1231:
168:
66:
25:
481:
1199:. The site consisted of mainly bronze artifacts and pottery and 27 horse skeletal remains. Further excavation in 1983 at Guoxianyaozi uncovered a total of 31 burials dated to the 6th to 5th century BC revealing strong north Mongoloid features. These generally decreased towards the south, and skeletal remains of east and north Mongoloid type can be seen from finds in
1060:
1187:. These finds are important as they are associated with the development of snake pattern designs on the decoration of weapon and animal-depicting artifacts which later would become a characteristic style of the Ordos. The skeletal remains at Taohongbala (桃紅巴拉) tomb dated to between the 7th and 6th centuries BC are generally identified as belonging to the
1374:. It is generally thought to be their homeland, however when exactly they came to occupy the region is unclear, and it might have been much earlier than traditionally thought, as suggested by archaeological finds. As the Xiongnu expanded southward into Yuezhi territory around 160 BC under their leader
1203:
and
Yinniugou dated to around the 7th century BC, amounting to a total of 117 burials. Many bronze weapons of these cultures are similar to those of Chinese style. Depictions of the Ordos people tend to show straight hair. This is especially true of archaeological finds from
1007:, the capital of Inner Mongolia. The river turns south, enters the loess plateau and forms a gorge at least 200 feet below the surrounding hills. There are no large towns in this region. There is a dam apparently called Wanjia and another further south and then the
1857:, p. 125 "The Mongoloid types of the Transbaikal area and Central and Eastern Mongolia are strongly contrasted with the Europoid type displayed at the same time by the Scythian nomads occupying Western Mongolia and their predecessors of the Bronze age."
1382:. It is thought the Xiongnu also occupied the Ordos area during the same period, when they came in direct contact with the Chinese. From there, the Xiongnu conducted numerous devastating raids into Chinese territory (167, 158, 142, 129 BC). The
886:
Rainfall and therefore population decreases rapidly as one moves north. The Wei River valley on the south is densely populated and is one of the ancient centers of
Chinese civilization. The north is grassland and desert
513:
cuts southwesternly across the center of the Ordos region, roughly separating the sparsely populated north (or "upper Ordos", which is actually lower in elevation than the "lower Ordos" south) — considered the
596:, are all located on these riverside plains along the Hetao region. Throughout Chinese history, the Hetao region was of major strategic importance and therefore hotly contested against various
1270:
is controversial; for some scholars they are the same, and for others different. Many buried metal artefacts have emerged on the surface of the land as a result of the progressive
361:
991:. Here there is an irrigated area between the mountains and river and desert to the southeast. Near the center of the northern stretch is the large town and irrigated area of
1019:
from the east and the Wei River from the west. At its juncture with the Wei the Yellow River turns east toward the North China Plain. One can go upstream on the Wei with the
1108:. The lower Wei valley is still one of the most densely populated areas in China. Rulers based in the Wei valley had an advantage since the mountains to the east made a
1398:
commandery in 127 BC. Prior to the campaign, there were already commanderies established earlier by Qin and Zhao until they were overrun by the
Xiongnu in 209 BC.
1250:
The Ordos are mainly known from their skeletal remains and artifacts. The Ordos culture of about 500 BC to AD 100 is known for its "Ordos bronzes", blade weapons,
1104:
By about 1000 BC Chinese civilization was centered on the west side of the North China Plain with an extension up the Wei valley and a northern extension up the
1067:
Although this rectangular area is obvious on a map, the north and south of the area are so different that the region cannot be said to have a common history.
847:
largely forms a southern side of the imperfect rectangle formed by these curves of the Yellow River, flowing about 560 kilometers (348 mi) through the
2025:
Kozłowski, J. K., "The problem of the so-called Ordos culture in the light of the
Palaeolithic finds from northern China and southern Mongolia", 1982,
1085:
The north and west, the grassland and desert, belongs historically and culturally to nomads. The region had been occupied by humans since at least
770:
1101:" element. They seemed to have a masterful knowledge of Upper Palaeolithic technology, producing blades as much as fifteen centimeters long.
