: 1809: 1808: 1807: 1795: 1784:fat deposition 1749: 1738: 1735:alkaline salts 1720: 1690: 1689: 1676: 1673: 1658:megakaryocytes 1617: 1614: 1509:Human skeleton 1500: 1497: 1491: 1490: 1489: 1488: 1482: 1470: 1469: 1468: 1467: 1455: 1454: 1453: 1452: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1431: 1430: 1423: 1420: 1419: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1403: 1299: 1296: 1257:Main article: 1254: 1251: 1250: 1249: 1226: 1214:Sesamoid bones 1211: 1197: 1187: 1096: 1093: 1073: 1070: 1011: 1010: 1007: 974:consisting of 931:give bone its 929:hydroxyapatite 909:hydroxyapatite 900: 896: 892: 888: 881:hydroxyapatite 873:Main article: 870: 867: 805: 802: 789: 786: 770:prostaglandins 731: 728: 684:mineralization 667: 664: 651: 648: 624:myeloid tissue 616: 613: 501: 498: 477:osteonic canal 457:human skeleton 435: 432: 388: 385: 380:os sesamoideum 365:(for example, 322:sesamoid bones 285:of two types, 257:mineralisation 170: 169: 160: 154: 153: 148: 142: 141: 136: 130: 129: 120: 114: 113: 108: 102: 101: 96: 90: 89: 85: 84: 77: 69: 68: 61: 53: 52: 26: 18:Osseous tissue 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11832: 11821: 11818: 11816: 11813: 11811: 11808: 11807: 11805: 11790: 11787: 11785: 11782: 11780: 11777: 11775: 11772: 11770: 11767: 11765: 11762: 11761: 11759: 11757: 11756:Foot fracture 11753: 11743: 11740: 11739: 11737: 11734: 11730: 11724: 11721: 11720: 11718: 11715: 11714:Crus fracture 11711: 11705: 11702: 11700: 11697: 11695: 11692: 11691: 11689: 11686: 11682: 11676: 11673: 11671: 11668: 11666: 11663: 11662: 11660: 11657: 11653: 11647: 11644: 11640: 11637: 11636: 11635: 11632: 11630: 11627: 11625: 11622: 11620: 11617: 11615: 11612: 11611: 11609: 11606: 11602: 11599: 11595: 11589: 11586: 11584: 11581: 11580: 11578: 11576: 11572: 11566: 11565:Broken finger 11563: 11561: 11558: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11548: 11546: 11543: 11541: 11538: 11537: 11535: 11533: 11532:Hand fracture 11529: 11517: 11514: 11512: 11509: 11507: 11504: 11502: 11499: 11497: 11494: 11492: 11489: 11488: 11487: 11486:Distal radius 11483: 11480: 11476: 11475:Hume fracture 11473: 11471: 11468: 11467: 11466: 11465:Ulna fracture 11463: 11462: 11460: 11457: 11453: 11447: 11444: 11442: 11441:Supracondylar 11439: 11437: 11434: 11433: 11431: 11428: 11424: 11421: 11419: 11415: 11409: 11406: 11404: 11401: 11400: 11398: 11396: 11392: 11386: 11383: 11381: 11378: 11377: 11375: 11373: 11369: 11361: 11358: 11356: 11353: 11351: 11348: 11346: 11343: 11341: 11338: 11336: 11333: 11331: 11328: 11326: 11323: 11321: 11318: 11317: 11316: 11313: 11312: 11310: 11308: 11304: 11298: 11295: 11293: 11290: 11288: 11285: 11283: 11280: 11278: 11275: 11273: 11270: 11268: 11265: 11264: 11262: 11260: 11256: 11250: 11247: 11245: 11242: 11240: 11239:Open fracture 11237: 11235: 11232: 11230: 11227: 11225: 11222: 11221: 11219: 11215: 11211: 11207: 11200: 11195: 11193: 11188: 11186: 11181: 11180: 11177: 11157: 11156:pelvic outlet 11154: 11152: 11149: 11147: 11144: 11143: 11141: 11137: 11134: 11132: 11128: 11125: 11123: 11120: 11119: 11117: 11115: 11111: 11108: 11106: 11103: 11101: 11097: 11094: 11090: 11087: 11086: 11085: 11082: 11081: 11079: 11075: 11067: 11064: 11063: 11061: 11057: 11054: 11052: 11049: 11048: 11046: 11042: 11039: 11038: 11036: 11035: 11033: 11031: 11027: 11017: 11014: 11013: 11011: 11007: 11001: 10998: 10997: 10995: 10991: 10985: 10982: 10980: 10979:ischial spine 10977: 10976: 10974: 10970: 10967: 10965: 10961: 10947: 10944: 10942: 10939: 10937: 10934: 10932: 10929: 10928: 10926: 10923: 10918: 10912: 10909: 10907: 10904: 10902: 10899: 10897: 10894: 10893: 10891: 10888: 10883: 10877: 10874: 10872: 10869: 10867: 10864: 10863: 10861: 10858: 10857:gluteal lines 10853: 10850: 10848: 10844: 10838: 10835: 10834: 10832: 10830: 10826: 10823: 10821: 10817: 10811: 10808: 10806: 10803: 10801: 10798: 10797: 10795: 10791: 10787: 10783: 10776: 10771: 10769: 10764: 10762: 10757: 10756: 10753: 10737: 10734: 10733: 10731: 10727: 10721: 10718: 10716: 10713: 10711: 10708: 10706: 10703: 10701: 10698: 10697: 10695: 10693: 10689: 10681: 10678: 10676: 10673: 10671: 10668: 10667: 10666: 10663: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10651: 10648: 10644: 10641: 10639: 10636: 10635: 10634: 10631: 10630: 10628: 10626: 10622: 10619: 10617: 10613: 10605: 10602: 10601: 10600: 10597: 10596: 10594: 10590: 10584: 10581: 10580: 10578: 10576: 10572: 10562: 10561:fibular notch 