54:
236:
local farmers were pushed out and frustration increased. Poverty grew and by May 1912 Cubans in
Oriente Province had reached a boiling point. Massive demonstrations erupted and Afro-Cubans began to loot and burn businesses and property owned by foreign investors. In response, the Cuban government sent in the army to burn the property of the Afro-Cubans and slaughtered many. Within two years, half of the sugar mills in Oriente were owned by U.S. investors. For Cubans working within the province, life had become near unbearable. The presence of
127:
223:
Throughout the 1800s a significant number of enslaved
African people were brought to Cuba to work at the sugar mills, although some were brought from Haiti and other neighboring islands because they were also cheap and efficient labor. Open warfare broke out after an independence movement and lasted
231:
After the occupation of the
Spanish ended in 1899, Oriente Province became a refuge for Afro-Cubans. Oriente had the highest number of individual land owners and renters with 96% of the population being native-born. Afro-Cubans constituted as many as 26% of the land workers. Of the total land owned
219:
and many guerrilla wars have also taken place in
Oriente. Cuba's first guerilla-style war was in 1523. against the advancing Spaniards in the Sierra Maestra Mountains. Some of Cuba's oldest cities are in Oriente Province (such as Baracoa) and carry a rich history of Cuba's struggle for independence
206:
Diego
Velazquez founded the capital of Oriente province in 1514 and named it Santiago de Cuba. The province comprises 22 municipalities and is Cuba's largest province containing about one third of the country's population. Oriente Province is in the most eastern region of Cuba with a population of
235:
Sugar and coffee were the main agricultural products produced. And at the highest there were forty-one sugar mills spread throughout the region. Foreign investors saw opportunity within the province and began to buy as much land as possible to increase sugar production. As investors bought land,
158:: Occidental, Central and Oriental. This arrangement lasted until 1851, when the central department was merged back into the West. In 1878, Cuba was divided into six provinces. Oriente remained intact but was officially renamed to
232:
by Afro-Cubans, 75% were in
Oriente Province. Even though Afro-Cubans fared better in Oriente, poverty was still rampant in the province and they remained oppressed by wealthy Cubans and foreign land owners.
211:
region having Cuba's highest mountain peak and elevation in Pico
Turquino. Oriente Province is the cradle of much of Cuba's history being the place of Fidel and Raúl Castro's birth.
1165:^ "Cuba." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. © 1994, 2000-2006 on Infoplease. © 2000–2007 Pearson Education, publishing as Infoplease. 09 Mar. 2010 <
1589:
1535:
147:
until 1976. The term "Oriente" is still used to refer to the eastern part of the country, which currently is divided into five different provinces.
256:
exacerbated racial problems not present until the U.S. occupation of 1898. Cuba's national hero, José Martí called for a multiracial republic.
1579:
655:
1892 Andrés González Muñoz; Francisco Rodríguez del Rey; José Blanco y González Calderón; Rafael Suero
Marcoleta; Antonio Gálvez y González
1376:
1120:
Fifth United
Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names, Vol. II, published by the United Nations, New York, 1991
150:
The origins of
Oriente lie in the 1607 division of Cuba into a western and eastern administration. The eastern part was governed from
1303:
1584:
175:
198:. This administrative change was proclaimed by Cuban Law Number 1304 of July 3, 1976, and remains in place to this day.
53:
1574:
628:
1877 José Sáenz de Tejada; Enrique Bargés y Pombo; Luis Prendergast y Gordón; Camilo Polavieja; Andrés González Muñoz
207:
1,797,606. It stretches across 14,641 square miles (37,920 km) and consists of various mountain ranges with the
305:
1369:
272:
1506:
1317:
1309:
605:
1083:
1459:
1216:
1362:
1043:
1409:
598:
1869 Simón de la Torre y Orsuaza; Juan de Ojeda; Félix Ferrer y Mora; Blas Villate, Conde de Valmaseda
1464:
1204:
1010:
701:
191:
1501:
1454:
1263:
154:
and it was subordinate to the national government in Havana. In 1807, Cuba was divided into three
1282:
664:
1897 Carlos Denis y Trueba; Juan A Vinent y Kindelán; Federico Ordax y Avecilla; Enrique Capriles
617:
887:
476:
1424:
1286:
776:
195:
1247:
667:
1898 Francisco Oliveiros y Jiménez; Enrique Capriles; Leonardo Ros y Rodríguez; Leonardo Wood
216:
1511:
1469:
253:
1516:
1404:
613:
1873 Juan García Navarro; Sabas Marín; Adolfo Morales de los Ríos; Juan Nepomuceno Burriel
377:
8:
1485:
1414:
1060:
1023:
970:
831:
284:
1429:
897:
849:
601:
1870 Juan de Ojeda; Conde de Valmaseda; José Melero y Calvo; Zacarías González Goyeneche
187:
1449:
1439:
1434:
947:
179:
929:
758:
1444:
1399:
1385:
1313:
1166:
799:
144:
83:
36:
1258:] (in Spanish). Havana: Imprenta del Gobierno y capitanía general por S.M. 1866.
