Osama bin Laden - Knowledge

3554:, which was released to the public by the George W. Bush and based on the indictment for the 1998 embassy attack. Bin Laden was among a group of 13 fugitive terrorists wanted on that latter list for questioning about the 1998 attack. He remains the only fugitive ever to be listed on both FBI fugitive lists. Despite these multiple indictments, the Taliban refused to extradite Osama bin Laden. However, they did offer to try him before an Islamic court if evidence of Osama bin Laden's involvement in the September 11 attacks was provided. It was not until eight days after the bombing of Afghanistan began in October 2001 that the Taliban finally did offer to turn over Osama bin Laden to a third-party country for trial, in return for the U.S. ending the bombing. This offer was rejected by George W. Bush, stating that this was no longer negotiable: "there's no need to discuss innocence or guilt. We know he's guilty." 3975: 3580: 3563: 3039: 3535: 3915: 966:, Syria; but they were later separated and she left Afghanistan on 9 September 2001, 2 days before the 9/11 attacks. His other known wives were Khadijah Sharif (married 1983, divorced 1990s); Khairiah Sabar (married 1985); Siham Sabar (married 1987); and Amal al-Sadah (married 2000). Some sources also list a sixth wife, name unknown, whose marriage to Bin Laden was annulled soon after the ceremony. Bin Laden fathered between 20 and 26 children with his wives. Many of Bin Laden's children fled to Iran following the September 11 attacks and as of 2010, Iranian authorities reportedly continue to control their movements. 3771:, the top U.S. commander in Afghanistan, said that al-Qaeda would not be defeated unless Bin Laden were captured or killed, thus indicating that the U.S. high command believed that he was still alive. Testifying to the U.S. Congress, he said that Bin Laden had become an iconic figure, whose survival emboldens al-Qaeda as a franchising organization across the world, and that Obama's deployment of 30,000 extra troops to Afghanistan meant that success would be possible. He said killing or capturing Bin Laden would not spell the end of al-Qaeda, but the movement could not be eradicated while he remained at large. 3361: 3955: 2153:—American law being "the law of the rich and wealthy"—and as the reason civilians are responsible for their government's actions and so can be lawfully punished by death. He denounced democracy as a "religion of ignorance" that violates Islam by issuing man-made laws, but in a later statement compares the Western democracy of Spain favorably to the Muslim world in which the ruler is accountable. Rodenbeck states, "Evidently, has never heard theological justifications for democracy, based on the notion that the will of the people must necessarily reflect the will of an all-knowing God." 3428: 2972: 13024: 13008: 3614:, Afghanistan, in late 2001, and according to civilian and military officials with first-hand knowledge, failure by the U.S. to commit enough U.S. ground troops to hunt him led to his escape and was the gravest failure by the U.S. in the war against al-Qaeda. Intelligence officials assembled what they believed to be decisive evidence, from contemporary and subsequent interrogations and intercepted communications, that Bin Laden began the Battle of Tora Bora inside the cave complex along Afghanistan's mountainous eastern border. 2800:. The expulsion from Sudan significantly weakened Bin Laden and his organization. Some African intelligence sources have argued that the expulsion left Bin Laden without an option other than becoming a full-time radical, and that most of the 300 Afghan Arabs who left with him subsequently became terrorists. Various sources report that he lost between $ 20 million and $ 300 million in Sudan; the government seized his construction equipment, and he was forced to liquidate his businesses, land, and even his horses. 3747: 3727: 3795: 4346: 4318: 2688:, and built roads using the same bulldozers he had employed to construct mountain tracks in Afghanistan. Many of his labourers were the same fighters who had been his comrades in the war against the Soviet Union. He was generous to the poor and popular with the people. He continued to criticize King Fahd of Saudi Arabia. In response, in 1994, Fahd stripped Bin Laden of his Saudi citizenship and persuaded his family to cut off his $ 7 million a year stipend. 1897: 15299: 14624: 2784:

officials became aware of these secret discussions, certainly by March. Saudi officials apparently wanted Bin Laden expelled from Sudan. They had already revoked his citizenship, however, and would not tolerate his presence in their country. Also Bin Laden may have no longer felt safe in Sudan, where he had already escaped at least one assassination attempt that he believed to have been the work of the Egyptian or Saudi regimes, and paid for by the

4332: 4360: 57: 4117:, and other insurgents who posed an active threat to it, rather than to finding or sheltering Bin Laden. Coll states that as of 2019 there is no direct evidence showing Pakistani knowledge of Bin Laden's presence in Abbottabad. Documents captured from the Abbottabad compound generally show that Bin Laden was wary of contact with Pakistani intelligence and police, especially in light of Pakistan's role in the arrest of 1886: 15309: 2427:

groups instead of forming a separate fighting force. Notes of a meeting of Bin Laden and others on 20 August 1988, indicate that al-Qaeda was a formal group by that time: "Basically an organized Islamic faction, its goal is to lift the word of God, to make his religion victorious." A list of requirements for membership itemized the following: listening ability, good manners, obedience, and making a pledge (

2874:"Terrorising you, while you are carrying arms on our land, is a legitimate and morally demanded duty. It is a legitimate right well known to all humans and other creatures... youths are different from your soldiers. Your problem will be how to convince your troops to fight, while our problem will be how to restrain our youths.. The youths hold you responsible for all of the killings and evictions of the 2751:, Fatih Erwa, has claimed that Sudan offered to hand Bin Laden over to the United States. The Commission has found no credible evidence that this was so. Ambassador Carney had instructions only to push the Sudanese to expel Bin Laden. Ambassador Carney had no legal basis to ask for more from the Sudanese since, at the time, there was no indictment outstanding against Bin Laden in any country. 4304: 722:, often having approval ratings in some countries higher than those of national leaders. Nonetheless, his justification and orchestration of attacks against American civilian targets, such as the September 11 attacks, made him a highly reviled figure in the United States, where public opinion largely views Bin Laden as a symbol of terrorism and mass murder. 9690:—"In the tape, Bin Laden—wearing traditional white robes, a turban and a tan cloak—reads from papers at a lectern against a plain brown background. Speaking quietly in an even voice, he tells the American people that he ordered the September 11 attacks because 'we are a free people' who wanted to 'regain the freedom' of their nation." 4036:, Bin Laden was struck by two suppressed shots to the side of the head from around ten feet away after leaning out of his bedroom doorway to survey Bissonnette and a point man. Once the Navy SEALs entered the bedroom, his body began convulsing and Bissonnette along with another SEAL responded by firing multiple shots into his chest. 4105:, promised a "full inquiry" into how Pakistani intelligence services could have failed to find Bin Laden in a fortified compound so close to Islamabad. "Obviously Bin Laden did have a support system", he said. "The issue is, was that support system within the government and the state of Pakistan, or within the society of Pakistan?" 3681:

bin Laden, according to his national security advisers in an effort to ratchet up the hunt for the terrorist. President Obama rejected the Bush administration's policy on Bin Laden that conflated all terror threats from al-Qaeda to Hamas to Hezbollah, replacing it with a covert, narrow focus on al-Qaeda and its direct affiliates.

2338:, which funneled money, arms, and fighters from around the Arab world into Afghanistan. Through al-Khadamat, Bin Laden's inherited family fortune paid for air tickets and accommodation, paid for paperwork with Pakistani authorities and provided other such services for the jihadi fighters. Bin Laden established camps inside 3637:, Atiyah instructs Zarqawi to send messengers to Waziristan so that they meet with the brothers of the leadership. Al-Rahman also indicates that Bin Laden and al-Qaeda are weak and have many of their own problems. The letter has been deemed authentic by military and counterterrorism officials, according to 7079:

A revolt by the Shias of Gilgit was ruthlessly suppressed by the Zia-ul Haq regime in 1988, killing hundreds of Shias. An armed group of tribals from Afghanistan and the North-West Frontier Province, led by Osama bin Laden, was inducted by the Pakistan Army into Gilgit and adjoining areas to suppress

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asserted—citing U.S. sources—that Bin Laden had been a prisoner of the ISI at the Abbottabad compound since 2006; that Pasha knew of the U.S. mission in advance, and authorized the helicopters delivering the SEALs to enter Pakistani airspace; and that the CIA learned of Bin Laden's whereabouts from a

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doctrine needs to be revisited based on the modern-day context and clear boundaries established. He asked a subordinate to draw up a jihadist code of conduct that would constrain military operations in order to avoid civilian casualties. In Yemen, Bin Laden urged his allies to seek a truce that would

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of that year's U.S. presidential election, then-presidential candidate Barack Obama pledged, "We will kill Bin Laden. We will crush al-Qaeda. That has to be our biggest national security priority." Upon being elected, Obama expressed his plans to renew U.S. commitment to finding al-Qaeda leader Osama

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in 1993 by the government in Sarajevo. The Bosnian government denied this information following the September 11 attacks, but it was later found that Aodouni was arrested in Turkey and that at that time he possessed the Bosnian passport. Following this revelation, a new explanation was given that Bin

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wrote: "He did not receive any direct funding or training from the U.S. during the 1980s. Nor did his followers. The Afghan mujahideen, via Pakistan's ISI intelligence agency, received large amounts of both. Some bled to the Arabs fighting the Soviets but nothing significant." Bin Laden met and built