10559: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10546: 10545: 10542: 10541: 10539: 10535: 10529: 10526: 10524: 10521: 10520: 10518: 10514: 10508: 10505: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10493: 10492: 10491: 10488: 10486: 10483: 10482: 10480: 10476: 10473: 10471: 10467: 10457: 10454: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10442: 10441: 10440: 10437: 10433: 10430: 10428: 10425: 10424: 10423: 10420: 10418: 10415: 10413: 10410: 10409: 10407: 10405: 10401: 10393: 10389: 10385: 10384:upper lateral 10382: 10380: 10376: 10373: 10371: 10367: 10364: 10363: 10362: 10359: 10358: 10356: 10354: 10350: 10344: 10341: 10339: 10336: 10334: 10331: 10329: 10326: 10322: 10319: 10318: 10317: 10314: 10312: 10309: 10305: 10302: 10301: 10300: 10297: 10296: 10294: 10292: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10279: 10275: 10271: 10264: 10259: 10257: 10252: 10250: 10245: 10244: 10241: 10225: 10222: 10220: 10219:Costal margin 10217: 10215: 10212: 10210: 10207: 10206: 10204: 10202: 10201:Thoracic cage 10198: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10182: 10179: 10177: 10176:Sternal angle 10174: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10164: 10163: 10161: 10159: 10155: 10147: 10144: 10142: 10139: 10137: 10136:costal groove 10134: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10123: 10122: 10119: 10115: 10114:floating ribs 10112: 10110: 10107: 10105: 10102: 10101: 10100: 10097: 10096: 10094: 10092: 10088: 10085: 10083: 10079: 10068: 10067: 10065: 10063: 10059: 10051: 10050:sacral hiatus 10048: 10047: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10028: 10024: 10021: 10020: 10019: 10016: 10012: 10009: 10008: 10007: 10004: 10000: 9997: 9996: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9989:Ala of sacrum 9987: 9983: 9980: 9979: 9978: 9975: 9974: 9972: 9970: 9966: 9958: 9955: 9953: 9950: 9949: 9948: 9945: 9944: 9942: 9940: 9936: 9930: 9927: 9923: 9920: 9918: 9915: 9913: 9910: 9909: 9908: 9907:Costal facets 9905: 9904: 9902: 9900: 9896: 9890: 9887: 9883: 9880: 9879: 9878: 9875: 9871: 9868: 9866: 9865:anterior arch 9863: 9861: 9858: 9857: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9846: 9843: 9841: 9838: 9836: 9833: 9831: 9828: 9827: 9825: 9823: 9819: 9813: 9810: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9792: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9774: 9771: 9769: 9766: 9764: 9761: 9760: 9759: 9756: 9754: 9751: 9750: 9748: 9744: 9741: 9739: 9735: 9731: 9727: 9720: 9715: 9713: 9708: 9706: 9701: 9700: 9697: 9681: 9678: 9676: 9673: 9671: 9668: 9667: 9665: 9663: 9659: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9629: 9627: 9625: 9621: 9613: 9610: 9609: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9570: 9569: 9567: 9565: 9561: 9558: 9556: 9552: 9541: 9537: 9534: 9530: 9526: 9522: 9518: 9514: 9513: 9511: 9509: 9505: 9498: 9494: 9490: 9486: 9483: 9479: 9475: 9474: 9472: 9470: 9466: 9463: 9461: 9457: 9450: 9446: 9442: 9438: 9435: 9432: 9428: 9424: 9421: 9418: 9414: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9391: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9383:radial sulcus 9381: 9379: 9375: 9373: 9370: 9367: 9363: 9359: 9356: 9353: 9349: 9345: 9342: 9340: 9336: 9335: 9333: 9331: 9327: 9320: 9316: 9312: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9287: 9283: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9273:glenoid fossa 9271: 9268: 9264: 9263:suprascapular 9260: 9257: 9254: 9250: 9246: 9242: 9239: 9238: 9236: 9234: 9230: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9206: 9205: 9203: 9201: 9197: 9193: 9189: 9185: 9178: 9173: 9171: 9166: 9164: 9159: 9158: 9155: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9114: 9112: 9108: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9093: 9091: 9089: 9085: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9058: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9051:Base of skull 9049: 9047: 9044: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9026: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8988: 8985: 8984: 8983: 8980: 8979: 8977: 8975: 8971: 8962: 8957: 8955: 8950: 8948: 8943: 8942: 8939: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8912: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8905:Ethmoid sinus 8903: 8902: 8900: 8898: 8894: 8888: 8887:Middle meatus 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8849: 8848: 8846: 8842: 8836: 8833: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8820: 