1299:
1212:
1049:
981:
743:
738:
151:
139:
70:
1267:
1419:
1105:
688:
212:
183:
992:
826:
1055:
965:
208:
1028:
753:
167:
1568:
1550:
1537:
1107:
Historia de la división político-administrativa de la isla de Cuba, 1607-1976
1065:
1038:
960:
924:
862:
661:
1895 Sebastián Kindelán y Griñau; Jorge Garrich y Allo; José Giménez y Moreno
1287:"Cuba: History and Description: Special Places: Santiago de Cuba (Province)"
805:
658:
1893 Rafael Suero Marcoleta; Agustín Bravo y Jóven; Enrique Capriles y Osuna
646:
1889 Luis Izquierdo Roldán; Andrés González Muñoz; Ramón Barrio y Ruiz Vidal
224:
from 1867 to 1878. Slavery was finally abolished in 1886, but life for many
997:
934:
876:
821:
723:
163:
1033:
892:
872:
718:
713:
640:
1885 Luis M de Pando; Antonio Molto y Díaz-Bario; Francisco Acosta Alvear
610:
1872 Arsenio Martínez de Campo; Luis Riquelme; Adolfo Morales de los Ríos
1179:
1178:^“On the Importance of Oriente Province”. History of Cuba. 02 Feb. 2010
1154:
867:
1273:
1153:“On the Importance of Oriente Province”. History of Cuba. 02 Feb. 2010
763:
225:
105:
94:
908:
733:
583:
1864 Casimiro de la Muela; Blas Villate de la Hera, Conde de Valmaseda
1298:
Olga Portuondo Zuniga (2003). "Santiago de Cuba". In Louis A. Pérez;
987:
919:
794:
681:
586:
1865 Marqués de la Concordia; Juan de Ojeda; José del Villar y Flores
245:
241:
237:
1354:
914:
592:
1867 Juan de Ojeda; Ramón Vivanco y León; Joaquín Ravenet y Morantes
249:
1209:
Diccionario geografico, estadístico, historico, de la isla de Cuba
816:
811:
171:
882:
836:
789:
748:
115:
1337:
975:
902:
707:
126:
1349:
1223:
728:
634:
1880 Luis M de Pando; Camilo Polavieja; Emilio March y García
1142:
1141:^”Oriente- Cuba”. Cuban Commemorative Coins. O9 Mar. 2010.
1130:
1129:^”Oriente- Cuba”. Cuban Commemorative Coins. O9 Mar. 2010.
1344:
1184:
1272:(in Spanish). Barcelona: Carbonell y Esteva – via
1281:
1110:(in Spanish). Editorial Arte y Literatura. p. 69.
523:
1826 Juan de Moya; Isidro Barradas; Francisco de Yllas
505:
1814 Pedro Celestino Duharte; Antonio Mozo de la Torre
1297:
1202:
1015:
952:
854:
781:
693:
652:
1891 Andrés González Muñoz; Leopoldo Barrios Carrión
228:
remains a struggle, especially in Oriente Province.
1246:
1229:
1167:http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0844662.html
316:1568 Francisco de Zayas; Pedro Menéndez de Airlés
1566:
541:1837 Santiago Fortuns; Juan de Moya; Tomás Yarto
162:until the name was reverted to Oriente in 1905.
170:were born in a small town in Oriente province (
643:1887 Santos Pérez y Ruiz; Alvaro Suárez Valdés
514:1822 Juan de Moya; Gabriel de Torres y Velasco
1370:
1252:Guia de forasteros de la siempre fiel de Cuba
1211:(in Spanish). Vol. 1. Madrid: Mellado.