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was given the lead in tracking down and killing or capturing Bin Laden. U.S. officials named Bin Laden and the al-Qaeda organization as the prime suspects and offered a reward of $ 25 million for information leading to his capture or death. On 13 July 2007, the Senate voted to double the reward

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While many Middle Eastern countries have condemned.. Al Qaeda and have shown support to the United States, Bin Laden's reputation has reached cult status among some Arabs, who see him as the hero of the resistance against Western domination... In the wider Middle Eastern region, Bin Laden became a

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Because they have not forgotten what happened in 1988. Faced with a revolt by the Shias of the Northern Areas (Gilgit and Baltistan) of Jammu & Kashmir (J&K), under occupation by the Pakistan Army, for a separate Shia State called the Karakoram State, the Pakistan Army transported Osama bin

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has oppressed, killed, or otherwise harmed Muslims in the Middle East. As such, the threat to U.S. national security arises not from al-Qaeda being offended by what the U.S. is but rather by what the U.S. does, or in the words of Scheuer, "They (al-Qaeda) hate us (Americans) for what we do, not who

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In history's long list of villains, bin Laden will find a special place. He ha no throne, no armies, not even any real territory, aside from the rocky wastes of Afghanistan. But he ha the power to make men willingly go to their deaths for the sole purpose of indiscriminately killing Americans—men,

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of the 21st century took place today... We think it's Osama bin Laden." The Federal Bureau of Investigation has stated that classified evidence linking al-Qaeda and Bin Laden to the September 11 attacks is clear and irrefutable. The UK Government reached a similar conclusion regarding al-Qaeda and

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under the guise of a humanitarian organization and it was reported to have been started in 1994. Claude Kader, who was a member, testified its existence during his trial. By 1998, four members of Egyptian Islamic Jihad (EIJ) were arrested in Albania and extradited to Egypt. The mujahideen fighters

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A Bosnian government search of passport and residency records, conducted at the urging of the United States, revealed other former Mujahideen who were linked to the same Algerian group or to other groups of suspected terrorists, and had lived in the area 100 km (60 mi) north of Sarajevo,

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in his exegesis, and by the Sheikh of Islam when he states in his chronicles that "As for fighting to repel an enemy, which is the strongest way to defend freedom and religion, it is agreed that this is a duty. After faith, there is no greater duty than fighting an enemy who is corrupting religion

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In February 1996, Sudanese officials began approaching officials from the United States and other governments, asking what actions of theirs might ease foreign pressure. In secret meetings with Saudi officials, Sudan offered to expel Bin Laden to Saudi Arabia and asked the Saudis to pardon him. US

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and the ISI. According to Brigadier Mohammad Yousaf, the person in charge of the ISI's Afghan operations at the time, it was a strict policy of Pakistan to prevent any American involvement in the distribution of funds or weapons or in the training of the mujahideen, and the CIA officials stayed in

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in a way that indicates foreknowledge. The tape was broadcast on various news networks on 13 December 2001. The merits of this translation have been disputed. Arabist Dr. Abdel El M. Husseini stated: "This translation is very problematic. At the most important places where it is held to prove the

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in the 1998 embassy attacks. Attempts at assassination and requests for the extradition of Bin Laden from the Taliban of Afghanistan were met with failure before the bombing of Afghanistan in October 2001. In 1999, US President Bill Clinton convinced the United Nations to impose sanctions against

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to issue a fatwa condemning the American military deployment but senior clerics refused out of fear of repression. Bin Laden's continued criticism of the Saudi monarchy led them to put him under house arrest, under which he remained until he was ultimately forced to leave the country in 1991. The

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Following the Soviet Union's withdrawal from Afghanistan in February 1989, Osama bin Laden returned to Saudi Arabia as a hero of jihad. Along with his Arab legion, he was thought to have brought down the mighty superpower of the Soviet Union. After his return to Saudi Arabia, Bin Laden engaged in

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By 1988, Bin Laden had split from Maktab al-Khidamat. While Azzam acted as support for Afghan fighters, Bin Laden wanted a more military role. One of the main points leading to the split and the creation of al-Qaeda was Azzam's insistence that Arab fighters be integrated among the Afghan fighting

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controlled the governments of the U.S. and the United Kingdom, directing them to kill as many Muslims as they could. In a letter released in late 2002, he stated that Jews controlled the civilian media outlets, politics, and economic institutions of the United States. In a May 1998 interview with

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Mohammed bin Laden divorced Hamida soon after Osama bin Laden was born. Mohammed recommended Hamida to Mohammed al-Attas, an associate. Al-Attas married Hamida in the late 1950s or early 1960s. The couple had four children, and Bin Laden lived in the new household with three half-brothers and one

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official suggested that Bin Laden was alive, well, and living comfortably in Pakistan, protected by elements of the country's intelligence services. A senior Pakistani official denied the allegations and said that the accusations were designed to put pressure on the Pakistani government ahead of

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film clip on 17 September 2001, then-President George W. Bush stated, "I want justice. There is an old poster out west, as I recall, that said, 'Wanted: Dead or alive'". Subsequently, Bin Laden retreated further from public contact to avoid capture. Numerous speculative press reports were issued

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In 1991, Bin Laden was expelled from Saudi Arabia by its government after repeatedly criticizing the Saudi alliance with the United States. He and his followers moved first to Afghanistan and then relocated to Sudan by 1992, in a deal brokered by Ali Mohamed. Bin Laden's personal security detail

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Bin Laden supported the targeting of American civilians, in retaliation against U.S. troops indiscriminately attacking Muslims. He asserted that this policy could deter U.S. troops from targeting Muslim women and children. Furthermore, he argued that all Americans were complicit in the crimes of

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In the 1990s, Bin Laden's al-Qaeda assisted jihadis financially, and sometimes militarily, in Algeria, Egypt, and Afghanistan. In 1992 or 1993, Bin Laden sent an emissary, Qari el-Said, with $ 40,000 to Algeria to aid the Islamists and urge war rather than negotiation with the government. Their

1005:, writes that a number of Bin Laden's close friends confirmed that reports of his height were greatly exaggerated, and that Bin Laden was actually "just over 6 feet (1.8 m) tall". Eventually, after his death, he was measured to be roughly 1.93 m (6 ft 4 in). Bin Laden had an 6975: 3177:

was arrested in Jordan in late December 1999 on suspicion of involvement in a plot to blow up tourist sites. A second man with Bosnian citizenship, Hamid Aich, lived in Canada at the same time as Atmani and worked for a charity associated with Osama bin Laden. In its 26 June 1997 report on the

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and less than 100 kilometres (62 mi) from Pakistan's capital. While the United States and Pakistan governments both claimed, and later maintained, that no Pakistani officials, including senior military leaders, knew Bin Laden's whereabouts or had prior knowledge of the U.S. strike,

3448:, Bin Laden abandoned his denials without retracting past statements. In it, he said he had personally directed the nineteen hijackers. In the 18-minute tape, played on Al-Jazeera, four days before the American presidential election, Bin Laden accused George W. Bush of negligence in the 3759:

Early in December 2009, a Taliban detainee in Pakistan said he had information that Bin Laden was in Afghanistan that year; he said that in January or February 2009, he met a trusted contact who had seen Bin Laden in Afghanistan about 15 to 20 days earlier. However, on 6 December 2009,

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Bin Laden initially denied involvement in the attacks. On 16 September 2001, he read a statement, later broadcast by Al Jazeera, denying responsibility for the attack. In a videotape recovered by U.S. forces in November 2001 in Jalalabad, Bin Laden was seen discussing the attack with

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on Bin Laden-related targets in Sudan and Afghanistan on 20 August 1998. In December 1998, the CIA reported to Clinton that al-Qaeda was preparing for attacks in the U.S., including the training of personnel to hijack aircraft. On 7 June 1999, the FBI placed Bin Laden on its

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of the U.S. on 8 June 1998, on a charges of conspiracy to attack defense utilities of the U.S. and prosecutors further charged that Bin Laden was the head of the terrorist organization called al-Qaeda, and that he was a major financial backer of Islamic fighters worldwide.

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The focused and lethal threat posed to U.S. national security arises not from Muslims being offended by what America is, but rather from their plausible perception that the things they most love and value—God, Islam, their brethren, and Muslim lands—are being attacked by

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were controlled by Jews, for the sole purpose of serving the Israeli state's goals. He often delivered warnings against alleged Jewish conspiracies: "These Jews are masters of usury and leaders in treachery. They will leave you nothing, either in this world or the next."

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Al-Qaeda continued to release time-sensitive and professionally verified videos demonstrating Bin Laden's continued survival, including in August 2007. He claimed sole responsibility for the September 11 attacks and specifically denied any prior knowledge of them by the

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lost influence in their country. The Sudanese wanted to engage with the U.S., but American officials refused to meet with them even after they had expelled Bin Laden. It was not until 2000 that the State Department authorized U.S. intelligence officials to visit Sudan.