8819: 8816: 8815: 8813: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8800: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8781: 8779: 8775: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8749: 8748: 8747: 8744: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8731: 8730: 8727: 8726: 8724: 8722: 8716: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8696: 8694: 8692: 8688: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8646: 8645: 8642: 8641: 8639: 8637: 8633: 8627: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8563:Dorsum sellae 8561: 8560: 8559: 8558:Sella turcica 8556: 8553: 8552: 8550: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8537: 8527: 8524: 8523: 8521: 8519: 8518:Tympanic part 8515: 8509: 8507: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8480: 8479: 8478: 8475: 8471: 8470:Jugular fossa 8468: 8466: 8463: 8462: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8439: 8436: 8435: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8428:Carotid canal 8426: 8425: 8423: 8421: 8417: 8410: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8390:Mastoid notch 8388: 8385: 8384:Mastoid cells 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8372: 8370: 8368: 8364: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8334: 8332: 8330: 8329:Squamous part 8326: 8323: 8321: 8317: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8301:Frontal sinus 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8283: 8281: 8279: 8275: 8267: 8266:Frontal crest 8264: 8262: 8259: 8258: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8245: 8244:Foramen cecum 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8231: 8230: 8227: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8214: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8199: 8197: 8195: 8194:Squamous part 8191: 8188: 8186: 8182: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8170:Sagittal keel 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8155:Temporal line 8153: 8151: 8148: 8147: 8145: 8143: 8139: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8118: 8117: 8114: 8113: 8111: 8107: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8092: 8090: 8088: 8084: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8067: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8045: 8044: 8041: 8040: 8038: 8036: 8035:Lateral parts 8032: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8005: 8004: 8001: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7988: 7987: 7984: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7964:Occipital bun 7962: 7960: 7956: 7953: 7952: 7951: 7948: 7947: 7945: 7943: 7942:Squamous part 7939: 7936: 7934: 7930: 7926: 7922: 7915: 7910: 7908: 7903: 7901: 7896: 7895: 7892: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7854: 7853: 7850: 7849: 7847: 7843: 7835: 7832: 7831: 7830: 7827: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7814: 7813: 7810: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7797: 7796: 7793: 7792: 7790: 7786: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7735: 7734: 7731: 7730: 7728: 7724: 7718: 7715: 7712: 7708: 7704: 7700: 7696: 7693: 7690: 7686: 7682: 7678: 7674: 7670: 7666: 7662: 7658: 7655: 7654: 7652: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7639: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7615: 7613: 7609: 7603: 7600: 7597: 7593: 7589: 7586: 7583: 7579: 7576: 7575: 7573: 7569: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7554: 7552: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7539: 7532: 7528: 7525: 7522: 7518: 7515: 7512: 7508: 7505: 7504: 7502: 7500: 7496: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7477: 7475: 7471: 7464: 7460: 7459:Incisive bone 7456: 7452: 7448: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7433: 7429: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7416: 7414: 7410: 7404: 7400: 7397: 7396: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7384: 7381: 7380: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7368: 7367:Infratemporal 7365: 7364: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7355:Orbital bones 7353: 7351: 7348: 7345: 7341: 7337: 7333: 7330: 7329: 7327: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7314: 7310: 7306: 7298: 7293: 7291: 7286: 7284: 7279: 7278: 7275: 7257: 7254: 7253: 7252: 7249: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7231: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7194: 