959:. It runs east with the Tengger Desert in Inner Mongolia to the north and hills to the south. It turns north through dry country to past the
2143:
589:
1195:, uncovered in 1979 and dated to between the 5th and 4th centuries BCE, is considered the only Xiongnu site along the northern slope of
564:) and "east loop" (within Inner Mongolia, further divided into "front loop" and "back loop") sections. The Inner Mongolian cities of
1294:
affinity. The weapons, found in tombs throughout the steppes of the Ordos, are very close to those of the
Scythians, known on the
1128:
the economic center of China had shifted to the Yangzi valley and the Wei region became partly dependent of food imported up the
1990:
1893:"Europoid faces in some depictions of the Ordos, which should be attributed to a Scythian affinity", Iaroslav Lebedynsky, p125
1147:, as known from their skeletal remains and artifacts, the Ordos culture is thought to have been the most eastern extension of
569:
1878:
1813:
1514:
1481:
708:
130:
762:
1836:
account, both from the 1970s. Bunker, 200, sees them as the same, or rather the Ordos people as a subgroup of the
Xiongnu.
102:
1343:), who shared a similar "art of the steppes," but appear to have been Mongoloids. They may also have been related to the
860:
1972:
1047:. There is a dam, the river narrows and becomes yellow and the railroad needs many bridges and tunnels all the way to
2067:
2049:
2003:
1626:
1599:
1548:
214:
149:
109:
52:
812:
force it sharply southwards. The eastern side of the loop runs about 600 kilometers (373 mi), re-entering the
1286:. Because the people represented in archaeological finds tend to display Europoid features, also earlier noted by
1063:
Approximate area of
Chinese civilization during the Spring and Autumn period. Note the extension up the Wei valley
2136:
2092:
2084:
1443:
244:
116:
87:
83:
38:
260:
1175:
evidence showing that they were related to the remains from
Yinniugou, as well as modern populations like
781:. After reversing course back towards the east, it begins the massive Ordos Loop by turning northwards at
98:
1171:
cultures at Ordos, dated between 2200 and 1500 BC. It is associated with about 327 burials, with recent
2218:
2152:
2129:
1964:
996:
2223:
1868:
1803:
411:) with a total area of 370,000 km (140,000 sq mi), and includes territories from five
329:
180:
267:
251:
1208:(M63:22, M63:23, M84:5), Etuoke (M1, M6), Xihaokou (M3), lower Woertuhao (M3:1), and Mengjialiang.
1184:
851:
from a source not far from its southwestern corner to a confluence at the southeastern corner. The
637:
2074:
1954:
1287:
1239:
895:. Because of its low and variable rainfall the region was once notorious for drought and famine.
76:
1254:
for tent-poles, horse gear, and small plaques and fittings for clothes and horse harness, using
1191:
bronze culture and show strong
Mongoloid features. A similar type of burial at Hulusitai around
2197:
1687:
2041:
1993:
Nomadic art of the eastern
Eurasian steppes: the Eugene V. Thaw and other New York collections
1829:
1616:
1589:
1473:
Russia and the Mongol yoke: th history of the Russian principalities and the Golden Horde,1502
1143:
and early Bronze Age. While the Zhukaigou culture population appears to have been exclusively
2114:
2018:
1740:
1538:
1363:
1070:
The south and east of the plateau belong historically and culturally to China, for which see
703:
and remains densely populated throughout history. The largest city in the Guanzhong region,
1833:
1688:"Mitochondrial DNA analysis of remains from Zhukaigou archaeological site in Inner Mongolia"
584:(its third, fourth, eighth and eleventh most populous prefectures respectively), and all of
495:
399:
of 1,000–1,600 m (3,300–5,200 ft), and consisting mostly of land enclosed by the
123:
809:
456:
8:
2033:
1960:
Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present
1536:
1387:
1275:
1129:
1093:. The Ordosian culture, also sometimes called the Ordos culture, is documented from the
1072:
672:
486:
2060:
The Original Xiongnu, An Archaeological Exploration of the Xiongnu's History and Culture
903:
At the southwest corner near where the Yellow River emerges from the Tibetan Plateau is
2109:
2013:
1735:
1417:
1094:
720:
475:
412:
189:
185:
44:
2180:
2088:
2063:
2045:
1999:
1968:
1874:
1809:
1699:
1622:
1595:
1544:
1510:
1506:
1477:
1212:
1164:
1136:
1086:
1012:
837:
739:
731:
726:
The area is of high archaeological interest. Skeletal remains and artifacts show the
695:
on the other side. The south Ordos and the Guanzhong Plain together were one of the
436:
388:
1642:
1309:
populations of the period. Their former territory is now located just north of the
1090:
1078:
916:
782:
769:
in a roughly eastern course before turning northwest after its confluence with the
727:
716:
700:
696:
547:
285:
1011:
of the Yellow River, the second highest in China. The river leaves the gorge near
451:), but is demographically dominated by the former three, hence is also called the
2192:
2185:
2078:
1958:
1646:
1471:
1271:
1148:
1008:
972:
928:
821:
766:
712:
692:
684:
510:
464:
1686:
Wang Hai-jing; Chang E; Cai Da-wei; Zhang Quan-chao; Zhou Hui; Zhu Hong (2007).