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denied that his country's security forces sheltered Bin Laden, and called any supposed support for Bin Laden by the Pakistani government baseless speculation. Government officials said that the country's limited resources had been committed to its war against the

4032:; however, it has also been widely discredited by witnesses, who claim that Bin Laden was possibly already dead by the time O'Neill arrived, having been injured by an anonymous SEAL Team Six member referred to under the pseudonym "Red". According to Navy SEAL 3233:

that KLA was being aided by al-Qaeda but the US decided to cooperate with the KLA and thus indirectly with Osama despite the U.S. embassy bombings earlier. Milošević had argued that the U.S. aided the terrorists, which culminated in its backing of the 1999

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Osama bin Laden's full name, Osama bin Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden, means "Osama, son of Mohammed, son of Awad, son of Laden". "Mohammed" refers to Bin Laden's father Mohammed bin Laden; "Awad" refers to his grandfather, Awad bin Aboud bin Laden, a Kindite

2597:. They discovered copious evidence of terrorist plots, including plans to blow up New York City skyscrapers. This marked the earliest discovery of al-Qaeda terrorist plans outside of Muslim countries. Nosair was eventually convicted in connection to the 2955:

At the public announcement, Bin Laden said that North Americans are "very easy targets". He told the attending journalists, "You will see the results of this in a very short time." It also claimed the "individual duty for every Muslim "was to liberate

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In late 1995, when Bin Laden was still in Sudan, the State Department and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) learned that Sudanese officials were discussing with the Saudi government the possibility of expelling Bin Laden. CIA paramilitary officer

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folk hero to the poor and disenfranchised: his picture appeared in bazaars in Pakistan and was placed in the hands of demonstrators in the Gaza strip. No Arab leader had commanded such popular appeal since Gamal Abdel Nasser (1918–1970) in the 1950s.

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Through two other tapes aired by Al Jazeera in 2006, Bin Laden announced, "I am the one in charge of the nineteen brothers. ... I was responsible for entrusting the nineteen brothers ... with the raids" (23 May 2006). In the tapes, he was seen with

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According to Wright, the group's real name was not used in public pronouncements because its existence was still a closely held secret. His research suggests that al-Qaeda was formed at an 11 August 1988, meeting between several senior leaders of

3274:) to apprehend Bin Laden and bring him to the U.S. to stand trial for the 1998 embassy attacks; if taking him alive was deemed impossible, then deadly force was authorized. On 20 August 1998, 66 cruise missiles launched by U.S. Navy ships in the 10551: 2027:, was "the only Islamic country" in the Muslim world. Bin Laden consistently dwelt on the need for violent jihad to right what he believed were injustices against Muslims perpetrated by the U.S. and sometimes by other non-Muslim states. In his 972:, who was Bin Laden's personal bodyguard from 1997 to 2001, details Bin Laden's personal life in his memoir. He describes him as a frugal man and strict father, who enjoyed taking his large family on shooting trips and picnics in the desert. 3269:

During the Clinton administration, capturing Bin Laden had been an objective of the U.S. government. Shortly after the September 11 attacks, it was revealed that Clinton had signed a directive authorizing the CIA (specifically, their elite

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bring the country stability, or would at least show the people that they were careful in keeping Muslims safe on the basis of peace. In Somalia, he called attention to the extreme poverty caused by constant warfare, and he advised

2851:'s regime (which Bush had chosen not to destroy). Bin Laden's view was that "the 'evils' of the Middle East arose from America's attempt to take over the region and from its support for Israel. Saudi Arabia had been turned into an 2117:

was against the killing of women and children. When he saw the body of a non-Muslim woman during a war, he asked what the reason for killing her was. If a child is older than thirteen and bears arms against Muslims, killing him is

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for his alleged role in the 1998 embassy attacks. The evidence against Bin Laden included courtroom testimony by former al-Qaeda members and satellite phone records, from a phone purchased for him by al-Qaeda procurement agent

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used his portraits during their protests, speeches and public campaigns; owing to his widespread popularity that once pervaded the Arab World during the early 2000s. His popularity reached its apex through the course of the

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in Yemen, and an attack on a target within the United States. The plan was foiled by the arrest of the Jordanian terrorist cell, the sinking of the explosive-filled skiff intended to target the destroyer, and the arrest of

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Bin Laden was killed within the fortified complex of buildings that were probably built for him, and had reportedly been his home for at least five years. The compound was located less than 2 kilometres (1 mi) from

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Mosharraf Zia, a leading Pakistani columnist, stated, "It seems deeply improbable that Bin Laden could have been where he was killed without the knowledge of some parts of the Pakistani state." Pakistan's U.S. envoy,

3472:. As I watched the destroyed towers in Lebanon, it occurred to me punish the unjust the same way: to destroy towers in America so it could taste some of what we are tasting and to stop killing our children and women. 2996:

In Afghanistan, Bin Laden and al-Qaeda raised money from donors from the days of the Soviet jihad, and from the Pakistani ISI to establish more training camps for Mujahideen fighters. Bin Laden effectively took over

2544:, telling them not to depend on non-Muslim assistance from the U.S. and others and offering to help defend Saudi Arabia with his Arab legion. When Sultan asked how Bin Laden would defend the fighters if Saddam used 986:

The FBI described Bin Laden as an adult as tall and thin, between 1.93 m (6 ft 4 in) and 1.98 m (6 ft 6 in) in height and weighing about 73 kilograms (160 lb), although the author

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The raid on Bin Laden's compound in Abbottabad was launched from Afghanistan. After the raid, reports at the time stated that U.S. forces had taken Bin Laden's body to Afghanistan for positive identification, then

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In 1999, the CIA, together with Pakistani military intelligence, had prepared a team of approximately 60 Pakistani commandos to infiltrate Afghanistan to capture or kill Bin Laden, but the plan was aborted by the

2346:. Between 1986 and 1987, Bin Laden set up a base in eastern Afghanistan for several dozen of his own Arab soldiers. From this base, Bin Laden participated in some combat activity against the Soviets, such as the 2846:

in 1990, that all U.S. forces based in Saudi Arabia would be withdrawn once the Iraqi threat had been dealt with, by 1996 the Americans were still there. Bush cited the necessity of dealing with the remnants of

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declared that the kingdom had no intention of getting involved in peacemaking in Afghanistan unless the Taliban severed ties with extremists and expelled Osama bin Laden. On 7 June 2010, the Kuwaiti newspaper

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in the U.S.. However, the Taliban ruled not to extradite Bin Laden on the grounds that there was insufficient evidence published in the indictments and that non-Muslim courts lacked standing to try Muslims.

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arrived in Saudi Arabia for an official visit. The agenda included a discussion of a possible Saudi role in Karzai's plan to reintegrate Taliban militants. During the visit, an anonymous official of the

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states that although Bin Laden may not have been a formal, salaried GIP agent, "it seems clear that Bin Laden did have a substantial relationship with Saudi intelligence." Bin Laden's first trainer was

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God knows it did not cross our minds to attack the Towers, but after the situation became unbearable—and we witnessed the injustice and tyranny of the American-Israeli alliance against our people in

9183: 5403: 5501: 12421: 12312: 2699:. The attempt failed, and Sudan expelled the EIJ. After this bombing, al-Qaeda was reported to have developed its justification for the killing of innocent people. According to a fatwa issued by 12115: 12038: 10644: 10800: 5910: 5784: 2314:, never entering Afghanistan or meeting with the Afghan resistance leaders themselves. According to some CIA officers, beginning in early 1980, Bin Laden acted as a liaison between the Saudi 11593: 10722: 8970: 791:

convention would be to refer to him as "Osama" or "Osama bin Laden", not "Bin Laden" alone, as "Bin Laden" is a patronymic, not a surname in the Western manner. According to one of his sons

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Others argued that Bin Laden lived in the compound with a local family, and never used the internet or a mobile phone, which would have made him much easier to locate. Pakistan's president

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to pursue economic development. He instructed his followers around the world to focus on education and persuasion rather than entering into confrontations with Islamic political parties.

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and Lebanon—I thought about it. And the events that affected me directly were that of 1982 and the events that followed—when America allowed the Israelis to invade Lebanon, helped by the

10830: 3996:, in accordance with Islamic law, within 24 hours of his death. Subsequent reporting has called this account into question—citing, for example, the absence of evidence that there was an 1013:. Bin Laden had stopped wearing the traditional Saudi male keffiyeh and instead wore the traditional Yemeni male keffiyeh. He was described as soft-spoken and mild-mannered in demeanor. 14688: 10946: 7101: 3518:

to depose the Taliban regime in Afghanistan and capture al-Qaeda operatives, and several countries strengthened their anti-terrorism legislation to preclude future attacks. The CIA's

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Bin Laden's culpability for the September 11 attacks, although the government report noted that the evidence presented is not necessarily sufficient to prosecute the case. Identified

3290: 12353: 3379:" On 11 September 2001 (the "September 11 attacks" or "9/11"), the U.S. was attacked by al-Qaeda, who used four commercial airplanes as missiles against various targets. Two planes, 3005:

helped to run the airline, maintaining planes and loading cargo. Michael Scheuer, head of the CIA's Bin Laden unit, concluded that Ariana was being used as a terrorist taxi service.

10299: 2094:, Bin Laden's assertion was that "since the United States is a democracy, all citizens bear responsibility for its government's actions, and civilians are therefore fair targets." 11540: 4045:

acquired a report produced by Pakistani security officials, based on interrogation of his three surviving wives, that detailed his movements while living underground in Pakistan.