7193: 7190: 7189: 7187: 7185: 7181: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7151: 7149: 7147: 7143: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7123: 7121: 7119: 7115: 7108: 7104: 7100: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7085: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7065: 7061: 7057: 7053: 7050: 7049: 7047: 7045: 7041: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7021: 7019: 7017: 7013: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6998: 6996: 6994: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6981: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6945: 6944: 6941: 6940: 6938: 6936: 6932: 6924: 6921: 6920: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6910: 6908: 6906: 6902: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6876: 6875: 6872: 6871: 6869: 6867: 6863: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6813: 6811: 6809: 6805: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6770: 6768: 6766: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6744: 6740: 6736: 6729: 6724: 6722: 6717: 6715: 6710: 6709: 6706: 6700: 6696: 6693:Bones of the 6690: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6650: 6648: 6644: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6592: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6572: 6570: 6566: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6522: 6520: 6516: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6501: 6499: 6495: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6475: 6473: 6469: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6449: 6447: 6443: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6423: 6421: 6419: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6406: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6384: 6382: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6369: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6354:perichondrium 6352: 6351: 6349: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6335: 6328: 6323: 6321: 6316: 6314: 6309: 6308: 6305: 6299: 6296: 6281: 6277: 6271: 6267: 6260: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6239: 6230: 6223: 6217: 6213: 6208: 6204: 6198: 6194: 6189: 6186: 6179: 6173: 6169: 6164: 6160: 6154: 6150: 6145: 6141: 6135: 6131: 6126: 6122: 6116: 6112: 6107: 6106: 6093: 6087: 6083: 6082: 6074: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6024: 6017: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5960: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5925: 5918: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5882: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5835: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5808: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5757: 5749: 5743: 5735: 5731: 5725: 5717: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5684: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5637: 5629: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5588: 5569: 5565: 5558: 5552: 5545: 5544:Davidson 2010 5540: 5534: 5530: 5524: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5497: 5490: 5489:Davidson 2010 5485: 5483: 5481: 5479: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5435: 5420: 5416: 5410: 5395: 5391: 5385: 5370: 5366: 5360: 5345: 5341: 5335: 5320: 5316: 5310: 5303: 5302:Davidson 2010 5298: 5291: 5290:Davidson 2010 5286: 5284: 5282: 5265: 5261: 5255: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5204: 5197: 5196:Davidson 2010 5192: 5190: 5188: 5186: 5178: 5177:Davidson 2010 5173: 5171: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5127: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5092: 5090: 5081: 5075: 5071: 5064: 5062: 5046: 5042: 5036: 5028: 5022: 5018: 5017: 5009: 5001: 4995: 4987: 4981: 4977: 4970: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4916: 4908: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4875: 4867: 4861: 4846: 4842: 4835: 4827: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4786: 4771: 4767: 4761: 4753: 4747: 4743: 4742: 4734: 4726: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4677: 4669: 4657: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4632:9780470513637 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4615: 4607: 4592: 4588: 4581: 4565: 4561: 4555: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4512: 4506:, p. 46. 4505: 4500: 4494:, p. 57. 4493: 4488: 4482:, p. 60. 