1378:, the Yuezhi in turn defeated the Sakas (Scythians) and pushed them away at the
1230:
2173:
1654:
1618:
Paleoanthropology and Paleolithic Archaeology in the People's Republic of China
1235:
988:
980:
892:
801:
597:
535:
499:
428:
306:
1329:. They were also culturally related to another nomadic tribe to the east, the
1211:
Horse nomads occupied the area of the Ordos Plateau previously settled by the
800:
produces the river's yellow color—for the Ordos proper before turning east in
2212:
2163:
1703:
1685:
1499:
1371:
1326:
1216:
1020:
944:
924:
852:
848:
813:
790:
746:
649:
609:
531:
519:
460:
1540:
The journey of William of Rubruck to the eastern parts of the world, 1253–5
1367:
1314:
1295:
1259:
1255:
1224:
1125:
1113:
1098:
964:
936:
888:
758:
653:
645:
633:
613:
527:
523:
518:— from the agricultural south (or "lower Ordos", i.e. northern part of the
468:
404:
365:
292:
167:
1412:
1383:
1358:
1306:
1263:
1176:
1160:
1156:
1117:
1040:
960:
940:
804:. It continues this course for about 320 kilometers (199 mi) before
774:
664:
641:
625:
621:
408:
1112:
and war horses were readily available from the northern grasslands. The
560:("river loop" plains), which is subdivided into the "west loop" (within
1449:
1330:
1310:
1200:
833:
668:
543:
539:
503:
491:
480:
444:
1379:
1352:
1168:
1144:
1140:
1109:
1105:
1024:
1016:
984:
932:
856:
844:
817:
789:. It runs northwards about 640 kilometers (398 mi), leaving the
735:
688:
680:
660:
551:
396:
2121:
1564:
1537:
Willem van Ruysbroeck; Giovanni di Piano (abp. of Antivari) (1900).
1282:
affinity to have settled here, just to the east of the better-known
65:
1395:
1391:
1317:. The western neighbours of Ordos may have been identical with the
1291:
1279:
1243:
1192:
1183:. The archaeological finds at the site are similar to those of the
1152:
1121:
1051:. Upstream various tributaries extend in the direction of Lanzhou.
1048:
1036:
1035:, a former capital of China and now a large city. West of Xi'an is
1032:
1000:
968:
956:
743:
704:
676:
659:
The more populous south Ordos is traversed by the upper reaches of
577:
385:
1163:
dynasties the area came under at least loose Chinese control. The
1322:
1267:
1220:
1196:
1188:
952:
904:
864:
825:
805:
794:
786:
617:
585:
561:
440:
424:
416:
360:
1313:
of China, and on the south bank of the northernmost hook of the
1305:
The Ordos were in contact and often at war with the pre-Han and
1124:
on the lower Wei was several times the capital of China. By the
943:
and westward. Downriver (north) from Lanzhou is a gorge through
506:, is similarly named due to its location within the Ordos Loop.
368:
is colored blue. The yellow area is Inner Mongolia and Ningxia.