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Laden did not personally collect his Bosnian passport and that officials at the Bosnian embassy in Vienna, which issued the passport, could not have known who he was at the time.

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in Afghanistan. Bin Laden helped cement his alliance with the Taliban by sending several hundred Afghan Arab fighters along to help the Taliban kill between five and six thousand

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Shias in the district of Gilgit were assaulted, killed and raped by an invading Sunni lashkar-armed militia-comprising thousands of jihadis from the North West Frontier Province.

6870:, p. 145 "Lawrence Wright estimates his share of the Saudi Binladin Group circa fall 1989 as amounted to 27 million Saudi riyals – a little more than $ 7 million." 13426: 12385: 9049:

Interpol Arrest Warrant File No. 1998/20232, Control No. A-268/5-1998. Brisard Jean-Charles, Dasquie Guillaume. "Forbidden Truth". (New York: Thunder Mouth Press, 2002), p. 156.

5998: 11663: 10246: 9431: 6609: 2926:"All these American crimes and sins are a clear proclamation of war against God, his Messenger, and the Muslims. Religious scholars throughout Islamic history have agreed that 2722:

and Bin Laden of operating terrorist training camps in the Sudanese desert. However, according to Sudan officials, this stance became obsolete as the Islamist political leader

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In 1988, a rumor alleging a Sunni massacre at the hands of Shias resulted in an attack by thousands of armed tribesmen from the south, the killing of nearly four hundred Shias

2882:; you openly supplied them with arms and finance. More than 600,000 Iraqi children have died due to lack of food and medicine and as a result of the unjustifiable aggression ( 550:. In the mid-to-late 1990s, Bin Laden masterminded terrorist attacks in several countries which led to him being indicted for international crimes and being sought for by the 4054: 2792:

Due to the increasing pressure on Sudan from Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and the United States, Bin Laden was permitted to leave for a country of his choice. He chose to return to

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Bin Laden's father Mohammed died in 1967 in an airplane crash in Saudi Arabia when his American pilot Jim Harrington misjudged a landing. Bin Laden's eldest half-brother,

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at a convoy of vehicles in which Bin Laden was traveling through the mountains of Afghanistan, hitting one of the vehicles but not the one in which Bin Laden was riding.

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against them he replied "We will fight him with faith." Bin Laden's offer was rebuffed, and the Saudi monarchy invited the deployment of U.S. forces in Saudi territory.

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in 1987. Despite its little strategic significance, the battle was lionized in the mainstream Arab press. It was during this time that he became idolized by many Arabs.

10333: 8763: 7000: 11784: 10691: 2445:, and Bin Laden, where it was agreed to join Bin Laden's money with the expertise of the Islamic Jihad organization and take up the jihadist cause elsewhere after the 2160:, stating that most of the negative events that occurred in the world were the direct result of Jewish actions. In a December 1998 interview with Pakistani journalist 11686: 11393: 11179: 10569: 3161:, who was identified by authorities as the document forger for a group of Algerians accused of plotting the bombings in the United States. He is a former roommate of 15513: 12093: 11123: 3424:

include the support of Israel by the United States, presence of the U.S. military in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and the U.S. enforcement of sanctions against Iraq.

3214: 2828:, a London-based newspaper. Saudi Arabia is sometimes called "The Land of the Two Holy Mosques" in reference to Mecca and Medina. The reference to occupation in the 12336: 5706:

Because Muslim leaders—with bin Laden in the van—repeatedly have told us that they hate Americans for what we do and not for what we think, look like, talk about...

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Murder of US Nationals Outside the United States, Conspiracy to Murder US Nationals Outside the United States, and Attacks on a Federal Facility Resulting in Death

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we are." Nonetheless, Bin Laden criticized the U.S. for its secular form of governance, calling upon Americans to convert to Islam and reject the immoral acts of

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for an attack on members of a hostile tribe, declaring that the operation is not justified, as there were casualties of noncombatants. Bin Laden wrote that the

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According to Middle East intelligence reports, Bin Laden financed small convoys of recruits from the Arab world through his businesses in Sudan. Among them was

2265:. He later told a journalist: "I felt outraged that an injustice had been committed against the people of Afghanistan." From 1979 to 1992, the U.S. (as part of 897:, England, during 1971. One source described him as "hard working"; another said he left university during his third year without completing a college degree. 14608: 13446: 11084: 4021: 265 million (US$ 30 million) amusement park in the area, including the property of the former hideout. In an interview in 2019, Pakistani prime minister 3154:

as a safe haven for terrorists, and asserted that militant elements of the former Sarajevo government were protecting extremists, some with ties to Bin Laden.

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are responsible for the shedding of the blood of these innocent children. Due to all of that, what ever treaty you have with our country is now null and void."

11632: 10017: 9471: 12954: 11802: 11501: 9651: 7376: 3939: 3254: 6054: 5411: 14988: 10969: 9176: 7474: 5896: 4207:), the "Director", "Lion" and "Lion Sheik". Despite condemnations from U.S-allied governments in the Arab world, anti-American protestors from Pakistan to 4099: 11571: 6187: 5505: 11253: 1376: 1115: 12302: 12187: 9790: 7261: 6578: 4220:

session, Imran Khan denounced Bin Laden's killing, labelling it as "an embarrassing moment" in their country's history, and also praised Bin Laden as a

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encouraged the Sudanese to pursue this course. The Saudis, however, did not want Bin Laden, giving as their reason their revocation of his citizenship.

13107: 13062: 12119: 10778: 10636: 10415: 6495: 2692: 12030: 11284: 3093:. This resolution aimed to impose sanctions on individuals and entities associated with al-Qaeda, including freezing assets and imposing travel bans. 15533: 8645: 7045:

Laden's tribal hordes into Gilgit and let them loose on the Shias. They went around massacring hundreds of Shias – innocent men, women, and children.

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Bin Laden was opposed to music on religious grounds, and his attitude towards technology was mixed. He was interested in earth-moving machinery and

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website after more than 20 years of being present online in the news outlet's webpage and TikTok began taking down videos that shared the letter.

2684:. During his time in Sudan, he heavily invested in the infrastructure, in agriculture and businesses. He was the Sudan agent for the British firm 862:

half-sister. The Bin Laden family made $ 5 billion in the construction industry, of which Osama later inherited around $ 25–30 million.

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noted that those arrested confessed to serving with Bosnian Muslim forces. Further, the captured men also admitted to ties with Osama bin Laden.

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in mid-December 1999 with a car full of nitroglycerin and bomb-making materials. He was convicted of colluding with Bin Laden by a French court.

3090: 2185:". He stated that Jews and Muslims could never get along and that war was "inevitable" between them, and further accused the U.S. of stirring up 1500: 12141: 9101: 3649:

also reported that the CIA unit composed of special operations paramilitary forces dedicated to capturing Bin Laden was shut down in late 2005.

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and head of the ISI agency. Although the United States provided the money and weapons, the training of militant groups was entirely done by the

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Shaykh Usamah Bin-Muhammad Bin-Ladin; al-Zawahiri, Ayman; Abu-Yasir Rifa'i Ahmad Taha; Shaykh Mir Hamzah; Rahman, Fazlur (23 February 1998).

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Shaykh Usamah Bin-Muhammad Bin-Ladin; al-Zawahiri, Ayman; Abu-Yasir Rifa'i Ahmad Taha; Shaykh Mir Hamzah; Rahman, Fazlur (23 February 1998).

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against Bin Laden and three other people. They were charged for killing Silvan Becker, agent of Germany's domestic intelligence service, the

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meeting held by al-Qaeda members. After killing dozens of al-Qaeda and Taliban members, they did not find either Bin Laden or al-Zawahiri.

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Map showing the US operation from its bases in Afghanistan to Pakistan that killed Bin Laden, and the subsequent burial of his body at sea

2703:, the killing of someone standing near the enemy is justified because any innocent bystander will find a proper reward in death, going to 740:(CIA), as well as other U.S. governmental agencies, have used either "Usama bin Laden" or the accepted transliteration "Usama bin Ladin". 15538: 15227: 13201: 13191: 8860: 8583: 4393: 3905: 3848: 3732: 2536:, Saddam's appeal to pan-Arabism was potentially inciting internal dissent. One week after King Fahd agreed to U.S. Secretary of Defense 1476: 684: 10591: 10375: 7693: 7585: 6789: 6515:, (2005), p. 190. from a 53-minute audiotape that "was circulated on various websites" dated 14 February 2003. "Among a Band of Knights" 6468: 5354: 3403:

did not reach its intended destination, as its passengers overtook the plane, which crashed in Pennsylvania. The Twin Towers eventually

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as "a crime which must be erased" and demanded that the United States withdraw all of its civilians and military personnel from the

14261: 13323: 7853: 7731: 5457: 3412: 1445: 12031:"Opinion | an unprecedented poll of Saudi opinion : Yes to Bin Laden rhetoric; no to al Qaeda violence (Published 2004)" 10131: 9848: 9498: 9492: 8471: 8020: 5589: 5268: 4246:

women and children. He an unusual combination in the annals of hate, at once mystical and fanatical—and deliberate and efficient.