1009:
637:1881 Camilo Polavieja; Emilio March y García
535:1834 José Santos de la Hera; Fernando Cacho
1590:States and territories established in 1879
1377:
1363:
1305:The Archives of Cuba: Los Archivos de Cuba
595:1868 Juan de Ojeda; Fructuoso García Muñoz
1291:List of Works Relating to the West Indies
445:1728 Juan del Hoyo; Pedro Ignacio Jiménez
130:Cuba's provinces as shown on a 1910s map
125:
1103:
1567:
1262:
1190:
775:
1384:
1358:
1180:http://www.historyofcuba.com/cuba.htm
1155:http://www.historyofcuba.com/cuba.htm
946:
631:1878 Luis Daban y Ramírez de Arellano
511:1821 Marqués de San Felipe y Santiago
138:
259:
1580:17th-century establishments in Cuba
848:
684:that were part of Oriente include:
589:1866 Juan de Ojeda; José del Villar
544:1839 Joaquín Escario; Pedro Becerra
13:
1248:"Gobernadores de Santiago de Cuba"
687:
562:1852 Joaquín Martínez de Medinilla
14:
1601:
1329:
675:
463:1772 Juan Antonio Ayauz de Ureta
52:
1239:
1104:Domingo, Alfredo Mateo (1977).
472:1781 Vicente Manuel de Céspedes
178:into five different provinces:
1585:1976 disestablishments in Cuba
1310:University of Pittsburgh Press
1196:
1172:
1159:
1147:
1135:
1123:
1114:
1097:
502:1800 Pedro Alcántara de Urbina
451:1747 Lorenzo de Arcos y Moreno
424:1692 Sebastián Arencibia Isasi
382:1633 Pedro de la Roca y Borgés
143:, "East") was the easternmost
1:
1203:Jacobo de la Pezuela (1863).
1090:
649:1890 Francisco Javier Obregón
580:1863 José Ramón de la Gándara
568:1855 Carlos de Vargas Machuca
484:1796 Juan Nepomuceno Quintana
367:1625 Pedro Fonseca Betancourt
355:1608 Juan de Villaverde Ozeta
313:1567 Diego de Ribera y Cepero
1479:Current special municipality
1269:Crónicas de Santiago de Cuba
1084:Timeline of Santiago de Cuba
574:1860 Antonio López de Letona
495:
457:1765 Marqués de Casa Cagigal
427:1698 Mateo Palacio Saldurtum
403:1664 Pedro Bayona Villanueva
391:1654 Pedro Bayona Villanueva
343:1586 Pedro Vega de la Guerra
298:1549 Gonzalo Pérez de Angulo
264:
7:
1256:Guide for Strangers to Cuba
1077:
481:1788 Juan Bautista Vaillant
280:1532 Gonzalo Ñuño de Guzmán
10:
1606:
1522:Oriente (Santiago de Cuba)
1517:Camagüey (Puerto Principe)
606:Carlos Palanca y Gutiérrez
430:1700 Juan, Barón de Chaves
421:1691 Alvaro Romero Venegas
273:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar
201:
1494:
1478:
1392:
1019:
1011:Santiago de Cuba Province
956:
858:
785:
697:
577:1862 José Colubrí Massort
415:1688 Tomás Pizarro Cortés
412:1683 Gil Correoso Catalán
409:1678 Francisco de la Vega
397:1662 Francisco de la Vega
378:Juan de Amézqueta Quijano
361:1614 Juan García de Navia
322:1571 Juan Alonso de Navia
319:1570 Pedro Vázquez Valdés
192:Santiago de Cuba Province
160:Santiago de Cuba Province
114:
103:
92:
81:
76:
66:
48:
43:
34:
24:
1575:Former provinces of Cuba
1512:Santa Clara (Las Villas)
1143:http://www.a1acoins.com/
1131:http://www.a1acoins.com/
559:1851 Joaquín del Manzano
448:1738 Francisco A Cagigal
388:1649 Diego Felipe Ribera
328:1576 Gabriel de Montalvo
325:1574 Sancho Pardo Osorio
215:was killed in battle in
1283:New York Public Library
1230:Guia de forasteros 1866
1219:– via HathiTrust.
1217:2027/uc1.32106019739033
618:Juan Nepomuceno Burriel
529:1830 Francisco de Yllas
520:1825 Francisco de Yllas
490:1799 Sebastián Kindelán
487:1798 Isidoro de Limonta
364:1618 Rodrigo de Velazco
301:1550 Juan de Hinestrosa
16:Former province in Cuba
1193:, pp. 15–21, v.1.
565:1854 Marqués de España
460:1770 Esteban de Olaris
454:1754 Lorenzo Madariaga
295:1547 Antonio de Chávez
131:
1507:La Habana (histórica)
1264:Emilio Bacardí Moreau
670:1902 Samuel Whiteside
553:1846 Gregorio Piquero
508:1816 Eusebio Escudero
469:1779 Antonio de Salas
436:1711 Luis Sañudo Asay
406:1670 Andrés de Magaña
400:1663 Juan Bravo Acuña
337:1580 Gaspar de Torres
289:1539 Hernando de Soto
220:and racial equality.