1318:
1283:
1251:
1205:
1180:
1028:
992:
948:
912:
907:, the westernmost large city in north China and the capital of
629:
605:
593:
573:
565:
448:
432:
1350:
In Chinese accounts, the Xiongnu first appear at Ordos in the
2168:
1407:
1375:
1344:
1299:
1172:
1044:
1004:
976:
920:
908:
868:
829:
778:
601:
581:
556:
420:
392:
1223:. The Ordos Plateau contained the best pasture lands on the
979:, flows through desert and enters a large irrigated area at
407:. It is China's second largest sedimentary basin (after the
2080:
The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture
1870:
The world of the Huns; studies in their history and culture
1805:
The world of the Huns; studies in their history and culture
1097:. The points and sides of their tools indicate a "Moustero-
1059:
875:
797:
467:, and south by the Huanglong Mountains, Meridian Ridge and
828:
and again turning sharply eastward. It then flows through
1873:. Berkeley, University of California Press. p. 371.
1808:. Berkeley, University of California Press. p. 371.
1588:
Silberman, Neil Asher; Bauer, Alexander A., eds. (2012).
931:. This corridor and the Wei River valley became the main
364:
Provincial boundaries. The Loess Plateau is shaded. The
975:. The river leaves the northern tip of Ningxia south of
675:, whose valleys cut through the mountain ranges east of
1614:
1530:
311:
297:
1234:
Bronze statuette of a man, Ordos, 3-1st century BC.
1003:. About 70 miles northeast of the northeast bend is
1278:, they are thought to be the easternmost people of
874:Underlying the loess plateau is one of the largest
90:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1498:
951:. The river emerges from the mountains and enters
1215:from the 6th to the 2nd century BC, creating the
490:, which originally means "palaces" or "court" in
2210:
2073:
522:). The north Ordos consists mainly of the arid
1988:
1866:
1801:
1543:. Printed for the Hakluyt Society. p. 57.
1043:capital. The river exits the mountains west of
711:and the most populous settlement in the entire
334:
1587:
971:, the capital of Ningxia. To the west are the
2137:
1896:
1887:
1641:
1469:
863:, which flows south to a confluence with the
265:
249:
16:Highland sedimentary basin in northwest China
1998:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
1496:
1394:, and colonized the area of the Ordos under
1258:decoration with relationships both with the
987:mountains force the river to turn east near
403:, a large northerly rectangular bend of the
2062:. Hohhot: Inner Mongolia University Press.
738:saw the development or introduction of the
550:of Ordos Loop's northern bends are fertile
455:. The basin is bounded in the east by the
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2144:
2130:
2032:
1902:
1854:
1783:
1463:
1290:, Lededynsky suggests the Ordos to be of
1135:The Ordosian culture was followed by the
859:—separate its watershed from that of the
215:Learn how and when to remove this message
150:Learn how and when to remove this message
1953:
1789:
1594:. Oxford University Press. p. 297.
1325:, migrated to southern Asia to form the
1242:notes that the statuette displays clear
1229:
1058:
816:before reaching its confluence with the
359:
1615:Wu Rukang; John W. Olsen, eds. (2009).
1490:
1388:fight the Xiongnu in the 2nd century BC
1262:of regions much further west, and also
1089:, when the culture may be known as the
898:
2211:
2151:
2125:
927:runs along the northern edge of the
763:Sanjiangyuan National Nature Reserve
161:
88:adding citations to reliable sources
59:
18:
1591:The Oxford Companion to Archaeology
1321:who, after being vanquished by the
534:deserts), which is administered by
13:
1635:
1219:, before being driven away by the
14:
2235:
1621:. Left Coast Press. p. 187.
963:dam to the irrigated area around
34:This article has multiple issues.
479:
166:
64:
23:
1935:
1926:
1917:
1908:
1860:
1848:
1839:
1822:
1795:
1774:
1765:
1756:
1747:
1728:
1719:
1710:
1679:
1670:
923:. North of Xining the Gansu or
75:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
2085:University of California Press
1867:Maenchen-Helfen, Otto (1973).
1802:Maenchen-Helfen, Otto (1973).
1661:
1608:
1581:
1557:
1436:
1339:
1334:
983:. At the northwest corner the
312:
298:
266:
250:
1:
1423:
761:flows from its source in the
715:, and had long served as the
691:to drain into the crescentic
1762:Ma 2005, p. 232-233, 278-279
1428:
1274:of the region. According to
1266:. Its relationship with the
911:. To the west of Lanzhou is
752:
742:, which was followed by the
7:
1692:Journal of Jilin University
1497:Michael Kohn (1 May 2008).
1401:
1120:started in the Wei valley.