1980:

law would be the only way to set things right in the Muslim world. He opposed such alternatives as secular government, as well as

15518: 15423: 15250: 14727: 14659: 13392: 13176: 11299: 10752: 10276: 9614: 8795: 5100: 3677: 3421: 2206:, the United States, and Israel as the four principal enemies of Islam at ideology classes of Bin Laden's al-Qaeda organization. 1787: 376: 11219: 10047: 9708: 9323: 8385: 8309: 6930: 5182: 3229:. He claimed Bin Laden had used Albania as a launchpad for violence in the region and Europe. He claimed that they had informed 2763:, code-named "Alec Station", to track and to carry out operations against his activities. Bin Laden Issue Station was headed by 15588: 15523: 15428: 13186: 10444: 9561: 8674: 8279: 8166: 8135: 7883: 4789: 4489:

Osama bin Laden was a hard-core Salafi who openly espoused violence against the United States in order to achieve Salafi goals.

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stated that the United States had had no reliable information on the whereabouts of Bin Laden in years. On 9 December, General

2673: 850:(then called Alia Ghanem). Despite it being generally accepted that Bin Laden was born in Riyadh, his birthplace was listed as 656: 628:, the first in August 1996, and the second in February 1998, declaring holy war against the United States. He orchestrated the 12272: 12213: 11624: 11003: 10852: 9283: 9260: 8755: 8358: 4889: 15543: 15418: 15261: 15142: 14603: 14450: 13441: 12948: 12919: 12886: 12850: 12816: 12755: 12722: 12701: 12675: 12558: 12408: 11999: 11893: 11776: 11484: 11359: 10485: 10341: 9908: 8854: 8826: 8105: 7687: 7618: 7579: 7429: 7347: 7165: 7066: 6992: 6969: 6829: 6692: 6122: 6028: 5778: 5699: 5662: 5623: 5437: 5243: 4768: 4641: 4573: 4512: 4478: 4216:; during which opinion polls conducted in various Muslim countries gave him 50% – 60% favourable ratings. During a June 2020 4130: 4094:, who was paid an estimated $ 25 million for the information. Both stories were denied by U.S. and Pakistani officials. 2665:

that followed caused the deaths of 150,000 to 200,000 Algerians and ended with the Islamists surrendering to the government.

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during its "War in Terror", arguing that such policies brought humiliation to Pakistan. Obama concluded the first volume of

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on the FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list, when he was added on 7 June 1999, following his indictment along with others for

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Ghost wars : the secret history of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet invasion to 10 September 2001

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His viewpoints and methods of achieving them had led to him being designated as a terrorist by scholars, journalists from

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provided between $ 6–12 billion worth of financial aid and weapons to tens of thousands of mujahideen through Pakistan's

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their government due to majority of them electing it to power and paying taxes that fund the U.S. military. According to

629: 12829: 12163: 11910: 10163: 10101: 9961: 9538: 9162: 8498: 7445: 5108: 5063:"This article is more than 2 years old Bin Laden's disdain for the west grew in Shakespeare's birthplace, journal shows" 2743:

tracked down Bin Ladin in Sudan and prepared an operation to apprehend him, but was denied authorization. US Ambassador

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Watson, Dale L., Executive Assistant Director, Counter terrorism/Counterintelligence Division, FBI (6 February 2002).

8614: 15403: 15192: 14876: 14426: 14286: 12794: 12644: 12618: 12596: 12475: 11952: 8696: 8186: 8051: 7297: 6783: 6712: 6299: 6226: 5145: 3938:, was ordered by Barack Obama in April 2011 and carried out in a CIA operation by a team of U.S. Navy SEALs from the 3286: 2911: 2815: 2130:

in Muslim countries, attracting large numbers of jihadists who would never surrender. He believed this would lead to

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Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to 10 September 2001

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Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to 10 September 2001

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stated that captured al-Qaeda leaders had confirmed that Bin Laden was hiding in Chitral. Pakistan's Prime Minister

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about his whereabouts or even death; some placed Bin Laden in different locations during overlapping time periods.

2631: 2485:. He was also angered by the internecine tribal fighting among the Afghans. However, he continued working with the 953: 816: 485: 456: 11806: 9647: 8554: 7782:

Hunting the Jackal: A Special Forces and CIA Soldier's Fifty Years on the Frontlines of the War Against Terrorism,

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In 1999, the press reported that Bin Laden and his Tunisian assistant Mehrez Aodouni were granted citizenship and

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in the background is a symbol of the mujahidin's victory over the Soviets, since these weapons were captured from

15573: 15468: 15408: 15388: 15363: 15353: 14983: 14737: 14432: 14092: 13431: 10198: 9813: 9059: 6195: 6050: 3562: 3166: 3057:

were a series of attacks that occurred on 7 August 1998, in which hundreds of people were killed in simultaneous

2598: 2486: 2315: 672: 637: 11563: 10977: 9764: 9677: 8445: 7482: 6844: 4285:, which later went viral after a compilation of these videos was posted on Twitter. The letter was removed from 3038: 2571:

received and recited Allah's message, should only be defended by Muslims. Bin Laden tried to convince the Saudi

15563: 15172: 15126: 15064: 14931: 13736: 13206: 12986: 7509: 6907: 5757:, 2005, p. 218. "Resist the New Rome", audiotape delivered to al-Jazeera and broadcast by it on 4 January 2004. 2715:(hell) if they were bad or non-believers. The fatwa was issued to al-Qaeda members but not the general public. 2342:

in Pakistan and trained volunteers from across the Muslim world to fight against the Soviet-backed regime, the

1918: 11245: 9001: 6570: 6496:"frontline: the terrorist and the superpower: who is bin laden?: interview with osama bin laden (in may 1998)" 3257:, in the Terrorism Department, and his wife Vera in Libya on 10 March 1994. Bin Laden was still wanted by the 15578: 15458: 15413: 15373: 15368: 15358: 15207: 14850: 14276: 13921: 13906: 13571: 13546: 13405: 13341: 13136: 13074: 10659: 9786: 7253: 6499: 4745: 4264: 3843:, Pakistan. It was previously believed that he was hiding near the border between Afghanistan and Pakistan's 3086: 2298: 2266: 2029: 1642: 645: 10774: 10419: 2318:(GIP) and Afghan warlords; no evidence of contact between the CIA and Bin Laden exists in the CIA archives. 1682: 15182: 15074: 14528: 14397: 14212: 13871: 13635: 12015: 11972: 11276: 8653: 8067: 6315: 6242: 4998: 4237:

Bin Laden is a reviled figure in the Western world, where he is regarded as a terrorist and mass murderer.

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The Bin Laden Papers: How the Abbottabad Raid Revealed the Truth About al-Qaeda, Its Leader and His Family

9406:"A NATION CHALLENGED: GERMAN INTELLIGENCE; German Data Led U.S. to Search For More Suicide Hijacker Teams" 6260: 2809: 2649:

It is believed that the first bombing attack involving Bin Laden was the 29 December 1992, bombing of the

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of the planes on September 11. He said was inspired to destroy the World Trade Center after watching the

3392: 3380: 2886:) imposed on Iraq and its nation. The children of Iraq are our children. You, the USA, together with the 2834:

referred to U.S. forces based in Saudi Arabia for the purpose of controlling air space in Iraq, known as

2748: 2490: 2282: 2001: 1127: 908:" and charitable work. Other interests included writing poetry; reading, with the works of Field Marshal 836: 798: 737: 668: 349: 9931: 9063: 7202: 5956: 4685: 3656:

between 14 and 16 August 2007. The military was drawn to the area after receiving intelligence of a pre-

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By that time, Bin Laden was being linked with EIJ, which made up the core of al-Qaeda. In 1995, the EIJ

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Pakistani authorities later demolished the compound in February 2012 to prevent it from becoming a neo-

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of the enemy countries, by "bleeding" them dry. Al-Qaeda manuals express this strategy. In a 2004 tape

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At university, Bin Laden's main interest was religion, where he was involved in both "interpreting the

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list. On October 15, 1999, the United Nations designated al-Qaeda as a terrorist organization through

15568: 15433: 15393: 15054: 15003: 14896: 14376: 14117: 13746: 13526: 13101: 11469: 9097: 7419: 5502:"Best of the Web: Osama's Brother Died in San Antonio, Red Velvet Onion Rings-WOAI: San Antonio News" 4282: 4061: 4033: 4010:

On 15 June 2011, U.S. federal prosecutors officially dropped all criminal charges against Bin Laden.