129:
1495:Historical provinces
1312:. pp. 171–199.
1300:Rebecca Jarvis Scott
571:1859 Primo de Rivera
556:1847 José Mac-Crohón
550:1843 Cayetano Urbina
477:Nicolás de Arredondo
439:1712 Mateo de Cangas
418:1690 Juan Villalobos
385:1643 Bartolomé Osuna
283:1538 Juan de Rojas;
254:United Fruit Company
252:, brought in by the
174:). The province was
29:Provincia de Oriente
1547: /
1486:Isla de la Juventud
1205:"Resumen historico"
832:San Antonio del Sur
777:Guantánamo Province
625:1876 Ramón Menduiña
538:1835 Manuel Lorenzo
370:1627 Alonso Cabrera
349:1596 Juan Maldonado
306:Diego de Mazariegos
285:Isabel de Bobadilla
277:1528 Pedro de Barba
196:Guantánamo Province
84:Metropolitan region
44:Province of Oriente
37:Metropolitan region
19:Metropolitan region
948:Las Tunas Province
394:1659 Pedro Morales
340:1584 Gabriel Luján
331:1577 Diego de Soto
310:1565 García Osorio
292:1545 Juan de Avila
180:Las Tunas Province
140:[oˈɾjente]
132:
1551:20.306°N 76.078°W
1530:
1529:
1393:Current provinces
1386:Provinces of Cuba
1074:
1073:
1006:
1005:
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942:
845:
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772:
771:
532:1831 Juan de Moya
526:1828 Juan de Moya
517:1824 Juan de Moya
442:1713 Carlos Sucre
433:1708 José Canales
373:1630 Juan Acevedo
352:1602 Pedro Valdés
334:1578 Juan Carreño
260:List of governors
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1465:Santiago de Cuba
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1340:
1338:Official website
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622:1875 Sabas Marín
466:1776 José Teutor
346:1589 Juan Tejada
188:Holguín Province
152:Santiago de Cuba
145:province of Cuba
142:
71:Santiago de Cuba
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26:Oriente Province
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156:departamentos
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935:Urbano Noris
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877:Guardalavaca
827:Niceto Pérez
822:Manuel Tames
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724:Cauto Cristo
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680:Present day
679:
234:
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159:
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133:
58:Coat of arms
1554: /
1470:Villa Clara
1278:(3 volumes)
1191:Moreau 1908
800:El Salvador
719:Campechuela
714:Buey Arriba
226:Afro-Cubans
168:Raúl Castro
1569:Categories
1542:76°04′41″W
1539:20°18′22″N
1425:Guantánamo
1415:Cienfuegos
1350:Guantanamo
1324:(fulltext)
1319:0822941953
1274:HathiTrust
1091:References
898:Frank País
875:(includes
806:Guantánamo
744:Media Luna
739:Manzanillo
213:José Martí
120:orientales
77:Population
1450:Mayabeque
1440:Las Tunas
1435:La Habana
988:Majibacoa
982:Las Tunas
795:Caimanera
759:Río Cauto
496:1800–1902
265:1500–1799
246:Bahamians
242:Jamaicans
238:Americans
110:1,349,557
99:2,616,226
88:3,965,783
1445:Matanzas
1405:Camagüey
1400:Artemisa
1302:(eds.).
1285:(1912).
1266:(1908).
1078:See also
1044:San Luis
966:Colombia
868:Báguanos
250:Haitians
217:Dos Ríos
1430:Holguín
1345:Baracoa
961:Amancio
909:Holguín
883:Cacocum
863:Antilla
837:Yateras
790:Baracoa
749:Niquero
734:Jiguaní
202:History
135:Oriente
116:Demonym
1420:Granma
1316:
1086:(city)
993:Manatí
976:Jobabo
915:Mayarí
903:Gibara
708:Bayamo
194:, and
1254:[
1169:>.
1034:Mella
1029:Guamá
893:Cueto
873:Banes
817:Maisí
812:Imías
754:Pilón
729:Guisa
616:1874
604:1871
475:1782
376:1632
304:1554
271:1511
172:Birán
164:Fidel
106:Rural
95:Urban
1314:ISBN
764:Yara
248:and
166:and
67:Seat
1213:hdl
920:Moa
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137:(
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