179:to comply with Knowledge's
10:
2240:
1965:Princeton University Press
1947:
1505:. Lonely Planet. pp.
1476:. British Academic Press.
1366:before it was occupied by
1347:people of Chinese annals.
1054:
967:. It continues north past
881:
554:historically known as the
391:in parts of most Northern
2159:
1653:. Vol. I. New York:
1631:– via Google Books.
1604:– via Google Books.
1565:"China Population (2020)"
1151:, and at least partly of
730:occupied the area in the
709:10th largest Chinese city
354:
335:
328:
323:
305:
291:
284:
279:
275:
259:
243:
238:
234:
229:
1995:(fully available online)
1989:Bunker, Emma C. (2002).
1955:Beckwith, Christopher I.
1444:
1185:lower Xiajiadian culture
245:Traditional Chinese
192:may contain suggestions.
177:may need to be rewritten
1288:Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen
1240:Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen
494:. The seventh largest
261:Simplified Chinese
2198:Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau
2075:Maenschen-Helfen, Otto
1470:Leo de Hartog (1996).
1247:
1064:
915:from whence caravans (
855:—including the famous
369:
2115:Encyclopedia of China
2019:Encyclopedia of China
1741:Encyclopedia of China
1364:Warring States period
1233:
1110:natural fortification
1062:
719:in more than a dozen
526:(subdivided into the
431:and a thin fringe of
363:
2034:Lebedynsky, Yaroslav
1694:. Medicine edition.
1155:peoples. Under the
999:runs from Baotou to
899:Along the two rivers
701:Chinese civilization
453:Shaan-Gan-Ning Basin
376:, also known as the
84:improve this article
2058:Ma, Liqing (2005).
1923:Ma 2005, p. 220-225
1780:Ma 2005, p. 188-189
1771:Ma 2005, p. 282-290
1753:Ma 2005, p. 230-231
1716:Ma 2005, p. 298-299
1667:Ma 2005, p. 196-197
1276:Iaroslav Lebedynsky
997:The main road south
917:and now the railway
773:("White River") in
1651:History of Mankind
1418:Six Frontier Towns
1248:
1095:Upper Palaeolithic
1065:
1027:on the south past
570:provincial capital
474:The name "Ordos" (
370:
330:Mongolian Cyrillic
2219:Plateaus of China
2206:
2205:
2181:Mongolian Plateau
2153:Plateaus of China
2110:Taohongbala Tombs
2027:Folia Quaternaria
1957:(16 March 2009).
1914:Lebedynsky, p.124
1880:978-0-520-01596-8
1815:978-0-520-01596-8
1736:Taohongbala Tombs
1643:Hawkes, Jacquetta
1516:978-1-74104-578-9
1483:978-1-85043-961-5
1213:Zhukaigou culture
1165:Zhukaigou culture
1137:Zhukaigou culture
1087:Upper Paleolithic
891:) and is part of
838:North China Plain
810:Lüliang Mountains
740:Zhukaigou culture
732:Upper Paleolithic
721:ancient dynasties
484:) comes from the
457:Lüliang Mountains
389:sedimentary basin
358:
357:
319:
318:
286:Standard Mandarin
225:
224:
217:
207:
206:
181:quality standards
160:
159:
152:
134:
57:
2231:
2224:Regions of China
2146:
2139:
2132:
2123:
2122:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2055:
2042:Éditions Errance
2009:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1942:
1939:
1933:
1930:
1924:
1921:
1915:
1912:
1906:
1900:
1894:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1864:
1858:
1852:
1846:
1843:
1837:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1778:
1772:
1769:
1763:
1760:
1754:
1751:
1745:
1732:
1726:
1723:
1717:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1683:
1677:
1676:Lebedynsky, p131
1674:
1668:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1647:Woolley, Leonard
1639:
1633:
1632:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1504:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1448:. Archived from
1440:
1341:
1336:
1173:maternal genetic
1091:Ordosian culture
1079:History of China
783:Zhongning County
728:Ordosian culture
717:capital of China
483:
469:Liupan Mountains
435:(western border
350:
349:
342:
315:
314:
301:
300:
277:
276:
271:
270:
255:
254:
227:
226:
220:
213:
202:
199:
193:
170:
162:
155:
148:
144:
141:
135:
133:
92:
68:
60:
49:
27:
26:
19:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2193:Tibetan Plateau
2186:Bashang Plateau
2155:
2150:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2052:
2012:Huang, Weiwen,
2006:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1950:
1945:
1941:Ma 2005, p. 224
1940:
1936:
1932:Lebedymsky p131
1931:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1903:Lebedynsky 2007
1901:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1881:
1865:
1861:
1855:Lebedynsky 2007
1853:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1800:
1796:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1733:
1729:
1725:Ma 2005, p. 231
1724:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1613:
1609:
1602:
1586:
1582:
1573:
1571:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1551:
1535:
1531:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1495:
1491:
1484:
1468:
1464:
1455:
1453:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1426:
1404:
1272:desertification
1149:Eurasian nomads
1057:
1015:, receives the
1009:Hukou Waterfall
973:Helan Mountains
929:Tibetan Plateau
901:
884:
878:beds in China.