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A number of errors and inconsistencies in Bin Laden's arguments have been alleged by authors such as

1911: 1866: 1209: 882: 762: 598: 11855: 10224: 9730: 8887: 2922:, sanctions against Iraq, Israeli repression of Palestinians, among other things. The fatwa stated: 15333: 15274: 14998: 14296: 14291: 14271: 13781: 13541: 13513: 13129: 12418:""Insanely eye-opening," Osama Bin Laden's 'Letter to America' goes viral, leaves netizens divided" 11659: 11180:"The Bin Laden aftermath: The U.S. shouldn't hold Pakistan's military against Pakistan's civilians" 10592:"Kuwaiti Daily 'Al-Siyassa': Bin Laden, Al-Zawahiri Guarded by Iranian Troops in Iranian Territory" 9350:"September 11 attacks | History, Summary, Location, Timeline, Casualties, & Facts | Britannica" 9305: 8423: 7662: 6351: 5324: 3408: 3324: 3081: 3012:

of 17 November 1997, which killed 62 civilians, and outraged the Egyptian public. In mid-1997, the

2919: 2835: 2623: 2466: 2194: 2174: 2059: 11066: 9230: 9126: 7023: 5557: 5472:"Interview with US Author Steve Coll: 'Osama bin Laden is Planning Something for the US Election'" 5471: 5377: 2796:, Afghanistan aboard a chartered flight on 18 May 1996; there he forged a close relationship with 2540:'s offer of American military assistance, Bin Laden met with King Fahd and Saudi Defense Minister 2372:

were killed in a massacre. Shia civilians were also subjected to rape. The massacre is alleged by

748:

tribesman; "Laden" therefore refers to Bin Laden's great-great-grandfather, Laden Ali al-Qahtani.

15453: 15202: 14191: 14143: 14082: 14047: 14011: 13806: 13701: 13436: 12378:"Guardian deletes Osama Bin Laden's old letter to America after the internet started debating it" 11447: 9375: 4671: 4208: 3935: 3218: 2760: 2756: 2514: 2228:

to make a rational decision to "save humanity from the harmful gases that threaten its destiny".

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resulted in his expulsion from Saudi Arabia in 1991. He subsequently shifted his headquarters to

490: 13013: 11994:. Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, ox2 6dp, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. p. 69. 6758: 5205:"Osama bin Laden's bodyguard: I had orders to kill him if the Americans tried to take him alive" 3360: 1569: 15583: 15302: 15237: 15157: 14704: 14645: 14534: 14478: 14438: 14281: 14185: 14167: 14052: 13931: 13756: 13651: 13531: 13489: 12977: 12244: 11025: 9587: 7831:

Surprise, Kill, Vanish: The Secret History of CIA Paramilitary Armies, Operators, and Assassins

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on 2 August 1990, put the Saudi kingdom and the royal family at risk. With Iraqi forces on the

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of Afghanistan and offered an articulate voice and organizational structure to many across the

20: 8844: 7677: 7569: 6959: 5691: 3538:

A leaflet made by the CIA which was distributed in Afghanistan, showing a bounty for Bin Laden

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against the U.S., calling upon Muslims to attack the country and its allies. It was entitled "

2150: 15312: 15232: 15069: 14522: 14327: 14155: 13876: 13761: 13421: 13295: 11777:"Inside Osama bin Laden's Final Hours—and How the White House Chose Their Assassination Plot" 10595: 10401: 10364: 10272: 10078: 8591: 8097: 8085: 7608: 6773: 6460: 5768: 5350: 5137: 5131: 4817: 4365: 4270: 3954: 2907: 2630:. Meanwhile, in March–April 1992, Bin Laden tried to play a pacifying role in the escalating 2262: 2181:

and the Middle East into its territory and enslave its peoples, as part of what he called a "

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Bin Laden's overall strategy for achieving his goals against much larger enemies such as the

1976:

Bin Laden believed that the Islamic world was in crisis and that the complete restoration of

1770: 1609: 1410: 932:. During his studies in Jeddah, Bin Laden became a pupil of the influential Islamist scholar 890: 711: 574: 535: 444: 13038: 12548: 9306:"Security Council demands that Taliban turn over Osama bin Laden to appropriate authorities" 8528: 5741: 5654: 3427: 15348: 15338: 15049: 14906: 14855: 14679: 14236: 14173: 14161: 14149: 14032: 13946: 13866: 13811: 13671: 13463: 13453: 13364: 13050: 9535:"Responsibility for the Terrorist Atrocities in the United States, September 11, 2001" 8190: 8137: 5807: 5770:

Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam: The Muslim Brotherhood, Ash'arism, and Political Sunnism

5519: 4217: 4029: 3981: 3961: 3736: 3622: 3618: 3351: 2930:

is an individual duty when an enemy attacks Muslim countries. This was related by the Imam

2852: 2797: 2768: 2700: 2541: 2482: 2454: 2442: 2359: 2165: 2109:"According to my information, if the enemy occupies an Islamic land and uses its people as 2098: 1687: 1481: 1075: 933: 921: 555: 13097: 12337:"The Guardian Deletes Osama bin Laden's 'Letter to America' After It Goes Viral on TikTok" 7905: 7794: 3629:

region of Pakistan at the time. In the letter, translated by the United States military's

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which recruited foreign mujahidin into the war. He founded al-Qaeda in 1988 for worldwide

8: 15284: 14598: 14179: 14107: 14102: 14087: 14016: 14001: 13861: 13851: 13726: 13691: 11151: 10941: 10365:"Finding Osama bin Laden: An Application of Biogeographic Theories and Satellite Imagery" 10192: 9930:

Katie Turner; Pam Benson; Peter Bergen; Elise Labott; Nic Robertson (24 September 2006).

9436: 9157: 8677:, Summary of the Security Intelligence Report concerning Hassan Almrei, 22 February 2008. 6631: 4950: 4666: 4351: 3922:

Osama bin Laden was killed in Abbottabad, Pakistan, on 2 May 2011, shortly after 1:00 AM

3715: 3698: 3639: 3611: 3606: 3117: 2971: 2635: 2474: 2389: 2210: 2190: 2177:'s John Miller, Bin Laden stated that the Israeli state's ultimate goal was to annex the 2161: 1854: 1824: 1055: 719: 478: 10801:"Spitzer: What role did Pakistan play in the killing of Osama bin Laden? – In the Arena" 9852: 9537:. 10 Downing Street, Office of the Prime Minister of the UK. 15 May 2003. Archived from 9349: 8475: 7739: 5593: 5453: 15279: 15255: 15212: 14830: 14825: 14751: 14515: 14352: 14306: 14241: 14077: 13971: 13966: 13911: 13901: 13886: 13856: 13796: 13786: 13686: 13591: 13566: 13249: 13231: 13018: 12981: 12690: 12585: 12550:

How We Missed the Story: Osama bin Laden, the Taliban, and the Hijacking of Afghanistan

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led by the United States. During this period, he hid in several mountainous regions of

578: 543: 401: 324: 13023: 13007: 11211: 9622: 8785: 4818:"Letter From Jedda: Young Osama- How he learned radicalism, and may have seen America" 2473:

process by assassinating YSP leaders but was halted by Saudi Interior Minister Prince

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Justin Balding; Adam Ciralsky; Jim Miklaszewski; Robert Windrem (26 September 2007).

10039: 9818: 9700: 9514: 8850: 8822: 8692: 8301: 8231: 8138:"World Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders: Initial "Fatwa" Statement" 8111: 8101: 8047: 7683: 7614: 7575: 7425: 7343: 7303: 7293: 7161: 6965: 6923: 6825: 6779: 6688: 6532: 6295: 6222: 6118: 5986: 5774: 5695: 5684: 5658: 5647: 5433: 5239: 5174: 5141: 4764: 4637: 4569: 4566:

Language Conflict and Language Rights: Ethnolinguistic Perspectives on Human Conflict

4508: 4474: 4388: 4378: 4091: 4076: 3927: 3586: 3571:

GIs disguised as Afghan civilians, while they searched for Bin Laden in November 2001

3258: 3230: 3207: 3158: 3097: 3013: 2903: 2895: 2839: 2744: 2556: 2324: 2270: 2178: 2131: 2127: 2038: 1962: 1949: 1859: 1809: 1737: 1702: 1677: 1657: 1574: 1535: 1511: 1270: 1222: 1183: 1173: 1149: 1065: 1027: 1001: 913: 886: 736:

Osama bin Laden's name is most frequently rendered as "Osama bin Laden". The FBI and

696: 590: 107: 11656:"Osama bin Laden Killed: U.S. Intelligence Probes Possible Pakistani Support System" 11532: 10999: 10452: 10300:"No, killing of Bin Laden does not represent 'continuity' with Bush – The Plum Line" 9565: 8963:"US backed Al Qaeda in Kosovo: Milosevic: Chinese embassy bombing termed deliberate" 8271: 7875: 7337: 4785: 3495:, as they made preparations for the attacks (videotape broadcast 7 September 2006). 15448: 14916: 14911: 14578: 14387: 14367: 14227: 14112: 14062: 14057: 14042: 13976: 13961: 13941: 13891: 13681: 13556: 13399: 13223: 13029: 12991: 12685: 12508: 10546: 9275: 9252: 9153:"CIA Trained Pakistanis to Nab Terrorist But Military Coup Put an End to 1999 Plot" 8790: 8366: 8331: 7845: 6110: 5838: 4373: 4309: 4114: 4109: 4086: 4040: 3703: 3457: 3339: 3186: 2916:

Declaration of the World Islamic Front for Jihad against the Jews and the Crusaders

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Bin Laden publicly denounced Saudi dependence on the U.S. forces, arguing that the

2224:

to be a serious threat and penned a letter urging Americans to work with President

2114: 1742: 1692: 1300: 1198: 1193: 1178: 822: 788: 606: 570: 566: 494: 369: 12997: 12431:"TikTok 'aggressively' taking down videos promoting Bin Laden 'letter to America'" 12273:"The controversy over TikTok and Osama bin Laden's "Letter to America," explained" 12214:"The controversy over TikTok and Osama bin Laden's "Letter to America," explained" 10477: 9900: 9878: 8741:"Bin Laden was granted Bosnian passport", Agence France-Presse, 24 September 1999. 7058: 6020: 5615: 4893: 2820:

Declaration of War against the Americans Occupying the Land of the Two Holy Places

1954: 940:

leaders and was highly influenced by the Islamic revolutionary ideas advocated by

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users expressed sympathy with Bin Laden's statements in the letter regarding the

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Bin Laden's supporters have referred to him by several nicknames, including the "

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On 10 October 2001, Bin Laden appeared as well on the initial list of the top 22

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by Al Jazeera, Bin Laden spoke of "bleeding America to the point of bankruptcy".