4481: 4476: 4469: 4464: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4429: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4386: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4355: 4347: 4341: 4337: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4313: 4307: 4303: 4296: 4280: 4276: 4270: 4262: 4256: 4252: 4251: 4243: 4228: 4224: 4218: 4212: 4206: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4175: 4167: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4139: 4132: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4095: 4087: 4081: 4077: 4072: 4070: 4066: 4061: 4054: 4046: 4042: 4036: 4020: 4014: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3983: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3952: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3913:(2): 107603. 3912: 3908: 3904: 3897: 3889: 3883: 3879: 3878: 3870: 3863: 3859: 3853: 3847: 3846:9781400849505 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3828: 3822: 3820: 3812: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3789: 3784: 3777: 3772: 3770: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3734: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3688: 3679: 3672: 3667: 3661:, p. 58. 3660: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3643: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3625: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3594:Bone Research 3591: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3571: 3569:9781578595426 3565: 3561: 3554: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3503: 3495: 3489: 3485: 3478: 3471: 3466: 3464: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3412: 3404: 3400: 3395: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3355: 3353: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3313: 3298: 3294: 3288: 3281: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3255: 3251: 3245: 3237: 3233: 3228: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3194: 3185: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3161: 3153: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3138: 3133: 3127: 3125: 3116: 3110: 3105: 3104: 3095: 3087: 3083: 3077: 3069: 3067:9780761478829 3063: 3059: 3053: 3045: 3039: 3035: 3030: 3029: 3020: 3012: 3006: 3002: 3001: 2993: 2978: 2976:9780124708624 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2959: 2951: 2947: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2927: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2908: 2895: 2890: 2883: 2878: 2871: 2866: 2865: 2859: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2846: 2842: 2837: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2822: 2820: 2816: 2815:Shang dynasty 2812: 2811:ancient China 2808: 2804: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2784: 2780: 2778: 2774: 2769: 2765: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2683: 2674: 2671: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2656: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2610: 2608: 2607: 2601: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2582: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2567: 2565: 2561: 2553: 2546: 2542: 2537: 2533: 2526:Other animals 2523: 2521: 2517: 2516: 2511: 2510: 2505: 2500: 2498: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2474: 2469: 2460: 2458: 2454: 2449: 2439: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2420:trace mineral 2417: 2412: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2389: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2338: 2333: 2320: 2316: 2313: 2311: 2308: 2306: 2303: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2289: 2288:Osteomyelitis 2286: 2285: 2279: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2266:may be used. 2265: 2264:immunotherapy 2261: 2257: 2253: 2248: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2229: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2202:kidney cancer 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2186:breast cancer 2183: 2179: 2174: 2164: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2149:osteoblastoma 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2128: 2118: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2087: 2085: 2084:bone grafting 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2056:hip fractures 2053: 2049: 2044: 2038: 2037:Bone fracture 2030: 2026: 2022: 2013: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1992: 