767:Tibetan Plateau
755:
713:Northwest China
693:Guanzhong Plain
663:'s two largest
638:Eastern Göktürk
598:Eurasian nomads
511:Ming Great Wall
465:Helan Mountains
459:, north by the
347:
346:
345:
344:
343:
340:
221:
210:
209:
208:
203:
197:
194:
184:
171:
156:
145:
139:
136:
99:"Ordos Plateau"
93:
91:
81:
69:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2237:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2174:Wuzhang Plains
2171:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2149:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2106:
2093:
2071:
2056:
2050:
2030:
2023:
2014:Salawusu Relic
2010:
2004:
1986:
1974:978-1400829941
1973:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1934:
1925:
1916:
1907:
1895:
1886:
1879:
1859:
1847:
1838:
1821:
1814:
1794:
1782:
1773:
1764:
1755:
1746:
1727:
1718:
1709:
1678:
1669:
1660:
1657:. p. 172.
1655:Harper and Row
1634:
1627:
1607:
1600:
1580:
1569:PopulationStat
1556:
1549:
1529:
1515:
1489:
1482:
1462:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1403:
1400:
1390:under emperor
1236:British Museum
1167:is one of the
1056:
1053:
919:) started for
900:
897:
893:Inner Mongolia
883:
880:
802:Inner Mongolia
754:
751:
536:Inner Mongolia
500:Inner Mongolia
463:, west by the
429:Inner Mongolia
380:or simply the
356:
355:
352:
351:
339:
338:
337:
336:
332:
326:
325:
324:Mongolian name
321:
320:
317:
316:
309:
303:
302:
295:
289:
288:
282:
281:
280:Transcriptions
273:
272:
263:
257:
256:
247:
241:
240:
236:
235:
232:
231:
223:
222:
205:
204:
174:
172:
165:
158:
157:
72:
70:
63:
58:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2236:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2164:Loess Plateau
2162:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2147:
2142:
2140:
2135:
2133:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2096:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2069:
2068:7-81074-796-7
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2051:9782877723466
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2005:9780300096880
2001:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1976:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1938:
1929:
1920:
1911:
1905:, p. 127
1904:
1899:
1890:
1882:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1863:
1856:
1851:
1842:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1817:
1811:
1807:
1806:
1798:
1791:
1790:Beckwith 2009
1786:
1777:
1768:
1759:
1750:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1731:
1722:
1713:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1682:
1673:
1664:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1630:
1628:9781598744583
1624:
1620:
1619:
1611:
1603:
1601:9780199735785
1597:
1593:
1592:
1584:
1570:
1566:
1560:
1552:
1550:9780524015322
1546:
1542:
1541:
1533:
1518:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1502:
1493:
1485:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1466:
1452:on 2009-11-22
1451:
1447:
1439:
1435:
1433:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1354:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1332:
1328:
1327:Kushan Empire
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1217:Ordos culture
1214:
1209:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1074:
1068:
1061:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1021:Qin Mountains
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
945:Gaolan County
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
925:Hexi Corridor
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
896:
894:
890:
879:
877:
872:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
853:Qin Mountains