2067: 1948:, who led the CIA's hunt for Bin Laden, Bin Laden was motivated by a belief that 1945: 1901: 1652: 1564: 1405: 1315: 1239: 1110: 1060: 988: 976: 969: 847: 745: 355: 336: 8932: 7679:

The first Islamist republic: development and disintegration of Islamism in Sudan

2918:". After listing numerous acts of aggression committed by the U.S., such as the 2493:. In March 1989 Bin Laden led 800 Arab foreign fighters during the unsuccessful 14840: 14777: 14767: 14541: 14197: 14072: 13996: 13826: 13801: 13776: 13771: 13751: 13711: 13596: 13371: 13267: 13261: 13079: 13067: 12778: 12240: 11882:

Directorate S: The C.I.A. and America's Secret Wars in Afghanistan and Pakistan

11184: 7826: 5562: 5291: 4623: 4238: 4102: 3965: 3824: 3492: 3469: 3372: 3250: 3174: 3028: 3009: 2848: 2627: 2529: 2518: 2347: 2302: 2254: 2221: 2182: 2083: 1847: 1814: 1717: 1667: 1627: 1604: 1559: 1493: 1395: 1366: 1341: 1295: 992: 925: 792: 772: 758: 649: 449: 332: 328: 12929: 12826: 12303:"Did a letter written by Osama bin Laden really go viral on TikTok this week?" 11947:. Santa Barbara, California 93116-1911, USA: ABC-CLIO, Inc. pp. 20, 222. 11945:

Propaganda and mass persuasion: A Historical Encyclopedia, 1500 to the Present

11417:"Ex-SEAL Robert O'Neill reveals himself as shooter who killed Osama bin Laden" 10014:"Tora Bora Revisited: How We Failed to Get Bin Laden and Why It Matters Today" 9957: 9929: 8713: 8086:"Carbombs & cameras: the need for responsible media coverage of terrorism" 7508:. International Association of Counterterrorism & Security Professionals. 6425: 4048: 3942:(also known as DEVGRU or informally by its former name, SEAL Team Six) of the 3411:

intercepted communications that pointed to bin Laden's responsibility, as did

3407:. At least 2,750 people died from the attacks. On the day of the attacks, the 3053:

Bin Laden and al-Zawahiri organized an al-Qaeda congress on 24 June 1998. The

554:

government. Later, Bin Laden oversaw al-Qaeda’s planning and execution of the

15327: 15152: 15100: 15034: 14936: 14772: 14668: 14456: 14122: 14067: 14037: 13951: 13676: 13641: 13586: 13536: 13243: 13055: 12606: 12520: 12512: 12354:"Osama bin Laden's 'letter to America' in full, as reaction trend goes viral" 12218: 11885: 11708: 10909: 10137:. Combating Terrorism Center at West Point. 25 September 2006. Archived from 10040:"As the Search for Bin Laden Intensifies, U.S. Moves Hunt to Spin Ghar Range" 8115: 8081: 7449: 6961:

The Making of Terrorism in Pakistan: Historical and Social Roots of Extremism

6821: 6684: 6420: 6146: 4927: 4066: 3993: 3869: 3856: 3746: 3685: 3515: 3299: 3062: 2696: 2393: 2214: 2142: 2110: 2075: 2034: 1958: 1819: 1727: 1712: 1662: 1647: 1599: 1579: 1505: 1251: 1188: 840: 664: 594: 551: 547: 468: 177: 9028: 7307: 6398: 6172:

A Devil's Triangle: Terrorism, Weapons Of Mass Destruction, And Rogue States

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Growing Up Bin Laden: Osama's Wife and Son Take Us Inside Their Secret World

5046: 4633:

Growing up Bin Laden: Osama's Wife and Son Take Us Inside Their Secret World

3794: 3726: 15147: 14835: 13836: 13791: 13716: 13706: 13521: 13289: 13043: 13002: 12461: 11061: 10700: 6717: 6290:

Bin Laden, Osama (2005). "Declaration of Jihad". In Lawrence, Bruce (ed.).

6256: 6217:

Bin Laden, Osama (2005). "Declaration of Jihad". In Lawrence, Bruce (ed.).

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Depending on the time zone, the date of his death may be different locally.

4287: 3887: 3803: 3764: 3707: 3396: 3162: 3133: 3121: 3077: 3021: 2939: 2887: 2614:

consisted of bodyguards personally selected by him. Their arsenal included

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and used money and machinery from his own construction company to help the

2225: 2169: 2157: 2149:. He invoked democracy both as an example of the deceit and fraudulence of 2146: 2123: 2091: 2071: 2063: 2042: 1890: 1871: 1747: 1732: 1672: 1554: 1361: 1346: 1305: 1234: 1205: 959: 929: 832: 715: 602: 539: 197: 12497:

Bergen, Peter (2008). "Al Qaeda, the Organization: A Five-Year Forecast".

10194: 9760: 9562:"Pakistan to Demand Taliban Give Up Bin Laden as Iran Seals Afghan Border" 8245:

Merchant of Death: Money, Guns, Planes, and the Man Who Makes War Possible

7571:

The new jackals: Ramzi Yousef, Osama bin Laden and the future of terrorism

5789:

It was there that he met the Athari-Wahhabite militant Osama bin Laden ...

4504:

Roads to Reconciliation: Conflict and Dialogue in the Twenty-first Century

4277:", published in 2002, became the subject of public controversy after some 4028:

It was widely reported by the press that Bin Laden was fatally wounded by

3692:

used satellite-aided geographical analysis to pinpoint three compounds in

2501:

Regiment but failed doing so leading to massive casualties. He funded the

983:, Texas, in the U.S., when he accidentally flew a plane into power lines. 15094: 14845: 14782: 14127: 13986: 13881: 13846: 13731: 13721: 13385: 12804: 11798: 11474: 10507: 9673: 8579: 7532:

The Black Banners: The Inside Story of 9/11 and the War Against al-Qaeda.

7287: 6902: 6708: 6602:"Osama bin Laden called for Americans to help Obama fight climate change" 4915: 4627: 4422: 3814: 3601: 3568: 3331: 3275: 3017: 3002: 2931: 2740: 2677: 2602: 2537: 2462: 2401: 2397: 2286: 2020: 2016: 1981: 1834: 1722: 1707: 1594: 1518: 980: 941: 692: 633: 531: 382: 12842:

The Symbolic Scenarios of Islamism: A Study in Islamic Political Thought

12528: 11147:"Newly released White House photos capture the day Bin Laden was killed" 9058: 9025:"Was Libyan WMD Disarmament a Significant Success for Nonproliferation?" 6114: 5289: 3498: 2676:

on Al-Mashtal Street in the affluent Al-Riyadh quarter and a retreat at

2668:

In Sudan, Bin Laden established a new base for Mujahideen operations in

2642:

leaders negotiating a coalition government instead of trying to conquer

1896: 1009:

and was left-handed, usually walking with a cane. He wore a plain white

14891: 14881: 13821: 13581: 12544: 12188:"Opinion: Osama bin Laden was a mass murderer, not a TikTok influencer" 12134:"Pakistan PM Imran Khan calls Osama Bin Laden a 'martyr' in Parliament" 11877: 8562: 7097: 6816: 6811: 6753: 6744: 6679: 6674: 6528: 4176: 4022: 3840: 3828:

online edition repeated the claim. This report turned out to be false.

3693: 3634: 3626: 3625:

indicated that Bin Laden and the al-Qaeda leadership were based in the

3323:; in 2000, foreign operatives working on behalf of the CIA had fired a 3262: 3202: 3058: 2947: 2639: 2319: 2258: 1804: 1584: 1356: 1103: 1006: 979:, the subsequent head of the Bin Laden family, was killed in 1988 near 702:

Bin Laden grew to become an influential ideologue who inspired several

688: 156: 7610:

The Red Sea terror triangle: Sudan, Somalia, Yemen, and Islamic terror

5842:

in London, 12 November 2001 (originally published in Pakistani daily,

5238:(1st ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 44, 45. 3774:

In a 2010 letter, Bin Laden chastised followers who had reinterpreted

3206:

were organized by Islamic leaders in Western Europe allied to him and

2078:. He was indicted on terrorism charges by law enforcement agencies in 13991: 12116:"Pakistan PM Imran Khan calls Osama bin Laden 'martyr' in Parliament" 4138: 3839:

In April 2011, various U.S. intelligence outlets traced Bin Laden to

3653: 3597: 3061:

explosions at the U.S. embassies in the major East African cities of

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Meanwhile, on 8 November 1990, the FBI raided the New Jersey home of

2429: 2311: 2291: 2102: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1371: 1168: 874: 518:(10 March 1957 – 2 May 2011) was a Saudi Arabian-born 15479:

Individuals designated as terrorists by the United States government

7505: 5325:"Bin Laden's wives – and daughter who would 'kill enemies of Islam'" 4025:

claimed that Pakistani intelligence led the CIA to Osama bin Laden.