1988: 1983: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1955: 1945: 1936: 1934: 1930: 1929:interleukin 6 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1877: 1875: 1874:thyroid gland 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1850: 1848: 1847:piezoelectric 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1818: 1805: 1801: 1796: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1707: 1706: 1705: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1694:Growth factor 1687: 1683: 1679: 1678: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1654:erythroblasts 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1626:hematopoiesis 1623: 1613: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1542: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1496: 1487: 1483: 1481: 1477: 1476: 1475: 1472: 1471: 1466: 1462: 1461: 1460: 1457: 1456: 1451: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1437: 1436: 1433: 1432: 1428: 1427: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1400: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1380: 1378: 1374: 1369: 1365: 1363: 1362:calcification 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1322:. During the 1321: 1312: 1304: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1260: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1220: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1198: 1195: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1122: 1118: 1117: 1116: 1109: 1101: 1092: 1090: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1069: 1067: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1053:cross-section 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1022: 1019: 1015: 1008: 1005: 1001: 1000: 999: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 976:proteoglycans 973: 968: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 886: 882: 876: 866: 864: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 813:multinucleate 810: 801: 799: 794: 785: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 744: 740: 736: 727: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 672: 663: 661: 657: 647: 645: 641: 637: 636:hematopoietic 633: 629: 625: 621: 612: 610: 606: 602: 597: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 568: 564: 560: 556: 555:hematopoiesis 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 512: 507: 497: 495: 491: 487: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 453: 449: 448:cortical bone 440: 431: 427: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 400: 398: 394: 384: 382: 381: 376: 375: 370: 369: 364: 363: 358: 357: 352: 348: 344: 339: 337: 333: 332: 327: 323: 319: 314: 312: 308: 307:blood vessels 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 275: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 181: 177: 165: 159: 155: 152: 149: 147: 143: 140: 137: 135: 131: 128: 124: 121: 119: 115: 112: 109: 107: 103: 100: 97: 95: 91: 86: 81: 75: 70: 65: 59: 54: 49: 46: 41: 34: 19: 11742:Hip fracture 11418:Arm fracture 11380:Rib fracture 11146:pelvic inlet 11015: 10921: 10887:iliac spines 10886: 10856: 10837:arcuate line 10781: 10675:intermediate 10489: 10438: 10421: 10383: 10374: 10366:upper medial 10365: 10361:linea aspera 10269: 10120: 10045:Sacral canal 9946: 9860:lateral mass 9812:Spinal canal 9789: 9725: 9675:intermediate 9564:Carpal bones 9538:near wrist ( 9529:radial notch 9515:near elbow ( 9487:near wrist ( 9476:near elbow ( 9436: 9422: 9408: 9392: 9376: 9357: 9343: 9337: 9306: 9286:supraglenoid 9282:infraglenoid 9277: 9258: 9240: 9183: 8974:Neurocranium 8909: 8863: 8850: 8823:Crista galli 8745: 8728: 8643: 8622: 8609: 8554: 8503: 8476: 8459: 8433:Facial canal 8420:Petrous part 8367:Mastoid part 8278:Orbital part 8255: 8228: 8211: 8087:Basilar part 8064: 8002: 7985: 7974:Nuchal lines 7949: 7921:Neurocranium 7699:Mental spine 7694: 7656: 7344:Canine fossa 7335: 7239:intermediate 6984:Appendicular 6765:Neurocranium 6734: 6589: 6478:bone mineral 6436:endochondral 6426:primary bone 6418:Ossification 6408: 6372:chondroblast 6333: 6287:. Retrieved 6280:the original 6265: 6228: 6211: 6192: 6184: 6167: 6148: 6129: 6110: 6080: 6073: 6033: 6029: 6016: 5973: 5969: 5959: 5934: 5930: 5917: 5892: 5888: 5881: 5848: 5844: 5834: 5817: 5813: 5807: 5766: 5763:Paleobiology 5762: 5756: 5742: 5733: 5724: 5700:(1): 69–77. 5697: 5693: 5683: 5650: 5646: 5636: 5601: 5597: 5587: 5575:. Retrieved 5568:the original 5563: 5551: 5539: 5523: 5506: 5502: 5496: 5444: 5440: 5434: 5422:. Retrieved 5418: 5409: 5397:. Retrieved 5393: 5384: 5372:. Retrieved 5368: 5359: 5347:. Retrieved 5343: 5334: 5322:. Retrieved 5318: 5309: 5297: 5268:. Retrieved 5263: 5254: 5242:. Retrieved 5238:the original 5217: 5213: 5203: 5136: 5132: 5126: 5101: 5097: 5069: 5048:. Retrieved 5045:Khan Academy 5044: 5035: 5019:. Springer. 5015: 5008: 4975: 4969: 4957:. Retrieved 4929: 4925: 4915: 4888: 4884: 4874: 4848:. Retrieved 4845:www.ck12.org 4844: 4834: 4799: 4795: 4785: 4773:. Retrieved 4769: 4760: 4744:. Springer. 4740: 4733: 4690: 4686: 4676: 4644:. Retrieved 4613: 4606: 4594:. Retrieved 4590: 4580: 4570:13 September 4568:. Retrieved 4563: 4554: 4521: 4517: 4511: 4499: 4487: 4475: 4463: 4438: 4434: 4428: 4395: 4391: 4385: 4373:. Retrieved 4369:the original 4364: 4354: 4335: 4301: 4295: 4283:. Retrieved 4278: 4269: 4249: 4242: 4230:. Retrieved 4226: 4217: 4205: 4195:28 September 4193:. Retrieved 4189:the original 4184: 4174: 4148: 4144: 4138: 4104: 4100: 4094: 4075: 4057: 4053: 4044: 4035: 4023:. Retrieved 4013: 3988: 3982: 3957: 3951: 3910: 3906: 3896: 3876: 3869: 3857: 3852: 3837: 3783: 3743: 3739: 3733: 3721:. Retrieved 3704:(2): 79–84. 3701: 3697: 3687: 3678: 3666: 3597: 3593: 3559: 3553: 3512: 3508: 3502: 3483: 3477: 3421: 3417: 3411: 3368: 3364: 3329:(1): 1–206. 3326: 3322: 3312: 3300:. Retrieved 3296: 3287: 3258:. Retrieved 3253: 3244: 3207: 3203: 3193: 3174: 3170: 3160: 3136: 3102: 3094: 3085: 3076: 3057: 3052: 3027: 3019: 2999: 2992: 2980:. Retrieved 2957: 2950: 2856:foot binding 2849: 2838: 2823: 2805: 2787: 2781: 2766: 2710:bone carving 2699: 2672: 2657: 2641:pachyostotic 2629:ichthyosaurs 2611: 2606:Dunkleosteus 2604: 2602: 2583: 2568: 2558: 2532:Bird anatomy 2513: 2509:Homo sapiens 2507: 2501: 2484:anthropology 2477: 2451: 2413: 2409:osteoclastic 2405:osteoblastic 2397:advanced age 2393:osteoporosis 2390: 2343: 2332:Osteoporosis 2326:Osteoporosis 2294:Osteomalacia 2260:chemotherapy 2256:radiotherapy 2249: 2230: 2176: 2130: 2107:bone healing 2088: 2076:fat embolism 2060:osteoporosis 2040: 1984: 1976:pathologists 1972:radiologists 1957: 1954:Bone disease 1942: 1878: 1851: 1820: 1803: 1799: 1768:reabsorption 1742:heavy metals 1704:and others. 1691: 1670: 1666:granulocytes 1619: 1599: 1582:shear stress 1572:(1,700 1543: 1539:biomechanics 1516: 1494: 1473: 1458: 1448:Facilitates 1434: 1397: 1381: 1367: 1366: 1345: 1344: 1320:ossification 1317: 1293: 1285: 1262: 1192:are roughly 1183: 1172:tarsal bones 1164:carpal bones 1140:compact bone 1114: 1086: 1075: 1064:1 to 2 1040: 1026: 1018:Transmission 1004:fibrous bone 1003: 969: 885:bone mineral 878: 832: 828: 807: 791: 748: 677: 653: 644:pelvic bones 618: 604: 600: 598: 526: 522: 518: 517: 452:compact bone 451: 447: 445: 428: 420:bone mineral 401: 390: 378: 372: 366: 360: 354: 342: 340: 329: 315: 279:bone mineral 272: 220: 216: 215: 175: 173: 111:A02.0.00.000 45: 11501:Chauffeur's 11151:pelvic brim 11041:pubic crest 10692:Metatarsals 10528:soleal line 10422:epicondyles 9489:ulnar notch 9409:epicondyles 9245:subscapular 8709:Optic canal 8691:Small wings 8636:Great wings 7874:Prognathism 7602:Hard palate 7224:metatarsals 7090:metacarpals 7060:lunate bone 6637:bone marrow 6377:chondrocyte 5577:26 November 5447:(1): 5–14. 5050:24 December 4932:: 385–396. 4504:Deakin 2006 4492:Deakin 2006 4480:Deakin 2006 4468:Deakin 2006 4166:11336/74304 3958:Bioceramics 3776:Deakin 2006 3671:Deakin 2006 3659:Deakin 2006 3642:Deakin 2006 3470:Deakin 2006 3280:Deakin 2006 3204:Biomimetics 2916:Bone health 2819:oracle bone 2750:poker chips 2718:modern time 2662:, practice 2653:hypersaline 2590:os clitoris 2536:Exoskeleton 2382:medications 2233:spinal cord 2190:lung cancer 2182:metastasise 2153:enchondroma 2133:bone tumors 2068:flail chest 2025:Radiography 1987:radiography 1843:Wolff's law 1776:blood sugar 1772:osteocalcin 1717:fatty acids 1662:circulation 1622:bone marrow 1465:bone marrow 1298:Development 1253:Terminology 1190:Short bones 1082:precipitate 1078:osteoblasts 992:osteopontin 988:osteocalcin 937:synergistic 869:Composition 863:homeostasis 848:macrophages 809:Osteoclasts 778:bicarbonate 750:Osteoblasts 743:decalcified 704:macrophages 700:osteoclasts 698:cells, but 692:osteoclasts 680:osteoblasts 620:Bone marrow 578:bone marrow 574:osteoblasts 551:bone marrow 523:spongy bone 500:Trabeculae 469:osteoblasts 291:bone marrow 261:osteoclasts 249:Osteoblasts 235:. 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