850:
849:Loess Plateau
846:
841:
839:
836:to enter the
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
814:Loess Plateau
811:
807:
803:
799:
796:
792:
791:Loess Plateau
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
750:
748:
747:Ordos culture
745:
744:iron-wielding
741:
737:
733:
729:
724:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
679:and south of
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
657:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
558:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
520:Loess Plateau
517:
512:
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
488:
482:
477:
472:
470:
466:
462:
461:Yin Mountains
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
387:
383:
379:
375:
374:Ordos Plateau
367:
362:
353:
333:
331:
327:
322:
310:
308:
304:
296:
294:
290:
287:
283:
278:
274:
269:
264:
262:
258:
253:
248:
246:
242:
237:
233:
230:Ordos Plateau
228:
219:
216:
201:
191:
187:
182:
178:
175:This article
173:
169:
164:
163:
154:
151:
143:
140:December 2015
132:
129:
125:
122:
118:
115:
111:
108:
104:
101: –
100:
96:
95:Find sources:
89:
85:
79:
78:
73:This article
71:
67:
62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
2113:
2100:February 18,
2098:. Retrieved
2079:
2059:
2037:
2026:
2017:
1994:
1991:
1980:February 18,
1978:. Retrieved
1959:
1937:
1928:
1919:
1910:
1898:
1889:
1869:
1862:
1850:
1841:
1824:
1804:
1797:
1792:, p. 71
1785:
1776:
1767:
1758:
1749:
1739:
1730:
1721:
1712:
1695:
1691:
1681:
1672:
1663:
1650:
1637:
1617:
1610:
1590:
1583:
1572:. Retrieved
1568:
1559:
1539:
1532:
1520:. Retrieved
1500:
1492:
1472:
1465:
1454:. Retrieved
1450:the original
1438:
1432:
1357:
1351:
1349:
1338:
1315:Yellow River
1304:
1296:Asian Steppe
1260:Scythian art
1256:animal style
1249:
1225:Asian steppe
1210:
1139:of the late
1134:
1126:Tang dynasty
1114:Zhou dynasty
1103:
1099:Levalloisian
1084:
1077:
1071:
1069:
1066:
965:Wuzhong City
937:China proper
902:
889:Ordos desert
885:
873:
842:
759:Yellow River
756:
725:
658:
654:Ming dynasty
646:Tang dynasty
634:Northern Wei
616:dynasties),
557:Hetao Plains
555:
524:Ordos Desert
516:Ordos proper
515:
508:
485:
473:
452:
405:Yellow River
400:
381:
377:
373:
371:
366:Yellow River
313:Ê-êrh-to-ssŭ
293:Hanyu Pinyin
239:Chinese name
211:
198:January 2015
195:
186:You can help
176:
146:
137:
127:
120:
113:
106:
94:
82:Please help
77:verification
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
2038:Les nomades
1845:Bunker, 200
1413:Ordos Block
1386:started to
1384:Han dynasty
1362:during the
1359:Shanhaijing
1264:Chinese art
1130:Grand Canal
1118:Qin dynasty
1041:Qin dynasty
961:Qingtongxia
941:Tarim basin
935:route from
775:Maqu County
734:. The late
665:tributaries
626:Han dynasty
544:floodplains
409:Tarim Basin
378:Ordos Basin
2213:Categories
2094:0520015967
1698:(1): 5–8.
1574:2020-02-28
1522:17 January
1456:2009-11-13
1424:References
1331:Eastern Hu
1311:Great Wall
1201:Maoqinggou
1073:Prehistory
834:Hangu Pass
673:Luo Rivers
552:grasslands
546:along the
542:, but the
540:Ordos City
504:Ordos City
496:prefecture
492:Old Turkic
401:Ordos Loop
307:Wade–Giles
110:newspapers
39:improve it
2118:, 1st ed.
2029:39: 63-99
2022:, 1st ed.
1744:, 1st ed.
1704:1671-587X
1429:Citations
1380:Issyk Kul
1353:Yizhoushu
1246:features.
1169:neolithic
1145:Mongoloid
1141:Neolithic
1106:Fen River
1025:Mount Hua
1017:Fen River
985:Lang Shan
933:silk road
861:Han River
857:Mount Hua
845:Wei River
818:Wei River
753:Geography
736:Neolithic
707:, is the
681:Pingliang
661:Wei River
476:Mongolian
415:, namely
413:provinces
397:elevation
190:talk page
45:talk page
2077:(1973).
2036:(2007).
1828:Compare
1649:(1963).
1501:Mongolia
1402:See also
1396:Shuofang
1392:Han Wudi
1292:Scythian
1280:Scythian
1244:Europoid
1193:Bayannur
1153:Europoid
1116:and the
1049:Tianshui
1037:Xianyang
1013:Hancheng
969:Yinchuan
957:Zhongwei
822:Tongguan
685:Qingyang
677:Tianshui
600:such as
578:Bayannur
437:counties
395:with an
386:highland
299:Èěrduōsī
1948:Sources
1323:Xiongnu
1268:Xiongnu
1252:finials
1221:Xiongnu
1197:Yinshan
1189:Xiongnu
1055:History
981:Dengkou
953:Ningxia
939:to the
905:Lanzhou
882:Climate
865:Yangtze
826:Shaanxi
806:Shaanxi
793:—whose
787:Ningxia
765:on the
697:cradles
650:Mongols
618:Xiongnu
592:except
586:Ningxia
562:Ningxia
445:Lüliang
441:Xinzhou
425:Ningxia
417:Shaanxi
384:, is a
124:scholar
2108:Wuen,
2091:
2066:
2048:
2002:
1971:
1877:
1812:
1734:Wuen,
1702:
1625:
1598:
1547:
1513:
1480:
1340:Donghu
1319:Yuezhi
1284:Yuezhi
1206:Baotou
1181:Evenks
1039:, the
1029:Weinan
993:Baotou
949:Baiyin
913:Xining
795:eroded
771:Bai He
689:Yan'an
667:, the
648:) and
630:Rouran
594:Guyuan
590:cities
574:Baotou
566:Hohhot
532:Kubuqi
449:Linfen
433:Shanxi
188:. The
126:
119:
112:
105:
97:
2169:Hetao
1408:Hetao
1376:Modun
1300:Sakas
1177:Daurs
1122:Xi'an
1045:Baoji
1033:Xi'an
1023:with
1005:Hohot
1001:Xi'an
989:Linhe
977:Wuhai
955:near
921:Lhasa
909:Gansu
869:Wuhan
830:Henan
779:Gansu
705:Xi'an
610:Shang
582:Wuhai
548:banks
528:Mu Us
421:Gansu
393:China
382:Ordos
348:Ordos
341:ᠣᠷᠳᠣᠰ
131:JSTOR
117:books
2102:2015
2089:ISBN
2064:ISBN
2046:ISBN
2000:ISBN
1982:2015
1969:ISBN
1875:ISBN
1834:this
1832:and
1830:this
1810:ISBN
1700:ISSN
1623:ISBN
1596:ISBN
1545:ISBN
1524:2011
1511:ISBN
1478:ISBN
1445:市情概况
1372:Zhao
1370:and
1356:and
1179:and
1159:and
1076:and
947:and
876:coal
843:The
798:silt
757:The
687:and
671:and
669:Jing
644:and
624:and
614:Zhou
612:and
606:Rong
604:and
580:and
530:and
509:The
487:orda
447:and
372:The
268:鄂尔多斯
252:鄂爾多斯
103:news
1509:–.
1368:Qin
1307:Han
1298:as
1161:Han
1157:Qin
1031:to
867:at
832:'s
824:in
820:at
808:'s
785:in
699:of
656:).
642:Sui
636:),
628:),
622:Qin
588:'s
572:),
538:'s
498:of
439:of
86:by
2215::
2112:.
2087:.
2083:.
2044:.
2040:.
2016:.
1967:.
1963:.
1738:.
1696:33
1690:.
1645:;
1567:.
1507:25
1345:Di
1337:;
1335:東胡
1302:.
1238:.
1227:.
1132:.
1082:.
995:.
871:.
840:.
777:,
749:.
723:.
683:,
602:Di
576:,
502:,
478::
471:.
443:,
427:,
423:,
419:,
48:.
2145:e
2138:t
2131:v
2104:.
2070:.
2054:.
2008:.
1984:.
1883:.
1818:.
1706:.
1577:.
1553:.
1526:.
1486:.
1459:.
1333:(
887:(
652:(
640:(
632:(
620:(
608:(
568:(
218:)
212:(
200:)
196:(
183:.
153:)
147:(
142:)
138:(
128:·
121:·
114:·
107:·
80:.
55:)
51:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