3610:, the US government concluded that Bin Laden was present during the 3197:), Fatos Klosi, said that Bin Laden was running a terror network in 2353: 936:

and avidly read his treatises. He also read the writings of several

15222: 15162: 15039: 14871: 14787: 14762: 14694: 14504: 14362: 13505: 13284: 12249: 11026:"CNN.com – U.S. mulls $ 50 million Bin Laden bounty – Jan 24, 2005" 9560:

Cameron, Carl; Lehner, Marla; Wagenseil, Paul (16 September 2001).

9130: 8997: 6191: 4759:

Strozier, Charles B.; Offer, Daniel; Abdyli, Oliger (24 May 2011).

4213: 4014: 3847:, but he was found 160 km (100 mi) away in a three-story 3819: 3247: 3066: 2984: 2711: 2669: 2568: 2498: 2421: 2373: 2203: 1966: 1351: 1227: 1093: 1035: 1010: 996: 917: 855: 766: 707: 703: 676: 586: 527: 519: 407: 72: 13121: 11856:"Under U.S. Pressure, Pakistan Balks at Helping on Afghan Taliban" 11477:: The Firsthand Account of the Mission that Killed Osama bin Laden 10689:

Osama bin Laden death: Pakistan locals flock to see villain's lair

9958:"2001, President George W. Bush 'Bin Laden, Wanted dead or alive'" 9877:. Federal Bureau of Investigation. 5 November 2003. Archived from 7377:"A Nation Challenged: Holy war lured Saudis as rulers looked Away" 4226:(martyr). He further criticized the co-operation policies of past 3818:

reported that Bin Laden was hiding out in the mountainous town of

3291:

United States District Court for the Southern District of New York

3150:

A former U.S. State Department official in October 2001 described

3100:

revealed that Islamic militants headed by Bin Laden had planned a

2253:

After leaving college in 1979, Bin Laden went to Pakistan, joined

569:. He studied at local universities until 1979, when he joined the 56: 15504:

People designated by the Al-Qaida and Taliban Sanctions Committee

14926: 14499: 12094:"Pakistan's Prime Minister Suggests Osama Bin Laden Was a Martyr" 12065: 11742:

Schultz, Marisa (3 May 2011). "Levin questions Pakistan's role".

11594:"U.S.: Bin Laden lived in Pakistan compound for at least 5 years" 9071: 8169:"Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders. World Islamic Front Statement" 8021:"Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders: World Islamic Front Statement" 4222: 3665: 3657: 3523:

to $ 50 million, although the amount was never changed. The

3315:

Afghanistan in an attempt to force the Taliban to extradite him.

3225:

report that al-Qaeda had a presence in the Balkans and aided the

3198: 3070: 3047: 3032: 2980: 2957: 2875: 2583: 2101:, Bin Laden stated during an interview with Pakistani journalist 2024: 2012: 1336: 1098: 963: 618: 14637: 12467:

The Osama bin Laden I Know: An Oral History of Al Qaeda's Leader

11502:"On the Run, Bin Laden Had 4 Children and 5 Houses, a Wife Says" 10853:"Finding Osama bin Laden's Abbottabad mansion with Google Earth" 8613:

Pyes, Craig; Meyer, Josh; Rempel, William C. (15 October 2001).

8096:(4). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard International Relations Council: 5877:. 24 November 2002. Archived from the original on 8 October 2014 5005: 3836:

talks aimed at strengthening ties between Pakistan and the U.S.

839:, was a billionaire construction magnate with close ties to the 13427:

Allegations of a support system in Pakistan for Osama bin Laden

13033: 11386:"Imran Khan claims Pakistani intelligence led CIA to Bin Laden" 8416:"Bin Ladin Preparing to Hijack U.S. Aircraft and Other Attacks" 8227:"Long Before Sept. 11, Bin Laden Aircraft Flew Under the Radar" 6571:"Bin Laden called for Americans to rise up over climate change" 4278: 4160: 3105: 2705: 2564: 2369: 2079: 1997: 1977: 1257: 1155: 894: 851: 844: 828: 655:

Bin Laden was the organizer of the September 11 attacks, which

613:

until 1996 when he left the country to establish a new base in

562: 139: 12500:

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

11625:"Mystery shrouds the quiet man who built Bin Laden's compound" 11564:"Osama bin Laden lived in two rooms for five years, wife says" 11085:"Osama bin Laden killed: Behind the scenes of the deadly raid" 4017:

shrine. In February 2013, Pakistan announced plans to build a

3431:

Image from the video of Bin Laden released on 13 December 2001

2457:. He offered to send al-Qaeda to overthrow the Soviet-aligned 12827:

Compilation of Usama Bin Laden Statements 1994 – January 2004

11116:"CIA led U.S. special forces mission against Osama bin Laden" 10898:"How 4 Federal Lawyers Paved the Way to Kill Osama bin Laden" 9814:"CIA's secret program: paramilitary teams to strike Al Qaeda" 6103:

Leaderless Jihad: Terror Networks in the Twenty-First Century

5844: 4686:"Frontline: Hunting Bin Laden: Who is Bin Laden?: Chronology" 4055:

Allegations of support system in Pakistan for Osama bin Laden

3890:

indicates that the compound was built between 2001 and 2005.

3718:

rejected claims that Osama bin Laden was hiding in Pakistan.

3279: 3194: 3113: 2927: 2830: 2643: 2586:

and was deployed in the desert barely 400 miles from Medina.

2573: 2560: 2552: 2453:

opposition movements to the Saudi monarchy while working for

2381: 2365: 2278: 2008: 1970: 1276: 1264: 1216: 1050: 905: 901: 866: 582: 15269:

Targeted Killings: Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World

3798:

A wanted poster for Bin Laden, made by the FBI in early 2011

3016:

threatened to overrun Jalalabad, causing him to abandon his

2033:

published in 2002, Bin Laden described the formation of the

14757: 14747: 13474: 10827:"President Obama Praises Troops Who Killed Osama bin Laden" 10132:"Letter Exposes New Leader in Al-Qa'ida High Command (PDF)" 9875:"Five Years Ago Today – Usama Bin Laden: Wanted for Murder" 9731:"God knows it did not cross our minds to attack the towers" 9497:. Federal Bureau of Investigation – (RepresentativePress). 7534:

W.W. Norton and Company. New York and London: 2011.Page 325

6221:. 6 Meard Street, London W1F OEG: Verso. pp. 70, 119. 4543:"The label of Catholic terror was never used about the IRA" 4192: 4144: 4049:

Allegations of Pakistan support and protection of Bin Laden

3997: 3832: 3689: 3514:

In response to the attacks, the United States launched the

3387:, were crashed into the North and South Twin Towers of the 3178:

bombing of the Al Khobar building in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,

2654: 2615: 2199: 430: 19:"Osama" and "Bin Laden" redirect here. For other uses, see 8334:

as a witness in the trial against Charkaoui, 13 July 2004.

8046:. 6 Meard Street, London W1F OEG: Verso. pp. 60, 61. 7356: 6151:"Redefining Counterterrorism: The Terrorist Leader as CEO" 5991:"After the attacks: the strategy; A New War And Its Scale" 4501:

Brown, Amy Benson; Poremski, Karen M. (18 December 2014).

3441:

guilt of Bin Laden, it is not identical with the Arabic."

3375:

received an intelligence report on 6 August 2001, titled "

893:

in 1981. Bin Laden attended an English-language course in

12307: 12191: 11911:"In a New Video, Bin Laden Predicts U.S. Failure in Iraq" 10775:"Osama bin Laden, the face of terror, killed in Pakistan" 9932:"Officials, friends can't confirm Bin Laden death report" 7772:

testimony of Jamal al-Fadl, US v. Usama bin Laden, et al.

7446:"USA v. Omar Ahmad Ali Abdel-Rahman et al: 93-CR-181-KTD" 4689: 4467:

Fair, C. Christine; Watson, Sarah J. (18 February 2015).

3702:

reported that the hunt for Bin Laden had centered in the

3652:

U.S. and Afghanistan forces raided the mountain caves in

3543: 3222: 3215:

International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia

3027:

Another successful attack was carried out in the city of

2878:

and the violation of the sanctities, carried out by your

2803: 2785: 2601:

and, years later, admitted guilt for the murder of Rabbi

2055: 2019:. Bin Laden believed that Afghanistan, under the rule of 13063:"5 Facts You Probably Didn't Know About Osama bin Laden" 12785:

Messages to the World: the Statements of Osama bin Laden

11943:

J. Cull, Culbert, Welch, Nicholas, David, David (2003).

10223:. Agence France-Presse. 6 September 2007. Archived from 8994:"The Untold Story of Gaddafi's Hunt For Osama bin Laden" 8185:

English-language version of the fatwa translated by the

8044: